\L SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee Advanced Legal Studies Institute Box 3013, IslamabadPublished in Pakistan by Federal Law House, Rawalpindi: Mian Plaza, Chandni Chowk, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Tel. No, (051) 4907011, 4907029, 0333-5477380 Lahore: 7, Turner Road, Near High Court Lahore, Pakistan. Tel. No. 0322-4843011, 042-37363665 Website: http://federallawhouse.com First Published: 2016 © 2016 by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Such permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. ISBN 978-969-557-154-5 Price Rs. 675/- Printed in Pakistan By New Fine Press. Lahore, Pakistan.11 le 13 14 adh 22 23 3.1 ue TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface: The Syllabus INTRODUCTION: LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD Looking at the World Map... sss cet The Meaning of the Term “Legal System” .-.----- Classifications of World Legal Systems ..-.------ Extracting the Features of the Mixed Legal System of Pe tSP aM roscpas sey crea iscsi eat to wa eT ET 14.1 _ Features of the Common Law and Civil Law Compared 142 Main Features ofIslamicLaw .. ++ +ss+0+ 143 Features of the Mixed Legal System of Pakistan . - - THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN: HISTORI- CAL BACKGROUND The Legal System of the Muslims in India ...-.--- The Legal System of the British in India... ~~~ ++ - Independence and the Birth of the Legal System of Pak- Per aedy Creasy cline pnb wire senty Tore EBS 23.1 The demand for the Islamization of laws... +» ++ 23.2 ThelslamizationofLaws... ++ +--+ sess 5+ BASIC CONCEPTS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE LEGAL SYSTEM The Nature of the State and its Functions. ...---.-- 3.1.1 Definition of the State... - eet t 3.1.2 Essential Elements of the State ©... ++ rere 3.13 The Primary and Secondary Functions of a State. . - Constitutional Law: Necessity and Nature of a Consti- re tla et Sia eiscccnie, wt 2 ley 3.21 Whatisaconstitution? .....6+++ssee re 3.2.2 What isconstitutionallaw? ..-.------+00- 20 20 24 27 31 31 50LEGAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN 3.3 34 4 42 4.3 44 3.2.3 Whatisconstitutionalism? ............54 69 3.2.4 The scope of constitutional law . 70 3.25 Classification of Constitutions 72 The Different Organs of a State and the Doctrine of Sep- araHOMeOP Rowers: coal. seo center Meta L.cen aeeea 76 3.3.1 The GovernmentoftheState............5 76 3.3.2 Theory of Sovereignty: Hobbes 77 3.3.3 Theory of Separation of Powers 79 Constitution of Pakistan and its General Features... . 81 34.1 Itisa Written Constitution... 1... rape OL 3.4.2 The Constitution is Based ona Federal System 82 3.43 ItisSomewhat Rigid . 2". 2... ee 83 3.4.4 Based Upon Organising Principles 83 3.4.5 Constitutional Rules are all Contained in a single IDOE eerie ne oie ares bert eet ee ot 3.4.6 The Sources of the Constitution are Also Divine . 84 3.4.7 The Constitution Follows the Idea of Responsible Parliamentary Government... . 2.6. -+--+-- 85 3.4.8 Independence of the Judiciary From the Executive . 85 3.4.9 The Constitution Upholds Separation of Powers... 85 3.4.10 The Constitution Guarantees Certain Fundamental RUPEE li cc ee ea caaliat PSE EIG 86 THE LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM AND LAWMAKING 87 The Origins of Parliamentin Britain. ....... wees 88 4.1.1 The Growth of the Parliament in Britain as a Struggle Between Commons and Lords ..........5: 90 4.1.2 British Parliament as the Mother of all Parliaments . 92 Democracy, United Kingdom and Pakistan ....... 92 4.2.1 Representative Democracy... ....6 1 e+ ee 4.2.2 Participatory Democracy .. 2... see ees 94 4.23 Demoeracy and the Legacy of the British Empire .. 95 Functions of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) .. . . . - 102 4.3.1 The Meaning of Parliament... .......+.5% 102 4.3.2 The Functions of the Two Houses of the Majlis-e- Shoora (Parliament)... ........ pve LM Legislation as the Major Fanction . oe tye LOS: 44.1 Stepsin Lawmaking .. 6... - + 1 we eee 110 ©lmran A. Nyazee Advanced Legal Studies Institute46 ore7 CONTENTS LEGAL System oF PAKISTAN 3 Parliamentary Committees: Serutinizing and Monitor- ing the Work of the Government ©... 2. ..0..... 1g 45.1 The Constitution of the Parliamentary Committees in the National Asembly and theSenate ........ 120 4.5.2 Functions of Standing Committees. : . 121 45.3 Public Accounts Committee 123 45.4 Finance Committee (J. 0.1.ces.. fea. 124 45.5 Committee on Rules of Procedure and Privileges 124 45.6 Houseand Library Committee oi. be os. 125 4.5.7 Committee on Government Assurances . . . 126 4.5.8 Business Advisory Committee 126 Motions and Resolutions ......... it 126, BGA NAOHONG cave cnc RIE Eten wadverses hWiT} a 126 6.2 2 REOWMMONS .. .cciet oni nlmimusienG sy 6 LR 129 Legislation and its Sources... 2.20.00. ss 131 4.7.1 Supreme, Superior, Ordinary and Subordinate eg dalation:.... wil suatuneinioiba in warriaw . . 131 Support Services for Pantianent dieattonatt. tee. . 136 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT—THE EXECU- TIVE BRANCH 139 Preliminary Concepts\:2.).i2) Jos. W wheouia ad... 140 Bemeronileniige * Fie. vetit, huelt te witiauee UT. EEA: 143 5.2.1 The General Meaning & Rule ui ise Bee tenet tar 143 9.2.2 Brief History of Rule of Law in England ....... 146 5.2.3 Dicey’s Exposition of Ruleoflaw .i........ 148 5.24 Analysis of Dicey’s Views 6.0. oyu... 150 525 The Rule of Law and Parliamentary Sovereignty... 154 526 Wider Meaning of RuleofLaw...... 0.0... 154 32.7 The Constitution of 1973 and the Rule of Law... . 157 Per or 20, 54 _ Advanced Legal Studies Institute SIME MED a Lindale diel lamisil, ARS 5.3.1 Origins of the Cabinet MeO Mera aT. 53.2 Creation and Composition of the Cabinet 533 Functions of the Cabinet... 0... ah | 534 Shadow Cabinet ©...) 20. be dy 535 Ministerial Committees of the Cabiner The Cabinet and the Constitution of Pakistan pale 54.1 Cases tobe brought before Cabinet»... 0... 5-42 Method of disposal of Cabinet cases... 4... 169 171 imran A. Nyazee5.5 5.6 57 5.8 59 61 62 6.4 6.5 66 borers a iat i moval Ried Eactnainhalenieladichcll 5.4.3 Procedure regarding Cabinet Meetings... .. . . 171 Ministerial Responsibility ... . . 55.1 Individual Responsibility . . 5.5.2 Collective Responsibility . . ‘The Prime Ministerima.anlbore. to enonacusd... 82h. 5.6.1 Origin of Office and Qualification 5.6.2 Choice of Prime Minister»... - 178 5.6.3 Functions of the Prime Minister. . 179 The Civil Service in the UK: Background . . 180 5.7.1 Originsiof the CivilService o.oo . 181 5.7.2 Organisation and Management of the Civil Service . 182 5.7.3 Ministers and the Civil Service Civil Service in Pakistan . 2.0.0.0 5.8.1 Constitutional Provisions. . 2... 5.8.2 Rules Governing or Affecting Services . .. 185 5.83. The Federaland Provincial Secretariats.. .... . . 187 Overview of Administrative Law .. 000... 0 00. 188 5.9.1 . The Mohtasib-e-Ala ic cloaie sags. . 189 THE HIERARCHY AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTS 193 The Structure of the Court System in Pakistan .... . 193 6.1.1 The Creation of the Courts and Appointment of the Superior Judiciary .. 2... pe . 194 6.1.2 Power of the Legislature to Create Other Tribunals and Courts}. w/b 04 aidecnrin rhe. 195 The Supreme Judicial Council. 2... 2. . 195 Jurisdiction of Courts and Powers in General. 196 6.3.1 Jurisdiction of Courts - : 196 63.2) Power to Make Rules 22... .02.... 198 63.3 Power to Punish for Contempt of Court . 199 The Supreme Court and its Powers... 2... 199 64.1, Preliminary: chine ates » 199 64.2 Jurisdiction of the Court 5 200 The High Courts and Their Subordinate Courts... . . 204 6.5.1 Jurisdiction and Powers of the High Court... . . . 204 6.5.2 Criminal Courts Subordinate to the High Court . . . 205 6.5.3 Civil Courts Subordinate to the High Court... . . 209 Other Tribunals and Courts 2.0. 6.00 eee 210 ©lmran A. Nyazee Advanced Legal Studies Institutea 7 THEJUDICIAL PROCESSES AND REMEDIES 215 “971 Adversarial and Inquisitorial Processes... ...---- 216 7.1.1 Responsibility for marshalling evidence for trial. . . 217 7.12 Relative faith in the integrity of pre-trial processes . 217 713 Theextentofdiscretion....-.-.-...++5- 218 714 The nature of the trial process ene AG, 715 Theroleofthevictim.....-- eee eee eee 219 72 The Techniques of the Judicial Process: Interpretation OE SRANUIES ee a eee lee 219 7.2.1 The General Clauses Act, 1897 .....-..-5.-- 219 72.2 Reading the Statute: Rules and Canons of Construction220 72.3 The First Rule: “Read the Statute, Read the Statute, Read the Statute!”"—Felix Franfurter 0... 2. | 220 7.24 TheSecond Rule: Where the Plain Mere ant’ eae itistobe Applied... 6-06 eta we ee 224 7.25 The Third Rule: Where the Meaning is not Plain, Try to Remove the Ambiguity or Obscurity... 6.5: 225 726 The Fourth Rule: Keep the Canons of Construction oa IN Mind ce sy isis ePtye sera we fee Psieieyeyinie ae 225 73 The Techniques of the Judicial Eroeeeee Understanding x Precedents . ...). mi dine eokepces 230 ; 73.1 Stare Decisis and Pei Vertical We Tee 230 7.3.2 Stare Decisis and Precedent: Horizontal... - - - - 232 “7A Civil Procedure and Remedies . 7A. Civil Procedure. i... . 742 Judicial Remedies... .. 75 Criminal Process and Objectives f 75.1 The Aims of Criminal Law and Punishments... . 238 752. | Criminal Procedure - 4.0.6)... ee gb 240 8 FEDARALSHARIAT COURT AND COUNCIL OF ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY 245 81 Federal Shariat Court and the Shariat Appellate Bench ir of the Supreme Court. 0.0.0 eee eee 245 at 82 The Council of Islamic Ideology . a eae ROaO 9 LAW REFORM, LAW COMMISSION AND NJPMC249 9.1 The Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan... . . . 24 9.2 The National Judicial Policy Making Committee .... 2 Advanced Legal Studies Institute Olmran A. Nvassieneiliniinishobetebase anes emir eee eee ae ee eee Appendices 253 A Legal Systems: Classification in Detail 255 A.l Civil Law Systems and Mixed Systems with a Civil Law radi Ones cals Ur eaters alain iNte < cigs es 255 A2 Common Law Systems and Mixed Systems with a Com- TOON Caw Traits scan inyn ols pc nisin sens « A3 Customary Law Systems and Mixed Systems Customary Law Tradition ............ ‘ A4 Muslim Law Systems and Mixed a Sem with a Mus- lim Law Tradition ....... siciapeiepeu: « «2259 AS Mixed Legal Systems ............. siteee vst 261 Influence of Islamic Law on Common Law and Civil Law 263 C Islamic Law v. Common Law: The Verdict of the East India Company 267 C1 Introduction by Imran A. Nyazee............. 269 C2 Preface to the Second Edition .... 2. . - » 269 C3 On the Law and Constitution of India ee eR 3.1 Whatare the “law and constitution” of India... . 272 C32 The “law and constitution” cannot be Hindu as there is no such thing as Hindulaw ...0. 0.00.06 275 C33 There was never a Hindu judge under Muslim rule: Nopersonallaw < ; baie Inhibol Sas, , 279 C34 Public and private law were both Islamic 2... . . 279 C35 The Law in the Darul Islam must be Islamic... . . 281 C3.6 Historical Background of Islamic Law in India... 283 C4 The Merits of Islamic Law forIndia............ 294 D Jury System and Pakistan 305 Bibliography 311 Index : 315 ©lmran A. Nyazee Advanced Legal Studies InstitutePreface: The Syllabus Opportunity is missed by most people Because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work, Thomas A. Edison ~The syllabus for the new course on “Legal System of Pakistan” made ~~ in 2010 by HEC has the following to say: “LLB 124 LEGAL SYSTEM | OF PAKISTAN: This course aims to give students a good knowledge "of the Pakistani Legal System. It covers the historical background of fiive the legal system, the role of the legislature and the court system in ~~ Pakistan. The composition and functions of the Parliament and the Provincial assemblies, the judicial system of Pakistan including the “court structure and the judicial process. Concepts such as statutory interpretation and judicial precedent are covered together with Civil and Criminal processes.” The course focuses on the nature of the ____ legal system of Pakistan, its history, the legislature, judiciary and ___ the civil and criminal processes. In the description of the civil and criminal processes, it requires some description of the interpretation Of statutes and the doctrine of precedent. There are several books on “Introduction to Law” written by British and American writers.! Notable among these are one by Har- ris and another one by Beth Walter-Dunham. There are many books that bear the title “English Legal System” or “The American (US) Le- gal System.” The material covered by such books is almost similar to books called “Introduction to Law,” although the focus of these books, as is obvious, is on their own specific legal systems. When some of the major books in this area are examined, it be- comes obvious that they cover the material that has now been split into three courses in Pakistan. Thus, the books cover the material described in the syllabus on “Introduction to Law” along with the material included in the syllabus of the course on “Legal System of ae "There are books on the European Legal System, the German and French Systems, as well as on the legal sytems of every other country including China and Bangladesh.