CHAPTER 2: NATION AND

NATIONALISM
Learning Objectives:

1. Define nationalism in relation to the

concepts of nation, state, and nation-state
2. Appraise the development of nationalism in
the country
3. Explain the relevance of nationalism and
nation-building at present
Nation, State, Nation-State
Nation
A group of people
that shares a A nation is a community of
common culture, people that are believed to
history, language, share a link with one another
and other based on cultural practices,
practices like language, religion or belief
religion, affinity to
a place, etc.
system, and historical
experience, to name a few.
01
Nation, State, Nation-
State
State • States have laws, taxation, government, and
bureaucracy- basically, the MEANS OF
REGULATING LIFE within a territory.
A political
entity that
wields
sovereignty • This sovereignty needs diplomatic
over a recognition to be legitimate and
defined acknowledged internationally.
territory

02 • The state's boundaries and territory are

not fixed and change across time with
war, sale, arbitration and negotiation,
and even assimilation or secession
Nation, State, Nation-
State
Nation- • It is a fusion of the elements of nation
State (people/community) and the state
(territory).

A state
governing a • The development of nation-states started
nation in Europe during the periods coinciding
with the Enlightenment

02 • The “classical” nation-states of Europe

began with the Peace of Westphalia in
the seventeenth century.
Nation, State, Nation-State
Many paths were taken towards the formation of the nation-states...

01 02 03 04
Subsequent Asian and African By way of (sometimes
“Classical”
nation-states violent) secessions by
nation-states people from
people
formed from World War II already part of an
nations existing state

Evolution from a state into Intellectuals and scholars Groups initially controlled A group of people who
a nation-state in which laid the foundations of a by imperial powers refused to or could not
members of the nation and worked started to assert their identify with the rest of
bureaucracy moved to towards the formation of identity to form a nation the population built a
unify the people within political and diplomatic and build their own STATE NATION, to assert their
the state to build the recognition to create a from the fragments of the own identity, and
NATION-STATE. NATION-STATE. broken colonial ties. demanded recognition.
 Three theories about the roots of
Nation and Nationalism the nation

It traces the root of the The third theory is a very

influential explanation
nation and national Nation, national identity, and
about nation and
identity to existing and nationalism are products of the nationalism maintains that
deep-rooted features of modern condition and are these ideas are discursive.
a group of people like shaped by modernity. Often referred to as the
race, language, religion, constructivist approach.
and others.

This line of thinking suggests that

nationalism and national identity
In primordialism (an essentialist are necessary products of the social
stance), one may be led to This view maintains that
conclude that divisions of “us” and
structure and culture brought about nationalism is socially
“them”are naturally formed based by the emergence of capitalism,
constructed and imagined
on the assumption that there exists industrialization, secularization,
urbanization, and by people who identify with
an unchanging core in everyone.
bureaucratization. a group.
 Three theories about the roots of
Nation and Nationalism the nation

He argued that nations are “imagined He also emphasized the important role of
communities”(2003). He traces the mass media in the construction of the nation
history of these imagined communities during that time.
to the Enlightenment when European
society began challenging the supposed He underscores that the media:
divinely-ordained dynastic regimes of the 1. Fostered unified fields of communication
monarchies. which allowed the millions of people within a
territory to “know”each other through printed
outputs and become aware that many others
identified with the same community
standardized languages that enhanced
feelings of nationalism and community
3. maintained communication through a few
languages widely used in the printing press
which endured through time.
Nation and Bayan

28% Philippines: “Nation building is a continuing

struggle up to the present”

On 19th century, tremendous change happened, articulations of

nation and nationhood was culminated in the first anti-colonial
revolutions in Asia led by Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan.

Scholars recognized the effort of the propagandist like, Dr. Jose

Rizal, as they sustained effort to build the nation and enact
change in the Spanish colony.
Nation and Bayan
Filipino scholars who attempt to
understand indigenous/local
knowledge have identify
concepts that relate to how Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong
Filipino understand the notions Kasaysayan- are indigenous
of community and to extent, intellectual movement. They
nation and nation building. introduced the concepts kapwa
and bayan which is used to
enrich discussions about
nationalism in the context of the
Works of Virgilio Enriquez, Philippines.
Prospero Covar, and Zeus Salazar,
attempted to identify and
differentiate local categories for
communities and social relations.
Kapwa
It is an important concept in social relations. Filipinos interaction is mediated b y understanding one's affinity with another.
The concept supports the notion of unity and harmony in the community. From this central concept arise other notions such as
“pakikipagkapwa”, “pakikisama” and “pakikipag-ugnay”, were collective orientation of Filipino culture and psyche.
 Bagong kasaysayan , a major movement in the
indigenization campaign , founded by Zeus Salazar,
advances to the perspective known Pantayong
pananaw. Scholars in this movement are major
reseachers of concept bayan or banua.

“Bayan ” is an important indigenous

concept.“Bayan”/”banua” are considered
Austronesia language family, it is defined as the
territory where people live or the actual community
they are identifying with. This bothe encompasses
spatial and imagined community.

The “Bayan” concept clashed with the European

notion of naćion during Spanish colonialism.
Pantayong pananaw maintain the existence of
great cultural divide, that separate the elite (naćion)
and the folk/masses (bayan) as a product of the
colonial experience.
Nation and Bayan
Through out the Philippine history, the challenge
building the Filipino nation has persisted,
impacted by; colonialism, violent invasion during
world war II, a dictatorship and the perennial
struggle for development.
 Chapter 3
REMEMBERING
RIZAL
 Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896 became an important turning point in the history of Philippine
revolution.
 His death activated the full-scale revolution that resulted in the declaration of Philippine Independence by
1898.
 Rizal was considered as one of the most important Filipino heroes of the revolution
 It was declared as the National Hero by the Taft Commission, also called the Philippine Commission of 1901

 December 30 was declared as a national holiday

 Caballeros de Rizal, now known as the Knights of Rizal.

 Rizalistas, founded organization s that recognize Rizal not just an
important hero but also as their savior
 Jove Rex Al, means “God, King of all”
 Rizal as the Tagalog Christ

In the late 1898 and early 1899, revolutionary newspapers la in dependencia and el heraldo de la revolution reported
about filipinos commemoration rizals death
Peasants in Laguna were reported to have regarded him as “the lord of a kind of paradise in the heart of Mount Makiling”
Early decades of 1900s then witnessed the founding different religious organizations honoring Rizal as the “Filipino Jesus
Christ”
In 1907 spanish writer and philosopher Miguel de Unamuno gave rizal the title tagalog christ
However it is important to mention that rizal was not the first to be called as such, in history Apolinario de la Cruz who
founded the religious confraternity Cofradia de San Jose was also considered
 Felipe Salvador also known as Apo Ipe who founded the messianic society Santa Iglesia was called by his followers as the
“Filipino Christ” and “King of the Philipiines”
 Millenarian groups, a socioreligious movements which aim to transform the society are often symbolized or represented
by a hero or prophet
 Pasyon, an epic poem which became popular among the Tagalogs during Spanish period
The Canonization of Rizal

 The earliest record about rizal being declared as a saint is that of his canonization initiated by the Philippine
Independent Churchh (PIC) or La Iglesia Filipina independiente.
 In 1903 the PIC’s official organ published the “Acta de Canonizacion de los Grandes Martires de la Patria Dr. Rizal y
PP. Burgos, Gomez y Zanora”
 Sept 24, 1903, on this day jose rizal and thr three priests were canonized following the roman catholic rites
 Isabelo de los Reyes said that Rizals coninization was an expression of the “intensely nationalistic phase”
 1950 paulina carolina malay wrote her observations of rizal being revered as a saint:
-Many towns in Leyte have religious sects called Banal which venerate “Rizal as a god”
` -Legaspi City has society called Pantay-pantay whose members are called Rizalimos
-A “colorum” sect in Tayabas, Quezon has built a chapel for him at the foot of Bundok San Cristobal know as
Mt. Banahaw
Groups Venerating Jose Rizal

 Candida balantac the founder Adarnista or the Iglesiang Pilipina, she was believed to be an engkantada and claimed
that a rainbow is formed around balantac while she preached giving her the title Inang Adarna
 The members of the adarnista believe in the following:
1. Rizal is a god of the filipino people
2. Rizal is true god and a true man
3. Rizal was not executed
4. Man is endowed with a soul
5. Heaven and hell exist but are within us
C A N6.D I D A B AThe
L A N TA C TofHthe
E F O U N D E R of
A Dthe
A Rsect
N I S TA O R T H E I G L E S I A N G is
P I L I Pnew
I N A , S H E WA S
B E L I E V E D TO B Eabode
A N E N G K Amembers
N TA D A A N D C L A I MinEbongabon,
D T H AT A nueva
R A I N Becija
O W I Sthe F O R M Ejerusalem
D AROUND
B A L A N TA C W H I L E S H E P R E A C H E D G I V I N G H E R T H E T I T L E I N A N G A D A R N A
7. The caves in bongabon are the dwelling place of jehovah or god
T H E M E M B E R S O F T H E A D A R N I S TA B E L I E V E I N T H E F O L LO W I N G
8. There r four persons in god, god thebfather, the son, the holy ghost and the mother
 Adarnista has more than 10,000 followers
Sambahang Rizal

 “Rizal church” the sambahang rizal was founded by the late Basilio Aromin, Sambahang Rizal was
established to honor Rizal who was sent by bathala to redeem the Filipino race
 Bathala refers to “God” or “Creator”
 Aromin's group believe Rizal is the “Son of Bathala”
 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo serve as their “Bible” that shows the docrine and teachings of
Rizal Candida balantac the founder Adarnista or the iglesiang pilipina, she
 Lalawiganwas believed
guru, to bethat
are preachers an preach
engkantada and claimed
Rizal's teaching thatprovinces
in different a rainbow is formed
around balantac while she preached giving her the title inang adarna
The members of the adarnista believe in the following
Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi

 Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi, established by the Philippine National Heroes and Arsenio de Guzman in 1911
 In 1936, a banal na tinig (holy voice) instructed Mateo Alcuran and Alfredo Benedicto to go to Lecheria, Calamba in
the province of Laguna to look for Jovito Salgado and Gaudioso Parabuac. On December 24,1936 the four met in
Lecheria
 In 1938, banal na tinig informed them that the spirit of Rizal instructed them to organize a movement called
Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi
 Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi balantac
Candida is one of thethe
biggest RizalistaAdarnista
founder groups with or
more than
the 100,000 members
iglesiang pilipina,
she
 However, was believed
in 1987, to be
it was divided anthree
into engkantada
functions: and claimed that a rainbow is formed
1. Watawat ng around
Lahi balantac while she preached giving her the title inang adarna
2. Samahan ng WatawatThe members of
ng Lahi the adarnista believe in the following
3. Igglesia ng Lipi
 the first group now teaches that Rizal is not Christ but only human while the two groups claim that they hold the
original teachings and doctrines of the old Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi
Suprema de la Iglesia de la Ciudad Mistica de Dios

 officially registered as an organization in 1952

 it was founded by Maria Bernarda Balitaan (MBB)
 today, Ciudad Mistica is the biggest Rizalista group located at the foot of Mt. Banahaw with approximately 5,000
members. All over Luzon it has 100,000 members
 for Ciudad Mistica, Jesus Christ's work is still unfinished and will be continued by Dr, Jose Rizal and the “twelve
lights” of the Philippines composed of the 19th century Philippine Heroes
Candida
 “Twelve lights” balantac
equivalent the
to Jesus 12 founder
apostles Adarnista or the iglesiang pilipina, she
 their workwas believed
will be fulfilled byto be an engkantada
a woman, in the person of and
MBB,claimed thatinatheir
as can be seen rainbow
hymns: is formed
around balantac while she preached giving her the title inang adarna
The
The Virgin Maria members
Bernarda, of mother
a Filipino the adarnista believe in the following
Dr. Jose Rizal, a Filipino father
Once in mystery, they came together
And so,emerged this country the Philippines
The Life of Rizal
This is your presentation
title
1 Who is Jose Rizal?
2 Rizal: The Man
Family Tree
José Rizal was the youngest
son of Francisco Rizal and
Teodora Alonso. He had 10
siblings, all of whom he had
a close relationship with.
White
He, however, shared a very
special bond with his elder
brother, Paciano. Who
would later convince him to
continue his education
abroad.
 Rizal’s Lovers
During José Rizal’s time, he was
admired for being skilled in a
myriad of things. He was a
polyglot, a polymath, a
sculptor, a writer, and of
course, a nationalist who led
White
Gray the revolution against the
Spanish Government. Aside
from being the epitome of
greatness and nationalism of
Filipinos, he was also known
for having “a long list of ex-
lovers.”
3 Rizal: The Author
 List Of Works
Novels and Essays
• Noli Me Tángere, novel, 1887 (literally Latin for 'touch me not', from John
20:17)
• El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tángere
• Mi Último Adiós, poem, 1896 (literally "My Last Farewell" )
• Alin Mang Lahi” (“Whate’er the Race”), a Kundiman attributed to Dr. José Rizal
• The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
• Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at Restaurante
Ingles, Madrid
• The Diaries of José Rizal
• Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal's letters to his family members,
Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo Pastells and other reformers
 List Of Works
Novels and Essays
• Fr. Pablo Pastells and other reformers
• "Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands)
• Filipinas dentro de cien años essay, 1889-90 (The Philippines a Century
Hence)
• La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of Filipinos)
• Makamisa unfinished novel
• Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young Women of
Malolos
• Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay,
1889, Events in the Philippine Islands)
 List Of Works
Poems

• "Farewell to 1883"
• "Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la Patria" (Through Education Is the Nation
Glorified)
• "Sa Aking mga Kabata" (To My Fellow Youth)
• "Mi último adiós" (My Last Farewell)
• "Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo"
• "Felicitation"
• "Flower Among Flowers"
• "Goodbye to Leonor"
 List Of Works
Poems

• "Himno Al Trabajo" (Dalit sa Paggawa; Hymn to Labor)

• "Himno Al Talisay" (Hymn to Talisay)
• "Kundiman"
• "Mi Retiro"
• "El Canto del Viajero" (The Song of the Wanderer)
• "To the Child Jesus"
• "To the Virgin Mary"
• "Agua y Fiego" (Water and Fire)
• "Me Piden Versos" (They Asked Me for Verses)
 Noli Me Tangere
Noli Me Tángere, Latin for "Touch me
not", is an 1887 novel by José Rizal
during the colonization of the
Philippines by Spain to describe
perceived inequities of the Spanish
Catholic friars and the ruling
government.
Originally written in Spanish, the
book is more commonly published
and read in the Philippines in either
Tagalog or English.
 El Filibusterismo
El filibusterismo (The filibusterism; The
Subversive or The Subversion0), also
known by its alternative English title The
Reign of Greed, is the second novel
written by Philippine national hero José
Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere
and, like the first book, was written in
Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in
Ghent.
The novel centers on the Noli-El fili
duology's main character Crisóstomo
Ibarra, now returning for vengeance as
"Simoun".
4 Timeline
 On June 19th José Rizal is born to become the seventh child born to his parents. Three days later Rizal
1861 was christened with the name Jose Protasio Rizal-Mercado y Alonso-Realonda.

José begins school under the instruction of Justiniano Aquin Cruz at just nine years of
1870
age.

1871 José continues his education under the instruction of Lucas Padua.

Rizal is examined by those in charge of college entrance to Ateneo in Manila; he

enters the school system as a scholar.

Rizal enters the Ateneo as a boarder at just 14 years of age.

At the age of 15, Rizal receives a Bachelor of Arts Degree from the Ateneo de Manila. He
not only receives this degree, but receives it with the highest honors possible.

June José begins to go to school at St. Tomas University in Manila where he studies philosophy.
 Writing Career
In November Rizal writes a poem and receives recognition for his writing from the Royal
Economic Society of Friends of the Country, also known as Amigos del Pals.

In June Rizal decides to switch gears in his educational pursuits and transfers into
the medical courses at St. Tomas University. During this time he also writes an
additional two poems that win him further recognition.

At the age of 19 Rizal writes another poem for a competition where he should have won first
prize. However, he was not given this prize due to discrimination.

In December Rizal produces his first Operetta called On the Banks of the Pasig.
 Emigrating
In May Rizal gets money from his brother and travels secretly from Manila to Spain
aboard a French ship and railroad entering Spain at the Port Bou.

Rizal receives a degree in medicine from the Central University of Madrid at

the age of 23.
Fame... Then Death and Legacy
Rizal finishes his first novel titled Noli Me Tangere while staying in Berlin. The novel offends Catholic
officials and Rizal is deemed to be a troublemaker

In February Rizal leaves Spain and sets sail for Hong Kong in Japan. He continued to
travel practice medicine and write.

In August Rizal was detained aboard a ship traveling back to Spain. Rizal was charged with treason,
sedition, and the formation of illegal societies. He was sent to an island and held.

His request to go to Cuba was approved. On the way to Cuba he was arrested and charged
with conspiracy and sedition.On December 27 he was condemned to death in a Spanish court. On
December 30th he was permitted to marry Josephine two hours before he was shot by a firing
squad.He was buried in a secret grave.

On December 30th the ashes of Rizal were transferred to the Rizal Mausoleum and December 30th is
declared a national holiday in honor of his memory.
5 Rizal: The Tagalog Christ
 To be specific, there were four
main cults that worshipped him
to various degrees:
.
Iglesia
Rizalistas Adarnista
Watawat
Shortly after Rizal’s death, a ng Lahi
faction of people who saw
him as a God were discovered.
Suprema de la
Iglesia de la Sambahang
Ciudad Mistica Rizal
de Dios, Inc
The Nineteenth
Century Philippine
Economy, Society
and The Chinese
Mestizos
VOCABULARY
CASH CROP- crops cultivated for
exports.
DECREE- an order issued by a legal
authority; a policy pronouncement .
GALLEON TRADE- from 1565-1815, this
was the form of trade between the
Philippines and Mexico. The galleons
would sail to Mexico loaded with
goods and return to the Philippines
carrying the payment in silver.
VOCABULARY
INSULARES- pure-blooded Spanish born in
the Philippines.
MESTIZO- a person with mixed ancestry-
one parent is Chinese or Spanish and the
other is native; an important section of
population in nineteenth century
Philippines.
MERCHANT HOUSES- firms established in
Manila and other cities by foreign traders.
VOCABULARY
PACTO DE RETROVENTA- an agreement that
allowed a landowner to sell his/her land
with a guarantee that he/she could buy
the land back at the same price.
PARIAN- Chinese enclave established in
1581 0utside the walls of Intramuros. The
Chinese was forced to live in the Parian.
PENINSULARES- pure-blooded Spanish born
in Spain.
VOCABULARY
PRINCIPALIA- wealthy pure-blooded natives said
to have descended from the kadatoan class.
SANGLEY- a term that proliferated in the Spanish
Philippines to refer to people of pure Chinese
descent; came from the Hokkien word “seng-li”
meaning business.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION- a way by which people
in a society are categorized based on socio-
economic as well as political standards.
VOCABULARY
PRINCIPALIA- wealthy pure-blooded natives said
to have descended from the kadatoan class.
SANGLEY- a term that proliferated in the Spanish
Philippines to refer to people of pure Chinese
descent; came from the Hokkien word “seng-li”
meaning business.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION- a way by which people
in a society are categorized based on socio-
economic as well as political standards.
The Changing
Landscape of
Philippine
Economy and
Society
Change, however, had its initial
ripples in the previous century.
By the late eighteenth century, the
monarchy in Spain experienced a
dynastic shift from the Habsburgs to
Bourbons.
With the goal of invigorating the
profitability of the colonies like the
Philippines,
were carried out.
The first governor-
general to the
Philippines under
the Bourbon
mandate was Jose
de Basco y Vargas
who arrived in the
Philippines in 1778.
As Spain sought ways to salvage the
dwindling economy of the empire, the
global wave of industrialization
became a silver lining.
As many imperial powers in Europe
and the West were undergoing
industrialization, an increased
demand for raw materials presented
an opportunity to look into the
agricultural potential of the
Philippines.
Thus, it was viewed that the
transformation of the economy
towards being export-oriented,
harnessing the agricultural products
that could be yielded from the
archipelago, was the way to go.
Basco established the Royal
Philippine Company in 1785 to
finance agricultural projects and
manage the new trade being
established between the Philippines
and Spain (and Europe) as well as
other Asian markets.
Resistance also came from various
sectors like the Catholic Church that
was not receptive of the labor
realignments entailed by the planned
reforms, and traders all throughout the
Spanish colonial period.
They influenced the changing
economy in the nineteenth century by
purchasing land, accumulating wealth
and influence.
Impact on
Life in the
Colony
The economic developments, as
mentioned, precipitated social,
political, and cultural developments as
well.
An example of this is the new
economy demanded a more literate
population to address the rising need
for a more professionalized workforce
to man trading activities in Manila and
other centers.
This demand compelled the issuance of the
colonial government order in 1836 that
required all towns to set up primary schools
to teach the population how to read and
write.
It eventually led to the passage of an
education decree in 1863 that mandated
free education.
The nineteenth century gave birth to many
schools that addressed the growing demand
for more professionals.
Ateneo Municipal was established
during this time.
The complex nature of the
developing economy also allowed
the government to intensify
bureaucratization and to streamline
colonial governance.
Concerns raised due to the increased
rate of internal migration

1. People flocked the centers of trade

like Manila.
- Overcrowding implied issues in
living quarters, sanitation and public
health, and increase in criminality.
2. The continuous movement of people
made tax collection extra difficult.
In order to mitigate
these concerns, one
measure implemented
was

, that
urged the people in
the colony to adopt
surnames.
With the catalogo de apellidos drawn
up, the colonial government assigned
surnames to people and forbade them
to change names.
Another policy is the registration and
possession of a cedula personal
bearing one’s name and residence,
the colonial government sought to
have a better surveillance mechanism.
Guardia civil are responsible to help
carry out the policies.
Renegotiating
Social
Stratification
As the Spaniards lost economic power in the
nineteenth century, they asserted dominance by virtue
of their race.
This issue brought complications with the rising
principalia and mestizo populations who realized their
indispensable position in society as movers and
facilitators of the economy.
The renegotiation continued throughout the century as
the mestizos and the pricipalia elite eventually
demanded social recognition that the pure-blooded
Spaniards had consistently denied them.
These wealthy mestizos and members of
the principalia continued to amass
economic and cultural capital.
They availed themselves of the opportunity
to obtain higher degrees of education not
only in the Philippines but also in Europe.
These activities augmented their relevance
in society as it was from these ranks that
articulations of nationalism would emerge.
“I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims
of the evil which I undertake to combat.”
– Dr. Jose Rizal, 1891
Vocabulary
Episcopal Visitation – an official pastoral visit conducted by the bishop on a diocese to examine
the conditions of a congregation; often done once every three years.

Garrote – an apparatus used for capital punishment in which an iron collar is tightened around a
condemned person’ neck.

Polo – system of forced labor that required Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old to render
service for a period of 40 days
Vocabulary
Regular Clergy – priests who belong to religious orders.

Secular Clergy – priests who do not belong to religious orders and are engaged in pastoral work.

Tributo – system of taxation imposed by the Spanish colonial .government on the Filipinos in
order ro generate resources for the maintenance of the colony.
“An off-cited revolution for removed privileges with a
hidden goal on January 10, 1872.”
 What is the CAVITE
MUTINY?
On January 20,
1872, approximately 250
Filipino soldiers and
workers rose in revolt at
an arsenal in Cavite
under the leadership of
Sgt. La Madrid.
It was a
movement of opposition
to the decree of
Governer-General
Rafael de Izquierdo:
“The abolition of Filipino
Soldiers and Workers
exemption from tributes
(tributo) and forced https://www.1898miniaturas.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/2f7b1a736a0dd196818a15cc48e2c38f.jpg
labors(polo)”.
What happened during the CAVITE MUTINY?
The REALITY
The mutiny in Cavite began earlier in the evening and many of
those who pledged support defected and vowed loyalty to
Spain. 11 Spaniards were killed but an immediate assault led by
government forces put an end to the uprising after three days.
 CAVITE
MUTINY
The Spaniard Government used this as a means
to suppress the increasing calls for more liberal
administrations.
Furthermore:
Official accounts argued that the revolts was part of a larger movement with the aim of
overthrowing the Spanish Government and asserting independence.

Official reports also claimed that the leaders of the mutiny had expected the support of close to
2,000 men from regiments based both in Cavite and Manila.
“The Battle of Priestly Dominance:
Regulars vs Seculars”
What happened during the CAVITE MUTINY?
The PLAN

Rebels seemingly
A signal by fireworks Rebels in Cavite, who
setting fires in Tondo
to distract authorities, to commence the would have sieged
after midnight. attack. the arsenal.
Introduction and Strengthening of Catholicism
REGULAR PRIESTS SECULAR PRIESTS

Priests whose jurisdiction fell on their elected Priests who “live in the world”. They were under the
prelates. authority of bishops and NOT member of a religious
order.

More prepared for missionary work because of

their standards of discipline and asceticism. Job descriptions: Management of the Religious
Communities, and, ideally, the Continuation of the
work already laid down by the regular clergy.
Introduction and Strengthening of Catholicism
REGULAR PRIESTS SECULAR PRIESTS

Job description: Introduce Catholicism, convert

the natives, and establish religious communities.

The Five Orders: Augustinians (1565), Discalced

Franciscans (1578), Jesuits (1581), Dominicans
(1587), and the Augustinian Recollects (1606).
The Storm in the Journey: Implementation Issues
Refusal of Episcopal Visits
Issue 1
Omnimoda Bull by Pope Adrian VI in 1522
Conflicts the reforms established in the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The Discretionary Power granted by King Philip II

The Issue of Conflicting Orders

The Bishop vs The Provincial Superiors
The Storm in the Journey: Implementation Issues
The Management of the Parishes
Issue 2
Maintained control of the Regular Priests due to scarcity of Secular Priest
Refusal of the rights of secular clergy to the parishes, despite
significant increase in number (Beginning of the late 17th Century).

En Viva Conquista Espiritual

Filipinos are not yet ready to be turned over to the secular clergy.
The Storm in the Journey: Implementation Issues
The Management of the Parishes
Issue 2
Economy in Nature
Refusal of the Regular Clergy to give large profits to the seculars.

Filipino Secular Clergy were UNQUALIFIED and INCOMPETENT

Some veiwed the seculars as potential leaders of any future
separatist movement.
 Secularization
Movemant
After the efforts of Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr. Pedro Pelaez
failed, the struggle took on a different tone towards 1860s:
secularization was no longer limited to questions of merit and
competence. In 1864, this led to racial equality.
“But what crime have I committed? Is it possible that I
should die like this. May God, is there no justice on
earth?”
- Jose Burgos, 1872
GOMBURZA
As a result of the
revolt in Cavite, several
priests, laymen, lawyers and
businessmen were arrested
sentenced to varying terms
of exile in Guam by the
order of Governor-General
Izquierdo..
However, guilty of
treason as the instigators of
the mutiny , Fr. Jose Burgos,
Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr.
Jacinto Zamora were
condemned to death by
garrote on February 15,
1872. They died on February
17, 1872 along side Saldua,
a former artilleryman, in
front of almost 40,000
Filipinos.
 Execution of GOMBURZA
Although the public execution of the three priest was meant
to instill fear in the Filipinos, it had the opposite effect, which
later led to inspire our heroes like Dr. Jose Rizal and
Apolinario Mabini.
Imagining a
Nation
CHAPTER 8
Vocabulary
1. Cortes – the legislative or lawmaking body of the Spanish
government

2. Creole – a Spaniard born in the Philippines

3. Mestizo – an individual born of mixed ancestry; may refer to a

Spanish mestizo or a Chinese mestizo

4. Propaganda – information used to promote or publicize a

particular cause or point of view

5. Restoration – refers to the Spanish Restoration; a period in

Spanish history spanning the years 1874-1931 that saw the
restoration of a monarchy under Alfonso XII together with the
establishment of a bicameral legislature
End of 19th Century
• Economic conditions improved in the Philippines; it was already possible for many

creole and mestizos family to send their sons to school, not only in Manila, but also
in Europe.

19th Century Spain

• The Restoration – the monarchy of Alfonso XII was put back into place and a

bicameral legislature with a constitutional monarchy was established.

• The Constitution 1876 – ensured political stability relied on the rotation of the

Liberal and Conservative parties in the Government. This constitution also

declared Catholicism as the religion of the state.

Political and religious institutions could be questioned and attacked without fear
of reprisal. It was an environment that allowed students to think, question, and
imagine what a nation is.
 Circulo Hispano-Filipino
An organization under the leadership of
Juan Atayde, a Spaniard born in the Philippines
(creole).

 The formation of this was the earliest attempt to unite

Filipinos who were studying in Spain.

Had the support of Spaniards who were sympathetic towards the Filipinos
Revista del Circulo Hispano-
Filipino
– a bi-weekly newspaper published by the Circulo in 1882
which aimed at expressing thoughts about the abusive
Spanish government, but the organization and the
newspaper itself were short-lived due to lack of funds and
conflicting political issues, thus leading to the dissolution
of the organization that lasted only until 1883.
 Los Dos Mundos
One of the liberal newspapers in Spain that became sympathetic
to the cause of the Filipinos.

 came out in 1883 with the intention of demanding for the

overseas Hispanic colonies equality of rights and equal
opportunities for progress.
 Graciano Lopez Jaena and Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga
were involved as staff members.
 Rizal and Eduardo de Lete also contributed articles
concerned with socio-political and economic reforms the
Philippines.
 Espana en Filipinas
It is a propaganda newspaper
advocating economic and
administrative reforms. It came out in
March 1887 during the time Rizal’s first
novel Noli me Tangere

- Began its publication through the support of

Filipinos, Creoles, and mestizos, in Madrid.
- Was short lived as well because of glaring
differences and internal feuding among its staff.
 La Solidaridad
January 1889 – the Filipino community united its purpose to continue to working
for Filipino rights.
• Filipino in Barcelona began preparations for the publication of a new periodical.

Mariano Ponce and Pablo Rianzares were the early supporters who helped with
finances.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena offered his sevice as editor and Marcelo H. Del Pilar also

joined the efforts.

February 15, 1889 – La Solidaridad was first released. The staff

defined its program as, ‘to combat all reaction, to impede all
retrogression, to applaud and accept every liberal idea, to defend all
progress.”
Among the Reforms of the newspaper were:
o Philippine representation in the Cortes
o Freedom of the press
o The end of the practice of exiling residents without due
process
 La Solidaridad
also often ran articles dealing with the Spanish politics,
attacks on friars and reforms for the Philippines. Aside from
political and economic content, it also gave space for the
publication of literary works as well. The support for the
newspaper gradually increased and its roster of writers grew.
Among those who contributed were:
Jose Rizal
Dominador Gomez
Jose Maria Panganiban
Antonio Luna
Ferdinand Blumentrit
Marcel H. Del Pilar – took on the active role of
running the paper and took it to Madrid.
November 15, 1889 – first issue printed in Madrid.
1890 – Two of the most prominent members of the Filipino
community in Spain began to show differences in stance
with regard to Philippine affairs

Jose Rizal – held the opinion that to serve the country better, one had to
bring the issues closer to home. He suggested that one had to speak to the
Filipinos, rather than the Spaniards.

Marcel H. Del Pilar - on the other hand, was a skilful politician

who felt that efforts at persuading the Spanish leaders and
officials needed to be continued and that this was the best way to
achieve the reforms Filipinos were seeking
1981 – New year’s eve banquet

• The Filipinos in Madrid proposed that they elect a leader to unit their
community.
• Rizal agreed with the proposal while del Pilar expressed misgivings.
• Thus, Rizal won the position as Filipino leader but only through the
manipulations of Mariano Ponce.
• In the end, Rizal felt his triumph was shallow and left Madrid a few weeks later.
From this point onward, Rizal stopped from contributing articles to La
Solidaridad and focused instead on the writing of his novels.
1895 – periodicals continued to publish only until this year because of lack of
funds and internal feuding.

November 15, 1895 – date when the final issue of La Solidaridad was
released. In this issue, the editor, Marcelo del Pilar, had written,

“We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the
rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery.”
Summary

Early efforts to unite the Fiipino community in Spain began as early as 1882 and reached
its height with the emergence of the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889.
Journalism became a means for Filipinos to engage the Spanish-reading public on issues
concerning the Philippines. Among the reforms they sought were representation in the
Spanish Cortes, freedom of the press, and the end of the practice of exiling Filipino
residents without due process,

By the mid 1890s, internal feuding and lack of funds would end the Propaganda
Movement while a few Filipinos, like Rizal, would bring the struggle closer to home.