CHEMICAL BONDING

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 Important Terms
• Element = a pure substance that cannot
be separated or broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
• Atom = the smallest unit of an element
that maintains the chemical properties of
that element
• Compound = a substance made up of
atoms of two or more different elements
joined by chemical bonds
 BONDING
• Atoms with unfilled valence shells are
considered unstable.

• Atoms will try to fill their outer shells by

bonding with other atoms.

• Chemical bond = the attractive force

that holds atoms or ions together in a
compound
 ATOMIC BONDS
• Atoms form atomic
bonds to become
more stable.
– Atoms become more
stable by filling their
valence shell or at
least meeting the Exception to Octet
Rule of 8 valence
octet rule by getting 8 electrons: Helium—
valence electrons. which only has 1
energy level and holds
a max. of 2 electrons
 ATOMIC BONDS
• There are three main types of chemical
bonds used by atoms to fill their valence
shell:
“Bond,
– Ionic Chemical
– Covalent Bond”
– Metallic
Illustration of the 3 Types of
Chemical Bonding
 CHEMICAL BONDING
• Chemical bonding is the attraction
between atoms, molecules, and ions,
which helps in the creation of chemical
compounds.
 CHEMICAL BONDINGS THAT
FORM COMPOUNDS

• IONIC BONDS – complete transfer of 1 or

more electrons from one atom to another

• COVALENT BONDS – some valence

electrons are shared between atoms.

• Some bonds are somewhere in between

 IONIC BONDS
• Ionic bonds are formed between metals
and non-metals.

• Ionic bonds are formed between

oppositely charged atoms (ions).

• Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of

electrons.
– One atom loses (gives away) electrons.
– One atom gains (receives) electrons.
 IONS
• Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose
electrons.
• Ions are charged atoms (positive or negative).
• Positive ions are called cations.
– Formed when the atom loses electrons.
– Lose negative charge, becomes positive ION
– Metals
• Negative ions are call anions.
– Formed when the atom gains electrons.
– Gain negative charge, become negative ION
– Non-metals
Atoms with 4 or less valence
electrons want to LOSE (give
away) their valence electrons.
[Groups 1, 2, 13, 14]

Atoms with 4 or more valence

electrons want to GAIN (receive)
more electrons to satisfy their
octet. [Groups 14, 15, 16, 17]
 Ionic Bonds
• Use the number of valence electrons to
determine the # of electrons that are lost or
needing to be gained.

• The transfer of electrons create a positive ion

and a negative ion. The opposite charges attract
one another, causing a chemical bond to form.

Bonding Animation
 Ionic Bonds
• The normal charge of an ion can be quickly
determined using the oxidation number of an
element.

– The oxidation number of an atom is the charge that

atom would have if the compound was composed of
ions.
Oxidation Number in the Periodic Table
 Ionic Bonds
• To find the oxidation
number :
 Look at Group #
 Determine # of valence
electrons
 If 4 or less, atom will
lose (give away)
valence electrons (ion
is positive)
 If 4 or more, atom will
gain the needed # to fill
valence shell. (ion is
negative)
Practice: Determining Oxidation
Numbers
Atom Group Valence Oxidation
Electrons Number
Oxygen
VIA / 16 6 -2

Calcium +2
IIA / 2 2

Fluorine -1
VIIA / 17 7

Phosphorus
VA / 15 5 -3

Sodium
IA / 1 1 +1
 Ionic Bonds
– Example:
– Beryllium is in Group IIA
– Be has 2 e-
– Wants to achieve octet
– Loses the 2 e-
– Oxidation #/Ion charge of
+2
– Example:
– Nitrogen is in Group VA
– N has 5 e-
– Needs 3 more for octet
– Gains 3 e-
– Oxidation #/Ion charge of
-3
 Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds form between two non-
metals. Groups 14-17 on the Periodic Table
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms
SHARE electrons.
– Both atoms need to gain electrons to become
stable, so they share the electrons they have.
• Atoms can share more than one pair of
electrons to create double and triple bonds.
 LEWIS ELECTRON DOT
STRUCTURE (LEDS)
• Use Lewis structures to draw the valence
electrons for each atom
• The Lewis structure was named after Gilbert
N. Lewis, who introduced it in his 1916 article
“The Atom and the Molecule”.
• Lewis structures extend the concept of the
electron dot diagram by adding lines between
atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical
bond.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure#:~:text=The%20Lewis%20structure%20was%20named%20after%20
Gilbert%20N.,to%20represent%20shared%20pairs%20in%20a%20chemical%20bond.
 Lewis Structure, Octet Rule Guidelines

When compounds are formed they

tend to follow the Octet Rule.

Octet Rule: Atoms will share electrons

(e-) until it is surrounded by eight
valence electrons.
Lewis Structures

• Find out which group

(column) your element is
in.
• This will tell you the
number of valence
electrons your element
has.
• You will only draw the
valence electrons (in the
form of dots).

www.chem4kids.com
Groups -
Group 8 = 8 electrons
Review
Group 1 = 1 electron
Except for He, it
Group 2 = 2 electrons has 2 electrons

•Each column is
called a “group”

•Each element in a
group has the same
number of electrons
in their outer orbital,
also known as
“shells”.

•The electrons in
the outer shell are
www.chem4kids.com called “valence
electrons”
 How to Draw Lewis Structures
1) Find your element on the periodic table.
2) Determine the number of valence
electrons.
3) This is how many electrons you will draw.
Practice on Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, draw

this element:
HYDROGEN
a) Write the symbol: H
b) Check the group number:
Group IA
c) Determine the valence
electron (valence = 1)
d) Draw the electron dot:
1 electron = 1 dot
Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, draw

this element:
PHOSPHORUS
a) Write the symbol: P
b) Check the group number:
Group VA
c) Determine the valence
electron (valence = 5)
d) Draw the electron dot:
5 electrons = 5 dots
Lewis Structures
On your worksheet, draw
this element:
CHLORINE
a) Write the symbol: Cl
b) Check the group number:
Group VIIA
c) Determine the valence
electron (valence = 7)
d) Draw the electron dot:
7 electrons = 7 dots
How to Draw the Lewis Structures

1) Write the element symbol.

2) Argon is Group 0 or VIIIA, so
it has 8 valence electrons.
3) Starting at the right, draw 4
dots, counter-clockwise
around the element symbol.
Then draw again the other 4
dots counter-clockwise to
complete the 8 valence
electrons
Valence electrons for Elements
Recall that the valence electrons for the elements can be
determined based on the elements position on the periodic table.

Lewis Dot Symbol

LEWIS STRUCTURES IN
IONIC BONDS
 Drawing Ionic Bonds
• 1 – Draw the Lewis structure for each
element.
– Ex:

• 2 – Draw arrows to show the TRANSFER

(gain/loss) of electrons [draw extra atoms
if needed]
 Drawing Ionic Bonds (continued)
• 3 – Draw ion Lewis diagrams showing the
new charge for each ion.
– Ex:
• 4- Write the chemical formula for the
compound formed represents the ratio of
negative ions to positive ions.
– Ex: NaCl – for every 1 sodium ion, there is
also 1 chlorine ion.
Chemical Formula = NaCl
LEWIS STRUCTURES IN
COVALENT BONDS
 Covalent Bonds
Use Lewis structures to draw valence electrons for
each atom in the covalent pair.

Each chlorine atom wants to gain one

electron to achieve an octet.
 Covalent Bonds
The octet is achieved by each atom
sharing the electron pair in the middle.

Now, each Chlorine atom has 8 valence

electrons because it is sharing one pair.
 Chlorine Molecule
It is a single bonding pair so it is called a
single covalent bond. The compound
is now called a molecule.

Cl Cl Cl2
Covalent Bonds in Oxygen

How will oxygen bond?

 Covalent Bonds
Two bonding pairs, making a double bond.

The double bond can be shown as two dashes

O O
O2
 Covalent Bonds
• Elements can share up to three pairs of
electrons. (6 total electrons).
Single Bond
(2e)

Double Bond
(4e)

Triple Bond
(6e)
 Valence electrons and number of bonds
Number of bonds elements prefers depending on the
number of valence electrons. In general -

Fam ily  # C ovalent Bonds*


H alogen s
X 1 bond often
F, B r, C l, I

C alcogen s
O, S
O  2 bond often
N itro gen
N, P
N  3 bond often
C arb on
C , Si
C  4 bond always

The above chart is a guide on the number of bonds formed by these atoms.
 Covalent Bonds
• Atoms can share their electrons equally or unequally.

• When atoms share electrons equally, it is called a non-polar

covalent bond.
– Non-polar covalent bonds form between atoms of the same type.
Ex: H2, Cl2,

• When atoms share electrons unequally it is called a polar

covalent bond.
– One atom pulls the electrons closer to itself.
– The atom that pulls the electrons more gets a slightly negative
charge.
– The other atom gets a slightly positive charge.
• Ex: Water molecule
Bonding Animation
 Practice: Drawing Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonding using Lewis structures.
• 1 – Draw a Lewis structure for each element.
– Ex: C H
• 2 - Continue adding atoms until all atoms have a full valence
H

H C H
CH4
carbon tetrahydride
H
Comparison of Ionic Bond and
Covalent Bond

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al-bonding-assignment-help
 Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds in
Binary Compounds
Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
• Form when electrons • Form when electrons
are transferred are shared between
between atoms. atoms.
• Form between a • Form between two
metal and a non- non-metals.
metal.

Both types of bonds result in all atoms

having a full outer energy level.
 Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds in
Binary Compounds
Other comparisons between Ionic and Covalent Compounds:

Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds

• Results in a • Results in a neutral
neutral compound molecule
• Crystalline solid • Mostly results in gases
or liquids
• Strong bonds • Weak bonds
• High melting point • Low melting points
 Metallic Bonds
• Metallic bonds are metal to
metal bonds formed by the
attraction between positively
charged metal ions and the
electrons around them.
– Atoms are packed tightly together
to the point where outermost
energy levels overlap.
• This allows electrons to
move freely from one atom
to the next making them great
conductors of electricity.