Introduction

Language and symbols have a vital role in our daily lives. Through
language and symbols, we are able to communicate and express our thoughts
and ideas in the most comfortable way. We also share one language to
understand others. We may differ in the locale from where we live, but we can
share sentiments through our common language.

In mathematics, language and symbols are very important. We cannot

arrive to the correct solution of the problem if we don’t use the appropriate
symbols. Moreover, if we share the same language, we may have one and
common understanding of the problem.
 LANGUAGE AND ITS IMPORTANCE
What is Language?
According to Uttam D. Kharde (2016), language is defined as follows:
• A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or
conventional symbols
• A system of words used in a particular discipline
• A set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and
constructed out of a finite set of elements.
These definitions describe language in terms of the following components:
 A vocabulary of symbols or words
 A grammar consisting of rules on how these symbols may be used
 A syntax or propositional structure, which places these symbols in
linear structures
 A discourse or narrative consisting of strings of syntactic
propositions
 A community of people who uses and understands these symbols
 A range of meaning that can be communicated with these symbols.
 Mathematical language is the system of words or signs that people
used to express mathematical ideas.
 This language consists of natural language using mathematical
terms and symbolic notation for mathematical
formulation/equations.

Mathematical Language must be brief, specific, accurate and

exact. Being brief is an essential part of the culture of mathematical language
accuracy and correctness in mathematics is like a culture that is used almost
in our everyday lives.

COMMON SYMBOLS USED IN MATHEMATICS

Symbol Meaning

Positive/Plus sign indicates that the number is greater

+
than zero and it also denotes addition

Negative/Minus sign indicates that the number is less

—
than zero and it also denotes subtraction.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 21

 Multiplication can be represented by asterisk (*), dot (●),
and parenthesis ( ). When series of numbers are not
x, *,●,( )
separated by a plus or minus sign, it is understood that the
operation is multiplication.

Division can be represented by obelus, fractional

÷,—, /
line/vinculum (—) or a slash (/).

= Equality sign. It indicates the two numbers are equal.

Not equal sign indicates that two quantity are not of the
≠
same values.

Inequalities symbols. < (less than) or > (greater than).

< or >, ≤ or ≥ These symbols are used to describe that quantities are not
equal, one is less than or greater than the other.

Letters of the English alphabet in lower case are used

a, b, c, d, . . . ,z as variables, while upper case letters are used to name the
set.

Ellipsis means two things, that information has been

… omitted intentionally to save space, and to show that an
established pattern continues.

EXPRESSIONS AND SENTENCES

Mathematical Expression is a combination of numbers/ symbols and

operations.
Mathematical Sentence/statement is a statement which can be identified
as true or false.
Algebraic Expression is a mathematical expression which contains
numbers, variables, and the four fundamental operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 22

 English Phrases that Imply Mathematical Operations

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

+ - x, *, ( ) ÷,—, /

Minus
Plus
Diminish
Sum Divided
Subtracted Times
Added Quotient
The difference of Multiplied by
Increased by Per
Fewer than Product
Total Ratio
Decreased by
More than
Less than

English Phrases and Their Mathematical Expressions

English Phrases Mathematical Expressions

The sum of a number n and 10 𝑛 + 10

The difference of x and 25 𝑥 − 25

Five times a number x 5𝑥

Seventy-five divided by a number z 75

𝑧

Three fourths of a number n 3

𝑛
4
Illustrative Examples:
Translate the following English Phrases into Mathematical Expressions.
1. One half of 1 000.
1
Solution: 2 (1 000)

2. The sum of x and y less 5.

Solution: (x + y) – 5
3. Fifteen percent of 500.
Solution: 15% (500) or 0.15(500)

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 23

 4. Twice a number m diminished by n
Solution: 2m – n
5. The product of a and b increased by 20
Solution: ab+20

Mathematical Equation
A mathematical equation is a statement that two expressions are equal,
which may contain one or more variables.
Illustrative Examples:
a. 20 + 15 = 5 ● 6 + 5

b. 18 – x = 2x - 12

c. x – 2y = 6

d. d. 2x + 3y – z = 4x + 3

e. e. 3x2 + 2x – 4 = 0

Illustrative Examples:
Translating English Sentences into Mathematical Equations.
1. Eight percent of sales is Php5 000
Solution: 0.08S= (5 000)
2. Gross income (g) less taxes (t) is Php10 000
Solution: g – t = 10 000
3. Ana’s monthly salary is twice of Fe. Their combined salary is 40 000
Solution: a = 2f Eq.1
a+ f = 40 000 Eq.2
4. The average of Mary’s midterm and final grade is 90. Their midterm
grade is 6 points higher than her final grade.
x+y
Solution: = 90 Eq.1
2
x=6+y Eq.2
5. Five years ago, Roger’s age (x) was half of his age in 10 years.
1
Solution: x – 5 = 2 (x + 10)

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 24

Mathematical Inequality
Mathematical inequality is a statement that two expressions are not equal,
which may contain one or more variables.
Illustrative Examples:
1.) 3 > 1 2.) -1 < 4 3.) x < 2
4.) x > -5 5.) x + 3 < -5 6.) x2 + 1 > 0

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
Rules: (GEMDAS)
1. Perform operations within grouping symbols.
2. Simplify all exponential radical expressions.
3. Perform multiplication and division as they occur from left to right.
4. Perform all addition and subtraction as they occur from left to right.
Illustrative Examples:
Simplify the following expressions.
1. (42 ÷ 6)² + 6 (4 x 5)
Solution: (42 ÷ 6)² + 6 (4 x 5)
= (7)² + 6 (20)
= 49 + 120
= 169

2. −27 − [−36 − (35 – 25)] −12

Solution: −27 − [−36 − (35 – 25)] −12
= −27 − [−36 − (10)] −12
= −27 − [−46] −12
= −27 + 46 −12
= 19 – 12
=7

3. 75 − {-25 − [−5 – (−24 – 15) + 16] − 19}

Solution: 75 − {−25 − [−5 – (−24 – 15) + 16] −19}
= 75 − {−25 − [-5 – (−39) + 16] – 19}
= 75−{−25 − [−5 + 39 + 16] −19}
= 75 − {−25 − [50] – 19}
= 75 – {−25 − 50 – 19}
= 75 – (−94)
= 75 + 94
= 169

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 25

4. 12 – { 52 + [23 – 4(6 – 22 + 7) + ]}
Solution: 12 – { 52 + [23 – 4(6 – 22 + 7) + ]}
= 12 – {25 + [8 – 4 (6 – 4) + 7 + 1
= 12 – {25 + [8 – 4(2) + 7) + 1]}
= 12 – {25 + [8 − 8 + 7] + 1
= 12 – {25 + (7) + 1}
= 12 – [33]
= 12 – 33
= −21

5. 3 − 2√3 − {[−5 + 6√3 + 2(8 + 6) + √12]}

Solution: 3 − 2√3 − {[−5 + 6√3 + 2(8 + 6) + √12]}
= 3 − 2√3 − {[−5 + 6√3 + 2(14) + 2√3]}
= 3 − 2√3 − {[−5 + 6√3 + 28 + 2√3]}
= 3 − 2√3 − {23 + 8√3}
= 3 − 2√3 − 23 − 8√3
= −20 − 10√3

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 26

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Perform the indicated operations.

1. (3 - 8) ∙ (-2) + (8 ÷ 4)

2. (14 ÷ 7)² + (6 - 3)² - (5 ∙ 2)

3. (7 + 3) – 18 ÷ 6

4. 30 ÷ 6 + 4 – (6 ÷ 3)

5. 45 - [-58 – (-22 + -12) + 45]

6. 2 + {10 ÷ (7- 2(1))}

7. {(-15 + 3) ∙ (-3) ÷ 4}

8. -25 - [-43 – (32 – 21) - 7] - 17

9. 42 - [-(-18) – (-35 + 18)] - 29

10. 85 + -40 - [26 – (22 + 5) + 4

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 27

POLYNOMIALS
Variables are symbols usually letters of the English alphabet used to represent
the unknown number/quantity that changes its value in a particular
problem or discussion.
Example: a, b, c, x, y, z, etc.

Constant refers to a symbol that does not change its value.

2
Example: e = 2.7182818284590…, -2, , 0
5

Term refers to the part of an algebraic expression separated by a plus (+) or

minus (−) sign. A term may contain a constant and variable(s), or just a
constant.
Example: 8x – 4y + 4 has three terms namely 8x, -4y and 4.
X2 – y2 has two terms namely x2 and – y2

Similar Terms and Dissimilar Terms, terms that have the identical literal
coefficients are called similar terms; otherwise they are called dissimilar
terms.
Examples:
Similar terms: 3x2y, -4x2y, -0.25x2y (common literal coefficient is x2y)
Dissimilar terms: - p, p2q, pq2r,

Coefficient in general when two or more symbols are multiplied together to

form a product, then each symbol is called a coefficient.

Numerical Coefficient is the constant factor attached to the variables in term.

Literal Coefficient is the variable multiplicative factor (including its exponent)

attached to the constant in a term.
Examples:
Numerical
Expression Literal Coefficient
Coefficient
2y 2 y
2 5
𝑥 𝑦 1 xy
2
-4b -4 b

Polynomial is an algebraic expression containing one or more terms in which

the variables are raised to whole number exponents (no variable in the
denominator and no variable in a radical sign).

The following algebraic expressions are polynomials.

𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
xy; ; 6a2b4 – 3a4b6 ; 20x - 5, 5x + 5y
7

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 28

 The following algebraic expressions are not polynomials. Why?
2𝑎-3 is not polynomial because the exponent of 𝑎 is a negative integer
𝑎−5
is not a polynomial because there is a variable in the denominator
𝑎
√𝑥 is not a polynomial because there is a variable in a radical sign

Examples:

Degree of the Degree of the

Expression
term /variable(s) polynomial

1. a3 + a2 + a a3 = 3, a2 = 2, a = 1 3
x & y = 9, x & z = 6,
2. 2x4y5z2 + 8 11
y & z = 7, xyz = 11
3. 5x3y 2z - 4 x & y = 5, x & z = 3, xyz = 6 6

Kinds of Polynomials
❖ Monomial is a polynomial consisting of only one term.
Examples: abc, 5b, -3abcd, x2y,
❖ Binomial is a polynomial which consist of only two terms.
Examples: 8a2b4 - 6a4b6, 12x – 4, 5x + 3y, 9 – g
❖ Trinomial is a polynomial which consist of three terms.
Examples: x2 + y2 + z2, q – 2r – 3z, 6a + 3b – 4c
❖ Multinomial is a polynomial which consist of more than three terms.
Examples: a2 + b2 + c2 - 4ab – 2bc – 2ac, xy3 + 3xy4 – 4xy + 5x2y3 + 4x4y2

OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIALS

◊ Addition of Polynomials
Rule: In adding polynomials, only similar terms can be combined and follow
the rule in adding integers.
Similar terms are terms with the same literal coefficient.
1. 6y - 8y + 2y the terms 6y, -8y and 2y are similar
2. 2x² - 3x² - x² the terms 2x², -3x², -x² are similar
3. 5x - 4x² y + 7x² y + 4 only the terms -4x²y, 7x²y are similar
4. x² y – 3x² y² + 8xy² there are no similar terms in the expression

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 29

Illustrative Examples:
Add the following polynomials.
1. (4x + 3) + (6x – 2) + (2x + 3)
Solution: Adding horizontally
(4x + 3) + (6x – 2) + (2x + 3) = (4x + 6x + 2x) + (3 – 2 + 3)
= 12x + 4

Adding Vertically
4x +3
6x – 2
_2x + 3_
12x + 4
2. (3x² + 2x + 8) + (4x² + 2xy - 3y²) + (-5x + 2)
Solution: Adding horizontally
= (3x + 4x² + (2x – 5x) + (2xy) + (-3y²) + (8 + 2)
= 7x²- 3x + 2xy - 3y² + 10
Adding Vertically
3x² + 2x +8
4x² + 2xy - 3y²
- 5x + 2_
7x² - 3x + 2xy – 3y² + 10

◊ Subtraction of Polynomials
Rule: In subtracting polynomial, change the sign of each term in the
subtrahend and follow the rule in addition.
Illustrative Examples:
Subtract the following polynomials.
1. (3x + 4) − (2x − 1)
Solution: (3x – 2x) + (4 + 1) or 3x + 4 − 2x + 1
=x+5 =x+5

2. (8x − 3y + 9) − (7x + 2y) – (−3x − 12)

Solution: (8x − 3y + 9) − (7x + 2y) – (−3x − 12)
=8x − 3y + 9 − 7x − 2y + 3x + 12
= 8x – 7x + 3x - 3y - 2y + 9 + 12
= 4x - 5y + 21

3. Simplify (-x² + 2x – 4) + (3x² - 2xy + 5y²) – (9x² - 8)

Solution: (-x² + 2x – 4) + (3x² - 2xy + 5y²) – (9x² - 8)
= -x² + 2x –4 + 3x² – 2xy + 5y²– 9x² + 8
= -x² + 3x²– 9x² + 2x – 2xy + 5y²– 4 + 8
= -7x² + 2x – 2xy + 5y² + 4

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 30

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Perform the indicated operations.

1. (7x – 4y) + (5x + 3y) + (- 2x - 5y + 12)

2. (6xz² – 12z) + (5z²– 15) + (12z + 25)

3. (8x –11) + (6 – 3x²) + (22 - 5x)

4. (6a² – 3a + 4) + (2a² + 5) – (9 – 7a)

5. (11a + 5b – 8) – (–14a – 7b + 5) – (3a – 4)

6. Subtract (12xy - 5y + 13) from (15x + 2y + 19)

7. From (5z² + 9z - 8) subtract the (4z² - 3z - 4)

8. Subtract (4x² - 6x - 7) from the sum of (15 – 3x) and (3x² + 8)

9. Subtract (6y² - 5y) from the sum of (2y² + 7) and (3y + 9)

10. Subtract (14a + 8b) from the sum of (-12a + 9b + 7) and (-b + 14)

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 31

◊ Multiplication of Polynomials
Rule: In multiplying polynomials, multiply the numerical coefficient of every
term using distributive law, following the rules in multiplying integers and
laws of exponents.

Illustrative Examples:
Multiply the following polynomials.
1. 4x (7y + 2)
Solution: 4x (7y + 2)
= 4x (7y) + 4x (2)
= 28xy + 8x

2. −7x (5x – 3y + 7)
Solution: -7x (5x – 3y + 7)
= −7x (5x) − 7x (−3y) – 7x (7)
= − 35x² + 21xy − 49x

3. (3y² + 5y + 3)(2y − 6)
Solution: (3y² + 5y + 3)(2y − 6)
= 2y (3y² + 5y + 3) −6(3y² + 5y + 3)
= 6y3 + 10y² + 6y – 18y² − 30y − 18
= 6y3 – 8y²− 24y – 18

4. 3(x + 4)²
Solution: 3(x + 4)²
= 3 (x² + 8x + 16)
= 3x² + 24x + 48

5. (2x – 3y)3
Solution: (2x – 3y)3
= (2x - 3y)(2x - 3y)(2x -3y)
= (4x2 – 12xy + 9y2) (2x - 3y)
= 8x3 – 24x2y + 18xy2 – 12x2y + 36x2y – 27y3
= 8x3 – 36x2y + 54xy2 - 27y3

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 32

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Find the product of the following.

1. (2x – 4) (-x)

2. ( 5x + 6) (2)2

3. (7x + 3) (-4x)

4. (3x + 5) (3x² + 9x -10)

5. (x3- 2x² + 9x -15) (2x² -9x +18)

6. (5a -2)²

7. (4a – 2y )3

8. (x +2)² (3x-5y)3

9. (2a2 – b) (a2 + 3b)

10. y2n +1(yn + y)

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 33

◊ Division of Polynomials
Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial
Rule 1: In dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the
polynomial by a monomial applying the rules on dividing integers, and
for the variable part follow the laws of exponents.

Illustrative Examples:
Divide the following polynomials
45𝑎 2 𝑏5
1. = −15𝑎𝑏2
−3𝑎𝑏3

18𝑥 3−6𝑥 2−27𝑥+9 3

2. = 6𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 9 + 𝑥
3𝑥

Division of a Polynomial by a Binomial or another Polynomial

Rule 2: In dividing a polynomial by another polynomial, you may use the
long method of division as in division of whole numbers.
1. First arrange the terms of the dividend in descending order.
Then divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the
divisor. Write the quotient above the dividend.
2. Multiply the quotient obtained in step one by the divisor. Write
the product below the dividend of similar terms.
3. Subtract the product obtained in step 2 from the dividend. Bring
down the next term of the dividend as the new dividend.
4. Repeat Steps 1 to 3 until all the terms of the original dividend
have been divided by the divisor.
5. Express the remainder as a fraction if there is any.

Illustrative Examples:
Divide the following polynomials.
1. 2x3 + 5x2 - 3x + 7
x–2
Solution:
37
2x2 + 9x + 15 + x − 2
x-2 2x3 + 5x2 − 3x + 7
2x3 − 4x2
9x2 − 3x
9x2 − 18x
−15x + 7
(+)15x − 30
37

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 34

 An alternative method is using the “Synthetic Division”, an abbreviated way
of dividing a polynomial of the form (𝑥 ± 𝑐). We can simplify the division by
detaching the coefficients.

Using the same example in number 1

2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7
𝑥−2

Step 1: Write down the constant of the divisor with the sign changed (2).

Step 2: Write down the coefficients of the dividend. (Remember to add a

coefficient of 0 for the missing terms).

2 2 5 −3 7

Step 3: Bring down the first coefficient.

2 2 5 −3 7

Step 4: Multiply (2) by the divisor (2) = 4 and add to the next coefficient.

2 2 5 −3 7
4
2 9

Step 5: Repeat step 4 for all the coefficients.

2 2 5 −3 7
4 18 37
2 9 15

𝟑𝟕
We write the answer as 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 + 𝒙+𝟐

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 35

2. 27x3 - 8y3 by (3x – 2y)
Solution:

9x2 + 6xy + 4y2

3x - 2y 27x3 –8y3
27x3 –18x2y
18x2y
18x2y - 12xy2
12xy2 – 8y3
12xy2 – 8y3
0

3𝑦 4 – 2 − 5y
3.
𝑦 2 − 3y
Solution:
Rearrange 3y4 – 2 – 5y as 3y4 – 5y – 2 and insert the terms 0y3
and 0y2.

76𝑦 – 2
3y2 + 9y + 27 + y2 − 3y

y2 − 3y 3y4 + 0y3 + 0y2 – 5y – 2

3y4 – 9y3
9y3 + 0y2 – 5y – 2
9y3 – 27y2
27y2 – 5y – 2
27y2 – 81y – 2
76y – 2

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 36

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Simplify the following.

1. (-14x4 y-3) ÷ (-8x8 y-5)

2. (a2b3c-4)2 ÷ (abc)3

3𝑝2 𝑞5 −2
3. (9𝑝−4 𝑞0)

4. (3m3n4)3 ÷ (6mn3)

5. (x-3 y-1 z3) ÷ (x2 y-2 z-1)

6. (x3 – 3x2+ 5x- 6) ÷ (x - 2)

7. (2a3- 28a2 + 49a - 36) ÷ (a - 3)

8. (5x3 – 2x + 8) ÷ (x - 6)

9. (b5 – 3b2 – 20) ÷ (b – 2)

3
10. (2m2 – 13m – 16) ÷ (m + )
2

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 37

 MATHEMATICS AS A USEFUL LANGUAGE
Mathematics is all about numbers, quantities, shapes, symbols and their
relationship between them.

Mathematics as a Language
Mathematics is known as the language of science. Mathematical language
focus on the ideas, what are the things, how it works, and how they interrelate
with each other.

Language
Language may be defined as a system of words or signs and symbols that
people used to communicate with each other.

Composition of Language:
a. A grammar consisting of rules of how these words or signs and symbols
may be used.

b. A vocabulary of words or signs and symbols. Syntax are group of words

forming phrases, clauses or sentences.

THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

Set is a collection of well-defined unique objects or things with common
characteristics. The objects that made up a set are called elements/members of
the set.

A set is well-defined if one can identify whether an element belongs to a

particular set or does not belong to a particular set. Upper case letters are used
to name a set. The elements could be letters, numbers, people, events, places
and things with common characteristics.

Methods in Writing Sets

1. Tabular or Roster Method
In this method the elements of the sets being described are
tabulated, enumerated, or listed down, separated by a comma and
enclosed with a pair of braces. Each element should only be written once.
Illustrative Examples:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, ….10}
C = {5, 10, 15, 20….}
D = {v, w, x, y, z}
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 38

 2. Descriptive / Rule Method
A set is being described in words or by simply stating the rule. The
rule method can also be represented by a set-builder notation.
Illustrative Examples
A is the set of vowel letters in the English alphabet
B is the set of first ten counting numbers
C is the set of numbers that are multiples of 5
D is the set of last five letters in the English alphabet
E is the set of first five even numbers

Set Builder Notation

Illustrative Examples
A= {x | x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
B = {y | 𝑦 ≤ 10, y ∈ ℕ}
C = {z | z=5ℤ}
D = {a| a is the last five letters in the English alphabet}
E = {v| v=2n, n ∈ ℕ, n ≤ 5}

KINDS OF SET
A finite set is a set with countable elements.
A = {1, 2, 3, …,100}
B = {x| x is a positive integer less than 5}

An infinite set is a set whose elements are not countable and only the first
element can be determined.
C = {x| x is a number that are multiples of 10}
D = {x| x is a set of whole numbers}

Unit Set is a set that contains only one element.

E = {rat}
F = {x}

Empty Set / Null Set ({ }, Ø) is a set that has no element.

I = {x| x is a one hundred year-old student in a Mathematics class}
J = {y| y is an integer less than 3 but greater than 2}

Subset (⊂)
Given sets A and B, A is called the subset of B if and only if every
element of A is an element of B. In symbol A ⊂ B.
Given: A = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
C = {7, 8, 9}
B is a subset of A
C is not a subset of A

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 39

 Power Set (℘) is the collection (or sets) of all subsets that is ℘(𝐴) = 2𝑛 ,
where n is the number of elements of set A.
A= {a, b}, the power set of A is ℘ (A) = {{a}, {b}, {a, b}, ø }
B= {1,4,5} the power set of B is ℘ (B)= { {1},{4},{5},{1,4},{1,5},{4,5},{1,4,5},ø}

Universal Set is the totality of all elements being described.

U = {x/x is a set of natural numbers}
P = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ...}
Q = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …}
R = {3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, …}

Cardinality
The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements in the set,
the cardinality of set A is denoted by n(A).
A = {a, e, i, o, u}, the cardinal number A is 5 or n(A) = 5
B = {x| x is a positive integer less than 7}, which can be written
as
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} thus, the cardinal number B is 6 or n(B) = 6

SET RELATIONSHIPS
Equal sets are sets which contain the same elements, also called identical
sets.
D = {x| x is a letter in the word care} = {c, a, r, e}
E = {x| x is a letter in the word race} = {r, a, c, e}
F = {x| x is a letter in the word acre} = {a, c, r, e}
Then D = E, D = F, E = F therefore D = E = F
Equivalent sets are sets which have the same numbers of elements and
there exists one to one correspondence.
G = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, n(G) = 5
H = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, n(H) = 5
∴ 𝐺~𝐻
Joint sets are sets with at least one common element.
L= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
M = {3, 6, 9}
The common element is 3.
Disjoint sets are sets with no common element.
N = {1, 3, 5, 7}
O = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Sets N and O have no common element.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 40

OPERATIONS ON SETS
Union (∪) is a set containing all elements of the given sets.
Illustrative Example:
Set A = {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {f, g, h, i, j}
Find:
a. A ∪ B b. B ∪ C c. A ∪ C d. A ∪ B ∪ C
Solution:
a. A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u}
b. B ∪ C = {a, e, i, o, u, f, g, h, j}
c. A ∪ C = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
d. A ∪ B ∪ C = {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u, f, g, h, j}

Intersection (∩) is a set containing the common elements of the given sets.
Illustrative Example:
D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
F = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Find:
a. D ∩ E b. D ∩ F c. E ∩ F d. D ∩ E ∩ F
Solution:
a. D ∩ E = {2, 4} c. E ∩ F = {6, 8,10}
b. D ∩ F = { } d. D ∩ E ∩ F = { }

Complement is the set of all elements that do not belong to the given set
but found in the Universal set.
Illustrative Example:
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,...,10}
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
C = {3, 6, 9}
Find: A’, B’ and C’
Solution:
AꞋ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
BꞋ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
CꞋ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 41

 Difference (–) The difference of A and B (or relative or elative complement
of B with respect to A), denoted A − B, is the set of all elements x in
U such that x is in A and x is not in B. Let A and B be subsets of a
universal set U.
Illustrative Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, then A − B = {1, 2} and B – A = {4,
5, 6}.

Cartesian Product denoted by A x B is the set that contains all ordered pairs
(x, y) for which x ϵ A and y ϵ B.
Illustrative Example:
A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {4, 5}, C = {m, n, p}
Find:
1. A x B = {(1,4) , (1,5) , (2, 4) , (2, 5) , (3, 4) , (3, 5)}
2. B x A = {(4, 1) , (4, 2) , (4, 3) , (5, 1) , (5, 2) , (5, 3)}
3. B x C = { 4, m}, {4, n}, {4, p}, {5, m}, {5, n}, {5, p}

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 42

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Answer the following.

A. Do the following as indicated.
Write the following sets using descriptive method.
1. A ={ 1, 3, 5, 7 , 9, 11, 13 }
2. B= { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 }
3. C = { l ,o, v, e }
4. D= {1, 2, 3,…,10 }
5. E = { 3, 6, 9, 12}

Write the following sets using roster/tabular method.

6. The set of whole numbers less than 8.
7. The set of first five natural numbers.
8. The set of first 5 numbers divisible by 5.
9. The set of integers greater than -3 and less than 2.
10. The set of prime numbers less than or equal 20.

B. Given:
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
C = {3, 6, 9}

Find:
1. A ∪ B 8. A ∩U

2. AꞋ 9. A ∪ Ø

3. A ∩ C 10. (A ∪ B)’ ∩ C

4. AꞋ∩ BꞋ 11. A x B

5. A ∪ B ∩ C 12. B x C

6. BꞋ 13. A x C

7. CꞋ 14. (A’ ∩ C) U B

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 43

 THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Relation
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) in which x is the domain and y is
the range. Domain is the set of all first components of the ordered pair or x-
coordinates (abscissa) while the range is the set of all second components of the
ordered or the y- coordinates (ordinate). A relation can be one-to-one, one-to-
many or many-to-one.

Type of Relations
1. One-to-one relation is the pairing or association of two quantities in which
x paired with one and only one y.
2. One-to-many relation is the pairing or association of two quantities in
which only one x is paired with more than value in y.
3. Many-to-one relation is the pairing of at least two values in x are paired
with only one value in y.

Illustrative Examples:
Given set of ordered pairs, determined the types of relations and identify
the domain and the range.

1. {(-1, 1), (-2, 4), (-3, 9), (-4, 16), (-5, 25)}
2. {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 8), (4, 10)}
3. {(0, -3), (1, -2), (2, -1), (3, 0), (4, -1)}
4. {(-1, 2), (-2, 5), (-3, 10), (1, 2), (2, 5)}

Solution:
1. One to One 2. One to Many

−1 1 2
−2 4 2 4
−3 9 3 6
−4 16 4 8
−5 25 10

3. Many to One 4. Many to One

0 −1
−3
1 −2 2
−2
2 −3 5
−1
3 1 10
0
4 2

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 44

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Answer the following

A. Give the domain and range of each relation:

Domain Range

1. (2, 1), (0, 5), (0, -2), (-3, 4) ______________ ______________

2. (6, -4), (0, 4), (-1, -3), (2, 5) ______________ ______________

3. (4, 0), (1, -5), (-2, -3), (-5, 2) ______________ ______________

4. (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5) ______________ ______________

5. (1, 1), (0, 3), (2, 3), (3, 5) ______________ ______________

B. Let A = {4, 5, 6, 7}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12},

Let R = {(a, b) / (x, y): a ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ B, a < b or x ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 𝑦}}
Write R in the roster form. Find its domain and range.

C. Draw an arrow diagram and identify the type of relation for the following.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 45

Function
Function is a relation in which every element in the first component of the
ordered pair corresponds with one and only one element in the range. It is also
paired quantities that is either one to one or many to one.
Illustrative Examples:
Determine whether the following set of ordered pairs represent a function or
a mere relation.
1. A = {(1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (0, 1), (-1, 0)}
2. B = {(0, 0), (-1, 2), (1, -2), (2, -4), (3, -6)}
3. C = {(-1,1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)}
4. D = {(1, 1/2), (2,1), (3, 3/2), (4, 2), (5, 5/2)}
5. E = {(-2,-3), (-1, -1), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 5)}

Solution:
1. The given set of ordered pairs is a function because the elements of
x and y coordinates are different from each other. There is no
common element existing on the first coordinates.

2. The given set of ordered pairs is a function because the elements of

x and y coordinates are different from each other. There is no
common element existing on the first coordinates.

3. The given set of ordered pairs is just a relation because there are
common second coordinates existing in the given set.

4. The given set of ordered pairs is a function, because the elements of

x and y coordinates are different from each other. There is no
common element existing on the first coordinates.

5. The given set of ordered pairs is a function because the elements of

x and y coordinates are different from each other. There is no
common element existing on the first coordinates.

Evaluation of Functions
In evaluating functions, we simply substitute the assigned value for the
given variable and simplify the resulting expression.
Illustrative Examples:
Evaluate the following:
1. f (x) = −3x + 5; f (−2)

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 46

 Solution: f (−2) = −3(−2) + 5
f (−2) = 6 + 5
f (−2) = 11

1
2. f (x) = x2− 2x + 7 ; f (2)
1 1 2 1
Solution: f (2)= (2) − 2 (2) + 7
1 1 2
f (2)= 4 − 2 + 7
1 1
f (2)= 4 − 1 + 7
1 1− 4 + 28
f (2)=
4
1 29− 4
f ( )=
2 4
1 25 1
f (2)= or 6 4
4

1
3. f(x) = 3x3 + 5x2- 2x + 4 ; f (3)
1 1 3 1 2 1
Solution: f (3) = 3 ( ) + 5 ( ) − 2 ( ) + 4
3 3 3
1 1 1 2
f (3) = 3 ( ) + 5 ( ) − + 4
27 9 3
1 3 5 2
f (3) = + − + 4
27 9 3
1 3+15−18−108
f (3) =
27
1 108
f (3) =
27
1
f (3) = 4

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 47

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Answer the following.

A. Determine whether the given ordered pairs represent a function or a mere
relation.
1. { (1, 0), (0, 1), (0,3) }
2. { (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2) }
3. { (5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5) }
4. { (3, 12), (3, -1), (1, 2) }
5. { (6, 1), (8, 3), (5, 2) }

B. Evaluate the following functions. Express the answer in simplest form.

1. Given the function f (x) = x2 , find
1
a) f ( ) b) f (−3)
4

2. f (x) = 4x2 – 6, find

a) f (−5) b) f (6)

6𝑥
3. f (x) = , find
𝑥−5
2
a) f (−4) b) f ( )
3

𝑥2
4. f (x) = , find
𝑥−2
1
a) f (−5) b) f ( )
2

𝑥−1
5. f(x) = , find
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2
−1 3
a) f ( ) b) f ( )
4 4

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 48

Operation on Functions
The definition for operation on functions given f and g are function;
A. The sum is defined as
(𝑓 + 𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

B. The difference is defined as

(𝑓 – 𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) – 𝑔(𝑥)

C. The product is defined as

(𝑓 • 𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)

D. The quotient is defined as

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥 ) = , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

Illustrative Example:
Let f (x) = 2x2 – 1 and g (x) = 2x

Find the following.

𝑓
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔) 𝑥 b. (𝑓 – 𝑔) 𝑥 c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)𝑥 d. 𝑔 (𝑥)

Solution:
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 – 1) + 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 – 1

b. (𝑓 – 𝑔)𝑥 = ( 2𝑥 2 – 1) − (2𝑥)
= 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 – 1

c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 – 2𝑥 − 1
= 4𝑥 3 – 2𝑥

𝑓 2𝑥 2 −1
d. (𝑔) 𝑥 =
2𝑥

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 49

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Answer the following.

1. If f (x) = x2 + 4x + 4 and g(x) = x + 2; find the following:

𝑓
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔) 𝑥 b. (𝑓 – 𝑔) 𝑥 c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)𝑥 d. 𝑔 (𝑥)

2𝑥−1 4𝑥
2. If f (x) = and g (x) = ; find the following:
𝑥+2 𝑥−2
𝑓
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔) 𝑥 b. (𝑓 – 𝑔) 𝑥 c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)𝑥 d. 𝑔 (𝑥)

𝑥 2 −1 𝑥−1
3. If f (x) = and g (x) =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑓
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔) 𝑥 b. (𝑓 – 𝑔) 𝑥 c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)𝑥 d. 𝑔 (𝑥)

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 50

 Composition of Functions
A composite function is a function that depends on another function. It is
the result when one function is substituted into another function.

Given the functions, f and g the composition of f with g is 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 defined

by the equation;
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 (𝑥))
where 𝑓 is the dependent and 𝑔 is the independent function.
Illustrative Example:
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4; 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 5; ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ; find

a. a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)𝑥 b. 𝑔 (𝑓 ∘ ℎ ) 𝑥 c. 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)))

Solution:
a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 − 5) + 4
= 2𝑥 − 10 + 4
= 2𝑥 – 6

b. 𝑔 (𝑓 ∘ ℎ ) 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4
= 2 (𝑥 2 ) + 4
(𝑓 ∘ ℎ) 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 4
𝑔 (𝑓 ∘ ℎ )𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 4 − 5
= 2𝑥 2 + −1

c. 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)))
𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑥– 5
𝑔 (ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑥2 – 5
𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))) = 2(𝑥 2 – 5) + 4
= 2𝑥 2 – 10 + 4
= 2𝑥 2 – 6

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 51

Try this!

Direction: Given the following functions, solve for the composition of each pair
of functions.

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2x2 – 3x + 7; 𝑔(𝑥) = −4x3; ℎ(𝑥) = x2 – 3

1. 𝑓 (𝑔(𝑥))

2. 𝑓 (ℎ(𝑥))

3. 𝑔 (ℎ(𝑥))

4. 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ (𝑥))

5. 𝑔 (𝑓(ℎ(𝑥))

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2x + 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 3x – 5 ℎ(𝑥 ) = x2 – 6

1. 𝑓 (𝑔(𝑥))

2. 𝑓 (ℎ(𝑥))

3. 𝑔 (ℎ(𝑥))

4. 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ (𝑥))

5. 𝑔 (𝑓(ℎ(𝑥))

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 52

 LOGIC (INDUCTIVE, DEDUCTIVE)
Logic
Logic is a way of expressing one’s thoughts, ideas and principles.

Proposition
Proposition is a statement either true or false but not both. The truth
value of the proposition is the truth and falsity of the statement.

Illustrative Example:
Statement: Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia.
Negation: Kuala Lumpur is not the capital of Malaysia.

Illustrative Examples:

Proposition Not a Proposition

1. Kuala Lumpur is the capital of
1. Give me a glass of water.
Malaysia.
2. Number 5 is an even number 2. How old are you?

3. Aklan is located in Panay Island 3. Please close the window.

4. 7 +1 3 = 20 4. Where do you live?

5.Quadrilateral is a polygon with four 5. Proceed to the computer
sides. room.

Negation is a proposition that it is false when the given proposition is true

and true when the given proposition is false. In symbol ~p, where ~ or ¬ symbol
is the symbol for “negation”.

Type of Propositions
1. Simple Proposition expresses a single thought or idea without
connecting words.
2. Compound Proposition is a proposition expressing two or more
thoughts, ideas and principles.

Illustrative Examples:
Identify the following proposition whether it is a simple or compound
proposition.
1. Romeo is tall, dark and handsome.
Compound proposition because of the connecting word “and”.
2. Jane passed in English but she failed in Mathematics.
Compound proposition because of the connecting word “but”.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 53

 3. 4(5) /2 = 10.
Simple proposition.
4. Octagon has eight sides.
Simple proposition.
5. If an angle measures less than 90° then it is an acute angle.
Compound proposition because of the word if then.

Classification of Compound Propositions

1. Conjunction consists of two simple propositions using the connecting
word “and”.
2. Disjunction consists of two simple propositions using the connecting
word “or”.
3. Conditional consist of two simple propositions using the consisting “if
then”.
4. Bi-conditional are two simple conditional propositions where the
antecedent and the consequence of the first statement had been switched
in the second statement.

Symbols
Symbols are used to represent something easier to understand logic. p, q,
or r is often used to represent propositions in logic as shown in table below.

Connective Symbol Type of Statement

and ∧ Conjunction
or ∨ Disjunction
not ~ Negation
if … then → Conditional
if and only if ↔ bi – conditional

Illustrative Examples:
Identify each proposition as simple or compound and as conjunction,
disjunction, conditional, or bi -conditional.
1. My teacher took his master’s degree in New Zealand.
Simple

2. You are entitled to 20% discount if you are a member.

Compound, Conditional

3. Noel was on time and Mark was late.

Compound, Conjunction

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 54

 4. Either he goes window shopping or watches a movie.
Compound, Disjunction

5. If it is a right angle, then it measures exactly 90°.

Compound, Conditional

Illustrative Examples:
1. Let p represent the proposition, “Ana is pretty” and q represent the
proposition “She is intelligent”.
Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
1. Ana is pretty and she is intelligent.
p∧q
2. Ana is not pretty and she is not intelligent.
~p∨~q
3. It is not the case that Ana is pretty or an intelligent.
~ (p ∨ q)
4. If Ana is pretty then she is not an intelligent.
p→~q

2. Let p represent “Jane can dance” and let q be “Joy can sing”
Write each symbolic statement in word.
1. p ∨ q
Jane can dance or Joy can sing.

2. p ∧ ~ q
Jane can dance and Joy cannot sing.

3. ~ (p ∨ q)
It is not the case that Jane can dance or Joy can sing.

4. ~ (p ∧ q)
It is not the case that Jane can dance and Joy can sing.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 55

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Identify each proposition as simple or compound, then identify each

compound as conjunction, disjunction, bi-conditional or negation.

1. I am going to a movie.

2. Today is Monday and it is a sunny day.

3. Breakfast is served with coffee or tea.

4. Either today is a sunny day or today is a rainy day.

5. Mark will not fail in algebra if his final exam score exceeds 80%.

6. If the attendance is less than 50% then the meeting is not in quorum.

7. Jose will go to college if he will be qualified in a scholarship.

8. If John’s score is less than 50, then John will fail the subject.

9. Richard has a date with Mae.

10. Sugar is sweet and vinegar is sour.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 56

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Express the following in English sentences or in symbols as the

case may be.

Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.

p: Arman has a date with Mae.
q: John is sleeping.
r: Ramil is eating.

1. p˅q

2. q ˅ ( ˜ r)

3. p ˅ ( q ˅ r)

4. r ˅ ( p ^ q)

5. p ^ ( q ˅ r)

6. “Either Arman has a date with Mae or John is sleeping, or Ramil is

eating.”

7. “Either Arman has a date with Mae and John is sleeping, or Ramil is
eating.”

8. “Either Arman has a date with Mae, or John is sleeping, and Ramil is
eating.”

9. “Either Arman has a date with Mae and John is sleeping, or Arman
has a date with Mae and Ramil is eating.”

10. “Either Arman has a date with Mae, or John is sleeping and Ramil is
eating or John is sleeping.”

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 57

Inductive or Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a valid reasoning using specific examples to read
general conclusions about something. The conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning is called conjecture. The conjecture maybe true or false depending on
the truthfulness of the arguments. A true statement is true in all cases and it only
takes one example to prove the conjecture is false, such example, is called a
counter example.
Illustrative Examples:
1. 3 is an odd number.
13 is an odd number.
23 is an odd number.
Therefore, all numbers ending with 3 are odd numbers.

2. Identification type of test is difficult.

Problem solving test is difficult.
Therefore, all tests are difficult.

3. Miss Cruz is a Physics Professor.

Miss Cruz is terror.
Therefore, all Physics Professor are terror.

Deductive Reasoning is a valid reasoning using general conclusion to

reach specific examples.
Illustrative Examples:
1. All mammals have fur.
Monkey is a mammal.
Therefore, Monkeys have fur.

2. Ramon is sick.
If Ramon is sick, he won’t be able to go to school.
Therefore, Ramon won’t be able to go to school.

3. All Physics professors are terror.

Miss Cruz is a Physics Professor.
Therefore, Miss Cruz is terror.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 58

Name: Date:
Curriculum and Section: Score:

Try this!

Direction: Identify the following statements as inductive or deductive

reasoning.

1. Orchids are flowers.

Banda is an orchid.
Therefore Banda is a flower.
2. All fishes have fins.
Milkfish is a fish.
Therefore, milkfish has fins.
3. All white dogs in the park today are big dogs.
Therefore, all big dogs must be white.
4. All children in the kindergarten class like to play with Legos.
Therefore, all children must like to play with Legos.
5. Manny Pacquiao is an excellent boxer.
His son Jemuel loves boxing.
Therefore Jemuel must also be an excellent boxer.
6. All monkeys are primates.
Joe is a monkey.
Therefore, Joe is a primate.
7. The dogs always running when I open the door, thinking I have to feed
them and they aren’t running.
Therefore, I haven’t opened the door.
8. All whales are mammals.
All mammals have kidneys.
Therefore all whales have kidneys.
9. All birds can fly.
Parrot is a bird.
Therefore, parrot can fly.

10. All numbers ending in 0 or any even numbers divisible by 2.

The number 70 & 96 ends with 0 and 6.
Therefore, they are both divisible by 2.

Worktext: Mathematics in the Modern World 59