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HVDC 6

This document discusses HVDC transmission systems. It begins with a brief history and then covers how HVDC works, the components involved like converters and transmission lines, control methods, advantages like reduced losses for long distance transmission, applications for connecting asynchronous grids and transmitting renewable energy, and examples of HVDC projects. HVDC is presented as a viable option for bulk power transmission over long distances and undersea cables.

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Bvijaya krishna
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115 views46 pages

HVDC 6

This document discusses HVDC transmission systems. It begins with a brief history and then covers how HVDC works, the components involved like converters and transmission lines, control methods, advantages like reduced losses for long distance transmission, applications for connecting asynchronous grids and transmitting renewable energy, and examples of HVDC projects. HVDC is presented as a viable option for bulk power transmission over long distances and undersea cables.

Uploaded by

Bvijaya krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

CONTENTS:
• HISTORY.
• INTRODUCTION.
• WHY PREFERS.
• HOW DOES IT WORKS.
• ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
• HVDC FOR RENEWABLE SOURCES.
• CONCLUSION
History.
• Firstly HVDC b/w Swedish and Gotland in 1954.

• In North America, total HVDC transmission


capacity in 1987 was 14,000 MW.
INTRODUCTION
• HVDC stands for.

• for long distance transmission.

• requires converter stations at each end of the


line.

• can interconnect diff power systems( i.e 50 Hz


and 60 Hz)
HVAC
ADVANTAGES

• Voltage transformation.
• Easy conversion into mechanical.
energy and vice versa.

LIMITATIONS

• Long distance transmission


• Difficult to use cables, already at 100
km high reactive power consumption
NEEDS OF HVDC

The losses which occurs in the systems are at all the


stages
i.e. , at generation , transmission & distribution
level.

The losses at transmission level can be greatly


reduced by HVDC transmission.
WHY TO PREFER HVDC THAN HVAC?
 Long distance transmission

 5 times more energy transmits than AC(same lines)

 Less losses (no inductance, capacitance).

 Cost of transmission medium & land is low.

 Maintenance & operation cost is low.

 Initial cost is high but overall cost is low than ac.


COMPARISON B/W AC & DC
TRANSMISSION COST.
HVDC TECHNOLOGY

• If DC is required to be used for transmission


and since our primary source of power is A.C,

• The following are three basic steps:-


1. Convert AC into DC (rectifier)
2. Transmit DC
3. Convert DC into AC ( inverter)
HOW IT WORKS ?
COMPONENTS OF HVDC
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
• Converters
• Smoothing reactors
• Harmonic filters
• Reactive power supplies
• Electrodes
• DC lines
• AC circuit breakers
CONVERTERS

• Perform AC/DC (rectifier) and DC/AC (inverter) conversion


• consist of bridges and transformers

DC SMOOTHING REACTORS
• Decrease harmonics in voltages and currents in DC lines.
• Prevent current from being discontinuous.

AC HARMONIC FILTERS
• Used to reduce harmonics (in voltages and currents) caused by
converters which generate harmonics,
• Hence prevent from interference with any comm system.
REACTIVE POWER SUPPLIES

• Converter may consume reactive pwr of abt 50% / more of active pwr.
• Reactive power is, therefore, provided near converter.
• For a strong AC power system, this reactive power is provided by a shunt
capacitor.

ELECTRODES
• Used to provide connection to the earth for neutral.

DC LINES
• They may be overhead lines or cables.
• DC lines are very similar to AC lines.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• Used to break cct if fault occurs in the transformer and for taking the DC
link out of service.
6 PULSE RECTIFIER
6 PULSE RECTIFIER WAVEFORM
6 PULSE RECTIFIER
INVERTER OPERATION.
CONTROL OF HVDC SYSTEMS
Objectives of Control

• Efficient and stable operation.

• Maximum flexibility of power control without


compromising the safety of equipment.

• Implementation and their performance during normal


and abnormal system conditions.
BASIC MEANS OF CONTROL

• This can be accomplished by:

• Controlling firing angles of the rectifier and inverter.


• Controlling alpha is done by amount of gate current.
• Lesser the angle, more stable the signal.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL
• Direct current from the rectifier to the inverter
Vdor cos   Vdoi cos 
Id 
Rcr  Rl  Rci
• Power at the rectifier terminal

Pdr  Vdr I d
• Power at the inverter terminal

Pdi  Vdi I d  Pdr  RL I d


2
Schematic diagram of control
POWER FLOW DIRECTION

• Decrease voltage at station B or increase voltage at station A,


power flows from A to B.
• Power reversal is obtained by reversal of polarity of both
direction.
APPLICATION BASED HVDC TRANSMISSION TYPES

• Unique solution to connect asynchronous systems or grids


with different frequencies.
• Most economical solution to transmit electrical energy over
distance more than 600km.
• Alternative to submarine transmission, also economical for
shorter distances i.e 10 km or more.
FOR 10 KM
Types of DC links

Monopolar
Homopolar

Bipolar
MONOPOLAR LINKS
• It uses one conductor .
• Return path by ground/water.
• Due to –ive polarity, no corona effect occurs.
BIPOLAR LINKS

• Has two conductors.


• Junction b/w the conductors is grounded.
• Can carry half the rated load, if fault occurs in
one pole.
HOMOPOLAR LINKS
• Has two conductors polarity( usually
negative.)
• The return path for such a system is through
ground.
ADVANTAGES
TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES

• System stability

• less Corona Loss and no skin effect

• Greater Reliability.
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES
• Trans Lines => less lines & less meterial required,
cheaper.

• Towers => narrower, simpler and cheaper

• Line losses => less increases efficiency.

• Earlier lines can be used.


DISADVANTAGES
• Power loss in conversion, switching and
control.

• Expensive inverters.

• Per kilometer cost reduces if lines are of fairly


of large distances.
HVDC FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES.
EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS
1) Gotland – HVDC
• Capacity: 50 MW
• Length: 70 km
• In operation since 1999
Requirements
• additional wind power, 90 MW
• minimized environmental
impact
GOTLAND PROJECT
HVDC PLUS
• Known as IGBT TECHNOLOGY

• IGBT can be turned on and off in controlled


manner.

• Switching up to 200 levels making it efficient,


giving more smooth ac signal.
HVDC PLUS TECHNOLOGY.
HVDC IN PAK
• 1000 MW from Taftan to Quetta through a
500 KV,HVDC transmission line, under
discussion (from IRAN).

• Proposed 500 MW from India through a


400 KV AC transmission line and a back-to-
back HVDC converter in Pakistan, estimated
construction time 24-30 months
CONCLUSION
• Recent studies indicate that HVDC systems are very
reliable.

• Very large investments in e.g in China and India


shows that high-voltage direct current will very
important in the future, especially in big, new-
industries countries.
•Thank you!

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