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TFN Notes 2ND LESSON

This document discusses the classification and development of theories. It outlines three main types of theories: descriptive theories which observe concepts but do not explain relationships; prescriptive theories which prescribe activities to reach goals; and predictive theories which relate concepts to describe future outcomes. It also discusses the evolution of nursing as a science from Florence Nightingale's writings to the present day acceptance of nursing theory. Key aspects of theory development include phenomena, strategies like theory-practice-theory, and the philosophical underpinnings of rationalism and empiricism.

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2K views5 pages

TFN Notes 2ND LESSON

This document discusses the classification and development of theories. It outlines three main types of theories: descriptive theories which observe concepts but do not explain relationships; prescriptive theories which prescribe activities to reach goals; and predictive theories which relate concepts to describe future outcomes. It also discusses the evolution of nursing as a science from Florence Nightingale's writings to the present day acceptance of nursing theory. Key aspects of theory development include phenomena, strategies like theory-practice-theory, and the philosophical underpinnings of rationalism and empiricism.

Uploaded by

Alisa Fujibayashi
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CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES BASED ON THEIR GOALS/TYPES/PURPOSE

1. DESCRIPTIVE THEORIES 
 1st level of theory development 
 Describe, observe & name concepts, properties & dimensions 
 Identifies & describes the major concepts of phenomena but does not explain how or why the concepts
are related 
 Are not action oriented, or attempt to produce or change a situation

2 TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE THEORY


1. Factor-Isolating Theory 
 Also known as category-formulating or labeling theory 
 Theories under this category, describe the properties & dimensions of phenomena 
2. Explanatory Theory
 Describe & of explain the nature of relationships certain phenomena to other phenomena 

2. PRESCRIPTIVE THEORIES
 Situation-producing theories that prescribe activities necessary to reach defined goals
 Addresses the nursing interventions of a specific phenomena, guide practice change & predicts
consequences
 Includes propositions that call for change
 They should describe the prescription, consequences, type of client and the conditions
 In nursing, prescriptive theories are used to anticipate the outcomes of nursing interventions

3. PREDICTIVE THEORIES
 Situation-relating theories which are achieved when the conditions under which concepts are related,
stated and the relational statements are able to describe future outcomes.
 Experimental research is used to generate and test them in most cases

PHENOMENON
 A set of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as crying or grimacing
face when in pain. 
 It is concerned with how the individual person reacts using the human senses concerning their surroundings and
assessing the different behaviors and factors that affect such behaviors 

 NURSING, PHENOMENA CAN BE: 


 Clinical or environmental setting of a health center, or community 
 Disease process --- COVID 19 
 Client`s behavior: fear, anxiety, physical symptoms 
 Interventions: care of clients to relieve symptoms, fear & anxiety 
 Practices that are utilized in nursing theories and paradigm 
THEORY DEVELOPMENT
 Used as a global term refer to the processes & methods used to create, modify or refine a theory 
 A complex, time-consuming process that covers a number of stages or phases from inception of concepts to
testing of theoretical propositions through research. 

4 STRATEGIES OF THEORY DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING


1. THEORY PRACTICETHEORY 
 Implies that theory development in nursing is based on theories developed by other disciplines which are used
in nursing situations 
 e.g. Peplau`s Theory of Interpersonal Relations—
 based on the Interpersonal Theory of Sullivan which she used in her practice in Psychiatric Nursing 
2. PRACTICETHEORY
 Strategy are based & evolved in clinical practice
 The development of a theory is done through actual observations and experiences in the clinical area of the
theorist
 e.g. Orlando`s nursing Process
3. RESEARCH THEORY
 The strategy was based on research findings which are done through observations of others like behavior
 E.g. Johnson`s Behavior Systems Model
4. THEORY RESEARCH THEORY
 Strategy utilizes other theories developed by other disciplines but given a unique nursing perspective.
 e.g. Stages of Change Theory

THE WRITINGS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE


 Beginning the scientific practice of nursing  
 Her work paved the way of modern nursing (written in the mid-19th century) reflected her beliefs, observations
& practice of nursing.
1952
 A Nursing Research journal was published, encouraging the nurses to pursue research, & developing questioning
attitudes and inquiries that set the stage for conceptualization of nursing practice 
 Peplau developed the 1st theory of nursing in her book (Interpersonal Relations in Nursing)  

SCIENTIFIC ERA OF 1960s


 Debate on the nature of nursing practice as nursing leaders recognizing the need to define nursing practice,
develop a nursing theory & create a substantive body of knowledge 
 Peplau, Abdellah & Hall developed their theories 
1968
 The writings on “Theory in a Practice Discipline” –  (Dickoff, James & Wiedenbach)
 Influenced the development of theoretical thinking in nursing; presented a definition of nursing theory & goals
for theory development in nursing 
1969
 the 1st conference was held on nursing theory   
1970s
 Analysis & debate on meta-theoretical issues related to theory development
1980s
 Acceptance of the significance of theory in nursing
1980s UP TO THE PRESENT
 Publication of numerous books and articles on analysis, application & evaluation & further development of
nursing theories 
 Journal of Nursing Research was published 
 Graduate Schools of nursing developed courses on how to analyze and apply nursing theories 
 Further acceptance of nursing theory and its incorporation in the nursing curricula & publication of several
nursing journals   
1990s
 Nursing as a basic science, an applied science, or a practical science

EVOLUTION OF NURSING
HISTORY & PHILOSPHY OF SCIENCE

SCIENCE
 Knowledge coming from the Latin word “scientia” 
 Any systematic knowledge or practice in a discipline of study 
 System of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method 
 Logical, systematic and coherent way to solve problems and answer questions 
 It is a collection of facts known in area and the process used to obtain knowledge 

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 Involves acquiring knowledge through critical observation, formation of hypothesis or informed guess and
experimenting to see whether the results match the hypothesis.  
 Results that match the hypothesis become theories and theories that pass the test of time become scientific
laws. 

NURSING SCIENCE
 Substantive, discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human-universe-health process articulated in the
nursing frameworks and theories (Parse, 2016). 
 Goal: to represent the nature of nursing– to understand it, to explain it, & to use it for the benefit of human
kind 
 Gives direction to the future generation of substantive nursing knowledge 
 Provides the knowledge for all aspects of nursing. 

PHILOSOPHY
 Studies concepts that structure thought processes, foundations and presumptions. 
 It is an approach of thinking about the nature of people, the methods used to create a scientific knowledge and
the ethics involved. 
 Gives meaning to phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical arguments 
NURSING PHILOSOPHY
 A statement of foundational and universal assumptions, beliefs and principles about the nature of knowledge
and thought and about the nature of entities presented in the metaparadigm (Reed, 1995)  
 e.g. nursing practice & human health processes
 Belief system or worldview of the profession and provides perspectives for practice, scholarship & research.

RATIONALISM
 A belief/theory that reason rather than experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge. 
 A philosophy that knowledge comes from logic and certain kind of intuition– when a person immediately know
that something to be true without deduction “I am conscious” 
 Rationalist hold the best way to arrive at a certain knowledge & using the mind`s rational abilities.  

EMPIRICISM
 A theory that the origin of all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.  
 It emphasize the role of experience and evidence especially the sensory perception in the formation of ideas and
argues that the only knowledge humans can have is based on experience. 
 Most empiricist exempt the notion of “innate ideas” or the idea that the mind is born with knowledge & it`s not
a “blank slate” at birth. 

RATIONALISM VS.EMPIRICISM
  EMPIRICISM
 Belief in sense of perception, induction & there are no innate ideas 
 Sense perception is the main source of knowledge 
 Ideas are only acquired through experience 
 Locke, Berkeley & Hume are empiricist
RATIONALISM
 Belief in innate ideas, reason & deduction
 Reason is the main source of knowledge
 Ideas are only acquired through innate ideas
 Plato, Descartes, G.W. Leibniz, Noam & Chomsky are rationalist

EARLY 20TH CENTURY VIEWS


 Philosophers focused on the analysis of theory structure whereas scientist focused on empirical research 
 Positivism (imposed on the mind of experience)– the information is derived from logical and mathematical
treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge 

EMERGENT VIEWS OF SCIENCE AND THEORY IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY


 Empiricist ague that to maintain the objectivity for science, data collection & analysis must be independent of a
theory 
 Brown argues that the new epistemology challenged the empiricist view of perception by acknowledging that
theories play a significant role in determining what the scientist will observe & how it will be interpreted. 
EPISTEMOLOGY
 Study of the theory of knowledge 
 Epistemological questions:  
i) What do we know?
ii) What is the extent of our knowledge?
iii) How do we decide whether we know?
iv) What are the criteria of knowledge?
 It is important to understand the way in which nursing knowledge develops to provide a context in which to
judge the appropriateness of nursing knowledge & methods that nurses use to develop that knowledge.
(Streubert & Carpenter, 2011)  

WAYS OF KNOWING IN EPISTEMOLOGY


1) EMPIRICS/EMPIRICAL KNOWING
 The scientific form of knowledge 
 Empirical knowledge comes from observation, testing & replication 
2) PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE/PERSONAL KNOWING
 A priori knowledge 
 Personal knowledge pertains to knowledge gain from thought alone 
3) ETHICAL KNOWLEDGE/ETHICAL KNOWING
 Knowledge of the different philosophical positions regarding what is good & right in making moral actions &
decisions 
4) ESTHETICS KNOWLEDGE/ AESTHETIC KNOWING
 Knowledge related to beauty, harmony and expression. 
 Incorporates art, creativity and values  

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