(CorcHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW ESSIEN Prepositions "E.] A prepositions a word that shows the relaionshipofa noun ora pronoun called the object of the prepostion ‘0 snother word. ‘A preposition, its object, and any modifier ofthe object form a prepositional ptrase EXAMPLE. The expedition traveled te a foreign land. [The preposition o shows the relationship of ln, tne objec ofthe preposition, to travel} Appreposition that consists of two or more words is called a compound preposition. EXAMPLE ll take the redone instead of the blue one. Exercise A_Uncerline the prepositions in each ofthe folowing sentences. Example 1. The cat scampered up the tree. 1. Joe found a mouse undernesth the kitchen table. 2. Ifit rains, the picnic will be moved inside the house 3. If we don't get the supplies in time for the trip, we can do without them, 4, Jackand jill tumbled down the hill. 5. The first mate took command of the ship when the captain went below deck, EXERCISE B- Uncerline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences and citcle the prepositions. Example 1. GEeDCors's miltarytwiumphs, Mexico and Cental America were ruled Spain 6. in 1519, Femando Cortés led an expedition to Mexico, 7. Under his command were 508 soldiers and 110 sailors. 8. After along voyage he reached Mexica, where a mighty empire had been established by the Aztecs. 9. According to historians, Cortés and his small army hac! trouble seizing contol ofthe empire Decmise of the Aztecs’ sophisticated military omganization 10. However, with the help of many enemies of the Aztecs, Cortés conqueted the Aztse empire in 1821 11, Cortés gathered his troops and dismantled every ship except one. 12, He then marched toward the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan 13, Several hundred Aztec chiefs escorted Cortés and his forces into the city 14, An Aztec delegation corrying splendid gits walked behind Fmperor Montenama I 15, An Aztec chief set gifts of golden omaments before Cortés. 18 Eusntens of Laxcuace | Fourth Coursefor CHAPTER Preposition or Adverb? Some words may be used as ether prepositions or adverbs, Remember that an adverb is a ‘modifier and does not have an object. [ADVERB When they reached the bridge, they marched across. PREPOSITION They marched across the bridge. ‘ADVERS. May! comealong? PREPOSTION | followed her along the peth. PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW EXERCISE Identity the underlined werd in each ofthe following sentences by writing above it either PREP for preposition or AD/ for adverb. Then, onthe lin provided, wrtea sentence using the word as the other part of speach Bxample 1. Dont jut stand afb gaorking Garry those buckets of water around the house to the firefighters. 4. You knocked iny hat off 2. trolled under the porch 3. There are all sorts of bugs underneath, ‘A We were happy that Sam decided to come along. 5, I'm going inside to tell everyone what you did. 6 Go ahead. 2. That hat never fit on my head very well, anyway. 8. You can see the bam right past those tres. 9, Will your hand fit through there? 10. The rabbit quickly scampered over Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 19Tor CHAPTER THE PARTS SENTENCE Subject Complements 2. TOMI) [A subject complement isa word or word group that completes the meaning ofa linking verb and identifies or modifies the subject. ‘There are to kinds of subject complements: the predicate nominative and the predicate adjective (1) A predicate nominative isa word or word group thatisin the precicte and that identifies the subject or refers to it, EXAMPLES. Grace is anurse, The team captain willbe she. (2) A predicate adjective isan adjective that isin the predicate and that modifies the subject of sentence ora clause. EXAMPLES Joshuabecame angry. Was thebook very interesting? ° EXERCISE Underline the subject complements in the following sentences. Identify each complement by ‘writing atoveit PW for predicate nominative ox PA for predicate adjective. cuanple Ch Venere tere ton 1, Latex becomes rubbery when heated. 2 ute pf te Anon ae wh hy eet nen er autres dvndsne tetas eran ites te ss enoner pperat ty pa utente eye ha Woke wennahee ance ah tntatavepnclevcnntenssta chest sss pou noton donot flan anal foot turatate het tere 6: chino der nara tir upersata mente ofa wore wan 1 etecmethepauepante sashes per mer open «ta mamtarteteemunnts mrt octieateavt twat + mises trinttevodush nts stitees nesaps etrstencien seston bennett so. tates nat ettune us humanist he Mic Peter 8 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics Language Skil Practice 39Objects: Direct Objects An object of a verb is a noun, pronoun, or word group that completes the meaning of a transi- tive verb—a verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, a place, a thing, or an idea, [2}.] A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of transtve verb o shows the result ofthe action, A direct object answers the question “Whom?” or “What?” after a transitive verb. EXAWPLES | gave the books to Harrison. [Gave what? Books.) Dorit forget Hans and Kate. [Forget whom? Hants and Kate ° Exercise A Decide whether the underlined wordsin the following sentences ae direct objects Ifthe ‘word isa direct object write D0 above the word. Ifit snota direct object write NOO. ua Example 1. Medieval knights often rescued people in danger. 1, The nobles wore steel armor and helmets 2. Hewas a successful warrior thanks to his great war horse. 3. Women in splendid gowns attended the toumaments A knight would often throw a scarf to his lady during the events. People of the Middle Ages respected chivalry, bravery, and honor. ‘Medieval students studied the craft of alcheray. Educated nobles enjoyed the tales of Chaucer and the poetry of Petrarch. King Edward III's son was the Black Prince. 4 5. 6 7, Travelers took shelter ina castle or monastery. 8 9. 0, King Edward If started a war with France. Exercise B_ Underline the diect objects in the following sentences. Example 1. Knigh's endured dangerous Crusactes to foreign lands 11, In 1345, trading ships carried infected black rats into Italian ports 12, Fleas on the rats spread a dangerous disease, 13, The bubonic plague killed thousands throughout Europe until 1352. 14 It attacked people ofall ages. 15, Medieval doctors found no cure fer the plague. 40 Eutens oF Laxcuact | Fourth CourseObjects: Indirect Objects An object of averb is noun, pronoun, or word group that completes the meaning ofa transi- tive nerb—a verb that expresses an action direeted toward a person, 2 place, a thing, or an idea 2K.] An indirect objec a noun, pronoun, cr word group that often appeatsin sentences containing dicect objects Anincvect object tells to whom orto what (or fr whom or for what) the action of, a transtve verb is done, EXAMPLES Hand her the clean sheets please [Hand the sheets to whom? Her] Play Kim and me atune [Play a tune for whom? Ki and me.] ° [Exercise A_ Decide whether the underlined werds in the following sentences are direct objects or inckrect objects ifthe word ic a drect abject, wite DO above the word. fils an inet abject, write 0, Example 1. jill handed ck the back 1, Are you reading the book I gave you? 2. Limi my brother the binthday git. 2, Juanita sent her teacher an Easter card 4. Would you ice drink with your sandwich? 5. Pease send me a copy ofthe ke 6. The ight atendanofeed the pestengers drinks and sna 2. Are you ging to buy plas and napkne forthe pic? 8. The dog chase ts ti for sever minutes, 9. Pease hand me the pitcher of orange ue, Franc, 10. Have you given Janice your answer yet? Exercise B Und the indirect objecsin the folowing sentences. Example 1. Fred sent the college his application. 11, Why don't you tell usa story? 12, Aunt Maria brought mea souvenir from Thailand 13, The driver told the officer his version of the accident 14, Please offer cousin Thu my condolences. 15, Lester loaned Miranda a sweater Gromnray, Usage, ad Mechanics: Language Skis Practice aCornero HE rants oF a sewrence ESTEE] Objects: Direct and Indirect Objects Qj. | A direct objectisa noun, pronoun,or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a ‘anstve verb or shows the est othe acton, A direct object answers the question “Whom?” or “What?” after a transitive verb. EXAMPLE We sent some flowers to Aunt Grace, [Sent what? Flowers.) 2k] Anindiect objects ancun, pronoun, or word group that often appeas in sertences containing ajects. An indirect object tells to whom or to what (or for whom or for what) the action of EXAMPLE Russellofered her the tickets. [Oifered the tickets to whom? Her eee eee eee ee eee ee Exercise A Decide whether the underiined words in the following sentences are direct objects or indirect objects. Above each object. write DO for drect objector 10 for indirectobject. 70 Example 1, Please take him these sandwiches 1. The committee chairperson gave her the gavel. 2. Our poot's lifeguard left Manuedo the free passes, 3 Theineerview wil give Emily a chance to vst the college. 4. Thealgebra teacher lent her a new ruler 5. Acrobic dancing provided us an opportunity for vigorous exercise 6 The track star jumped hurdles and ran relays during the meet 7. The pet store owner gave the puppy a bone, 4. The doctor prescribed penicillin forthe child’ Ines. ‘The counselor offered the students come advice. 10, Their discovery of radium and pclonium camed Pierre and Marie Curie the Nobel Prize in physics. Exercise B In the following sentences underline the indirect objects once and the direct objects twice. Not every sentence contains an indirect object. Example 1, She sent mea book about woodworking. 11, Kareom taught his ssteran African American folk song. 12, The president signed the energy bill after the congressional vote 13, The Lions Club awarded Mrs, Rosa a silver tray for community service. 14, The trce branch struck the sar's windshield with a crash, 15, Toni Morrison read the audience an excerpt from her novel a2 Eursievrs or Laxcuace | Fourth Course(Corcnoren 3 Te ase EE Prepositional Phrases 3B, ] A prepositional phrase includes a preposition the object ofthe prepeson and any medifess ofthat object. EXAMPLES Arlene dimbed up the ladder. [The preposition is up,and the object ofthe preposition is ladder] ‘The picture on the cover is mine. [The preposition ison, and the object ofthe preposition is cover} Exercise A Underline the prepesitional phrase in each of the following sentences Example 1. She found her jacket in the closet. 1. The bus drove by a large, red barn, 2. Aneromnous picture was painted on one wall. 3. The picture reached above the second story. 4 Te-showed an eighteenth-century man in a white shirt 5. The picture was painted bya local artist Exencisé B_ineach of the following sentences, underine the preposition once and the object of the preposition twice. Example 1. Spike Leeis the director of the film. 6 Spike Lee was bom in Georgia. 7. He studied at a New York university. & The video store near my house carries his films. 9. Lee appears in some films. 10, His father wrote the music for this movie. 11, Lee made a film about Malcolm X. 12, The director worea hat with a large X. 13, During a recent newscast I heard Lee speak. 14, He talked about a film he had just finished. 15. The interviewer showed several scenes from the film. 50 Euntents or Lancuace | Fourth Course ‘epatte by stat ann Ags seedAdjective Phrases 3¢.] Aprepositional phrase that modifies @ noun or a pronoun is called an adjective phrase. An adjective phrase tells what kind or wich one. PTO co EXAMPLES Everyone ony soccer team had experience. [Ou my soccer teant modifies the onoun Everyore, telling tach one.) Pronoun Every i The snack of leftovers wes delicious [Of lovers modifies the noun snack telling ‘what kind } ‘Two or more adjective phrases may modify the same noun or pronoun. EXAMPLE Our fight fromSt Louis to Atlanta ws delayed [Both from St.Louis and to Atlanta ‘modify the noun flight] An adjective phrase may also modify the object of another prepositional phrase. EXAMPLE On the floor of thé rain forest live many unusual plants [Of the rin forest modifies flor, the object of the preposition Ont] ° Exercise A In each ofthe folowing sentences, underline the prepostional phrase or phrases and circle the word that each phrase modifies. Example 1. Alaska and Hawaiiare the newest member Gait 1. Both Alaska and Hawaii were once territories of the United Siates Us 2. The name for themalaland portion of Alaska was once Alitshak. 3. The origin of the name Hazati is unknown. 4, These are two of our most beautiful states. 5. Many people from all over enjoy these magical places. EXERCISEB Rewrite each of the following sentences, adding a prepositional phrase above the sentence in the place indicated by the caret (a) in the driveviey, Example 1. The red car 0 is my brother's, 6. The early inhabitants » drew hunting scenes on the wall, 1. No one a spoke during the performance. 4 The magician called upon two people 1. 8. A single fingerprint « tumed out to bea critical due. 10, Erica lent me two magazines 1. Grantmar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 51£ Cor charter 3: THe purse FXII Adverb Phrases '3d.] A prepostional phrase that modifies a verb,an adjective or an advetb i called an adverb phrase. Adverb phrases tell ten, where, why, how, oto wha, ae EXAMPLES The actor Sessue Hayskawa became famoU for his film roles. [For his fin roles ‘modifies the adjective famous and tells how] We arived to lai for the opening ceremonies [or the opening ceremonies modifies the ever lt and tel fo wht exten] Sect acbotn YZ nb Inthe final act, Macbeth eS in bate [nthe fu! act an in bite both modity the ver ies. Inthe inal act tll nen and in bate tells where. Exencise A. In the folowing sentences, underline the prepositional phrases and circle the word that each phrase modifies. Then draw an arrow from the prepostionel phrase to the word it modifies Example 1. After restaurant 1. Please return your books fo the library shelves 2. Harry is helpful ina ers 2. Duning the fast omy my anemone ome to thi country. 4. Pete found some sesame cil on the top shel. 5. Chines food is wellnown for its delicious favors 6 Mother served dinner atthe kitchen table. 7. After the holiday we put the omaments away in the atc 8. Weate fresh frit for dessert. 9. Forthe fst ime felt confident 10, The Kids remained quiet during the movie. Exercise B Adda prepositional phrase to the end of each of the folowing sentences. Choose a phrase that willanswerore ofthe question parertheses Example 1. The sleeping dog locked comfortable. (Where? How?) @ the sumny gare 11. We fied the fish we had caught. (Whon? How?) 12, Doyou enjoy playing the violin? (When? Wher) 1, The desk seems to be broken. (To what extent? Why?) 14, Rn as fast as you can! (Where? When?) 15, That actor is quite famous. (Why? How?) 52 ELEMENTS oF Laxcuace | Fourth Course“for CHAPTERS: we PHRASE EE Adjective and Adverb Phrases Bes] Aprepositional phrase that modifies a noun ora pronoun is called an adjective phrase, EXAMPLE The bow! of soup was full. [Of soup is an adjective phrase modifying the noun bowl] 3d.) A prepositional phrase that modifiesa vetb,anadjective, or an adverb i called an adverb phrase. EXAMPLE The bowl was full of soup. [Of soup is an adverb phrase modifying the adjective ful.) EXERCISE A. Each ofthe following sentences contains an underlined prepositional phrase. On the Ene provided, write adver if te phrase modifies a verb an adjectve.oran adverb. Write adective ifthe phrase modifies anoun or apronoun. Circle the ord or words medified by the phrase. Example "P64, “He's such a chameleon,” we mightGay)about a often seems to change personality 11. Chameleons are famous for thei ability to change color to match their surroundings. 2. However, rue chameleons, which live mainly in Madagascar and Aftica, do not change color to camouflage themselves. 3. The chameleons of Madagascar do change color in response to light. temperature, and fear of attack, 4. Chameleons change color by collecting or diluting pigmented cells called melanophore cells, 5. They are funny-looking lizards with as many as three horns on their heads and bulging eyes that move separately from each other. Exgncise B_ Witea prepositional phrase to expand each ofthe following sentences. Drawa caret [A)to show where the phrase shouldbe inserted in the sentence, Then dently the phraseasan adjective phrase oran adverb phrase. Example 1. They run two miles,each day. 6y the river, adver’ phrase 6. Did she blow out all ofthe candles? 7. Be sure to sign your name. 8. Lenpy cooking fish. 9. The moviegoers’ hearts pounded. 10. I counted at least twenty guests. Grama, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 53Genres Te me Participles Verbats ae formed from verbs and are used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs, One kind of veal s the participle 3e.] Aparticipleis a verb form that can be used as an adjective. ‘Two kinds of participles are present participles and past participles. EXAMPLES Smiling.the winner accepted the trophy. [Srvlig, the present participle form of the verb smile, modifies the noun ssistr] “The old, dented scooter was stil reliable. [Dente the past participle form of the ver’ deat, modities the noun scoter| ° Enencist A. Undetine the perticpl in eech of the fallowing sentences Then cil the noun it edies Example 1. The thrashing @indSof the tropical storm damaged our city park. 1. Ourexcited meteorologists tld us that the storm's name was Clive. 2. Itwas the worst storm in recerded history to reach our town, 3. The worried townspeople hast ly nailed up boards end filed sandbags. 4. My grandparents recalled a similarly chilling storm from their youth. 5. When thestorm hit, everyone hunkered down in their mildewing basements 6. Several hours later, the storm abated and relieved neighbors came up tosee the damage. 7. The surprised townspeople found, to their delight, that only the city park needed repairs 8. Uprooted trees had fallen on the playground. 9. Several dozen energized volunteers worked together to cut up and stack the branches 10. Only a few days later, delighted children were once again playing on the swings and slides. Exercise B After eachofthe folowing sentencesis a verb in parentheses, Revise each sentence by forming a present or past participle and inserting it above the caret next tothe noun i modifies. Example 1. Some'» performers relly get an audience cheering. (inspire) 11. Long before Elvis and the Beatles, « pianists were mesmerizing audiences. (fascinate) 12. Among pianist Franz Liszt's « fans were half-swooning women. (adore) 13, , women were not Ludwig von Beethoven's problem, however. (Faint) 14, This » composer sometimes forgot that he was also the soloist, rose from the piano, and began to conduct in wild, extravagant gestures. (rivet) 15. Once, Beethoven became so involved in the music that heaccidentally jostled a boy whose job was to hold a candle, knocking the candlestick out of the « boy's hand. (embarrass) 54 Eusntrnts oF Laxcuscr | Fourth CourseParticipial Phrases 3f.] A participial phrase consists ofa participle and any modifiers or complements the participle has. ‘The entire phrase is used as an adjective EXANPLES Donning her mask, the catcher prepared forthe big game. [The partiipial phrase ‘modifies the noun catcher. The noun maskis the direct object of the present ostiiple Doving] Nevis roported by the tabloids i often fettous [The participa phrase modifies thomoun News. The adverb phrase by the ibloide modifies the past participle reported.) ExERCISE A In the following sentences, circle the word that each underlined participial phrase modifies cunpe 1 antng tne ies ne gnees veer anti na tans nae cee Nmqinscnsumacee see Seninreneeeresnnnnt unin inte ceaeeeee nye nen. « tetbom ahaa apc sea + apatite el ninco 1 en nttpannatisnetate nentnnawepe aoe eeennn ucmntnceomeee ecm we conn a nan sreceuhewentacene Exercise B_ Underline each participial phrase once and the word it modifies twice. cle | canara nate 11. The potato fist cultivated in South America isa versatile food. 12, Discovered by the Spanish in Per, the potato reached Europe in the 1520s, 13, This vegetable, once worshipped by the Incas, was first scomed by the Europeans. 14, Some people, confusing the potato with another plant, thought the vegeable was po'soneus 15, Actually, potatoes are quite nutritious, providing people with various vitamins and minerals Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 55Gor cuapren 3: Tae pHRase EXISTE Participles and Participial Phrases Verbals are formed from verbs and are used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs, One kind of vverkal is the partcipk. 3e.] A participle isa verb form that can be used as an agjective, ‘Two kinds of participles are present participles and past participles. 3f.] A participial phrase consists ofa participle and any modifiers or complements the participle has. ‘The entire phrase is used as an adjective EXAMPLES. Eating his cupcake, the toddler sighed heppily.(The particpial phrase modifies the ‘noun fader, The noun cupeae s the direct object ofthe present participle Eating} — CCernpties bul with your own hands give yous sense of accomplishment. [The par- tiapal phrase modifies the noun Canes. The adverb phrase with your oom hans modifies the past participle bul] ° EXERCISE. Each ofthe following sentences coatains a partiipial phrase. Underline the partcpial phrase once. Ther, draw an arow from the participa phreseto the word or words it modifies. Example 1. Everyone has read stories of knits made famous for brave deeds, 1. Few people know about the process require to become a knight 2. By the twelth century, a program challenging to both mind and body had been developed 3. Boys growing up in noble households began training, for knighthood ata young age. 4, Leaving their family homes, they were fostered in the houses of influential friends or uncles. 5. The boys learned etiquette, cared for horses, and exercised to build the musculature needed to carry heavy arms 6. Demonstrating his ability to hunt, fence, and ride, a fourteen-year-old became a squive. 7. At about the age of twenty-one, well-trained in ars of defense, the young man was ready to ‘undergo initiation into knighthood. 8, The ritual usually began when the squire, freshly bathed, put on ceremonial 1obes of white and red, 9. He spent the night in the chapel and offered his sword, blessed by a priest to the service of his lord. 10, Now called an acolyte, the young man put on his best clothes and went in to a breakfast feast 56 Eusntrsts oF Laxcuace | Fourth CoursePrepos Exercise A. ns, p.1B 1, Joe found a mouse underneath the kitchen table. 2. Ifitrains, the picnic will be moved inside the house. 3. If we don't get the supplies in time for the trip, we can do without them. 4, Jack and Jill tumbled down the hill. 5. The first mate took command of the ship when the captain went below deck. EXERCISE B- 6. (If)1519, Hernando Cortés led an expedition (@Mexico. 7. Cadephis command were 508 soldiers and 110 sailors. 8 Qfieda long voyage he reached Mexico, where a mighty empire had been estab- lished Gy) the Aztecs 9. (According tohistorians, Cortés and his small army had trouble seizing control ithe empire because fi)the Aztecs’ sophis- ticated military organization. 10. However, (will) the help 6fimany enemies Gilthe Aztecs, Cortés conquered the Aztec empire ()1521. 11, Cortés gathered his troops and dismantled every ship @cepi|one, 12. He then marched foward)the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.13, Several hundred Aztec chiefs escorted Cortés and his forces (aid the cit 14, An Aztec delegation carrying splendid gifts, walked| Em Montezuma II. 15. An Aztec chief set gifts @golden oma- ments(Gefon) Cortés. Preposition or Adverbs? p.19 Exnest Students’ sentences wll vary. Sample responses are siven. Y 1. You knocked my nat Ht PREP 2. Itrolled tinder the porch. deave the fabric stripe over then under fo ereate e pattern ADV, 3. There are all sorts of bugs underneath. Did you look underneath the sofa? _ 4 ‘ey happy that Sam decided to come along, Tina. ited vias along the sidewalk, 5. 1m going tol everyone what ov di The air inside the cave was cool and maojst. 1s 6. Go. ahead Tilia Finished ahead of Cameron in the race. 1. Thathat never A au y head very well anyway te cannot move on until we solve the itommediate problem 6. You can sce the bam right Ba those tees They walked past without saying & word 9. Will your hand it URE there? The tesk is overwhelming, but somehows we wil made 10. The mbbit quickly sampered BThe hi Cen ou come over efter schoo ono?Subject Complements, p.39 Exercise 1. Latex becomes rubbery when heated. 2. Rubber tappers from the Amazon sell latex, which they extract from rubber trees, to manufacturers; this substance is the basis for many rubber products. 3, The rubber tappors are mostly pode and d, but they are hard workers. 4, The ranchers and farmers were precy for land and began to burn the rain forest at an alarming rate. 5. Those fires wore dangefous not only to the thousands of species of plants and animals of the forest but also to the livelihood of the rubber tappers. Pu 6. Chico Mendes was a rubber tapper and a member of a workers’ union. PN. PN 7. He became the spokesperson for and a hero to the paor rubber tappers.8. He wamed that the destruction of the ‘Amazon rain forest was a threat to the world. 9. Environmentalists from around the world took notice of Mendes’s message, but local ranchers and farmers became angry with Mendes. PN 10. It was a surprise to the world when two local ranchers assassinated Chico Mendes on December 22, 1988. Objects: Direct Objects, p.40 Exercise A 1. The nobles wore see algar and heft 2, Fle woe a eucesful wart thank to his great war horse. 3. Women in splendid gowns attended the tourtaments. a. igh would ten tow a 20 i lady during-the events. 5. People of the Middle Ages respected chitary bravery, and horton 6, Medieval students studied the dat of alchemy, 7. Travelers took shelter in a castle or monastery. 8, Educated nobles enjoyed the i of ‘Chaucer and the poetry of Petrarch. 9. King Edward I's son was the Black Prince, 10, King Edward Il started a ft with France, Exercise B 11, In 1346, trading ships carried infected black zats into Italian ports. 12, Fleas on the rats spread a dangerous disease. 13. The bubonic plague killed thousands throughout Europe until 1352. 14, It attacked people of all ages. 15. Medieval doctors found no cure for the plague. Objects:indirect Objects, p.41 Exercise A 0 1. Are you reading the book I gave you? 2, Lmailed my bibther the birthday 2. 3. Juanita sent her tater an Faster 4. Would you like a disk with your sandwich? Please send ine a cOpy ofthe letter, 6. The fight attendant offered the passengers drinks and snacks. 2, Are you going to buy phates and napkins for the picnic? po 8, The dog chased its tail for several minutes. ZO. D0 9, Please hand me the pitcher of orange juice, Franco. ID 10, Have you given Janice your angsver yet? Exercise B 11, Why don't you tell us a story? 12, Aunt Maria brought me a souvenir from Thailand. 13, The driver told the officer his version of the accident. 14, Please offer cousin Tina my condolences. 15, Lester loaned Miranda a sweater. po 1. The committee chairperson gave her the gavel. 2. Oys poo!'s lifeguard left Manuel the free passes. ID 3. The interview will give Emily a chance to visit the college.4, The algebra teacher lent fer a new ruler 5. Aerobic dancing provided us an. opportunity for vigorous exercise. 6. The track star jumped hurdles and ran relays during the meet. 7. The pet store owner gave the ae a bone. 8. The doctor prescribed pee in for the child’s illness. 9. The counselor offered the students some advice 10. Their discovery of radium and polonium earned Pierre and Marie Curie the Nobel Prize in physics. EXERCISE B 11. Kareem taught his sister an African American folk song. 12. The president signed the energy bill after the congressional vote. 13. The Lions Club awarded Mrs, Rosa a silver tray for community service. 14. The tree branch struck the car’s windshield with a crash. 15. Toni Morrison read the audience an excerpt from her novel.Chapter 3: The Phrase, pp.49-71 Phrases, p.49 Exercise 1. phrase 6. phrase 2. phrase 7. n0 3. phrase 8 phrase 4. phrase 9. phrase 5. no 10, phrase 1. The bus drove by a large, red bam. 2. An enormous picture was painted on one wall 3. The picture reached above the second story. 4, It showed an eighteenth-century man ina white shirt 5. The picture was painted by a local artis. Exanase B 6. Spike Lee was bon in Georgia 7. He studied at a New York university. 8. The video store near my house carries his, time 9. Lee appeam nome ts 10. Hs fer wt the mic for ths mov 11 Lect i sot Malin x 12. Thedlrecor wore hat with langeX 13. During recent newscast heard Le speak 14. He tated bout film he had ast finished 15, Theinterviewer showed sever scenes frm the fil Adjective Phrases, p51 ssencseh 1. Both Alaska and Hawaii were once(@rrito THaof the United States 2. The amd for the mainland portionof Alaska was once Alékshak. 3. The(Grigit) of the{nam@ for Hawai is unknown. 4, These ane{frc)of our most beautiful stat 5. Many Geopid from all over enjoy these magical places. BxenciseB Answers will vary 6. The early inhabitants of the caves drew hunting scenes on the walls. 7. Noone in the audience spoke during the performance, 8, The magician called upon two people from the crowd. 9. Asingle fingerprint on he mantle turned ‘out to be a critical clue. 10. Erica lent me two magazines from her collection. ‘Adverb Phrases, p.52__ Note: For pages 61-62, students’ identification of words modified may vary {for some items. Exercise A 1, Please) your books tothe ibrary shelves 2. Hony is apiDin Satis 3. During the iSTcentury my anceston wikis unig 4. PeteGound)some sesame oll othe top shelf 5. Chinese food is @-knowD forts delicious flavors. 64 MotherG@zved inner atthe Uthen able 2. Aer tn Foiday wala he ormaments away in the attic, 8. We@iSiresh fruit for ser. fresh fruit ig 9. For the’ \confident. 10, The kids jet during the movie. Bxencise B Answers will vary. Sample responses are given. 11 We fried the fish we had caught in the moming.12. Do you enjoy playing the violin in the syym- Phony? 13, The desk seems to be broken in bad way 14, Runas fast as you can to the car! 15, That actor is quite famous for his Broadsay work Adjective and Adverb Phrases, p.53 Bxenasse A adverb 1, Chameleons their ability to change color to ‘match their surroundings adver _ 2. However, true chameleons, which(fivd mainly in Madagascar and Africa, do not change color to camou- flage themselves edecive 3, The Madagascar do change color in response to light, tempera- ture, and fear of attack. 4, Chameleons Change olor by collecting or diluting pigment- ed cells called melanophore cells edecive _ 5. Th adverbs are funny-looking with as many as three hors on their heads and bulging eyes that move sepa- rately from each other. BxenasseB Ansivers wil vary. Sample responses are given. 6. Did she blow out all of the candles? on her cake, adjective phrase “ 7, Be sure to sign your name on the bottom line, adver’ phrase 8. Tenjoy cooking fish in the campground, adverb phrase 9. The moviegoers’ hearts pounded... during the exciting car chase, adverbs phrose counted at least twenty guests jn e- does, adjective phrase “ 10. Participles,p.54 Exencse A 1, Our excited GeonsogiTS told us that the storm's name was Clive, 2. Tewas the ist storm in recorded Gatako reach our town. 3. The worried GoenspenpiD hastily nailed up boards and filled sand bags. 4, My grandparents recalled a similarly chill chillingiors) trom their youth 5. When the stom hit everyone hunkered 6. Several hours later, the storm abated and (GeighborScame up to see the damage ‘The surprised CownspeoplDfound, to their delight that only the city park needed repoirs 8 Uprooted @e3)had fallen onthe play- ground 9. Several dozen energized (olunteer worked together to cut up and stack the branches. 10, Only a few days later, delighted Galdres) ‘were once gain playing on the swings and slides down in their mildewing reli 2 a 11. Long before Elvis and the Beatles, "plots sor mesarcng eaten erloed 12 Among pnt Prana List wre tnewooing women dr) 13 tes wee ot tng von iter ten wee a va Te tbapser someting hate war te boom be plano, andbepantcndictin wd tape re ie15. Once, Beethoven became so involved in the music that he accidentally jostled a boy whose job was to hold a candle, knocking embarrassed the candlestick out of the , boy's hand. (embarrass) Participial Phrases, p.55 Exercise A 1, This) cam inthe hl of Temes, is unique. 1 oman rca nce ished the stew. 2. Given ale facts (veeached our decision quickly a Te pmvet@S annette needed repairs. 5. Fitten Ge) lofi in mii presented the fla 6. The ‘exhausted by the long climb, slept soundly that night. 7, Stopping tie my shoelace noticed an unustal ect on the sidewatk uniforms, 8. TheG) seeing movement in the bushes, crouched low in the grass 9. Covered by Scoth napkin the(eaDot bread in the basket was still warm, pbs basket was etl worm 10. GoSvetumed tothe house, membéring the keys and the book. Exercise B 11. The potato, first cultivated in South America, i a versatile food. 12. Discovered by the Spanish in Peru, the potato reached Europe in the 1550s. 13. This vegetable, once worshipped by the Incas, was first scomed by the Europeans. 14, Some people, confusing the potato with another plant, thought the vegetable was poisonous. 15, Actually, potatoes are quite nutritious, providing adults with various vitamins and ‘minerals, Participles and Participial Phrases, p.56 Exsnese 1. Few people know about the required to become’a knight. 2. By the twelth century a progr challeng- ing to both mind and body had been developed. 3, Bo} growing up in noble households began training for knighthood at a young age. 4, Leaving their family homes, ey wer fos- tered in the houses of influential friends or uncles 5. The boys learned etiquette, cared for horses, and exercised to build the musculature needed to arry Reavy arms. 6. Demonstrating his ability to hunt, fence and ride, a fourteenyearold became a squire. 7, Atabout the age of twenty-one, well) trained in arts of defense, the young man ‘was ready to undergo initiation into knight- hood. 8. The ritual usualy began when the sayire, freshly Bathed, put on ceremonial robes of white and red. gs Hep ninth pant tet necoed Hastbya gana these vine so. Now ens SSasae Neyoug i pat acareeienerntAe meee