KARABUK UNIVERSITY Lecture Content

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
STRENGTH OF 7.5 General State of Stress
MATERIALS II 7.6 Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three- Dimensional
Analysis of Stress

SECTION 7-b 7.7 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
TRANSFORMATIONS of 7.8 Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
STRESS and STRAIN

Asst. Prof. Özden İŞBİLİR

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 2

Example 7.04 Solution 7.04

For the state of stress shown,

determine
(a) the principal planes and the
principal stresses,
SOLUTION:
(b) the stress components exerted on • Principal planes and stresses
the element obtained by rotating the • Construct Mohr’s circle XF 48 σ max = OA = OC + CA σ max = OA = OC − BC
given element counterclockwise tan 2θ p = = = 2.4
σ x + σ y 100 + 60 CF 20 = 80 + 52 = 80 − 52
through 30 degrees. σ ave = = = 80 MPa
2 2 2θ p = 67.4°
σ max = +132 MPa σ min = +28 MPa
R= (CF )2 + (FX )2 = (20)2 + (48)2 = 52 MPa θ p = 33.7° clockwise
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 3 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 4

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 Solution 7.04 7.5 General State of Stress
• Consider the general 3D state of stress at a point and
the transformation of stress from element rotation

• State of stress at Q defined by: σ x ,σ y ,σ z ,τ xy ,τ yz ,τ zx

• Consider tetrahedron with face ABC perpendicular

to the line QN with direction cosines: λx , λ y , λz

φ = 180° − 60° − 67.4° = 52.6°

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
σ x′ = OK = OC − KC = 80 − 52 cos 52.6° • The requirement ∑ Fn = 0 leads to,
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that σ y′ = OL = OC + CL = 80 + 52 cos 52.6° σ n = σ xλ2x + σ y λ2y + σ z λ2z
correspond to stress components on the
τ x′y′ = KX ′ = 52 sin 52.6° + 2τ xy λx λ y + 2τ yz λ y λz + 2τ zx λ z λ x
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2θ = 60° σ x′ = +48.4 MPa
σ y′ = +111.6 MPa
τ x′y′ = 41.3 MPa
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7.6 Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

7.5 General State of Stress Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• Form of equation guarantees that an element
orientation can be found such that

σ n = σ aλ2a + σ bλb2 + σ cλ2c

These are the principal axes and principal planes

and the normal stresses are the principal stresses.

• Transformation of stress for an element • The three circles represent the

rotated around a principal axis may be normal and shearing stresses for
represented by Mohr’s circle. rotation around each principal axis.
• Points A, B, and C represent the • Radius of the largest circle yields the
principal stresses on the principal planes maximum shearing stress.
(shearing stress is zero) 1
τ max = σ max − σ min
2
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 7.6 Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three- 7.6 Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-
Dimensional Analysis of Stress Dimensional Analysis of Stress

• In the case of plane stress, the axis • If A and B are on the same side of the
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a origin (i.e., have the same sign), then
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
a) the circle defining σmax, σmin, and
• If the points A and B (representing the τmax for the element is not the circle
principal planes) are on opposite sides of corresponding to transformations within
the origin, then the plane of stress
a) the corresponding principal stresses
b) maximum shearing stress for the
are the maximum and minimum
element is equal to half of the
normal stresses for the element
maximum stress
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum “in- c) planes of maximum shearing stress are
plane” shearing stress at 45 degrees to the plane of stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
are at 45o to the principal planes.
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 9 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 10

Example 7.05 Solution 7.05

For the state of plane stress shown

in the figure, determine

(a) the three principal planes and

principal stresses,

(b) the absolute maximum

shearing stress.

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 7.7 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress 7.7 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
• Failure of a machine component 1) Maximum shearing stress criteria
subjected to uniaxial stress is directly (Tresca Hexagon) :
predicted from an equivalent tensile test
Structural component is safe as long as the
• Failure of a machine component
maximum shearing stress is less than the
subjected to plane stress cannot be
maximum shearing stress in a tensile test
directly predicted from the uniaxial state
specimen at yield, i.e.,
of stress in a tensile test specimen
σ
τ max < τ Y = Y
• It is convenient to determine the 2
principal stresses and to base the failure
For σa and σb with the same sign,
criteria on the corresponding biaxial
stress state σa σb σ
τ max = or < Y
2 2 2
• Failure criteria based on the mechanism
of failure allows comparison of the For σa and σb with opposite signs,
failure conditions for a uniaxial stress σa −σb σ
τ max = < Y
test and biaxial component loading 2 2

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7.7 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress 7.7 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Comparison
2) Maximum distortion energy criteria (Von Maximum shearing stress criteria (Tresca
Mises) : Hexagon) vs Maximum distortion energy
criteria (Von Mises) :
Structural component is safe as long as the
distortion energy per unit volume is less If yield occurs in a tensile and compression
than that occurring in a tensile test specimen test, the states of stress represented by six
at yield. points, the two criteria give the same results.
ud < uY
For any other state of stress, the maximum-
1
6G
(
σ a2 − σ aσ b + σ b2 < )1
6G
(
σ Y2 − σ Y × 0 + 02 ) shearing stress criterion is more conservative
than the maximum-distortion energy criterion,
σ a2 − σ aσ b + σ b2 < σ Y2 since the hexagon is located within the ellipse.

the major axis of the ellipse (AB) bisects the first and third quadrants and If yield occurs in a torsion test when σa = σb = ± 0.5σy at A and B points
extends from A (σa = σb = + σY) to B (σa = σb = - σY ), while its minor axis according to the maximum-shearing-stress criterion, and when σa = σb = ±
(CD) extends from C (σa = σb = + 0.577σY ) to D (σa = σb = - 0.577σY ). 0.577 σy at C and D points according to the maximum-distortion-energy
criterion.
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 7.8 Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane 7.8 Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane
Stress Stress

Brittle materials fail suddenly through rupture 2) Mohr criteria:

or fracture in a tensile test. The failure
condition is characterized by the ultimate
strength σU. The ultimate strength of the material are
different in tension and in compression.

1) Maximum normal stress criteria If both principal stresses are positive, the
(Coulomb) : state of stress is safe as long as σa < σUT
and σb < σUT; if both principal stresses are
Structural component is safe as long as the negative, the state of stress is safe as long
maximum normal stress is less than the as |σa| < |σUC| and |σb| < |σUC|. Plotting the
ultimate strength of a tensile test specimen. point of coordinates σa and σb as shown in
figure, we verify that the state of stress is
σ a < σU safe as long as that point falls within one
σ b < σU of the square areas shown in that figure.

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Example 7.06 Solution 7.06

The state of plane stress shown occurs at a critical point of a steel machine
component. As a result of several tensile tests, it has been found that the
tensile yield strength is σY = 250 MPa for the grade of steel used.
Determine the factor of safety with respect to yield, using
(a) the maximum shearing stress criterion
(b) the maximum distortion energy criterion

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 Solution 7.06

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 21