Benenstein Basic Tee Protocol
Benenstein Basic Tee Protocol
R icardo J. Benenstein, MD
Non-Invasive Cardiology
Before the TEE procedure…
Although
generally
a
very
safe
procedure
when
performed
in
appropriately
selected
patients
with
proper
technique,
TEE
can,
on
rare
occasions,
result
in
serious
complications.
Therefore,
every
comprehensive
TEE
examination
begins
with
a
thorough
history
of
the
patient
illness,
indications
for
TEE,
prior
echo/TEE
reports,
review
of
the
medical
records,
pertinent
labs,
and
most
important
a
search
for
contraindications
to
the
procedure:
Specific
questions
should
be
asked
regarding
history
of
anticoagulation
or
bleeding
disorders,
dysphagia,
odynophagia,
hematemesis,
esophageal
disease
(history
of
chronic
ETOH
or
liver
cirrhosis
shall
rise
the
concern
for
esophageal
varices),
and
prior
GI
surgeries.
When
a
history
of
esophageal
disease
or
symptoms
is
discovered,
the
relative
risk
of
performing
TEE
must
be
balanced
against
the
potential
benefit
of
the
procedure.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 2
The
decision
to
proceed
despite
such
symptoms
should
be
documented
in
the
medical
record
with
an
acknowledgement
of
the
increased
risk,
including
informed
consent
from
the
patient.
GI
evaluation
with
esophagoscopy can be helpful in assessing the risk of performing TEE.
Assessment of last food and drink intake, as well as presence of dentures or loose teeth
The
pre-‐procedure
evaluation
continues
with
an
assessment
of
patient’s
suitability
for
moderate
sedation:
The
history
should
focus
on
identifying
risk
factors
that
may
increase
the
sensitivity
to
sedatives
and
analgesics,
patients
at
risk
of
cardiopulmonary
complications
or
difficulties
in
managing
complications
if
they
were
to
arise:
Underlying
cardiopulmonary
disease
may
cause
accentuated
depression
with
sedatives
and
analgesics
Renal
and
hepatic
disease
may
impair
drug
metabolism
Other
medications
that
may
cause
unwanted
drug
interactions
Allergies
may
cause
allergic
reactions
Alcohol
or
drugs
abuse
may
change
the
patient’s
reaction
to
the
sedatives
and
analgesics
Tobacco
may
cause
airway
irritability,
bronchospasm
and
coughing
Previous
reactions
to
sedatives
may
increase
the
risk
in
subsequent
procedures
Airway
history
that
increases
the
sedation
risk
includes
stridor,
snoring,
sleep
apnea,
dysmorphic
facial
features,
Down
Syndrome,
upper
respiratory
infections,
and
advanced
rheumatoid
arthritis
ASA
airway
classification.
The
progression
of
diagrams
from
left
to
right
suggests
increased
difficulty
in
airway
management
during
sedation
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 3
Abnormal
Airway
Exam
Inability
to
open
mouth
normally
Inability
to
visualize
at
least
part
of
uvula
or
tonsils
with
mouth
wide
open
and
tongue
out
High
arched
palate
Tonsillar
hypertrophy
Small
or
recessed
chin
Neck
has
limited
range
of
motion
Low
set
ears
Signficant
obesity
of
the
face/neck
Patients
with
any
significant
history
or
an
abnormal
airway
examination
(including
Class
III
or
IV
airway)
should
be
considered
at
higher
risk
and
should
be
evaluated
by
anesthesia.
After
patient
is
medically
clear
for
the
TEE
procedure:
Explain
benefits
and
risks
to
the
patient
and/or
family
member;
and
obtain
a
written
consent
for
TEE
and
moderate
sedation
from
patient
or
family
member
if
patient
is
not
able
to
consent.
Time
Out
–
proper
identification
!!!!
Connect
and
test
ALL
TEE
probe
functions,
including
flexion
versions
and
the
multiplane
angle
rotation.
Select
correct
TEE
settings
Check
EKG
tracing
in
the
Echo
display
and
VS
monitor
Check
there
is
tape
available
to
record
study
Check
for
adequate
vital
signs
monitor
tracings
(EKG,
HR,
Blood
Pressure,
RR,
Sp02).
Patient
positioning
and
prepare
bite
guard
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 4
During the TEE procedure…
Before
attempting
to
perform
an
oropharingeal
intubation
with
the
TEE
probe:
Check
immediate
pre
procedure
vital
signs!!!!
Check
for
proper
function
of
the
suctioning
device
Specify
to
the
nurse
sedative
and
analgesic
medications
and
estimated
doses.
Sedate
only
with
an
attending
present.
Insert
probe
During
the
TEE
examination
very
frequently
observe
the
VS
monitor
to
assess
patient
hemodynamic
status,
breathing
and
oxygenation;
or
ask
the
nurse
to
provide
you
with
several
readings
during
procedure
Beware
of
the
potential
complications
and
injuries
during
TEE
probe
insertion
and
manipulation
in
the
esophagus
and
stomach
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 5
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 6
The
American
Society
of
Echocardiography
(ASE)
and
the
Society
of
Cardiovascular
Anesthesiologists
(SCA)
jointly
published
guidelines
for
performing
a
comprehensive
transesophageal
examination.
ASE/SCA Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane
Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination:
Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative
Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists
Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12:884-900
These
guidelines
describe
20
views
of
the
heart
and
great
vessels
that
include
all
four
chambers
and
valves
of
the
heart
as
well
as
the
thoracic
aorta
and
the
pulmonary
artery.
The
order
in
which
these
views
are
acquired
during
a
TEE
examination
will
vary
according
operator
preferences
and/or
the
particular
cardiac
problem
of
the
patient.
The
following
is
a
description
of
an
approach
to
perform
a
comprehensive
TEE
examination.
It
is
merely
one
example
of
many
equally
valid
ways
to
proceed.
It
is
usually
most
efficient
to
complete
all
of
the
midesophageal
views
first,
then
proceed
to
the
transgastric
views,
and
finally
finish
with
an
examination
of
the
thoracic
aorta,
however
a
more
focus
examination
is
also
customary
based
on
the
clinical
scenario.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 7
Comprehensive
TEE
examination
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 8
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 9
After
the
TEE
probe
is
inserted,
it
is
manipulated
to
obtain
different
views
of
the
heart.
The
following
terminology
is
used
in
the
ASE/SCA
guidelines
to
describe
the
manipulation
of
the
probe.
These
terms
are
made
assuming
that
the
imaging
plane
is
anterior
to
the
esophagus
through
the
heart
in
a
patient
in
standard
supine
anatomic
position.
Rotating
the
anterior
aspect
of
the
probe
within
the
esophagus
toward
the
patient's
right
is
called
“turning
to
the
right”
(clockwise),
and
rotating
it
toward
the
left
is
called
“turning
to
the
left”
(counterclockwise).
Pushing
the
tip
of
the
probe
more
distal
into
the
esophagus
or
the
stomach
is
called
“advancing
the
transducer”,
and
pulling
the
tip
more
proximally
is
called
“withdrawing
the
probe”.
Flexing
the
tip
of
the
probe
with
the
large
control
wheel
anteriorly
is
called
“anteflexing”,
and
flexing
it
posteriorly
“retroflexing”.
Flexing
the
tip
of
the
probe
with
the
small
control
wheel
to
the
patient's
right
is
called
“flexing
to
the
right”,
and
flexing
it
in
the
opposite
direction
is
called
“flexing
to
the
left”.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 10
Finally,
increasing
the
transducer
multiplane
angle
from
zero
degrees
towards
180
degrees
is
called
“rotating
or
multiplane
forward”,
and
decreasing
in
the
opposite
direction
towards
zero
degrees
is
called
“rotating
or
multiplane
back”.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 11
A
-‐
MID
ESOPHAGEAL
VIEWS
A
L R
LAA RCC
LCC
NCC
AL
0°
SL
PL
60°
120°
90°
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 12
(a)
ME
0°
FOUR
CHAMBERS
views
To
obtain
the
ME
at
0°
view
of
the
LV,
position
the
transducer
posterior
to
the
LA
at
the
mid
level
of
the
MV.
The
imaging
plane
is
oriented
to
pass
simultaneously
through
the
center
of
the
mitral
annulus
and
the
apex
of
the
LV.
The
LV
is
usually
oriented
within
the
patient’s
chest
with
its
apex
somewhat
more
inferior
than
the
base,
so
the
tip
of
the
probe
may
require
retroflexion
to
direct
the
imaging
plane
through
the
apex
and
attempt
to
obtain
a
“true
apex”
Multiplane
rotation
between
0°
-‐
20°
may
be
necessary
to
obtain
a
true
four
chamber
view,
until
the
AV
is
no
longer
visualized.
P2
A2
SL
AL
AL
IS
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 13
From
the
ME
at
0°
of
the
LV
view
position,
the
LA
is
fully
examined
from
top
to
bottom
by
rotating
the
probe
from
right
to
left
and
advancing
the
probe
until
the
plane
passes
through
the
floor
of
the
LA
and
then
withdrawing
until
the
dome
of
the
atrium
is
reached.
The
MID
esophageal
four
chambers
show:
-‐ The
basal
and
mid
infero-‐septal,
basal
and
mid
antero-‐lateral
segments,
as
well
the
apical
septum
and
apical
lateral
if
a
true
apex
is
obtained.
-‐ The
A2
and
P2
Mitral
valve
scallops.
-‐ The
septal
leaflet
and
the
anterior
(or
posterior
depending
on
the
orientation)
leaflet
of
the
Tricuspid
valve.
By
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
until
the
tricuspid
valve
is
in
the
center
of
the
display,
the
right
heart
is
exposed
fully,
and
appropriate
assessment
of
the
size
and
function
is
obtained.
IAS
SL
AL
RAA
RV free wall
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 14
-‐ The
A1
and
P1
Mitral
valve
scallops
are
now
seen.
P1
A1
While
in
the
ME
at
0°,
further
advancing
the
probe
until
the
transducer
is
located
in
the
right
posterior
atrio-‐ventricular
groove
(the
LA
is
no
longer
visualized),
the
coronary
sinus
is
exposed,
and
the
ostium
of
the
inferior
vena
cava
and
Eustachian
valve
as
well
may
be
seen.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 15
EUSTACHIAN
VALVE
IVC
CORONARY
SINUS
RA
RAA
RV
From
the
ME
four
chamber
view
at
0°
center
the
LV
in
the
middle
of
the
display.
The
ME
60°
Commissural
view
is
developed
by
rotating
the
multiplane
angle
to
about
60°,
and
slightly
turning
the
probe
to
the
left
to
keep
the
LV
open.
This
view
will
allow
you
to
see:
-‐ The
left
atrial
appendage
-‐ Mitral
valve
scallops
P3
–
A2
–
P1
-‐ The
PM
and
AL
commissures.
-‐ The
postero-‐medial
papillary
muscle
-‐ The
antero-‐lateral
papillary
muscle
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 16
Coumadin
ridge
P3 A2 P1 LAA
PM pm AL pm
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 17
(b)
ME
90°
TWO
CHAMBERS
view
CS
A3
A2
A1
P3
LAA
INF
ANT
-‐ The
basal,
mid,
and
apical
segments
in
each
of
the
anterior
and
inferior
walls.
-‐ Depending
on
the
orientation
of
the
MV
commissure
and
transducer
rotation
angle,
different
segments
and
scallops
of
the
anterior
and
posterior
leaflets.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 18
ME
90°
2
Chambers
view
variations:
-‐ Depending
on
the
orientation
of
the
MV
commissure
and
transducer
rotation
angle,
the
2-‐D
plane
may
cut
through
P2/3
scallop,
the
PMcomm,
and
the
A3,
A2,
A1
segments.
(c)
ME
120°
AV
LONG
AXIS
view
Finally,
the
mid
esophageal
long
axis
view
is
developed
by
rotating
the
multiplane
angle
forward
to
between
120
and
140
degrees,
and
turning
the
probe
slightly
to
the
right
(clockwise),
until
the
LV
outflow
tract
(LVOT),
AV,
and
the
proximal
ascending
aorta
come
into
view.
This
view
shows:
-‐ The
basal
and
mid
antero-‐septal,
and
the
basal
and
mid
infero-‐lateral
segments.
-‐ The
P3/2
scallops
and
the
A1,
A2
segments
of
the
Mitral
valve.
-‐ The
RCC
and
the
NCC
(or
LCC)
of
the
aortic
valve.
-‐ Part
of
the
right
ventricle
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 19
A2
A1
P2
NCC
/
LCC
RCC
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 20
The
Left
Atrial
Appendage
views
Examination
of
the
LAA
is
initiated
with
the
ME
four
chamber
view
rotating
the
multiplane
angle
to
20°
–
40°,
and
slightly
withdrawing
and
turning
the
probe
to
the
left
to
expose
the
superior
and
lateral
aspect
of
the
LA
where
the
LAA
is
seen.
The
left
upper
pulmonary
vein
(LUPV),
which
enters
the
LA
just
lateral
to
the
LAA
is
seen
as
well
separated
from
the
LAA
by
the
“Coumadin
ridge”.
Adjust
the
image
depth
to
approximately
10
cm
or
less
to
maximize
the
LAA
size
in
the
display.
The
LAA
is
then
carefully
examined
for
thrombus
by
increasing
and
decreasing
the
multiplane
angle
(from
20°
–
150°)
while
holding
the
LAA
on
the
centerline
of
the
image.
Slight
counterclockwise
rotation
of
the
probe
might
be
necessary
to
keep
the
LAA
open
while
increasing
the
angle
rotation
forward.
Coumadin
LUPV
Ridge
LAA
Pectinae
Muscles
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 21
The
Pulmonary
Veins
Left
Pulmonary
Veins:
The
left
upper
pulmonary
vein
(LUPV),
which
enters
the
LA
just
lateral
to
the
LAA
from
an
anterior
to
posterior
trajectory,
can
be
examined
in
the
ME
at
40°
-‐
60°
by
slightly
withdrawing
and
turning
the
probe
to
the
left
to
expose
the
superior
and
lateral
aspect
of
the
LA
(where
the
LAA
is
seen).
The
LUPV
is
superior
(in
the
display)
to
the
LAA
and
separated
by
the
Coumadin
ridge.
Coumadin
Ridge
LUPV
LAA
The
Left
lower
pulmonary
vein
(LLPV)
is
then
identified
by
turning
slightly
farther
to
the
left
and
advancing
1
to
2
cm.
The
LLPV
enters
the
LA
just
below
the
LUPV
and
courses
in
a
more
lateral
to
medial
direction.
The
LLPV
can
also
be
imaged
from
ME
view
at
90°:
at
40°-‐60°
the
LUPV
lies
above
and
posterior
to
the
LAA
To
find
the
LLPV
center
the
LUPV
on
the
display
with
color
Doppler
increase
the
omniplane
angle
to
90-‐100°,
then
identify
the
bifurcation
of
the
LUPV
and
LLPV
as
an
inverted
"V"
using
color
Doppler.
LUPV
LLPV
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 22
Right
Pulmonary
Veins:
The
right
upper
pulmonary
vein
(RUPV)
is
imaged
by
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
at
the
level
of
the
LAA.
Like
the
LUPV,
the
RUPV
can
be
seen
entering
the
LA
in
an
anterior
to
posterior
direction.
The
right
lower
pulmonary
vein
(RLPV),
which
enters
the
LA
nearly
at
a
right
angle
to
the
Doppler
beam,
is
then
located
by
advancing
the
probe
1
to
2
cm
and
turning
slightly
to
the
right.
The
inter-‐atrial
septum
(IAS)
is
examined
next
at
the
mid
esophageal
level
by
turning
the
probe
slightly
to
the
right
of
midline
and
advancing
and
withdrawing
the
probe
through
its
entire
superior-‐inferior
extent.
The
right
pulmonary
veins
can
be
imaged
from
ME
views.
Both
right
pulmonary
veins
can
be
imaged
in
the
same
display
Find
the
LAA
view
(30-‐
60°)
with
the
LUPV
then
turn
the
probe
right
to
find
both
right
pulmonary
veins,
then
with
Color
Doppler
identify
both
veins
as
an
inverse
"V".
LA
RLPV
RUPV
SVC
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 23
The
ME
45°AV
SAX
view
is
developed
from
the
ME
window
by
advancing
or
withdrawing
the
probe
until
the
AV
comes
into
view
and
then
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
until
the
AV
is
centered
in
the
display.
The
image
depth
should
be
adjusted
between
10
to
12
cm
until
the
AV
is
at
the
mid
level
of
the
display.
Rotate
multiplane
angle
forward
until
a
symmetrical
image
of
all
three
cusps
of
the
AV
is
seen,
approximately
30
to
60°
(it
usually
correspond
to
minus
90°
of
the
multiplane
angle
of
the
ME
LONG
Axis).
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 24
The
cusp
adjacent
to
the
atrial
septum
is
the
NCC,
the
cusp
adjacent
to
the
RVOT
is
the
RCC,
and
the
remaining
cusp
adjacent
to
the
LAA
is
the
LCC.
The
imaging
plane
is
moved
superiorly
through
the
sinuses
of
Valsalva
by
withdrawing
and
anteflexing
the
probe
slightly
to
bring
the
right
and
left
coronary
ostia
and
then
the
sinotubular
junction
into
view.
The
probe
is
then
advanced
by
moving
the
imaging
plane
through
and
then
under
the
AV
annulus
showing
a
short-‐axis
view
of
the
LVOT.
LA
IAS
LCC
NCC
RA
TV RCC
RVOT
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 25
(m)
ME
RV
inflow
–
outflow
view:
Multiplane
angle
forward
to
60
-‐
90°
keeping
the
TV
visible,
until
the
RVOT,
Pulmonic
Valve
and
the
main
Pulmonary
Artery
come
into
view.
PA
TV
PV
RVOT
AL
AL
PL
PL
RPA
RPA
LPA
SVC
Ao
Ao
PA
PA
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 26
(i)
ME
BICAVAL
view:
The
ME
BiCAVAL
view
is
developed
by
increasing
the
multiplane
transducer
angle
forward
to
90°
–
120°
and
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
(clockwise),
until
the
IVC
in
the
left
side
of
the
display
and
the
SVC
appears
in
the
right
side.
The
Coronary
Sinus
is
seen
at
the
posterior
and
inferior
aspect
of
the
right
atrium,
separated
from
the
IVC
by
the
Eustachian
valve.
The
imaging
of
the
RA
is
completed
by
turning
the
probe
to
the
left
and
the
right
through
the
lateral
to
the
medial
extent
of
the
atrium.
The
inter-‐atrial
septum
(IAS)
is
shown
through
its
entire
medial-‐
lateral
extent
with
the
midesophageal
bicaval
view
by
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
and
left.
The
IAS
has
a
thin
region
centrally
called
the
“fossa
ovalis”
and
thicker
regions
called
the
“limbus,”
anteriorly
and
posteriorly.
Fosa
Ovalis
LA
Eustachian
IVC
Valve
Crista
Terminalis
RAA
Ricardo Benenstein, MD
27
From
the
ME
BiCaval
view
at
110°,
continue
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
(clockwise),
until
the
Right
Upper
Pulmonary
vein
is
displayed
in
the
right
side
of
the
field.
Fosa Ovalis
LA
IVC
Eustachian
SVC
Valve
Crista
Terminalis
RA
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 28
B
-‐
TRANSGASTRIC
V IEW S
After
all
the
Mid-‐Esophageal
views
were
examined,
multiplane
the
transducer
angle
back
to
the
ME
0°
four
chambers
view
and
position
the
left
ventricle
in
the
center
of
the
display.
Then
gently
advancing
the
probe
into
the
stomach
and
anteflexing
the
tip
until
the
heart
comes
into
view
develops
the
transgastric
views
of
the
LV.
At
a
multiplane
angle
of
0°
the
short-‐axis
view
of
the
LV
will
be
seen,
and
the
probe
is
then
slightly
turned
as
needed
to
the
left
(counterclockwise)
or
right
(clockwise)
to
center
the
LV
in
the
display.
Consider
decrease
to
a
lower
transducer
frequency
to
improve
penetration
and
set
the
depth
of
the
image
to
include
the
entire
LV,
usually
12
cm.
There
are
several
transgastric
views
to
explore
at
different
angles:
At
0°:
TG
LV
Basal
SAX
view
TG
LV
MID
SAX
view
TG
DEEP
LAX
view
or
Five
Chamber
view
At
90°:
TG
TWO
CHAMBERS
view
At
120°
TG
LAX
view
TG
RV
INFLOW
view
At
30°
TG
RV
OUTFLOW
view
(or
Tricuspid
SAX
view)
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 29
(f)
TG
0°
LV
BASAL
SAX
view:
“the
mitral
valve
view”
Ricardo Benenstein, MD
30
I
IS
IL
AS
AL
A
If
the
image
is
not
clearly
displayed,
slightly
anteflex
the
probe
to
make
good
contact.
This
cross-‐section
shows
the
six
mid
level
segments
of
the
LV
and
is
the
most
common
view
for
monitoring
LV
function.
The
TG
mid
short
axis
view
is
used
for
assessing
LV
chamber
size
and
wall
thickness.
MV
LVOT
AV
Ao
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 31
To
develop
the
deep
transgastric
view
of
the
AV,
the
probe
is
advanced
deep
into
the
stomach
from
the
transgastric
mid-‐
short-‐axis
view
and
positioned
adjacent
to
the
LV
apex.
The
probe
is
then
anteflexed
until
the
imaging
plane
is
oriented
towards
the
base
of
the
heart
producing
the
Deep
transgastric
long-‐axis
view.
Deep
in
the
stomach
the
exact
position
of
the
transducer
is
somewhat
difficult
to
determine,
some
trial
and
error
withdrawing
or
advancing
the
may
be
needed,
and
slightly
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
(clockwise)
to
develop
this
view
in
most
patients.
The
AV
is
located
at
the
bottom
of
the
display
in
the
far
field
in
the
deep
transgastric
long-‐axis
view,
with
the
LV
outflow
directed
away
from
the
transducer.
Doppler
quantification
of
flow
velocities
through
the
LVOT
and
the
AV
is
possible
and
usually
optimal
because
the
ultrasound
beam
is
parallel
to
the
direction
of
the
flow,
maximizing
the
Doppler
shift
accuracy
(see
red
arrow
in
the
prior
image).
(e)
TG
90°
TWO
CHAMBERS
view:
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 32
From
the
TG
0°
LV
basal
view
(MV
view),
multiplane
angle
rotation
forward
to
90°
to
show
the
LV
in
long
axis
with
the
apex
to
the
left
and
the
mitral
annulus
to
the
right
of
the
display.
The
anteflexion
of
the
probe
is
adjusted
until
the
long
axis
of
the
LV
is
horizontal
in
the
display.
This
view
is
especially
useful
for
examining
the
MV
sub-‐valvular
apparatus,
regarding
the
chordae
tendinae
is
perpendicular
to
the
ultrasound
beam
in
this
plane.
The
inferior
wall
and
the
postero-‐medial
papillary
muscle
are
at
the
top
of
the
display;
and
the
anterior
wall,
antero-‐lateral
papillary
muscle,
and
left
atrial
appendage
at
the
bottom.
INFERIOR Wall
ANTERIOR Wall
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 33
(j)
TG
120°
LAX
view:
IL
AV
LVOT
AS
Ao
From
TG
90°
two
chamber,
omniplane
angle
rotation
to
110-‐120°.
May
need
to
turn
probe
to
right
(clockwise).
The
AV
seen
on
the
right
side
of
display,
adjust
depth
to
14-‐16
cm.
In
the
TG
LAX
view
(110-‐120°)
the
imaging
plane
is
directed
longitudinally
through
the
LV
to
image
the
aortic
root
in
LAX.
The
LVOT
and
AV
appear
on
the
display
right,
depending
on
the
depth
settings.
This
is
view
is
similar
to
the
ME
AV
LAX
view
and
permits
better
spectral
Doppler
alignment.
(Ultrasound
beam
is
parallel
to
the
direction
of
the
flow,
maximizing
the
Doppler
shift
accuracy
(see
red
arrow
in
the
image)
TV PL
TV AL
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 34
The
transgastric
RV
inflow
view
is
developed
from
the
TG
two
chambers
or
the
LAX
view,
by
turning
the
probe
to
the
right
until
the
RV
cavity
is
located
in
the
center
of
the
display
and
rotating
the
multiplane
angle
forward
to
between
100
and
120
degrees
until
the
apex
of
the
RV
appears
in
the
left
side
of
the
display.
This
cross-‐section
provides
good
views
of
the
inferior
(diaphragmatic)
portion
of
the
RV
free
wall,
located
in
the
near
field.
TV PL
TV AL
LV
RVOT
PV
PA
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 35
An
additional
view
of
the
right
heart
(not
routinely
obtained,
but
important
whenever
tricuspid
valve
pathology
has
to
be
evaluated),
is
the
TG
SAX
view
of
the
TV:
The
SAX
view
of
the
TV
is
developed
from
the
TG
RV
inflow
(100°
-‐
120°)
view
by
placing
the
TV
annulus
plane
in
the
center
of
the
display,
and
multiplane
the
angle
rotation
back
to
30°
-‐
40°.
Slight
advancing/withdrawing
the
probe
may
be
necessary
to
see
all
three
leaflets
of
the
tricuspid
valve.
This
cross
section
produce
a
short-‐axis
view
of
the
tricuspid
valve,
with
the
posterior
leaflet
to
the
upper
left,
the
septal
leaflet
to
the
upper
right,
and
the
large
anterior
leaflet
in
the
lower
half
of
valve
cross-‐section.
TV
PL
TV
SL
Same
image:
P
TV
SAX
view,
but
during
Sytole
S
TV
AL
(valve
closed)
A
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 36
C
–
UPPER
ESOPHAGEAL
VIEWS
(o)
ME
Asc.
AORTA
SAX
and
(p)
ME
Asc.
AORTA
LAX
views:
The
ME
Ascending
Aorta
SAX
view
at
0°provides
a
view
of
the
proximal
ascending
aorta,
main
PA
and
RPA.
To
obtain
this
cross
section:
from
ME
AV
SAX
(30°-‐
50°),
withdraw
probe
(ascending
aorta
SAX),
then
omniplane
angle
rotation
back
to
0°.
Adjust
depth
to
a
10-‐12cm.
By
rotating
the
multiplane
angle
to
90°-‐100°
the
ME
Ascending
Aorta
LAX
view
is
obtained.
RPA RPA
SVC
Ao PA Ao
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 37
(q,
r,
s)
DESCENDING
AORTA
and
AORTIC
ARCH
views:
TEE
examination
of
the
descending
thoracic
aorta
is
accomplished
by
turning
the
probe
to
the
left
(counterclockwise)
from
the
ME
0°
five-‐chamber
view
until
the
circular
image
of
the
aorta
is
located
in
the
center
of
the
near
field
of
the
display
producing
the
DESCENDING
AORTA
SAX
view.
The
image
depth
is
decreased
to
6
to
8
cm
to
increase
the
size
of
the
aorta
in
the
display
and
the
focusing
depth
moved
to
the
near
field
to
optimize
image
quality.
The
multiplane
angle
is
rotated
forward
from
0°
to
between
90°
and
110°
to
yield
circular,
oblique,
and
eventually
the
descending
aortic
long
axis
view.
With
the
view
of
the
AORTA
in
SAX,
slow
and
gently
withdraw
the
probe
to
follow
the
descending
thoracic
aorta
until
the
view
of
the
UE
AORTIC
ARCH
LAX
is
reached
at
about
20-‐25
cm
from
the
incisors
(the
aorta
changes
into
an
oval
shape).
Then
withdraw
and
turn
probe
slightly
to
the
right
to
see
the
aortic
arch.
Rotating
the
multiplane
angle
to
90°,
the
UE
AORTIC
ARCH
LAX
view
will
be
at
the
center
of
display.
By
slightly
withdraw
the
probe
the
origin
of
the
left
subclavian
artery
can
be
displayed
as
well.
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 38
(t)
UE
AORTIC
ARCH
SAX
view:
From
the
UE
Aortic
Arch
LAX
(0°)
view
rotate
the
omniplane
angle
to
60-‐90°,
then
bring
the
PV
and
PA
in
view
by
slight
turn
the
probe
to
the
right.
The
display
shows
the
proximal
origin
of
the
aorta
and
left
subclavian
artery
in
the
upper
right.
The
PV
and
main
PA
in
LAX
is
seen
in
the
lower
left
of
the
display.
Ao
PA
Pv
Ao L CCA
Ao
In
A
Ao
L
SCA
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 39
After the TEE procedure…
After
the
comprehensive
TEE
examination
is
done
(make
sure
you
did
obtain
all
the
required
information)
proceed
to
remove
the
probe
from
the
oropharinx:
MAKE
SURE
THE
PROBE
IS
IN
NEUTRAL
POSITION
before
attempt
to
remove
it.
Check
immediately
post
procedure
vital
signs!!!!
Suction
to
clear
mouth
and
airway
from
secretions
Check
for
bleeding
from
the
mouth
and
for
blood
in
the
TEE
probe
Check
patient
mental
status
and
degree
of
conscious
sedation
Check
for
neck
pain,
sore
throat,
difficulty
swallowing
Pull
the
rails
of
the
bed
up
again
before
leaving
bedside
Check
with
nurse
total
dose
of
sedative
and
analgesic
medications
given.
Store
movie
clips
and
end
study
in
the
machine.
Discuss
with
attending
pertinent
findings
and
communicate
them
to
the
referring
provider
or
medical
team.
Brief
procedure
note
in
chart
(if
necessary)
documenting
pertinent
positives
and
negatives.
Evaluate
patient
prior
discharge.
Discuss
with
the
patient
and/or
family
members
results
(if
appropriate).
Advise
regarding
common
side
effects
of
the
sedatives,
and
possible
minor
discomfort
due
to
procedure
(mild
sore
throat,
hoarseness,
etc).
Advise
to
call
MD
if
more
serious
discomfort
develops.
Sign
the
discharge
papers.
Create
a
preliminary
report
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 40
Sources and References
http://pie.med.utoronto.ca/TEE/TEE_content/TEE_standardViews_intro.html
Ricardo Benenstein, MD 41