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Benenstein Basic Tee Protocol

This document outlines the protocol for performing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). It describes evaluating patients for any contraindications to the procedure like a history of esophageal disease or bleeding disorders. It also involves assessing if patients are suitable candidates for moderate sedation based on their medical history and airway exam. The physical exam should check the cardiac, respiratory and airway systems. The protocol describes informing patients of risks and obtaining consent, checking the TEE equipment, monitoring vital signs during the procedure, and observing patients closely for any issues.

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Yu-Chi Tsung
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views41 pages

Benenstein Basic Tee Protocol

This document outlines the protocol for performing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). It describes evaluating patients for any contraindications to the procedure like a history of esophageal disease or bleeding disorders. It also involves assessing if patients are suitable candidates for moderate sedation based on their medical history and airway exam. The physical exam should check the cardiac, respiratory and airway systems. The protocol describes informing patients of risks and obtaining consent, checking the TEE equipment, monitoring vital signs during the procedure, and observing patients closely for any issues.

Uploaded by

Yu-Chi Tsung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC TEE PROTOCOL

 
           R icardo J. Benenstein, MD
Non-Invasive Cardiology  
 
                         
Before the TEE procedure…
Although  generally  a  very  safe  procedure  when  performed  in  appropriately  selected  patients  
with  proper  technique,  TEE  can,  on  rare  occasions,  result  in  serious  complications.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Therefore,  every  comprehensive  TEE  examination  begins  with  a  thorough  history  of  the  patient  
illness,  indications  for  TEE,  prior  echo/TEE  reports,  review  of  the  medical  records,  pertinent  labs,  
and  most  important  a  search  for  contraindications  to  the  procedure:  

Specific  questions  should  be  asked  regarding  history  of  anticoagulation  or  bleeding  disorders,  
dysphagia,  odynophagia,  hematemesis,  esophageal  disease  (history  of  chronic  ETOH  or  liver  
cirrhosis  shall  rise  the  concern  for  esophageal  varices),  and  prior  GI  surgeries.    
When  a  history  of  esophageal  disease  or  symptoms  is  discovered,  the  relative  risk  of  performing  
TEE  must  be  balanced  against  the  potential  benefit  of  the  procedure.  
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 2  
The  decision  to  proceed  despite  such  symptoms  should  be  documented  in  the  medical  record  
with  an  acknowledgement  of  the  increased  risk,  including  informed  consent  from  the  patient.    
GI  evaluation  with  esophagoscopy can be helpful in assessing the risk of performing TEE.
Assessment of last food and drink intake, as well as presence of dentures or loose teeth

The  pre-­‐procedure  evaluation  continues  with  an  assessment  of  patient’s  suitability  for  
moderate  sedation:  
The  history  should  focus  on  identifying  risk  factors  that  may  increase  the  sensitivity  to  sedatives  
and  analgesics,  patients  at  risk  of  cardiopulmonary  complications  or  difficulties  in  managing  
complications  if  they  were  to  arise:  
Underlying  cardiopulmonary  disease  may  cause  accentuated  depression  with  sedatives  
and  analgesics  
Renal  and  hepatic  disease  may  impair  drug  metabolism  
Other  medications  that  may  cause  unwanted  drug  interactions  
Allergies  may  cause  allergic  reactions  
Alcohol  or  drugs  abuse  may  change  the  patient’s  reaction  to  the  sedatives  and  analgesics  
Tobacco  may  cause  airway  irritability,  bronchospasm  and  coughing  
Previous  reactions  to  sedatives  may  increase  the  risk  in  subsequent  procedures  
Airway  history  that  increases  the  sedation  risk  includes  stridor,  snoring,  sleep  apnea,  
dysmorphic  facial  features,  Down  Syndrome,  upper  respiratory  infections,  and  advanced  
rheumatoid  arthritis  

The  physical  examination  should  emphasize  cardiac,  respiratory  and  airway.  


Normal  Airway  Examination  
Opens  mouth  normally  (for  adults  –  greater  than  2  finger  widths  or  3  cm)  
Able  to  see  at  least  part  of  the  uvula  and  tonsillar  pillars  with  mouth  open  &  tongue  out  
Normal  chin  length  (for  adults  –  length  of  chin  is  greater  than  2  finger  widths  or  3  cm)  
Normal  neck  flexion  and  extension  without  pain/paresthesias  

ASA  airway  classification.  The  progression  of  diagrams  from  left  to  right  suggests  increased  
difficulty  in  airway  management  during  sedation  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 3  
Abnormal  Airway  Exam  
Inability  to  open  mouth  normally  
Inability  to  visualize  at  least  part  of  uvula  or  tonsils  with  mouth  wide  open  and  tongue  out  
High  arched  palate  
Tonsillar  hypertrophy  
Small  or  recessed  chin  
Neck  has  limited  range  of  motion  
Low  set  ears  
Signficant  obesity  of  the  face/neck  
 
Patients  with  any  significant  history  or  an  abnormal  airway  examination  (including  Class  III  or  
IV  airway)  should  be  considered  at  higher  risk  and  should  be  evaluated  by  anesthesia.  
 
 
After  patient  is  medically  clear  for  the  TEE  procedure:  
 Explain  benefits  and  risks  to  the  patient  and/or  family  member;  and  obtain  a  written  
consent  for  TEE  and  moderate  sedation  from  patient  or  family  member  if  patient  is  not  
able  to  consent.    
 Time  Out  –  proper  identification  !!!!  
 Connect  and  test  ALL  TEE  probe  functions,  including  flexion  versions  and  the  multiplane  
angle  rotation.  
 Select  correct  TEE  settings  
 Check  EKG  tracing  in  the  Echo  display  and  VS  monitor  
 Check  there  is  tape  available  to  record  study  
 Check  for  adequate  vital  signs  monitor  tracings  (EKG,  HR,  Blood  Pressure,  RR,  Sp02).    
 Patient  positioning  and  prepare  bite  guard  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 4  
During the TEE procedure…
Before  attempting  to  perform  an  oropharingeal  intubation  with  the  TEE  probe:  
 Check  immediate  pre  procedure  vital  signs!!!!  
 Check  for  proper  function  of  the  suctioning  device  
 Specify  to  the  nurse  sedative  and  analgesic  medications  and  estimated  doses.  
 Sedate  only  with  an  attending  present.  
 Insert  probe  
 During  the  TEE  examination  very  frequently  observe  the  VS  monitor  to  assess  
patient  hemodynamic  status,  breathing  and  oxygenation;  or  ask  the  nurse  to  
provide  you  with  several  readings  during  procedure    

Beware  of  the  potential  complications  and  injuries  during  TEE  probe  
insertion  and  manipulation  in  the  esophagus  and  stomach  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 5  
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 6  
The  American  Society  of  Echocardiography  (ASE)  and  the  Society  of  Cardiovascular  
Anesthesiologists  (SCA)  jointly  published  guidelines  for  performing  a  
comprehensive  transesophageal  examination.    
 
ASE/SCA Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane
Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination:
Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative
Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists
Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12:884-900
 
These  guidelines  describe  20  views  of  the  heart  and  great  vessels  that  include  all  four  
chambers  and  valves  of  the  heart  as  well  as  the  thoracic  aorta  and  the  pulmonary  artery.    
The  order  in  which  these  views  are  acquired  during  a  TEE  examination  will  vary  
according  operator  preferences  and/or  the  particular  cardiac  problem  of  the  patient.  
The  following  is  a  description  of  an  approach  to  perform  a  comprehensive  TEE  
examination.  It  is  merely  one  example  of  many  equally  valid  ways  to  proceed.    
It  is  usually  most  efficient  to  complete  all  of  the  midesophageal  views  first,  then  proceed  
to  the  transgastric  views,  and  finally  finish  with  an  examination  of  the  thoracic  aorta,  
however  a  more  focus  examination  is  also  customary  based  on  the  clinical  scenario.  

 Ricardo Benenstein, MD 7  
Comprehensive  TEE  examination  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 8  
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 9  
After  the  TEE  probe  is  inserted,  it  is  
manipulated  to  obtain  different  views  of  the  
heart.  The  following  terminology  is  used  in  
the  ASE/SCA  guidelines  to  describe  the  
manipulation  of  the  probe.  These  terms  are  
made  assuming  that  the  imaging  plane  is  
anterior  to  the  esophagus  through  the  heart  
in  a  patient  in  standard  supine  anatomic  
position.    
 
 
Rotating  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  probe  
within  the  esophagus  toward  the  patient's  
right  is  called  “turning  to  the  right”  
(clockwise),  and  rotating  it  toward  the  left  is  
called  “turning  to  the  left”  
(counterclockwise).    
 
 
Pushing  the  tip  of  the  probe  more  distal  into  
the  esophagus  or  the  stomach  is  called  
“advancing  the  transducer”,  and  pulling  the  
tip  more  proximally  is  called  “withdrawing  
the  probe”.    
 
 
Flexing  the  tip  of  the  probe  with  the  large  
control  wheel  anteriorly  is  called  
“anteflexing”,  and  flexing  it  posteriorly  
“retroflexing”.    Flexing  the  tip  of  the  probe  
with  the  small  control  wheel  to  the  patient's  
right  is  called  “flexing  to  the  right”,  and  
flexing  it  in  the  opposite  direction  is  called  
“flexing  to  the  left”.  

 Ricardo Benenstein, MD 10  
Finally,  increasing  the  transducer  
multiplane  angle  from  zero  
degrees  towards  180  degrees  is  
called  “rotating  or  multiplane  
forward”,  and  decreasing  in  the  
opposite  direction  towards  zero  
degrees  is  called  “rotating  or  
multiplane  back”.  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 11  
A  -­‐  MID  ESOPHAGEAL  VIEWS  

A  

L   R  

LAA RCC  
LCC  
NCC  
AL  

SL  
PL  

60°
120°
90°

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 12  
 
(a)  ME  0°  FOUR  CHAMBERS  views  

To  obtain  the  ME  at  0°  view  of  the  LV,  position  
the  transducer  posterior  to  the  LA  at  the  mid  
level  of  the  MV.  The  imaging  plane  is  oriented  
to  pass  simultaneously  through  the  center  of  
the  mitral  annulus  and  the  apex  of  the  LV.    
The  LV  is  usually  oriented  within  the  patient’s  
chest  with  its  apex  somewhat  more  inferior  
than  the  base,  so  the  tip  of  the  probe  may  
require  retroflexion  to  direct  the  imaging  
plane  through  the  apex  and  attempt  to  obtain  
a  “true  apex”  
Multiplane  rotation  between  0°  -­‐  20°  may  be  
necessary  to  obtain  a  true  four  chamber  view,  
until  the  AV  is  no  longer  visualized.    

P2
A2
SL
AL
AL
IS

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 13  
From  the  ME  at  0°  of  the  LV  view  position,  the  LA  is  fully  examined  from  top  to  
bottom  by  rotating  the  probe  from  right  to  left  and  advancing  the  probe  until  the  
plane  passes  through  the  floor  of  the  LA  and  then  withdrawing  until  the  dome  of  
the  atrium  is  reached.      
The  MID  esophageal  four  chambers  show:  
-­‐ The  basal  and  mid  infero-­‐septal,  basal  and  mid  antero-­‐lateral  segments,  as  
well  the  apical  septum  and  apical  lateral  if  a  true  apex  is  obtained.  
-­‐ The  A2  and  P2  Mitral  valve  scallops.  
-­‐ The  septal  leaflet  and  the  anterior  (or  posterior  depending  on  the  
orientation)  leaflet  of  the  Tricuspid  valve.  

By  turning  the  probe  to  the  right  until  the  tricuspid  valve  is  in  the  center  of  the  
display,  the  right  heart  is  exposed  fully,  and  appropriate  assessment  of  the  size  
and  function  is  obtained.  

IAS

SL
AL

RAA

RV  free  wall  

Turning  back  to  the  left,  the  four  


chambers  view  is  again  in  the  center  
of  the  field.      Now  withdrawing  
the  probe  1  –  1.5  cm,  the  LVOT  and  
aortic  valve  are  exposed  and  a  ME  5  
chambers  view  is  obtained  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 14  
-­‐ The  A1  and  P1  Mitral  valve  scallops  are  now  seen.  

P1
A1

Lower  esophageal  4  CH  view:  


Advancing  the  probe  slightly  
beyond  the  plane  of  the  four  
chambers  view,  A3  and  P3  
scallops  may  be  seen.    

While  in  the  ME  at  0°,  further  advancing  the  probe  until  the  transducer  is  
located  in  the  right  posterior  atrio-­‐ventricular  groove  (the  LA  is  no  longer  
visualized),  the  coronary  sinus  is  exposed,  and  the  ostium  of  the  inferior  
vena  cava  and  Eustachian  valve  as  well  may  be  seen.  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 15  
EUSTACHIAN  
VALVE  
IVC  
CORONARY  
SINUS  

RA  

RAA  
RV  

(g)  ME  60°  COMMISSURAL  view  

From  the  ME  four  chamber  view  at  0°  center  the  
LV  in  the  middle  of  the  display.  The  ME  60°  
Commissural  view  is  developed  by  rotating  the  
multiplane  angle  to  about  60°,  and  slightly  
turning  the  probe  to  the  left  to  keep  the  LV  open.    
This  view  will  allow  you  to  see:  
-­‐ The  left  atrial  appendage  
-­‐ Mitral  valve  scallops  P3  –  A2  –  P1  
-­‐ The  PM  and  AL  commissures.  
-­‐ The  postero-­‐medial  papillary  muscle  
-­‐ The  antero-­‐lateral  papillary  muscle  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 16  
Coumadin  ridge  

P3   A2   P1   LAA  

PM  pm   AL  pm  

ME  60°  Commissural  view  variations:  


-­‐ Depending  on  the  orientation  of  the  
MV  commissure  and  transducer  
rotation  angle,  the  2-­‐D  plane  may  pass  
through  P3,  the  PMcomm,  A2,  
ALcomm,  and  P1  scallop.  
-­‐ ➋ Turning  the  probe  to  the  right    
(clockwise)  the  2-­‐D  plane  may  cut  
through  the  P3  scallop,  the  PMcomm,  
and  the  A3,  A2,  A1  
segments  of  the  ALMV.  

-­‐ ➊ Turning  the  probe  to  


the  left  (counterclockwise)  the  2-­‐D  
plane  may  cut  through  the  P3,  P2,  P1  
scallops.  The  commissure  may  not  be  
visualized  except  in  diastole.  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 17  
(b)  ME  90°  TWO  CHAMBERS  view  

CS  
A3    A2    A1  
P3   LAA  

INF  
ANT  

ME  90°  2  Chambers  view  and  variations:  


The  ME  two-­‐chamber  view  is  developed  by  rotating  the  
multiplane  angle  forward  to  between  80°  and  100°  until  
the  right  atrium  (RA)  and  right  ventricle  (RV)  disappear.  
This  cross-­‐section  shows:  

-­‐ The  basal,  mid,  and  apical  segments  in  each  of  the  
anterior  and  inferior  walls.  
-­‐ Depending  on  the  orientation  of  the  MV  commissure  
and  transducer  rotation  angle,  different  segments  
and  scallops  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  leaflets.  
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 18  
ME  90°  2  Chambers  view  variations:  
-­‐ Depending  on  the  orientation  of  the  MV  
commissure  and  transducer  rotation  angle,  
the  2-­‐D  plane  may  cut  through  P2/3  scallop,  
the  PMcomm,  and  the  A3,  A2,  A1  segments.  

-­‐ ➋ Turning  the  probe  to  the  right    (clockwise)  


the  2-­‐D  plane  may  cut  through  the  P3  scallop,  
the  PMcomm,  and  the  A3,  A2,  
A1  segments  of  the  ALMV.  

-­‐ ➊ Turning  the  probe  to  the  


left  (counterclockwise)  the        
2-­‐D  plane  may  cut  through  the  P3,  P2,  P1  
scallops.  The  commissure  may  not  be  
visualized  except  in  diastole.  

 
(c)  ME  120°  AV  LONG  AXIS  view  

Finally,  the  mid  esophageal  long  axis  view  is  developed  by  rotating  the  multiplane  angle  
forward  to  between  120  and  140  degrees,  and  turning  the  probe  slightly  to  the  right  
(clockwise),  until  the  LV  outflow  tract  (LVOT),  AV,  and  the  proximal  ascending  aorta  
come  into  view.        This  view  shows:    
-­‐ The  basal  and  mid  antero-­‐septal,  and  the  basal  and  mid  infero-­‐lateral  segments.  
-­‐ The  P3/2  scallops  and  the  A1,  A2  segments  of  the  Mitral  valve.  
-­‐ The  RCC  and  the  NCC  (or  LCC)  of  the  aortic  valve.  
-­‐ Part  of  the  right  ventricle  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 19  
A2  A1  
 P2   NCC  /  LCC  

RCC  

IL   To  visualize  more  of  the  


AS   proximal  ascending  aorta,  
RV   slightly  withdraw  the  probe,  
maintaining  the  longitudinal  axis  
of  the  vessel  by  making  minor  
changes  in  the  multiplane  angle  
rotation.  
 

With  the  imaging  plane  properly  oriented  through  the  


center  of  the  mitral  annulus  and  the  LV  apex,  the  entire  
LV  can  be  examined,  without  moving  the  probe,  by  simply  
rotating  forward  from  0  to  180  degrees  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 20  
 
The  Left  Atrial  Appendage  views  
Examination  of  the  LAA  is  initiated  with  the  ME  four  chamber  view  rotating  the  
multiplane  angle  to  20°  –  40°,  and  slightly  withdrawing  and  turning  the  probe  to  
the  left  to  expose  the  superior  and  lateral  aspect  of  the  LA  where  the  LAA  is  seen.      
The  left  upper  pulmonary  vein  (LUPV),  which  enters  the  LA  just  lateral  to  the  LAA  
is  seen  as  well  separated  from  the  LAA  by  the  “Coumadin  ridge”.      
Adjust  the  image  depth  to  approximately  10  cm  or  less  to  maximize  the  LAA  size  in  
the  display.    The  LAA  is  then  carefully  examined  for  thrombus  by  increasing  and  
decreasing  the  multiplane  angle  (from  20°  –  150°)  while  holding  the  LAA  on  the  
centerline  of  the  image.  Slight  counterclockwise  rotation  of  the  probe  might  be  
necessary  to  keep  the  LAA  open  while  increasing  the  angle  rotation  forward.  

Coumadin  
LUPV  
Ridge  

LAA  

40°   60°   80°  

Pectinae  
Muscles  

100°   120°   140°  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 21  
 
 
The  Pulmonary  Veins  
Left  Pulmonary  Veins:  
The  left  upper  pulmonary  vein  (LUPV),  which  enters  the  LA  just  lateral  to  the  LAA  from  
an  anterior  to  posterior  trajectory,  can  be  examined  in  the  ME  at  40°  -­‐  60°  by  slightly  
withdrawing  and  turning  the  probe  to  the  left  to  expose  the  superior  and  lateral  aspect  of  
the  LA  (where  the  LAA  is  seen).    The  LUPV  is  superior  (in  the  display)  to  the  LAA  and  
separated  by  the  Coumadin  ridge.  

Coumadin  
Ridge   LUPV  

LAA  

The  Left  lower  pulmonary  vein  (LLPV)  is  then  identified  by  turning  slightly  farther  to  the  
left  and  advancing  1  to  2  cm.  The  LLPV  enters  the  LA  just  below  the  LUPV  and  courses  in  a  
more  lateral  to  medial  direction.      
The  LLPV  can  also  be  imaged  from  ME  view  at  90°:    at  40°-­‐60°  the  LUPV  lies  above  and  
posterior  to  the  LAA        To  find  the  LLPV  center  the  LUPV  on  the  display  with  color  
Doppler    increase  the  omniplane  angle  to  90-­‐100°,    then  identify  the  bifurcation  of  
the  LUPV  and  LLPV  as  an  inverted  "V"  using  color  Doppler.    

LUPV  
LLPV  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 22  
Right  Pulmonary  Veins:  
The  right  upper  pulmonary  vein  (RUPV)  is  imaged  by  turning  the  probe  to  the  right  at  the  
level  of  the  LAA.  Like  the  LUPV,  the  RUPV  can  be  seen  entering  the  LA  in  an  anterior  to  
posterior  direction.  The  right  lower  pulmonary  vein  (RLPV),  which  enters  the  LA  nearly  at  
a  right  angle  to  the  Doppler  beam,  is  then  located  by  advancing  the  probe  1  to  2  cm  and  
turning  slightly  to  the  right.  The  inter-­‐atrial  septum  (IAS)  is  examined  next  at  the  mid  
esophageal  level  by  turning  the  probe  slightly  to  the  right  of  midline  and  advancing  and  
withdrawing  the  probe  through  its  entire  superior-­‐inferior  extent.  
The  right  pulmonary  veins  can  be  imaged  from  ME  views.    
Both  right  pulmonary  veins  can  be  imaged  in  the  same  display    Find  the  LAA  view  (30-­‐
60°)  with  the  LUPV    then  turn  the  probe  right  to  find  both  right  pulmonary  veins,  then  
with  Color  Doppler  identify  both  veins  as  an  inverse  "V".  

LA  

RLPV  
RUPV   SVC  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 23  
 

(h)  ME  45°  AV  SHORT  AXIS  view  

The  ME  45°AV  SAX  view  is  developed  from  the  ME  window  by  advancing  or  
withdrawing  the  probe  until  the  AV  comes  into  view  and  then  turning  the  probe  to  
the  right  until  the  AV  is  centered  in  the  display.  The  image  depth  should  be  
adjusted  between  10  to  12  cm  until  the  AV  is  at  the  mid  level  of  the  display.    
Rotate  multiplane  angle  forward  until  a  symmetrical  image  of  all  three  cusps  of  the  
AV  is  seen,  approximately  30  to  60°  (it  usually  correspond  to  minus  90°  of  the  
multiplane  angle  of  the  ME  LONG  Axis).    
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 24  
 
The  cusp  adjacent  to  the  atrial  septum  is  the  NCC,  the  cusp  adjacent  to  the  RVOT  is  
the  RCC,  and  the  remaining  cusp  adjacent  to  the  LAA  is  the  LCC.    
The  imaging  plane  is  moved  superiorly  through  the  sinuses  of  Valsalva  by  
withdrawing  and  anteflexing  the  probe  slightly  to  bring  the  right  and  left  coronary  
ostia  and  then  the  sinotubular  junction  into  view.    
The  probe  is  then  advanced  by  moving  the  imaging  plane  through  and  then  under  
the  AV  annulus  showing  a  short-­‐axis  view  of  the  LVOT.    

LA  
IAS  

LCC  
NCC  
RA  

TV   RCC  

RVOT  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 25  
(m)  ME  RV  inflow  –  outflow  view:    
Multiplane  angle  forward  to  60  -­‐  90°  keeping  the  TV  visible,  until  the  RVOT,  Pulmonic  
Valve  and  the  main  Pulmonary  Artery  come  into  view.  

PA  

TV   PV  
RVOT  

AL  
AL  
PL  
PL  

(o)  ME  Ascending  AORTA  SAX  view:  


The  ME  AV  SAX  view  provides  a  view  of  the  PV  and  main  PA  to  the  right  side  of  the  display.  
Rotate  multiplane  angle  toward  0°  -­‐  20°  and  slightly  withdraw  the  probe  to  display  the  
bifurcation  of  the  main  PA  with  the  right  PA  at  the  top  of  the  display  coursing  off  to  the  
patient’s  right.    (The  left  PA  arches  over  the  left  bronchus  after  bifurcating  and  is  often  
difficult  to  visualize  with  TEE  as  the  airway  comes  between  it  and  the  esophagus).  

RPA   RPA  
LPA  
SVC  
Ao  
Ao  
PA   PA  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 26  
 
(i)  ME  BICAVAL  view:  
The  ME  BiCAVAL  view  is  developed  by  increasing  the  multiplane  
transducer  angle  forward  to  90°  –  120°  and  turning  the  probe  to  the  
right  (clockwise),  until  the  IVC  in  the  left  side  of  the  display  and  the  
SVC  appears  in  the  right  side.    

The  right  atrial  appendage,  extending  superiorly  from  the  anterior  


aspect  of  the  RA  is  seen  in  this  view,  below  the  “Crista  Terminalis”.    

The  Coronary  Sinus  is  seen  at  the  posterior  and  inferior  aspect  of  the  
right  atrium,  separated  from  the  IVC  by  the  Eustachian  valve.    
The  imaging  of  the  RA  is  completed  by  turning  the  probe  to  the  left  
and  the  right  through  the  lateral  to  the  medial  extent  of  the  atrium.  

The  inter-­‐atrial  septum  (IAS)  is  shown  through  its  entire  medial-­‐
lateral  extent  with  the  midesophageal  bicaval  view  by  turning  the  
probe  to  the  right  and  left.  The  IAS  has  a  thin  region  centrally  called  
the  “fossa  ovalis”  and  thicker  regions  called  the  “limbus,”  anteriorly  
and  posteriorly.  

Fosa  Ovalis  
LA  
Eustachian   IVC  
Valve  

Coronary  Sinus   SVC  


RA  

Crista  Terminalis  
RAA  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD  
27  
From  the  ME  BiCaval  view  at  110°,  continue  turning  the  probe  to  the  right  
(clockwise),  until  the  Right  Upper  Pulmonary  vein  is  displayed  in  the  right  side  of  
the  field.    

The  Tricuspid  Valve  is  seen  in  


from  the  ME  BiCaval  view  at  
110°,  rotating  the  multiplane  
angle  towards  140°  -­‐  150°.    

Fosa  Ovalis  

LA  

IVC  
Eustachian   SVC  
Valve   Crista  Terminalis  
RA  

Posterior  Leaflet  TV  


RAA  

Anterior  Leaflet  TV  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 28  
B  -­‐  TRANSGASTRIC  V IEW S  
 

After  all  the  Mid-­‐Esophageal  views  were  examined,  multiplane  the  transducer  angle  
back  to  the  ME  0°  four  chambers  view  and  position  the  left  ventricle  in  the  center  of  the  
display.    Then  gently  advancing  the  probe  into  the  stomach  and  anteflexing  the  tip  until  
the  heart  comes  into  view  develops  the  transgastric  views  of  the  LV.    
At  a  multiplane  angle  of  0°  the  short-­‐axis  view  of  the  LV  will  be  seen,  and  the  probe  is  
then  slightly  turned  as  needed  to  the  left  (counterclockwise)  or  right  (clockwise)  to  
center  the  LV  in  the  display.    
Consider  decrease  to  a  lower  transducer  frequency  to  improve  penetration  and  set  the  
depth  of  the  image  to  include  the  entire  LV,  usually  12  cm.  
There  are  several  transgastric  views  to  explore  at  different  angles:  
At    0°:        TG  LV  Basal  SAX  view  
           TG  LV  MID  SAX  view  
           TG  DEEP  LAX  view  or  Five  Chamber  view  
At  90°:      TG  TWO  CHAMBERS  view  
At  120°    TG  LAX  view  
           TG  RV  INFLOW  view  
At  30°        TG  RV  OUTFLOW  view  (or  Tricuspid  SAX  view)  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 29  
(f)  TG  0°  LV  BASAL  SAX  view:        “the  mitral  valve  view”    

The  SAX  view  of  the  mitral  valve  is  


obtained  by  advancing  and  
I  
positioning  the  probe  in  the  upper   IS  
stomach,  until  the  basal  level  of  the  
LV  and  MV  are  displayed.     RV   IL  

Anteflexing  the  tip  and  sometimes   AS  


adding  10°-­‐  20°  of  rotation  may  be  
necessary  to  align  the  imaging  plane   AL  
A   LAA  
of  the  MV  as  parallel  as  possible  to  
the  mitral  annulus  plane.  
Ao  
This  view  will  allow  you  to  see:    
All  six  basal  segments  of  the  LV,  
The  3  MV  anterior  leaflet  segments  and  3  posterior  scallops    (Although  this  view  is  
often  not  easy  to  obtain,  it  is  very  helpful  in  assessing  the  origin  of  mitral  regurgitant  jets).  
RV  function  

(d)  TG  0°  LV  MID  SAX  view:          


Further  advancing  the  probe    (!  always  leave  the  large  control  wheel  in  neutral  position  
when  advancing  or  withdrawing  the  probe  to  avoid  erosions  of  the  gastric  mucosa)  will  
display  the  SAX  of  the  left  ventricle  at  the  mid-­‐papillary  level  (at  0°):    
the  anterolateral  papillary  muscle  is  seen  at  ~ 4  and  5  o’clock  
the  posteromedial  papillary  muscle  approximately  between  ~ 11  and  2  o’clock        
The  free  wall  of  the  right  ventricle  is  seen  on  the  left  sector  side  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD  
30  
I  
IS  
IL  

AS  
AL  
 A  

If  the  image  is  not  clearly  displayed,  slightly  anteflex  the  probe  to  make  good  contact.    
This  cross-­‐section  shows  the  six  mid  level  segments  of  the  LV  and  is  the  most  common  
view  for  monitoring  LV  function.    
The  TG  mid  short  axis  view  is  used  for  assessing  LV  chamber  size  and  wall  thickness.    

(k)  TG  0°  DEEP  LAX  view:          

MV  
LVOT  

AV  

Ao  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 31  
To  develop  the  deep  transgastric  view  of  the  AV,  the  probe  is  
advanced  deep  into  the  stomach  from  the  transgastric  mid-­‐
short-­‐axis  view  and  positioned  adjacent  to  the  LV  apex.  The  
probe  is  then  anteflexed  until  the  imaging  plane  is  oriented  
towards  the  base  of  the  heart  producing  the  Deep  transgastric  
long-­‐axis  view.    
Deep  in  the  stomach  the  exact  position  of  the  transducer  is  
somewhat  difficult  to  determine,  some  trial  and  error  
withdrawing  or  advancing  the  may  be  needed,  and  slightly  
turning  the  probe  to  the  right  (clockwise)  to  develop  this  view  
in  most  patients.    

The  AV  is  located  at  the  bottom  of  the  display  in  the  far  field  in  the  deep  transgastric  
long-­‐axis  view,  with  the  LV  outflow  directed  away  from  the  transducer.    
Doppler  quantification  of  flow  velocities  through  the  LVOT  and  the  AV  is  possible  and  
usually  optimal  because  the  ultrasound  beam  is  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the  flow,  
maximizing  the  Doppler  shift  accuracy  (see  red  arrow  in   the  prior  image).    

 
(e)  TG  90°  TWO  CHAMBERS  view:          

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 32  
From  the  TG  0°  LV  basal  view  (MV  view),  multiplane  angle  rotation  forward  to  90°  to  
show  the  LV  in  long  axis  with  the  apex  to  the  left  and  the  mitral  annulus  to  the  right  of  the  
display.    
The  anteflexion  of  the  probe  is  adjusted  until  the  long  axis  of  the  LV  is  horizontal  in  the  
display.  This  view  is  especially  useful  for  examining  the  MV  sub-­‐valvular  apparatus,  
regarding  the  chordae  tendinae   is  perpendicular  to  the  ultrasound  beam  in  
this  plane.  
The  inferior  wall  and  the  postero-­‐medial  papillary  muscle  are  at  the  top  of  the  display;  and  
the  anterior  wall,  antero-­‐lateral  papillary  muscle,  and  left  atrial  appendage  at  the  bottom.  

INFERIOR  Wall  

ANTERIOR  Wall  

 
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 33  
 
(j)  TG  120°  LAX  view:          

IL  

AV  
LVOT  

AS  
Ao  

From  TG  90°  two  chamber,  omniplane  angle  rotation  to  110-­‐120°.  May  need  to  turn  probe  
to  right  (clockwise).  The  AV  seen  on  the  right  side  of  display,  adjust  depth  to  14-­‐16  cm.  
In  the  TG  LAX  view  (110-­‐120°)  the  imaging  plane  is  directed  longitudinally  through  the  LV  
to  image  the  aortic  root  in  LAX.  The  LVOT  and  AV  appear  on  the  display  right,  depending  
on  the  depth  settings.  This  is  view  is  similar  to  the  ME  AV  LAX  view  and  permits  better  
spectral  Doppler  alignment.  (Ultrasound  beam  is  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the  flow,  
maximizing  the  Doppler  shift  accuracy  (see  red  arrow  in  the  image)  

(n)  TG  120°  RV  INFLOW  view:          

TV  PL  

TV  AL  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 34  
The  transgastric  RV  inflow  view  is  developed  from  the  TG  two  chambers  or  the  LAX  view,  
by  turning  the  probe  to  the  right  until  the  RV  cavity  is  located  in  the  center  of  the  display  
and  rotating  the  multiplane  angle  forward  to  between  100  and  120  degrees  until  the  apex  
of  the  RV  appears  in  the  left  side  of  the  display.    
This  cross-­‐section  provides  good  views  of  the  inferior  (diaphragmatic)  portion  of  the  RV  
free  wall,  located  in  the  near  field.    

TV  PL  

TV  AL  

Further  rotation  and  turning  the  probe  to  


the  right,  discloses  the  right  ventricular  
outflow  tract,  with  the  PV  located  at  the  
bottom  of  the  sector.  
 
The  RVOT  and  PV  can  also  be  obtained  
from  the  TG  basal  or  mid  SAX  view  by  
turning  the  probe  to  the  right  and  rotating  
the  multiplane  angle  to  0°-­‐  40°  
RVOT  
 

LV  

RVOT  

PV  
PA  
  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 35  
 

An  additional  view  of  the  right  heart  (not  routinely  obtained,  but  important  whenever  
tricuspid  valve  pathology  has  to  be  evaluated),  is  the  TG  SAX  view  of  the  TV:    
The  SAX  view  of  the  TV  is  developed  from  the  TG  RV  inflow  (100°  -­‐  120°)  view  by  placing  
the  TV  annulus  plane  in  the  center  of  the  display,  and  multiplane  the  angle  rotation  back  
to  30°  -­‐  40°.    Slight  advancing/withdrawing  the  probe  may  be  necessary  to  see  all  three  
leaflets  of  the  tricuspid  valve.      
This  cross  section  produce  a  short-­‐axis  view  of  the  tricuspid  valve,  with  the  posterior  
leaflet  to  the  upper  left,  the  septal  leaflet  to  the  upper  right,  and  the  large  anterior  leaflet  
in  the  lower  half  of  valve  cross-­‐section.  

TV  PL  
TV  SL  

Same  image:   P  
TV  SAX  view,  
but  during  
Sytole       S   TV  AL  
(valve  closed)   A  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 36  
C  –  UPPER  ESOPHAGEAL  VIEWS  
 

(o)  ME  Asc.  AORTA  SAX        and      (p)  ME  Asc.  AORTA  LAX    views:  
The  ME  Ascending  Aorta  SAX  view  at  0°provides  a  view  of  the  proximal  ascending  aorta,  
main  PA  and  RPA.  To  obtain  this  cross  section:  from  ME  AV  SAX  (30°-­‐  50°),  withdraw  probe  
(ascending  aorta  SAX),  then  omniplane  angle  rotation  back  to  0°.  Adjust  depth  to  a  10-­‐12cm.  
By  rotating  the  multiplane  angle  to  90°-­‐100°  the  ME  Ascending  Aorta  LAX  view  is  obtained.  

ME  Ascending  Aorta   ME  Ascending  Aorta  


SAX  view  at  0°   LAX  view  at  90°  

RPA   RPA  

SVC  

Ao   PA   Ao  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 37  
(q,  r,  s)  DESCENDING  AORTA  and  AORTIC  ARCH  views:    
TEE  examination  of  the  descending  thoracic  aorta  is  accomplished  by  turning  the  probe  to  the  left  
(counterclockwise)  from  the  ME  0°  five-­‐chamber  view  until  the  circular  image  of  the  aorta  is  
located  in  the  center  of  the  near  field  of  the  display  producing  the  DESCENDING  AORTA  SAX  view.    
The  image  depth  is  decreased  to  6  to  8  cm  to  increase  the  size  of  the  aorta  in  the  display  and  the  
focusing  depth  moved  to  the  near  field  to  optimize  image  quality.  The  multiplane  angle  is  rotated  
forward  from  0°  to  between  90°  and  110°  to  yield  circular,  oblique,  and  eventually  the  descending  
aortic  long  axis  view.  
With  the  view  of  the  AORTA  in  SAX,  slow  and  gently  withdraw  the  probe  to  follow  the  descending  
thoracic  aorta  until  the  view  of  the  UE  AORTIC  ARCH  LAX  is  reached  at  about  20-­‐25  cm  from  the  
incisors  (the  aorta  changes  into  an  oval  shape).    Then  withdraw  and  turn  probe  slightly  to  the  
right  to  see  the  aortic  arch.  Rotating  the  multiplane  angle  to  90°,  the  UE  AORTIC  ARCH  LAX  view  
will  be  at  the  center  of  display.  By  slightly  withdraw  the  probe  the  origin  of  the  left  subclavian  
artery  can  be  displayed  as  well.  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 38  
(t)  UE  AORTIC    ARCH  SAX  view:    
From  the  UE  Aortic  Arch  LAX  (0°)  view  rotate  the  omniplane  angle  to  60-­‐90°,  then  bring  the  PV  
and  PA  in  view  by  slight  turn  the  probe  to  the  right.  
The  display  shows  the  proximal  origin  of  the  aorta  and  left  subclavian  artery  in  the  upper  right.  
The  PV  and  main  PA  in  LAX  is  seen  in  the  lower  left  of  the  display.  

Ao  

PA  

Pv  

The  AORTIC    ARCH  vessels:  


❷  
❸   ❶  

Ao   L  CCA    

Ao   In  A     Ao  
L  SCA  

Farther  turn  probe  to  the  right    Identify  the  


origin  of  the  left  common  carotid  artery    

Rotate  the  probe  far  right    


From  the  UE  aortic  arch  SAX  
Proximal  segment  of  the  
view  (90°)  slightly  withdraw  and  turn  
innominate  artery  in  LAX  is  seen  at  
probe  to  the  right    Identify  the  origin  
2  o'clock  
of  the  left  subclavian  artery  at  2  o'clock  

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 39  
After the TEE procedure…
After  the  comprehensive  TEE  examination  is  done  (make  sure  you  did  obtain  all  the  
required  information)  proceed  to  remove  the  probe  from  the  oropharinx:  

 MAKE  SURE  THE  PROBE  IS  IN  NEUTRAL  POSITION  before  attempt  to  remove  it.    
 Check  immediately  post  procedure  vital  signs!!!!  
 Suction  to  clear  mouth  and  airway  from  secretions  
 Check  for  bleeding  from  the  mouth  and  for  blood  in  the  TEE  probe  
 Check  patient  mental  status  and  degree  of  conscious  sedation  
 Check  for  neck  pain,  sore  throat,  difficulty  swallowing  
 Pull  the  rails  of  the  bed  up  again  before  leaving  bedside  
 Check  with  nurse  total  dose  of  sedative  and  analgesic  medications  given.  
 Store  movie  clips  and  end  study  in  the  machine.  
 Discuss  with  attending  pertinent  findings  and  communicate  them  to  the  referring  
provider  or  medical  team.    Brief  procedure  note  in  chart  (if  necessary)  documenting  
pertinent  positives  and  negatives.  
 Evaluate  patient  prior  discharge.  
 Discuss  with  the  patient  and/or  family  members  results  (if  appropriate).    
 Advise  regarding  common  side  effects  of  the  sedatives,  and  possible  minor  discomfort  
due  to  procedure  (mild  sore  throat,  hoarseness,  etc).  Advise  to  call  MD  if  more  serious  
discomfort  develops.  
 Sign  the  discharge  papers.  
 Create  a  preliminary  report    

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 40  
Sources and References

ASE/SCA Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane


Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination:
Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative
Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in
Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12:884-900

Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography: update 2010


F.A. Flachskampf , L. Badano, W.G. Daniel, R.O. Feneck, K.F. Fox, Alan G. Fraser, Agnes Pasquet, M.
Pepi, L. Perez de Isla, and J.L. Zamorano, for the European Association of Echocardiography; endorsed
by the Echo Committee of the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiologists
European Journal of Echocardiography (2010) 11, 557–576

Safety of Transesophageal Echocardiography


Jan N. Hilberath, MD, Daryl A. Oakes, MD, Stanton K. Shernan, MD, Bernard E. Bulwer, MD,
Michael N. D’Ambra, MD, and Holger K. Eltzschig, MD, PhD, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanford,
California; and Denver, Colorado
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:1115-1127

Comprehensive Textbook of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography, 2nd Ed 2011


Robert M Savage, Salomon Aronson, Stanton K Sherman

Transesophageal Echocardiography, 1st Ed, 1992


Yasu Oka, Paul Goldiner

http://pie.med.utoronto.ca/TEE/TEE_content/TEE_standardViews_intro.html

What are the Physical Status Classifications for a Pre-Anesthesia Evaluation?


http://www.pediatriceducation.org/2005/08/01/what-are-the-physical-status-classifications-for-a-
pre-anesthesia-evaluation/

NYU Echo Lab - May 2011

   

  Ricardo Benenstein, MD 41  

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