IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)

e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.

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Performance and Analysis of BER in wavelets based OFDM

system with different channel estimation
Shadab 1, T.Venu Madhav 2,
B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur Telangana,India

Abstract: The rapidly growing technology has made it possible for the communication systems to transfer data
almost everywhere on this planet. But the limited bandwidth allocated to a large number of users restricts the
bandwidth availability to the users. This scenario creates a technological challenge to develop the data
transmission schemes which are bandwidth efficient. Multicarrier modulation is such a scheme that transmits
the data by dividing the serial high data rate streams into a number of low data rate parallel data streams.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a kind of multi-carrier modulation, which divides the
available spectrum into a number of parallel subcarriers and each subcarrier is then modulated by a low rate
data stream at different carrier frequency.
Wavelet based OFDM provides good orthogonality and with its use Bit Error Rate (BER) is improved.
Wavelet based system does not require cyclic prefix, so spectrum efficiency is increased. It is proposed to use
wavelet based OFDM at the place of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based OFDM in LTE. We have
compared the BER performance of wavelets based OFDM using different channel estimation techniques.

Keywords – BER, Channel, DWT, OFDM, Wavelet,

I. Introduction
OFDM With the rapid growth in technology, the demand for flexible high data-rate services has also
increased. The performance of high data rates communication systems is limited by frequency selective
multipath fading which results in intersymbol interference (ISI). In the wireless channels, impairments such as
fading, shadowing and interferences due to multiple user access highly degrade the system performance. .
Multicarrier modulation (MCM) is a solution that overcomes these problems in wireless channels. It is the
technique of transmitting data that divides the serial high data rate streams into a large number of low data rate
parallel data streams [1]. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a kind of multi-carrier
modulation, which divides the available spectrum into a number of parallel subcarriers and each subcarrier is
then modulated by a low rate data stream at different carrier frequency. The conventional OFDM system makes
use of IFFT and FFT for multiplexing the signals and reduces the complexity at both transmitter and receiver
[2]. OFDM is comprised of a blend of modulation and multiplexing.
The original data signal is split into many independent signals, each of which is modulated at a
different frequency and then these independent signals are multiplexed to create an OFDM carrier. As all the
subcarriers are orthogonal to each other, they can be transmitted simultaneously over the same bandwidth
without any interference which is an important advantage of OFDM [3]. OFDM makes the high speed data
streams robust against the radio channel impairments. OFDM is an efficient technique to handle large data rates
in the multipath fading environment which causes ISI. With the help of OFDM, a large number of overlapping
narrowband subcarriers, which are orthogonal to each other, are transmitted parallel within the available
transmission bandwidth. Thus, in OFDM, the available spectrum is utilized efficiently.
With the rapidly growing technology, the demands for high speed data transmission are also increasing.
OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique which has the capability to fulfil this demand for large capacity.
OFDM is reliable and economical to handle the processing power of digital signal processors. OFDM is used in
many applications such as IEEE 802.11 wireless standard, Cellular radios, GSTN (General Switched Telephone
Network), DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), DVB-T (Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting) [3], HDTV
broadcasting, DSL [4] and ADSL modems and HIPERLAN type II (High Performance Local Area Network)
[4].

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II. Heading S
2. Ofdm System
OFDM is a special form of Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM) with densely spaced sub carriers with
overlapping spectra, thus allowing for multiple-access. MCM is the principle of transmitting data by dividing
the stream into several bit streams, each of which has a much lower bit rate, and by using these sub-streams to
modulate several carriers. This technique is being investigated as the next generation transmission scheme for
mobile wireless communications networks

2.1. Orthogonality:
In geometry, orthogonal means, "involving right angles" (from Greek ortho, meaning right, and gon
meaning angled). The term has been extended to general use, meaning the characteristic of being independent
(relative to something else). It also can mean: non-redundant, non-overlapping, or irrelevant. Orthogonality is
defined for both real and complex valued functions [2]. The functions m(t) and *m(t) are said to be
orthogonal with respect to each other over the interval a < t < b if they satisfy the condition[3].

2.1.1OFDM Carriers
As for mentioned, OFDM is a special form of MCM and the OFDM time domain waveforms
are chosen such that mutual Orthogonality is ensured even though sub-carrier spectra may over-lap. With
respect to OFDM, it can be stated that Orthogonality is an implication of a definite and fixed relationship
between all carriers in the collection. It means that each carrier is positioned such that it occurs at the
zero energy frequency point of all other carriers. The sinc function, illustrated in Figure 3.1 exhibits this
property and it is used as a carrier in an OFDM system[3].
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a kind of multi-carrier modulation,which divides
the available spectrum into a number .These subcarriers become orthogonal to each otherwhen two different
subcarrier waveforms are multiplied and integrated over symbol period results into zero.

2.1.2Fourier Transform In OFDM:

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is one kind of the techniques of MCM
(Multi-Carrier Modulation), which belongs to the field of wireless communication. The basic idea of
MCM is to modulate signals onto many carriers and then combine these signals to transmit out (figure 1).
The modulation system has a S/P converter, which converts the high rate serial data into lower rate
paralleled data. Due to the lower rate data has a longer time duration, which is usually far larger than the
maximum delay of the signal transmitting channel, thus makes it possible to well-combat multi-path
eff ect and easy to equalization at the receiver. But MCM also has a disadvantage. If the number of
carrier N is large, then the whole system need a wide band of frequency.

OFDM contributes on the frequency saving. It chooses a group of sub-carriers which are
orthogonal to each other at the time domain, but they are overlapped in the frequency domain (see figure
2), which is diff erent from MCM stated above (guarantee no overlapped in frequency domain by guard).
In this way, although they are overlapped, they are orthogonal to each other and thus can be separated at
the receiver.

2.1.3Short Time Fourier Transform In OFDM:

Example Segment the signal into narrow time intervals (i.e., narrow enough to be considered
stationary) and take the FT of each segment. Each FT provides the spectral information of a separate time-slice
of the signal, providing simultaneous time and frequency information.

2.1.4Time resolution:
How well two spikes in time can be separated from each other in the frequency domain.

2.1.5Frequency resolution:
How well two spectral components can be separated from each other in the time domain.
We cannot know the exact time-frequency representation of a signal.
We can only know what interval of frequencies are present in which time intervals.

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2.2. Problem Defination:

Wavelet based OFDM is found to be an efficient method to replace FFT based OFDM systems as
wavelets has many advantages as compared to FFT-OFDM. DWT based OFDM has the potential to decrease
the hardware complexity because Cyclic Prefix is not required in this case and proposed system gives nearly
perfect reconstruction. . DWT is an effective tool to study the signals in time frequency joint domain as it has
the ability to provide simultaneous information about time and frequency, thereby gives the time frequency
representation of the signal. It has been found that wavelets have compact localization in both time domain and
frequency domain and have better orthogonality. DWT based OFDM has the ability to combat the narrowband
interference as the wavelets possess high spectral containment properties; making the system more robust
against inter-carrier interference as compared to FFT realization. As cyclic prefix is not used in DWT OFDM,
the data rates are better than that of FFT OFDM systems [16]. Wavelet based OFDM is employed in order to
remove the use of cyclic prefix which decreases the bandwidth wastage and the transmission power is also
reduced by the use of wavelet transform. The spectral containment of the channels in DWT-OFDM is also better
than the FFT-OFDM. Discrete wavelet transform is a type of wavelet transform which is found to be an
alternative approach to replace IFFT and FFT in OFDM systems. In Wavelet transform, the desired signal is
decomposed into set of basis waveforms, known as wavelets, which provide the way for analyzing the signals
by investigating the coefficients of wavelets.
DWT is used in several applications and has become very popular among engineers, technologists and
mathematicians. The basis functions of wavelet transform are localized both in time and frequency and possess
different resolutions in both domains which makes the wavelet transforms a powerful tool in various
applications. Different resolutions correspond to analyze the behaviour of the process and the power of the
transform. Due to these properties, the wavelets and wavelet transform find their applications in various fields
such as data compression, image compression, radar, computer graphics and animation, astronomy, human
vision, nuclear engineering, acoustics, biomedical engineering, music, seismology, turbulence, magnetic
resonance imaging, fractals and pure mathematics.
Since wavelet transform has many advantages such as flexibility, lesser sensitivity against channel
distortion and interference as well as better utilization of spectrum, it has been proposed to design the
sophisticated wireless communication systems [16]. Wavelets are beneficial in various aspects such as channel
modelling, data representation, transceiver design, and source and channel coding, data compression,
interference minimization, energy efficient networking and signal de-noising in wireless communication
systems. A low pass filter and high pass filter is employed to operate as QMF and satisfies perfect
reconstruction and ortho-normal properties. In wavelet based OFDM, the modulated signal is transmitted using
zero padding and vector transposing. DWT is known as a flexible and highly efficient method for decomposition
of signals.

III. Wavelets:
A wavelet is a small waveform that has effectively limited duration having an average value of zero.
Wavelets have limited duration and tend to be asymmetric and irregular. The wavelet analysis consists of
breaking up a signal into scaled and shifted versions of the original signal or mother wavelet. Wavelets are a
class of functions used to localize a given function in both space and scaling. A family of wavelets can be
constructed from a function ψ (x), sometimes known as a "mother wavelet," which is confined in a finite interval
Daughter wavelets 𝜓  ,S(𝑥), are then formed by translation (S) and contraction (  ).
Wavelets are especially useful for compressing image data, since a wavelet transform has properties
which are in some ways superior to a conventional Fourier transform Wavelet properties which are in some
ways superior to a conventional Fourier transform. The channel model can be AWGN, Rayleigh or any other
channel. To generate an OFDM symbol, the channel encoding of serial data stream is done followed by
modulating the symbol using any modulation scheme .To successfully generate OFDM, the relationship among
all the carriers must be controlled carefully to sustain the orthogonality of the carriers. Due to this, OFDM
symbol is generated choosing the spectrum required firstly, based on the input data, and modulation scheme
used. Some data is assigned to each carrier to be produced to transmit. The required amplitude and phase of the
carrier is then calculated based on the modulation scheme which is typically differential BPSK, QPSK, or QAM

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IV. Dwt Based Ofdm System:

DWT based OFDM is an efficient approach to replace FFT in conventional OFDM systems. DWT is
employed in order to remove the use of cyclic prefix which decreases the bandwidth wastage and the
transmission power is also reduced by the use of wavelet transform. The spectral containment of the channels in
DWT-OFDM is better than FFT-OFDM. In Wavelet transform, the signal of interest is decomposed into set
of basis waveforms, known as wavelets, which provide the way for analyzing the signals by investigating the
coefficients of wavelets. DWT is used in several applications and has become very popular among engineers,
technologists and mathematicians. The basis functions of wavelet transform are localized both in time and
frequency and possess different resolutions in both domains which makes the wavelet transforms a powerful
tool in various applications.
Different resolutions correspond to analyze the behaviour of the process and the power of the
transform. Due to these properties, the wavelets and wavelet transform find their applications in various fields
such as data compression, image compression, radar, computer graphics and animation, astronomy, human
vision, nuclear engineering, acoustics, biomedical engineering, music, seismology, turbulence, magnetic
resonance imaging, fractals and pure mathematics
Since wavelet transform has many advantages such as flexibility, lesser sensitivity against channel
distortion and interference as well as better utilization of spectrum, it has been proposed to design the
sophisticated wireless communication systems [25].
Wavelets are beneficial in various aspects such as channel modelling, data representation, transceiver
design, and source and channel coding, data compression, interference minimization, energy efficient
networking and signal de-noising in wireless communication systems. DWT is known as a flexible and highly
efficient method for decomposition of signals. Since wavelet transform has many advantages such as flexibility,
lesser sensitivity against channel distortion and interference as well as better utilization of spectrum, it has been
proposed to design the sophisticated wireless communication systems. DWT is known as a flexible and highly
efficient method for decomposition of signals.
The data generator first generates a serial random data bits stream. This data stream is passed through the
encoder which consists of Convolutional encoder followed by the bit interleaver. The bits are first interleaved
with help of convolution encoder and interleaver and then the data is processed using modulator to map the
input data into symbols based on the modulation technique used.
The DWT-OFDM the orthogonality of these carriers relies on time location (k) and scale index (j). This
symbol is clearly the weighted sum of wavelet and scale carriers which is similar to the Inverse Wavelet
Transform (IDWT). In DWT- OFDM, the input data is processed same as in FFTOFDM but the advantage in
this case is that the cyclic prefix is not required because of the overlapping nature of wavelet properties. The
data is processed in the IDWT block whose output can be given as equation given below.

The Discrete Wavelet Transform is used in a variety of signal processing applications, such as Internet
communications compression video compression, object recognition and numerical analysis. The main
advantage of wavelet transform over Fourier transform is that it is discrete both in time as well as scale.

V. Mathematical Analysis Of Different Channels

5.1: Rayleigh Fading
Rayleigh fading is caused by multipath reception. The mobile antenna receives a large number, say N,
reflected and scattered waves. Because of wave cancellation effects, the instantaneous received power seen by a
moving antenna becomes a random variable, dependent on the location of the antenna.

To simplify the derivation of the fading models an un-modulated carrier of the form s(t) = A
cos(2 as transmission signal is used. Based on the block diagram the complex envelope of the
received signal is:
(t) = }

where is the gain factor and is the delay for a specific path i at a specific time t.
(t) = A (t) cos [2π t + (t)]

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Where (t) is a sample function of a Rayleigh distributed random process:

P( )= exp
and the (t) is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π).
The general form of this channel model is:
(t) = Re
Again, (t )and are amplitude and phase from a particular measurement of a Rayleigh
distributed random process. This channel is called Rayleigh fading channel.

5.2: Rician Fading Channel

The model behind Rician fading is similar to that for Rayleigh fading, except that in Rician
fading a strong dominant component is present. This dominant component can for instance be the line-of-
sight wave. Refined Rician models also consider
That the dominant wave can be a phasor sum of two or more dominant signals, e.g. the line-of- sight,
plus a ground reflection. This combined signal is then mostly treated as a deterministic (fully predictable)
process
That the dominant wave can also be subject to shadow attenuation. This is a popular assumption
in the modeling of satellite channels. Besides the dominant component, the mobile antenna receives a
large number of reflected and Scattered waves.
A Rician fading channel indicates that there is a prominent or direct path over which the
electromagnetic wave can travel.
. Compared to the Rayleigh channel model, Equation 1, the Rician fading channel model has an
additional s(t) = A cos(2 component to reflect the prominent path:

(t) = A cos(2π t) + }
Above Equation can be written as:
(t) = A (t) cos[2π t + (t)]

Where (t) is a sample function of a random process with a Rician distributed probability
density function (pdf):

P( )= exp
Where is the zero order modified Bessel functions of the first kind given by:
( )= d𝝋
and the distribution of (t) is:

P( )= exp

Where erf is the error function defined as:

erf = ) dt

The ratio K = , referred as the K-factor, relates the power in un faded and faded components. Values of
K >> 1 indicate less severe fading, whereas K << 1 indicates severe fading.
The general form of the Rician channel model is:

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(t) = Re

Where and (t) are amplitude and phase of a particular measurement of a rician distributed
random process.

VI. Ber Performance Evaluation:

Simulations have been done in MAT LAB for performance characteristic of DWT based OFDM and
wavelet based OFDM are obtained for different modulations that are used for the LTE. Modulations that could
be used for LTE are 4 QAM, 16 QAM and 32 QAM (Uplink and downlink).For the purpose of simulation,
signal to noise ratio (SNR) of different values are introduced through AWGN, RAYLEIGH ,RICIAN channel.
Data of 10,000 bits is sent in the form of 100 symbols, so one symbol is of 100 bits. Averaging for a particular
value of SNR for all the symbols is done and BER is obtained and same process is repeated for all the values of
SNR and final BERs are obtained.
Using MATLAB Figure below shows the comparison of BER performance for
conventional OFDM (DWT - OFDM) using different modulation techniques. This figure shows the relationship
between BER and SNR. The values of SNR are from -3 db to 15 db and the scale of SNR is linear. The values
of BER are from 0.01 to 1 and scale of BER is log.

VII. Indentations And Eqations

b

 (t )  (t )dt  0,
*
1)
m m
a
T
2)  cos(2  f
0
n
t ) X cos(2  f m
t )dt   (n  m),
N 1
3) S   d(i) e j w(i)t
i 0

where w(i) is the frequency of sub-carrier i. Suppose the time duration after S/P is T, before
S/P is t0. So we have T = Nt0. We choose the sub-carrier frequency by

w(i) = w(0) +1/ T= w(0) +2πi /Nt0

So that we can represent modulated signal as :

N 1 2i

 d(i)e
j
1) S  Nt 0
e j ( 0)
i 0

2)
Window size function of stft:
3)

W(t) infinitely long:  STFT turns into FT, providing excellent frequency localization, but no time
localization.
W(t) infinitely short: results in the time signal (with a phase factor), providing excellent time localization
but no frequency localization.

Uncertainty Principle

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1)

2)  ( , s ) 
T  t  .e  jt dt
 x (t ).  
0  s 
x(t)actual time series , (t)wavelet function

3)
s(t )   j  j  k
w j,k (t ) j ,k (t )  k a j ,k  j ,k

m
d ( k )  m 0 
 
Dmn 2 ) (2 m  n)
n 0
2 k
4)

Dmn  k 0 d (k )2 m2  (2 mk  n)
N 1

5)

VIII. Figures And Tables

•

Fig1: fu is the sub-carrier spacing

Fig2: Multi-Carrier Modulation

Figure 3: Overlapped frequency in OFDM

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Fig4: signal into narrow time intervals

ENCODER
Modulator S/P IDWT

CHANNEL

Decoder Demodulator P/S

DWT
Fig5: Block diagram of encoded DWT-OFDM

OFDM for AWGN Channel for DWT based haar

Wavelet 4-QAM

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OFDM for Rayleigh Channel for DWT based haar

Wavelet 4-QAM

OFDM for Racian Channel for DWT based haar

Wavelet 4-QAM

OFDM for AWGN Channel for DWT based haar

Wavelet 16-QAM

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OFDM for Rayleigh Channel for DWT based haar

Wavelet 16-QAM

OFDM for Racian Channel for DWT based haar wavelet

16-QAM

OFDM for AWGN Channel for DWT based haar wavelet

32-QAM

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OFDM for Rayleigh Channel for DWT based haar wavelet

32-QAM

OFDM for Racian Channel for DWT based haar wavelet

32-QAM

OFDM for AWGN Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 4-QAM

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OFDM for Rayleigh Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 4-QAM

OFDM for Racian Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 4-QAM

OFDM for AWGN Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 16-QAM

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OFDM for Rayleigh Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 16-QAM

OFDM for Racian Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 16-QAM

OFDM for AWGN Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 32-QAM

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OFDM for Rayleigh Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 32-QAM

OFDM for Racian Channel for DWT based Daubechies

Wavelet 32-QAM

TABULAR COLUMN
Ber Performance of 4,16,32-QAM with Haar wavelets using different channels

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Ber Performance of 4,16,32-QAM with Daubechies wavelets using different channels

IX. Conclusion
This paper compares the performance of Fourier transform based and Wavelet based OFDM systems in
terms of bit error rate probability for different channels scenarios. From the performed simulations in the
RICIAN channel, it was found that the DWT based OFDM system has better performance than that of the FFT-
OFDM for the modulations used viz. QPSK or QAM. It was also found that DWT-OFDM outperformed FFT-
OFDM in other types of channels i.e. Rayleigh and Rician fading channels also. Wavelet based system was
found having small bit error rate probability than that of the Fourier transform based system. The purpose of the
research was to implement and find the transform that performs better in the wireless channels that are mostly
multipath. The paper compares the performance of the systems using QAM or QPSK whereas the future work
may include the implementation of other modulation schemes and different channel scenarios for performance
evaluation of any OFDM based system.
We used Three modulation techniques for implementation that are 4 QAM, 16 QAM, 32 QAM .In
wavelet based OFDM different types of filters can be used with the help of different wavelets available, they
provide their best performances at different intervals of SNR. And we conclude that the BER curves obtained
from wavelet based OFDM are better than that of DFT based OFDM.
Moreover, the cyclic prefix is not used in DWT based OFDM system. The simulation results show that
when the DWTOFDM system is used with Convolutional encoding, the BER performance of the system is
improved in AWGN as well as Racian channel. This is because the Convolutional codes are very effective in
removing the burst errors and distortions caused by the channel.
Moreover, the BER performance of the system is affected by the outage probability. Outage probability
is the probability when the required data rate is not supported by the specific channel due to variable SNR.
The Convolutional encoding coupled with bit interleaving reduces the outage probability at higher SNR. Thus,
the DWT-OFDM system with encoding outperforms significantly at higher values of SNR.

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