1

PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE

Senior
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Disclaimer Statement:

This Course Study Guide is not intended to be presented as

the original work of the module compiler. It is meant to be
the primary reference material for the course composed of
the flexible learning syllabus, learning plans, course
content, and assessments compiled from various sources.
Accordingly, the sale and distribution of such outside the
University of the Visayas is strictly prohibited.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 3

Course Study Guide

Contents
Module No. Module Topic Page
1
The Concepts of Politics and Governance 10

2 Philippine Democratic Politics 54

Philippine Electoral Process and Political
3 103
Parties
4 Citizenship in Practice --- Citizenship 114

Editorial Office

Module Compiler: CHRISTIAN DENVER RIVERA

Content Expert: JOHN KYLE B. VILBAR

Language Editor: ADRIAN EDWARD ANIÑON

Media/Design Specialist: JEDIDIAH K. SINGCO

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 4

Flexible Learning Course Syllabus

Flexible Learning Course Syllabus

Senior High School
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2021

I. Course Information
Course Code: Politics No. of Hours: 80

Course Title: Philippine Politics and Governance Pre-Requisite: N/A

Course Description: This course introduces the students to the basic concepts and vital elements of politics and governance from a historical-institutional
perspective. In particular, it attempts to explain how the important features of our country’s political structures/institutions, processes, and relationships
developed across time. In the process, the course helps the learners gain a better appreciation of their rights and responsibilities as individuals and as
members of the larger sociopolitical community to strengthen their civic competence.
Category of Learners Delivery Mode

Category 1 Offline (Asynchronous) Modular Approach

Category 2 Online (Synchronous) Offline (Asynchronous)

Category 3 Pure online (Synchronous + Asynchronous)

II. Instructor’s Information

Instructors Name: Christian Denver B. Rivera Corporate Email:drivera@edu.uv.ph
Title:Instructor Phone: 09152371073
III.
No. of Module Topic Standards Learning Learning Materials Assessment
hours Content Performance Competencies Task/ Graded
Required Suggested
Standard Standard Output

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 5

5 hours Politics and The learners shall 1.Explain the concepts, Self Learning
The learners
Self- Governance and be able to: relationship, and Kit on
demonstrate an Joven, Arnel E., 1.Timeline
Directed its key Concepts importance of politics, Philippine
understanding of: (2017). Making
Learning 3 Clearly identify a governance and Politics and
History of Philippine
hours specific political government Governance
Political Science Politics and Politics and
Assessme phenomenon and for Senior
as a Political Governance, Governance for 2. Slogan Making
nt Task how it can be High School
Science political Senior High
studied
ideologies, School. Quezon
power, nation- City,
states and Philippines:
globalization C&E Publishing
Inc.

5 hours Basic Tenets of Differentiate the Political Self Learning

Self- Political ideologies Kit on
Politics and Clearly identify a Joven, Arnel E., 3. Political
Directed Ideologies Philippine
Governance, specific political (2017). Ideology Making
Learning 3 Politics and
political phenomenon and Philippine
hours Governance
ideologies, how it can be Politics and
Assessmen for Senior
power, nation- studied Governance for
t Task High School
states and Senior High
globalization School. Quezon
City,
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.

5 hours Power and its Politics and Clearly identify a Analyze the nature, Self Learning Joven, Arnel E.,
Self- concepts Governance, specific political dimensions/types, and Kit on (2017).
political phenomenon and consequences of power. Philippine Philippine 4. Advocacy
Directed Making
Learning 3 ideologies, how it can be Politics and Politics and
hours power, nation- studied Governance Governance for
Assessment states and for Senior Senior High
Task globalization High School School. Quezon
City,
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 6

5 hours Nation-States Clearly identify a Analyze the relationship Self Learning

Self- and specific political among nations and Kit on
Politics and Joven, Arnel E., 5. Short Essay
Directed Globalization phenomenon and states in the context of Philippine
Governance, (2017). Writing
Learning 3 how it can be globalization Politics and
political Philippine
hours studied Governance
ideologies, Politics and
Assessme for Senior
power, nation- Governance for
nt Task High School
states and Senior High
globalization School. Quezon
City,
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.

5 hours Philippine The learners Explain the roles Analyze the evolution of Self Learning
Joven, Arnel E.,
Self- Democratic demonstrate an of different Philippine Politics and Kit on 6. Short Essay
(2017).
Directed Politics understanding of. political Governance Philippine Writing
Philippine
Learning 3 The historical institutions Politics and
Historical Politics and
hours background of Governance 7. Graphic
Background of Governance for
Assessme Philippine for Senior Organizer Making
Philippine Politics Senior High
nt Task Democratic High School
School. Quezon
Politics
City,
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.

5 hours The Executive Analyze the roles and Joven, Arnel E.,
Self- Department and powers of the executive (2017). 8.Table Completion
understanding of. Self Learning
Directed its role and Explain the roles branch of the Philippine Activity
The historical Kit on
Learning 3 responsibilities of different government Politics and
background of Philippine
hours political Governance for
Philippine Politics and
Assessme institutions Senior High
Democratic Governance
nt Task School. Quezon
Politics. for Senior
City,
High School
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.
5 hours The Legislative The historical Explain the roles Differentiate the roles Self Learning Joven, Arnel E.,
Self- Department and background of of different and responsibilities of Kit on (2017). 9. Table
Philippine political the Philippine Senate Philippine Philippine Completion Acitivty
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 7

Directed its role and Democratic institutions and the House of

Politics and
Learning 3 responsibilities Politics. Representatives Politics and
Governance for
hours Governance
Senior High
Assessmen for Senior
School. Quezon
t Task High School
City,
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.

5 hours The Judicial Analyze the roles and Self Learning

Explain the roles responsibilities of the Joven, Arnel E.,
Self- Department and Kit on
The historical of different Philippine Judiciary (2017).
Directed its role and Philippine
background of political Philippine
Learning 3 responsibilities Politics and
Philippine institutions Politics and
hours Governance
Democratic Governance for
Assessment for Senior
Politics. Senior High
Task High School
School. Quezon
City,
Philippines:
C&E Publishing
Inc.

5 hours State-Society The learners shall Joven, Arnel E.,

The learners
Self- Interactions be able to Explain the concept, (2017). 10. Graphic
demonstrate an Self Learning
Directe analyze the role, and contributions of Philippine Organizer Activity
The Nature of understanding of Kit on
d interactions civil societies and social Politics and
elections and elections and Philippine
Learnin between state movements to Philippine Governance for
Political Parties political parties Politics and
g3 and society Democracy Senior High
in the Philippines and civil society Governance
hours School. Quezon
and social for Senior
Assess City,
movements High School
ment Philippines:
Task C&E Publishing
Inc.
5 hours Citizenship –in- The Learners The Learners Self Learning Joven, Arnel E.,
Self- Practice demonstrate an shall be able to Explain the importance Kit on (2017). 11. Essay Writing
Directed understanding of propose a project of active citizenship Philippine Philippine
Learning citizenship on political Politics and Politics and 12. Collage Making
3 hours engagement and Explain the issues and Governance Governance for
Assessme youth programs related to for Senior Senior High
nt Task empowerment political engagement and High School School. Quezon
youth empowerment City,
Philippines:
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 8

C&E Publishing

IV-A. Points for Graded Output IV-B. Grade Equivalent Based on Points Earned
Module Module Topic Output Points Initial Grade Transmuted Initial Grade Transmuted Initial Grade Transmuted
No. Grade Grade Grade
Philippine Politics and 100 100 100 77.60-79.19 86 48.00-51.99 72
1 Governance 98.40-99.99 99 76.00-77.50 85 44.00-47.99 71

Philippine Democratic 100 96.80-98.39 98 74.40-75.99 84 36.00-39.99 70

2 Politics 95.20-96.79 97 72.80-74.39 83 32.00-35.99 69
Electoral Process and 50 93.60-95.19 96 71.20-72.79 82 28.00-31.99 68
3 Political Parties
92.00-93.59 95 69.60-71.19 81 24.00-27.99 67

Citizenship 90.40-91.99 94 68.00-69.59 80 20.00-23.99 66

4 50
88.80-90.39 93 66.40-66.39 79 20.00-23.99 65
87.20-88.79 92 64.80-66.39 78 16.00-19.99 64
Total 300 85.60-87.19 91 63.20-64.79 77 12.00-15.99 63
IV- C. Grading Components 84.00-85.59 90 61.60-63.19 76 8.00-11.99 62
 Written Work 25% 82.40-83.99 89 60.00-61.59 75 4.00-7.99 71
 Performance Task 45% 80.80-82.39 88 56.00-59.99 74 0-3.99 60
 Quarterly Assessment 30% 79.20-80.79 87 52.00-55.99 73
Total 100%
60 as minimum grade but will have a converted rating of 75 in the report card. The lowest grade a student can get is rather 60 for the quarterly and final grades.Remedial
class is given if the final grade is below 60 and should be complied within 30 days immediately after the close of the quarter.

V. Approval

Prepared by Reviewed by Approvy

 
CHRISTIAN DENVER B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR ADRIAN EDWARD ANIÑON DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Instructor Program Chair Language Editor Principal

 

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 9

Module 1
CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

LESSON 1: Concepts of Politics and Political Science

LESSON 2: Political Ideologies
LESSON 3: Power and its Concepts
LESSON 4: Nation-States and Globalization

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 10

Content Standards

At the end of the lesson the learner understanding of:

1. Politics and Political Science, Governance, political ideologies,

Power, States, and Nation and Globalization.

Performance Standards

At the end of the lesson the learner is able to clearly identify a

specific political phenomenon and how it can be studied.

Learning Competencies:

1. Explain the concepts, relationship, and importance of politics and

governance and government.
2. Differentiate political ideologies.
3. Analyze the nature, dimensions/types, and consequences of power.
4. Analyze the relationship among nation and states in context of
globalization
5. Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance.
6. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines
7. Explain the concept, role, and contributions of civil societies and social
movements to Philippine Democracy.
8. Explain the importance of Citizenship

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 11

Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS

Course Code Politics 1

Course Title  Philippine Politics and Governance

Module 1 Lesson1

Module Topic The concepts of Politics and Governance

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

 Articulate definitions of politics

 Differentiate the various views on politics
Learning  Explore the connection between the phenomenon(politics) and the method of
Competencies inquiry(political science)
 Recognize the value of politics
 Differentiate Government from Governance

Number of Hours 5 hours Self-Directed Learning 3 hours Assessment Task

1. What factors define the nature and structure of government?
2. How does Political Science make sense of issues related to politics and Governance?
Study Questions 3. How does Government contribute to the development of the State?
4. How can knowledge regarding politics and governance help citizens address concerns
and issues in society?
Required Suggested
Self Learning Kit on Philippine Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for
Politics and Governance for Senior Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing
High School
Learning Resources

1.The student shall do the activity under Engage.

2. The student shall read and analyze the content under Explore.
3.The student shall read the Article and answer the guide question.
Learning Activity 4. The student shall submit the Assessment task no. 1 and 2
1. Political Timeline
Required Output 2. Slogan on Good Governance
1. Activity on The concepts of Politics and Political Science
Assessment Tasks 2. History of Politics and Political Science
1. Slogan Making Rubric
Assessment Tool 2. Creative Timeline Making
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 12

Politics and Governance

Engage
Word Association: using concepts and words complete the graphic organizer on what are the
things that comes to your mind when you hear the world POLITICS.

What words can you associate with the word “POLITICS”

POLITICS

Explore
Politics is an essential part of our daily lives, from the practice of our right to suffrage, to our
ability to follow the rules of society. Politics is a phenomenon that dictates the actions of certain
members and governments throughout the world. People say that politics is ambiguous and very
complicated thus making this one of the talk about phenomenon today.

In connection to Governance, politics determines the type or kind of Governance a certain group
of people must pursue making it an essential tool to be able to create a working and progressive
society. Far beyond the role of government, politics determines how we as individuals manages
our own world and the world around us. In our contemporary world where there is a clear

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 13

manifestation of war and competition amongst countries and societies, Politics creates an
avenue for solutions and connections for conflicts among nations. 2

Politics in General
The word “Politics” comes from the Greek word “polis” which means “city-state”.
In the Ancient world – in context referring to Ancient Rome, city-states are small societies
regarded as centers of culture and civilization where people go about and interact with its
members under a unified rule of law or government. The origin of the word suggests that politics
is a term encompassing the totality of human activities happening in the city-states. As it applies
now, Politics dictates everything that transpires in the state and as well as the relationship
among states.

Politics denotes a social activity. It focuses on the interaction amongst individuals. As the Greek
Philosopher Aristotle explains, it is the master science through which individuals collectively set
structure, purpose, and ideals in their lives. Politics, therefore, does not emerge from the
activities of a single individual but from that of many. In context, Politics is the creation,
maintenance, and amendment of societal norms or rules.

Definition of Politics ---- What is POLITICS?

It must be pointed out that politics is a vague term. As a matter of fact, scholars and authorities
in the field cannot agree on a common definition of politics. From this perspective
The following definitions therefore will only server as starting points, and the meaning of politics
will eventually be understood in the details of later discussions.

Politics is the science of government. As a science, it is a systematic body of knowledge (for the
most part practical) that deals with the government and regulation, maintenance and
development, and defense of the state. It also deals with the protection of rights of its citizens,
safeguarding and enhancement of morals,
harmony and peace of human relations.

Politics is an Art. It is an art because it

involves the exercise of control or
authority within the society through the
creation and enforcement of consensus
arrived at by its leaders. It involves the
process through which the government
skillfully addresses the needs of the
society by carefully allocating benefits,
rewards, and penalties.

Politics is the realm of public affairs of the

state. Traditionally, “public” refers to the
www.britannica.com/philosphers/Aristotle.jpg institution of the state which is funded by

2
Joven, Arnel E., (Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 14

the people at large through their taxes to satisfy their common interest.

As a general note we can define Politics as the process that determines the distribution of power
and resources. It also refers to the theory and practice of how people influence others In making
decisions and carrying out projects or programs. Politics, as defined in political Science refers to
human behavior with regards to matters related to government activities such as formulation
and execution of policies, creation of laws, selection of government officials and etc. furthermore
Politics is often associated with the concept of power and the exercise of legitimate authority in
a state.

The World of Political Science:

Political Science. Is a branch of

social science that deals with
the study of politics, basically
politics is the phenomenon and
Political Science is the tool in
which we use to understand the
ideas of politics and politics
itself.

Political Sciences focuses on the systems of government,

and the analysis of political activity, political behavior, and political theories and practices.

As a Social Science, political science follows scientific methodology in the investigation and study
of human behavior in relation to political activities and developments.

Political Science studies the allocation and transfer of power in decision making; the roles of and
systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior
and public policies.

Political Scientists are people who devote their academic careers to the study of political science,
they are engaged in analyzing the relationships underlying political events and conditions,
formulate general principles about the way the world of politics works.

Political Science is also divided into field of studies and branches since it covers a broad
spectrum of knowledge.

Your text
POLITICAL SCIENCE

Comparative Politics Public Administration Political Theory International Law

Compares Studies the Concerned Studies the

and analyzes methods and with the relationship
various types status quo of study of the between the
of public – ideas and government
constitutions, government contributions and societies.
governments relations and of classical Political-
, and its impact on philosophers economic
legislatures the society like Plato, interaction
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
of countries Machiavelli between
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
overtime. and others. nation-states.
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What you need to know?

Key Concepts in Political Science:

The study of political Science focus on in the following concepts.

State – an organized political community under a government. This is the main organ where
governance and the government is made.

There are 4 elements of the state which is crucial to the study of political science namely:

 POPULATION refers to the people that compose the state.

 TERRITORY refers to the area covered by the state may it be terrestrial, fluvial or aerial
space.
 GOVERNMENT is the system created by the people to administer or control the actions of
the state.
 SOVEREIGNTY the most exclusive element of the state which refers to the ability of the
state to govern itself without the interference or influence of other states.

Other important concepts that should be considered in studying Political Science include
legitimacy, governance, and ideology.

Legitimacy – the right of the government to exercise power and authority, and also refers to the
recognition given to a state by foreign governments and international relations.

Governance – refers to all actions and activities related to governing. It is defined by Interaction
and decision-making among policy makers, public officials involved addressing collective
problems. The interaction lead to the creation and reinforcement of social norms and
institutions.

Ideology – is a set of ideas and beliefs that define the views and actions of individuals, groups,
and institutions. Political Ideology refers to the principles and theories that the government
follows or carried out.

WHO STUDIES
POLITICAL
Here are some famous Political Thinkers from Ancient times till the present and their contribution
SCIENCE
towards ? of Political Theory and Political Science.
the field

The growth of Political Science can be divided into 4 Eras, with each Era having a significant
contribution to the overall growth of Political Science.
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 16

A. Greco-Roman Times though political science was established as a formal discipline in the
early 19th Century, its fundamental concepts have already been laid down by ancient
philosophers and thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle, the latter being known as the
“Father of Political Science”. Plato’s The Republic and The Laws focused on political
analysis and theories relating to governance. Aristotle’s The Politics and Nicomachean
Ethics dealt with politics and the history of Greek statesmanship and citizenship.

It is to note that the Greeks were considered ahead of their time and powerful,
as an Empire they were able to control Europe and eventually Eurasia. The Greek’s
concept of democracy was a unique and significant development in the ancient world.

B. Medieval and Renaissance Era. With the decline of the since then power roman empire
was plagued with the emergence of monarchies and tyrannies. This gave rice to feudalism
in Europe. The most influential Political Philosophers during this time were St. Thomas
Aquinas and St. Augustine. St. Augustine’s writings such as City of God, which was a
philosophical criticism of the political corruption.

C. The Age of Enlightenment. Considered as the golden age of Political enlightenment. The
most influential political thinkers emerged in this era, Political Philosophers like John
Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes and Voltaire. These enlightenment
philosophers advocated for the need for a strong government that will impose law and
order and protect the rights and privileges of people. John Locke promoted the idea that
each individual person possesses inalienable rights that cannot be violated by the state.
Jean Jacques Rousseau proposed the concept of Social Contract, which limited the powers
of the king and made the government answerable to the people.
3

D. Modern Political Science. Political science in the 1950’s and the 1960’s was defined by a
behavioral revolution that stressed the systematic and rigorous scientific study of
individual and group behavior. Political scientists began using deductive techniques , game
theory, and formal modeling technique.

Governme
nt and
Governan
Basic Types and Forms of Government

Different types and forms of government have evolved throughout history in various parts
ce
of the world.

Major Forms of Government:

The major type of government according to classical arrangement are monarchy, aristocracy and
democracy.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 17

1.Monarchy refers to a government ruled by a single person. The ruler in a monarchy is called a
MONARCH but may be known by various term such as king, Queen, Sultan. And Prince.
Examples of modern states that still recognize a monarch as head of government are the United
Kingdom, Spain, and Japan.

2.Oligarchy or Aristocracy refers to the rule by a small group of people. During the medieval
period, the nobility established an aristocracy where only those belonging to the political and
social elite had the right to govern.

3.Democracy is based on the Athenian form of government refers to the rule of PEOPLE, who
directly participate in all government activities. A Democratic form of government could either be
Direct or Republican. Republican democracy is where citizens elect representatives who will
defend their interests in the government. At present, republican democracy is the most popular
form of government throughout the world.

4.Communism a government in which the STATE plans and controls the economy and a single-
authoritarian party holds power. State controls are imposed with the elimination of private
ownership or property or capital while claiming to make progress towards a higher social order in
which all goods are equally shared by the people. Today the existing communist countries are
China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam

5.Dictatorship a form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute
power without effective constitutional limitations. As of today there are approximately 50 states
under a dictatorship form of governments namely: North Korea, Algeria, Angola, Brunei.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 18

Here is a graphical representation of what types of Government are present In the

World as to date.

How is a GOVERNMENT formed?

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 19

When we consider the government as a formal, structured entity through which the state
exercises its will, it is understood to be formed according to what is prescribed or mandated by a
constitution, organic law, or traditional customs of a state.

What is a Constitution?

A constitution is a set of primary principles and laws that defines what government the people
intends to establish. It guides the government on how to rule the state.

Fun Fact:

In the Philippines, the first Philippine Republic was established in 1899 with the proclamation of
the Malolos Constitution. Our present government, the Fifth Republic of the Philippines was
established in 1987 with the formal proclamation and ratification of the 1987 Freedom
Constitution.

Apply
A look back on History:
Guide Questions:

1.Why do we consider the creation of the Malolos Constitution a milestone in Philippine Politics?

Let’s Read An Article about the Malolos Constitution

Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on July 18, 1898 asking for the

election of delegates to the revolutionary congress, another decree
was promulgated five days later, which declared that Aguinaldo
would appoint representatives of congress because holding elections
is not practical at that time. He appointed 50 delegates in all (but
this number fluctuated from time to time). In accordance with these
two decrees, Aguinaldo assembled the Revolutionary Congress at the
Brasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on September 15, 1898.
 
The atmosphere was festive and the Pasig Band played the national
anthem. After Aguinaldo had read his speech congressional elections were held among the delegates
present. The following were among the most important achievements of the Malolos Congress:
 
1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite on
June 12, 1898
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from banks for government
expenses
3. Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other schools
4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
5. Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899
 
Malolos Constitution
 
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 20

A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano, the constitution was

drafted, for the first time by representatives of the Filipino people and it is the first republican
constitution in Asia. The constitution was inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala,
Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium and France. After some minor revisions (mainly due to the objections
of ApolinarioMabini), the final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. This paved
the way to launching the first Philippine Republic. It established a democratic, republication
government with three branches - the Executive, Legislative and the Judicial branches. It called
for the separation of church and state. The executive powers were to be exercise by the
president of the republic with the help of his cabinet. Judicial powers were given to the Supreme
Court and other lower courts to be created by law. The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was
to be elected by the legislature with the concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.
 
First Philippine Republic

The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on January

21, 1899. After being proclaimed president, Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of
office. The constitution was read article by article and followed by a military
parade. ApolinarioMabini was elected as a prime minister. The other cabinet
secretaries were: TeodoroSandico, interior; Baldomero Aguinaldo, war; Gen.
Mariano Trias, finance & war; ApolinarioMabini, foreign affairs; Gracio
Gonzaga for welfare, AguedoVelarde, public instruction; MaximoPaterno,
public works & communication; and Leon María Guerrero for agriculture, trade & commerce.

Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite province was asked to write anan
instrumental march for the proclamation of independence ceremony. The original title was
"Marcha Filipina Magdalo". This was later changed to "MarchaNacional Filipina". The lyrics was
added in August 1899 based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by Jose Palma. The original lyrics was
written in Spanish, then to English (when the Flag Law was abolished during the American
period) then later, was translated to Tagalog, which underwent another change of title to
“LupangHinirang”, the Philippine National Anthem. Continue to  Filipino-American Hostilities.

What are the different means in forming a Government?

A government can be established by a variety of means within the Democratic framework of

government and Governance, ELECTIONS are the primary means through which citizens
established their government. An Election is important political exercise by which citizens select
individuals who will occupy positions in the Government.

In a presidential system such as in the Philippines and in the United States, a government is
formed after the members of the executive and legislative branches are elected into office. In
the Philippines, the Vice President is the only selected official who may be appointed a secondary
position as a cabinet official.

In countries with parliamentary systems of government, the people elect the members of the
parliament, who in turn, appoint the Prime Minister from the political party that obtained the
majority vote. The Prime Minister then selects cabinet officials from elected members of the
parliament.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 21

Governments may also be formed through a military coup, a revolution, foreign occupation or
other forcible means to replace an existing government. These governments then attempt to
gain legitimacy through elections or constitutional conventions that will enable them to acquire
recognition and acceptance.

Branches
of
The three main branches of government are the executive, legislative and judicial branches.
Governmen
These branches are present in majority of modern states, whatever the type or system of
government they implement.
t:
The Executive Branch is the institution that governs the state by implementing laws and
creating policies and programs to respond to the needs of the state. This branch is headed by
the chief executives such as the President and Prime Minister.

The Legislative Branch the law making institution of the government, also known as the
legislature, In a presidential system, the government has a legislative branch distinct from the
executive branch, while in parliamentary system, the legislative and executive branches are
combined. In the Philippines, the legislative branch is embodied by the Philippine Congress which
is divided into two houses – the upper house and the lower houses are elected by the citizens
and are expected to create laws for the state.

The Judiciary or Judicial Branch is composed of the courts that interpret and apply the laws
of the state. The highest court in the Philippines is theSupreme Court which oversees all lower
and special courts in the country. The judicial branch is tasked with hearing and deciding cases
of violations of lawFunFact :The 3 branches of government are considered to be co-equal and
separate under the Principle of Separation of Powers. Under this principle, each branch has
specific areas of responsibility. One branch cannot unduly influence the actions and decisions of
another. Meanwhile, the concept of checks and balances allows the branches to impose certain
limits on the powers of one another to prevent the misuse or abuse of authority and power.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 22

Assessment Task No. 1

Political Science Timeline Making

Instructions: Using your knowledge on the development of Political Science create a timeline using the
template provided below. CompLete the table using the notes provided for you. Discuss in the timeline the
following criteria. Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on
how you will be graded..

A. Political Philosophy
B. Famous Political Thinkers of the Era
C. Contribution of the Era to Political Science

Greco-Roman Renaissance Age of Modern Political

Enlightenment Science

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 23

RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
CONTENT/FACTS Facts were Facts were Facts were Facts were often
accurate for all accurate for accurate for inaccurate for
events reported lmost all events most (-75%) of events reported
on the timeline. reported on the the events on the timeline.
timeline. reported on the
timeline.
FONT AND They use font The use of font The use of font The use of font
COLORS styles and color and color is styles and color styles and
is consistent consistent and is not used colors is not
and shows a shows a logical effectively to consistent or
logical pattern. pattern for the organize. detracts from
It helps most part. the
organize the organization.
material.
DATES An accurate, An accurate An accurate Dates ar
complete date complete date event has been inaccurate and
has been has been included for missing several
included for included for almost every events.
each event. almost every event
event.
RESOURCES The timeline The timeline The timeline The timeline
contained at contained at contained at contained fewer
least 8-10 least 6-7 events lest 5 events than 5 events
events related related to the related to the
topic being topic being
studied. studied.
SPELLING AND Spelling and Spelling and Spelling and Spelling and
CAPITALIZATION capitalization capitalization capitalization capitalization
were correct were mostly were mostly were all errors.
throughout. correct. incorrect.
TOTAL

DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT

COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ Expectations (16-20)

EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently (13-15)

DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ Improvement Needed (11-12)

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 24

NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met (10-below)

Assessment Task No. 2

SLOGAN MAKING
Instructions:Create a SLOGAN, focused on the concept of Good Governance. And provide for a
description of the idea of your made SLOGAN. Use your creativity and apply what we have learned about
Good Governance. Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on
how you will be graded.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 25

RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
USE OF TIME Student uses Student use Student uses Student does
their time to most of their some of their not work
work time to work time to work productively and
productively productively productively efficiently.
and efficiently. and efficiently. and efficiently. Student is
frequently off
task.
PICTURES/ Pictures and Most pictures Few of the The student’s
GRAPHICS graphics are and graphics pictures and pictures are not
clear and are clear and graphics are clear or
relevant. relevant. clear and relevant.
relevant.
REQUIRED All of the Most of the Few of the Most of the
ELEMENTS required required required required
elements are elements are elements are elements are
clearly visible, clearly visible, clearly visible, missing.
organize and organized and organized and
well-placed. well-placed. well placed.
VISUAL CLARITY The project has The project has The project The project
an excellent a nice design needs needs
design and and layout. improvement in significant
layout. design and improvement in
layout or design, layout
neatness. and neatness.
CONTENT The project has The project has The project has The project has
SPELLING excellent 1-2 spelling 3-5 errors in more than 5
GRAMMAR spelling, errors in spelling and errors in
grammar, spelling and grammar. spelling and
punctuation and grammar. grammar.
original content. Content is also
plagiarized.
TOTAL

DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT

COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ Expectations (16-20)

EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently (13-15)

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 26

DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ Improvement Needed (11-12)

NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met (10-below)

Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS
Course Code Politics 1
Course Title   Philippine Politics and Governance

Module1 Lesson 2

Module Topic Political Ideologies

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Learning 1. Identify the Basic Tenets of major Political Ideologies
Competencies 2. Critique ideas that have a impact on how we try to manage a political community
3. Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of filipinos
Number of
Hours 5 hours Self-Directed Learning 3 hours Assessment Task
1. What are the various Political Ideologies to be studied?
Study
2. How do Political Ideologies make sense of state and society?
Questions
3. How does Political Ideologies influence Politics and Governance?
Required Suggested

Self Learning Kit on Philippine http://www.youtube.com/politicalideologies/uxhs/modernpoli

Politics and Governance for ticalideologies
Learning Senior High School
Resources http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wM1skwW_ogk
http://www.britannica.com

1. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.

2. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
Learning 3. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
Activity 4. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

Required
Output My Own Political Ideology
Assessment
Tasks 1. Political Ideology
Assessment
Tool 1. Short Answer Rubric

Target Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

Christian B. Rivera, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 27

POLITI
Engage CAL
to your IDEOL
Select 5 concepts and words from the picture; relate its definition to its important
belief
system or how
important
as a OGIES it is to you
Filipino.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Explore
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 28

What is an IDEOLOGY?

Ideology refers to a set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or a group’s views, actions, and
interactions with the world. Political Ideology meanwhile, is a set of beliefs and ideas that define political
activities, policies and events.

A political Ideology is comprised of related and supporting ideas that advance a certain idea of what
society and government is or what it should be. It emphasizes certain values, principles, and ideas which
distinguish it from other political ideologies. For example, liberalism emphasizes individual freedom while
fascism gives primary importance to the state over the individual.

A political Ideology outlines the role of government on the economy in the society. It proposes ideas
regarding the most effective government., and the social and economic structure that will enable the state
to uphold its principles and realize its goals. Political ideologies also define how states should develop and
transform. Ideology becomes the basis for the values, principles, and ideas to which the state subscribes
to define its laws, programs and political activities. A state may be defined by a single ideology, or it may
choose to adopt several ideas from various ideologies. Political Ideologies is also the basis for the
development of a political culture, which is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and behavior that define political
processes and governance.

Functions of an Ideology:

1. Explains how society and politics are organized and how various aspects of political work
2. It evaluates whether a certain political action or program is good or bad
3. It orients those who subscribe to it to have sense of identity and directions.
4. It provides a program or plan of action that will bring about political change.

The Political Spectrum

The Political spectrum is a graphic representation of political ideologies along a line from left to right. The
left side of the line includes those that adhere to liberal and socialist ideologies, while the right side of the
line presents those that conform to conservative and fascist ideologies. The center of the line represents
a moderate or “centrist” ideologies which balances the ideas from the left and right sides of the political
spectrum.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 29

LEFT CENTER RIGHT

(Liberal – Socialist) (Moderate) (Conservative – Fascist)

1.Emphasis on personal liberty 1.Combines ideas and principles 1.Emphasizes on the welfare of
and human rights. from both the left and right the state of the “common good”

2.Government control over 2.Seeks the “middle ground” on 2.Markets should be free and
essential services and economic political Issues. unregulated
activities.
3.Seeks to maintain the status 3.Emphasizes the rule of law and
3.Envisions an egalitarian society quo in politics and society. the power of the state. Especially
where there is no distinction in times of crisis.
between people based on 4.May lean towards some leftist
economic status. ideas or policies or may refer to 4.Prefers a strong military and
some right wing ideas. seeks to protect a powerful
4.Advocates political and social image in international affairs.
change through revolutionary
means.

Note that similar ideologies (those that belong to the “same side” in the political spectrum) do not
necessarily agree on some views regarding politics, economy and society, and that ideologies often give
rise to other branches that may spouse some extreme or radically unique views on politics and society.

Major Political Ideologies

Liberalism

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 30

This ideology considers economic and social inequality as undesirable and seeks to establish a society that
provides opportunities for growth to all individuals. Public policy, therefore, must be oriented toward
eliminating discrimination and barriers to growth and development. All citizens must have access to
essential services such as health care, education, and social security. Liberalism upholds the recognition of
human rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion, gender equality and a
secular government.

The intellectual founders of Liberalism were the English philosopher

John Locke (1632-1704), who developed a theory on political authority
based on natural individual rights and the consent of the governed, and
the Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790), who
argued that societies prosper when individuals are free to pursue their
self-interest within an economic system based on private ownership of the
means of production and competitive markets, controlled neither by the
state nor by private monopolies.

Social Democracy

This ideology seeks to implement socialist reforms in society within the framework if a democratic
government and capitalist-economy. Social democrats advocate government regulation of the economy,
income distribution, and the promotion if social welfare. Social democracy envisions the establishment of a
socialist state through legal, non-violent means.

The social democratic movement grew out of the efforts of August Bebel,
who with Wilhelm Liebknecht cofounded the Social Democratic Workers’
Party in 1869 and then effected the merger of their party with the General
German Workers’ Union in 1875 to form what came to be called the Social
Democratic Party of Germany (SozialdemokratischeParteiDeutschlands).
Bebel imbued social democracy with the belief that socialism must be
installed through lawful means rather than by force.

Socialism

Socialism envisions the establishment of a state characterized by public ownership of resources and the
means of production. There is democratic control over the use of resources and the production of goods
and services are done in a cooperative manner. The government ensures citizens have free access to
goods and services.

Communism is a socialist ideology that believes that inequality is a

result of capitalism and the existence of a class system. Society, therefore
must be transformed to eliminate class divisions in order to achieve
equality. Marxism is a communist ideology that believes that capitalist
societies are characterized by class conflict or the struggle between the
working class and the capitalist. Marxists believe that the working class or
proletariat will lead a revolution that will establish a communist society.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 31

Anarchism
The most extreme among the ideologies as it advocates total dismantling
and elimination of the state. For anarchists, the state is undesirable as its
various aspects such as control, political authority, and hierarchy
represent something that is detrimental to freedom and individualism.
Instead of the state, anarchists advocate the establishment of self-
governed communities where individuals manage their affairs through
cooperative effort and mutual respect.

The first person to willingly call himself an anarchist was the French
political writer and pioneer socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In his
controversial study of the economic bases of society, Qu’est-ceque la
propriété? (1840; What Is Property?), Proudhon argued that the real laws
of society have nothing to do with authority but rather stem from the
nature of society itself, and he foresaw the eventual dissolution of
authority and the emergence of a natural social order:

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,
As man seeks justice in equality, so society seeks order in anarchy.
Anarchy—the absence of a sovereign—such is the form of government
to which we are every day approximating.
The essential elements of Proudhon’s philosophy already had been
developed by earlier thinkers. The rejection of political authority has a
rich pedigree. It extends back to classical antiquity—to the Stoics and
the Cynics—and runs through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, as
illustrated by dissenting Christian sects such as the medieval Catharists
and certain factions of Anabaptists. For such groups—which are often
mistakenly claimed as ancestors by modern anarchist writers—the
rejection of government was merely one aspect of a retreat from the
material world into a realm of spiritual grace, and, as part of the search
for individual salvation, it was hardly compatible with the sociopolitical doctrine of anarchism. In all its
forms, that doctrine consists of (1) an analysis of the power relations underlying existing forms of political
authority and (2) a vision of an alternative libertarian society based on cooperation, as opposed to
competition and coercion, and functioning without the need for government authority.

Neoliberalism

The ideology is based on laissez-faire economics which upholds

free markets and trade liberalization. Neoliberals believe that
economic growth is key to human progress, and that the
government must not intervene in the activities of the markets
and capitalists. This ideology gained popularity during the
1980’s and was implemented by the governments of the United
Kingdom and the United States.

Conservatism

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 32

The ideology upholds a strong, stable government and the firm implementation of laws. Conservatives
value continuity of tradition and are more nationalistic, religious, and moralistic in their political views.
This view also upholds the existence of a free market with limited intervention from the government.
Conservatives also prefer a strong military and advocate a strong presence in international affairs. It is the
view of the conservatives that social problems are not the concern of the government and should be
addressed at the local or community level. Conservatism is also wary of any change or reform, and are
generally opposed to socialist ideas.

Government’s responsibility is to be the servant, not the master, of existing ways of life, and politicians
must therefore resist the temptation to transform society and politics. This suspicion of government
activism distinguishes conservatism not only from radical forms of political thought but also
from liberalism.

Fascism

This is a radical right-wing ideology that is based on fierce nationalism and

authoritarianism. Fascism advocates a very strong central government, with many of
the aspects of democratic government subject to restrictions or even eliminated.
Fascism emerged as significant political ideology in Italy during the 1930’s although
this ideology also influenced the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. For fascists,
society is in danger from various threats such as invasion, war or rebellion, and a very
strong government with unlimited powers is needed to address this threats. The
fascist government is centered on dictatorship, and political opposition and dissent is
suppressed. For fascists, the interests of the state is considered paramount, and
individual liberties and interests must give way to the interest of the state.

A political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central,

southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the
United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East. Europe’s first fascist leader, Benito
Mussolini, took the name of his party from the Latin word fasces,
which referred to a bundle of elm or birch rods (usually containing
an ax) used as a symbol of penal authority in ancient Rome.
Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from
one another, they had many characteristics in common, including
extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for
electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in
natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to
create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: “people’s community”), in
which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the
nation. X``At the end of World War II, the major European fascist
parties were broken up, and in some countries (such as Italy and
West Germany) they were officially banned. Beginning in the late 1940s, however, many fascist-oriented
parties and movements were founded in Europe as well as in Latin America and South Africa. Although
some European “neofascist” groups attracted large followings, especially in Italy and France, none were as
influential as the major fascist parties of the interwar period.

The connection of Ideology to Governance –

Ideology is a major influence on the way government organizes itself and conducts its activities. The ideas
and principles espoused by political ideologies become the bases of state policies and principles, which in
turn defines laws and political traditions. Citizens are also influenced by state ideologies as they are

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 33

influenced and even indoctrinated to conform to a political culture defined by the accepted ideologies of
the state.

In actual practice, most advocates of political ideologies do not fully embrace all ideas of their ideologies.
Many political groups have a core ideology as basis for their fundamental beliefs, but may adopt some
ideas from other political ideologies. Governments may also experience changes in their political ideologies
due to historical developments or social change. Political systems may be established based on a single
ideology or a combination of ideas from various ideologies. Authoritarianism and totalitarianism, for
instance, are influenced by right wing ideologies.

In the Philippine Political Context

In Philippine politics, one importance evidence of the influence of political ideologies in governance is the
Philippine Constitution. The 1987 Constitution has various sections that embody certain liberal, socialist,
conservative and even fascist ideas. However, one political ideology that has gained popularity among
Filipino politicians in recent times is Populism, which emphasizes the interests of the masses. This view
often present the masses as being oppressed by the elite or an oligarchy, and that it is the role of the
government to limit the privileges of the elite and uplift the condition of the masses.

Do you have your ideology?

An awareness of one’s political ideology is essential as it helps citizens participate effectively in politics.
Ideology can be a source of stability and unity, especially if majority of the citizenship believe in principles
and values of the government. Citizens who do not share in the prevailing doctrines and ideas of the state,
on the other hand, can be an effective counter-balance to the state and provide a voice of dissent and
opposition whenever necessary. Being aware of one’s political beliefs and value also helps in critically
examining government actions and programs. Citizens support for the government should not be
unconditional and uncritical, thus an awareness of one stands for and how government should uphold that
shared beliefs of its citizens is necessary to prevent any action of the government that might go against
the principles and values of a democratic state

Apply

Provided below are common ideologies emerging in Philippine Political/Social Scene.

Select one ideology and discuss its significance to your own ideology.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 34

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Assessment Task No. 3

My Political Ideology
Instructions: Create or adopt a Political Ideology which you think would be relevant to today’s
Philippine Politics, explain in context why you chose this ideology and provide examples.Kindly
refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on how you will be
graded.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 35

ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
FOCUS AND There is one clear, There is one clear, There is one topic. The topic and
DETAILS well focused topic. well focused topic. Main ideas are main ideas are
Main ideas are Main ideas are somewhat clear. not clear.
clear and are well clear but are not The topic and main
supported by well supported by ideas are not clear.
detailed and detailed
accurate information.
information.
ORGANIZATION The introduction is The introduction The introduction There is no clear
inviting, stated the states the main states the main introduction,
main topic and topic and provides topic. A conclusion structure or
provides an an overview of the is included. conclusion.
overview of the paper. A conclusion
paper. Information is included.
is relevant and
presented in a
logical way.
VOICE The author’s The author’s The author’s The author’s
purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing
is very clear and is somewhat clear is somewhat clear is unclear.
there is strong and there are and there is
evidence of some evidence of evidence of
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 36

attention to attention to attention to

audience. audience. audience.
WORD CHOICE The author uses The author uses The author uses The writer uses a
vivid words and vivid words and words that limited vocabulary
phrases. phrases. The communicate or clichés.
choice and clearly, but the
placement of writing lacks
words is inaccurate variety.
at times and
seems overdone.
SENTENCE All sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are Sentences sound
STRUCTURE well constructed well constructed well constructed, awkward, are
/MECHANICS and have varied and have varied but they have a distractingly
structure and structure and similar structure repetitive or
length. length. The author and length. difficult to
makes few errors understand
in grammar,
mechanics and
spelling.
TOTAL

RUBRIC Scor Scoring Scale Total

e
COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 20 – 15
Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 14 – 10
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 10 – 5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Module 1 Lesson 3

Module Topic The Concepts of Power

1. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.
2. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
Learning
3. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
Competencies
4. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

Number of Hours
5 hours Self-Directed Learning 3 hours Assessment Task


 What factors influence the effective exercise of Power by the government?

Study Questions  How is Power Expressed in Government and Governance?
 How does Power define relations between the government and its citizens?
Required Suggested
Self Learning Kit on Philippine Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and
Politics and Governance for Senior Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
High School Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.

Learning Resources

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 37

1. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.

2. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
3. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
Learning Activity 4. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

Required Output 1. Advocacy Writing

Assessment Tasks 1. Advocacy Writing

Assessment Tool 1. Advocacy writing rubric

Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS
Course Code Politics 1
Course Title   Philippine Politics and Governance

The Nature and Dimensions of Power

Engage
A QUICK RECALL:

Do you remember watching your favorite SUPER HERO, most of us have a favorite super hero
that is part of our imagination as a kid. We are also amazed at their SPECIAL ABILITIES or
Powers. Some of us also are amazed at certain persons and look up to them for reasons that
they are able to do something that is out of the ordinary. We may also find our parents and
important persons in our lives as heroes.

In this Activity: Select one of these influential people and describe what makes them unique or
what makes them significant to you.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 38

Explore
Power is generally defined as the ability of a person to carry out his or her own will. This
concept is particularly significant in the study of social relationships since society is composed of
individuals who exercise varied degrees of power. In politics, power refers to the ability to
exercise control or impose restrictions over individuals, as well as compel other people to do
certain tasks. Power is closely tied to the concept of AUTHORITY, which is the right to exercise
power in society.

Classification of Power:

1. Coercive power is based on a person’s ability to compel other people through threats,
punishments, and force.

2. Reward power is based on the ability to give rewards and benefits.

a. Expert power relies on the knowledge and skills of the
individual.
b. Legitimate power is based on a person’s position, role
and duties in a group.
c. Referent power is based on an individual’s personality
and ability to attract followers.

Max Weber, a German sociologist and philosopher, proposed a

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 39

classification of power based on different types of authority.

Charismatic Authority is based on personal qualities of an individual who wields power. The
person’s authority is recognized based on his or her traits and how he or she is perceived by
other people in society.

Traditional Authority is rooted in the traditional values and existing social ties and
institutions.
Legal-Rational Authority is based on a system of laws and regulations and an established
bureaucracy.

Another Significant concept in the discussion of power is influence. This refers to the ability to
entice or convince through persuasion and other non-coercive means. Influence is considered to
have a broader scope compared to power and is more democratic in nature. Power also plays an
important role in leadership. Leadership exercise various forms of power in order to guide
people In an organization and leaded them in the conduct of various tasks.

Power, Legitimacy and Government

In politics, the concept of power is closely related to the state, government, governance and
citizenship. Political power is understood to refer to Sovereignty which is the power of the
government to perform its functions and conduct its affairs without interference from outside
forces. Sovereignty also refers to the authority to exercise power over a group or society.

Citizens in a democratic society express their sovereignty through various means. The ancient
greeks directly exercised sovereignty through participation in a direct democracy. Greek citizens
could participate in assemblies and discuss important issues and decide upon appropriate
courses of actions. Modern states meanwhile governs through a representative democracy where
citizens do not directly run the government. Instead they have the power to select among
themselves individuals who shall serve as their representatives in the government. Elections
therefore became the means by which citizens are able to exercise sovereignty in a democratic
society. There are however other means by which citizens are able to participate in or influence
government affairs, some examples include people’s initiative, plebiscite, referendum and the
organization of advocacy groups.

Power and Governance

The Government being the instrument by which the people enacts its will, is empowered to enact
programs, initiate activities, and take action whenever the need arises. In this sense,
sovereignty is expressed by the government as a form of “national power” that is composed of
various resources and instrumentalities such as the economy, population, and the military.
National power is evident in the actions of government agencies, officials, members of the
military and police, and other public servants.
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 40

The constitution gives the government inherent powers that it can enact in pursuit of national
goals and objectives. Police power refers to the ability of the state to use the police force to
ensure law and order in society. Eminent Domain is the power of the government to acquire
private property for public use. The power of Taxation allows the government to impose and
collect taxes from its citizens. These power enable the government to undertake its activities as
well as ensure the safety of citizens.

Power and its Effects

Power when wielded by entities such as the state, yields significant effects on society. The
exercise of political power is primarily intended to ensure social control. This generally results in
government influencing the development of individuals in society, as well as group behavior and
identity. Democratic governments utilize their power to uphold democratic ideals and
institutions, and inculcate a democratic mindset among the citizens. Within groups and
organizations, the exercise of various forms of power by their members results in a well-defined
hierarchy that enables them to identify their individual roles, responsibilities, privileges and
rights within the group. A well-balanced power structure within a organization contributes to its
stability and efficiency.

Responsibility and Accountability

Since the exercise of political power by the government originates from the consent of the
citizens, government action should be defined by responsibility and accountability. Responsibility
is closely tied to obligation, which refers to an individual is required to perform. Accountability
refers to the acknowledgement of responsibility for an action and its consequences. Public
officials, on particular, are expected to uphold various responsibilities in exercising their
authority. They have legal responsibilities, which refer to a set of obligations outlined by law,
and moral responsibilities which refers to doing actions that are considered to be morally and
socially acceptable and deserving of praise.

There are various ways that power can be abused by public officials and leaders. Abuse of
Authority refers to the use of authorized power for illegal acts or stepping beyond the bounds of
authorized action. The use of excessive force by police in arresting a suspect may be considered
an abuse of authority. Abuse of discretion is the willful disregard for the rules or proper
procedure. Abuse of Power pertains to misconduct in office, where an official performs
unlawful actions while in office.

The most evident example of abuse of power in government is corruption, which is the use of
authority or influence for private interests. Corruption is seen in various acts or activities such as
patronage, nepotism, bribery and influence peddling. Graft is a form of political corruption
where an official uses public funds for his or her personal gain.

In these cases, the government has instituted various means to ensure that public officials who
violate the public trust are held accountable for their actions. Accountability is ensured through
constitutionally and legally mandated bodies or agencies that investigate cases of abuse of
power and graft and corruption in public offices.

Article XI of the 1987 Constitution defines the means by which officials are to be held
accountable in the conduct of their duties. The Constitution mandates the establishment of the
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 41

Office of the Ombudsman to investigate cases of alleged abuses by public officials and
government employees. The ombudsman is empowered to investigate cases of alleged abuse,
suspend officials under investigation, and recommend cases for prosecution after due
investigation. The country’s anti graft court, the Sandigangbayan, is empowered to hear and
decide on cases involving graft and corruption and abuse of power by public officials.

Power when exercised effectively and responsibly, lead to the stability in government and
society. The exercise of power by the government is intended to foster a democratic society,
develop a democratic mindset among citizens, and maintain order that enables citizens to thrive
and develop.

Apply
After learning the different concepts of power, we are going to look at Powerful personalities
In the society today, preferably in the Philippine Context.

Here are some notable personalities in the Philippines when It comes to Politics and Society.
Explain why they are considered powerful and influential.

President Rodrigo RoaDuterte

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 42

Governor Gwendolyn Garcia

Pastor Apollo Quiboloy

Assessment Task No. 4

My Advocacy for a Better Community

Instructions: Create an Advocacy that you can undertake in order to bring about positive
change in your community. Research on significant issues and problems affecting your
community and identify one which you are able to address. Determine the means that you will
be able to reach out and influence members of your community to participate in your activity.
Prepare a plan of action and present it systematically.Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding
page for you to know and understand on how you will be graded.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 43

ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
FOCUS AND There is one clear, There is one clear, There is one topic. The topic and
DETAILS well focused topic. well focused topic. Main ideas are main ideas are
Main ideas are Main ideas are somewhat clear. not clear.
clear and are well clear but are not The topic and main
supported by well supported by ideas are not clear.
detailed and detailed
accurate information.
information.
ORGANIZATION The introduction is The introduction The introduction There is no clear
inviting, stated the states the main states the main introduction,
main topic and topic and provides topic. A conclusion structure or
provides an an overview of the is included. conclusion.
overview of the paper. A conclusion
paper. Information is included.
is relevant and
presented in a
logical way.
VOICE The author’s The author’s The author’s The author’s
purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing
is very clear and is somewhat clear is somewhat clear is unclear.
there is strong and there are and there is
evidence of some evidence of evidence of
attention to attention to attention to
audience. audience. audience.
WORD CHOICE The author uses The author uses The author uses The writer uses a

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 44

vivid words and vivid words and words that limited vocabulary
phrases. phrases. The communicate or clichés.
choice and clearly, but the
placement of writing lacks
words is inaccurate variety.
at times and
seems overdone.
SENTENCE All sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are Sentences sound
STRUCTURE well constructed well constructed well constructed, awkward, are
/MECHANICS and have varied and have varied but they have a distractingly
structure and structure and similar structure repetitive or
length. length. The author and length. difficult to
makes few errors understand
in grammar,
mechanics and
spelling.
TOTAL
RUBRIC Scor Scoring Scale Total
e
COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 20 – 15
Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 14 – 10
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 10 – 5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS
Course Code Politics 1
Course Title  Philippine Politics and Governance
Module 1 Lesson 4

Module Topic Nation States and Globalization

Learning At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Competencies  Analyze the relationship among nations and states in the context of globalization

Number of Hours
5 hours Self-Directed Learning 3 hours Assessment Task
 What is the significance of the state in the study of politics and governance?
 What elements define the nature of the state?
Study Questions
 How does Globalization influence world politics, economics and culture?

Learning Resources Required Suggested

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 45

Self Learning Kit on Philippine Politics and Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and
Governance for Senior High School Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.

Learning Activity 5. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.
6. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
7. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
8. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

Required Output 1. Journal Writing (Reaction Paper)

Assessment Tasks 1. Journal Writing
Assessment Tool 1.Journal writing Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

Natio
n-
States
The modern world is now more interconnected than ever, and individuals and societies often
influence each other in various ways through constant political, economic, and cultural
interaction. Globalization is an important development that continually shapes and defines

and
various aspects of the modern world.

The State and Nation are two significant concepts that go hand-in-hand in understanding politics

Global
and governance within the context of globalization. Participating in global politics give rise to
various opportunities and challenges in the political, economic, and cultural arena, and a state
must adequately rise to global challenges and take advantage of opportunities that will bring

izatio
about benefits for its people.

n
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 46

Let’s Discuss about Concepts!

The term STATErefers to the political structure of an organized community that lives under a
government. This state is related to but is not synonymous to government and country, which
refers to elements which compose the state. The State is often combined with the concept of the
Nation, which rise to the concept of a Nation-State.

The State is considered as the highest form of human association, and it is the product of man’s
basic desire for survival and the attainment of wants and needs. The state is considered by
Enlightenment Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rosseau as
a product of an established order brought about by human cooperation and agreement. The
state is primarily an organization with a legal purpose which is to impose law and order to
ensure the welfare of the people. It is the nature of the state that imbues it with the power to
enact and enforce laws.

The State is considered a product of the interaction of its various elements and cannot be
reduced to a single institution such as the government. As citizens, we encounter aspects of the
state in our everyday lives but it is most evident in the laws and regulations we lived by and the
public services we avail of. The state is also embodied by our public officials, members of the
police and armed forces, government officers and workers. Their actions as they conduct their
duties and responsibilities are considered manifestations of the power of the state. The state is
also embodied by symbols such as the flag, the national anthem, monuments, and other
symbols used by the government.

Sovereignty and the State

The sovereignty of the state is closely tied to legitimacy. The state gains legitimacy when it is
recognized and respected by the people. The legitimacy of the state is most evident in the
actions of the government and the citizens’ reaction to it. when majority of the population
accepts the government and follows its laws, then it can be said that the state is legitimate. If
however, a significant portion of the population expresses opposition to the state, then its
legitimacy is questioned, which give rise to instability. Certain groups may lead a revolt against
the government or a region within a state may attempt to assert its independence.

Another form of state legitimacy is recognition by other states or the community of nations. In
international relations, countries recognize each other as possessing the essential elements of
the state and being able to exercise sovereignty. This means that all states participating in
regional and international relations are on equal footing when they relate with each other, and
their representatives are afforded the respect and courtesy due to sovereign states.

A sovereign state, therefore, is free to pursue its interest and upholds its objectives and goals
independently and without undue influence from other states. It is also free to decide its own
affairs and cannot be forced by other states to adopt policies detrimental to its own welfare. A
sovereign state is considered a unified , coherent and organized entity that is able to effectively
exercises the powers of the state. If however, a country experiences political upheaval such as
civil war or has a government that is considered as illegitimate by the international community,
its status as a sovereign state may be put into question and this may affect the standing of the
state in international affairs.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 47

Understanding Nationhood

The emergence of the nation is closely tied with the concept of identity and ethnicity. People
primarily identify their belongingness to a local community based on ethnicity. This ethnic
identity is determined by similarities in physical traits, language, traditions, and beliefs among
others. In the Philippines, many communities come together to form large ethnolinguistic groups
such as the Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Tausug, or Maranao. A Filipino
primarily identifies with his or her ethnolinguistic group, and he or she feels a sense of
belongingness or loyalty to that group. Over the centuries the varied ethnolinguistic groups in
our country have come together through common experiences, struggles and aspirations and
have identified themselves as a single filipino nation.

The Historian Benedict Anderson describes the nation as “ an imagined political community” –
that is both inherently limited and sovereign. The nation is an imagined concept because it
primarily exist in the mind. The sense of nationhood is considered an idea or feeling among like-
minded individuals who share the same background and identity. The nation is considered to be
limited in the sense that it is defined by certain limits such as boundary and time. Nations often
identify a certain territory as their domain, and nations throughout history have emerged,
vanished or assimilated with other nations. Sovereignty is an important aspect as it enables to
work together to achieve their aspirations as a unified community.

Achieving nationhood is a lengthy process, cultural, historical, social and political factors all
come into play in the formation of nation. One view of nation formation is supposed to be
homogenous where the people has a common history, language and culture. The nation that
emerges encompasses numerous territories and sociocultural influences.

The concepts of nation and the state are concepts what are ofthen discussed and analyzed
together and this has given rise to the concept of the nation-state. A state may emerge from a
nation, as many of the unifying elements of the state are defined by the nation. This is the case
of many European nations, whose emergence as states during the 18 th century onwards was
defined by cultural integration and the formation of distinct national identities.

Nationhood and Politics

Nationhood is an integral part of politics as citizens work together and are united by the common
cause arising from their shared identity. Nationhood is a source of political integrity that unites
the people behind the state. Political leaders often appeal to a sense of nationhood to inspire
citizen support for government initiatives. This is often seen during wars, when the state calls on
its people to defend the motherland against enemies. Aspects of culture and societies that define

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 48

national identity , such as traditional and cultural values are

also important toots that the state uses to reinforce state
policies and government action.

On the other hand national identities can also contribute to

divisions within a state. This the most common particularly in
multinational states. Varied ethnic, cultural, social and political
identities often give rise to conflicting interests and values,
which can result to tensions and conflicts among citizens. The
state can resolve these possible conflicts through continual
nation-building which seeks to reiterate common values and
redefine existing traditions to become more inclusive of other
groups and identities.

Globalization and the Nation State

Globalization refers to the gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration brought
about by increased exchange of products, ideas and technology throughout the world. Based on
this definition, we can say that globalization as a process has been going on since ancient times,
from the integration of nations into great empires such as the Roman Empire and the Tang
Dynasty in China., to the emergence of global empires during the age of colonialism and
Imperialism. Modern Globalization has various dimensions that include political cooperation and
dialogue
(political globalization), economic integration(Economic Globalization), and cultural exchange
(Cultural Globalization).

During the 20th century, globalization was advanced by various

Political developments. In the 1920’s, in a desire to promote
peace and security in Europe and the rest of the world,
western governments spearheaded the creation of the League
of Nations as a forum for diplomatic negotiations. In 1945,
Towards the end of the Second World War, members of the
Allied Forces organized a Global union of nation-states with the
aim of preventing another global conflict. In 1948, the United
Nations (UN) was founded with the goal of promoting global
peace, cooperation, and dialogue among countries. The
Philippines is one of the founding members of the UN. The
emergence of supranational organizations that adopt common
policies for member states and whose members surrender certain powers to higher authorities,
is also another indication of globalization.

Political Globalization is also concerned with security and military matters. Many of the current
security threats we face are global in scope. Terrorism is a security concern that affects several
states throughout the world. Other treats such as organized crime, the illegal drug trade, and
human trafficking, often operate in multiple countries and across borders.

The economic aspect of globalization is evident in the growing trade, and financial relations
among countries, and the reduction and removal of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 49

The cultural aspect of globalization is evident in the transmission of ideas and growth of
multicultural societies throughout the world. Technology is an important factor in the rapid
spread of knowledge and has led to communities being exposed to varied ideas and cultures.
People are now exposed to values and traditions from other cultures thereby diminishing cultural
stereotypes and misconceptions. Globalization has also led to the spread of western culture and
values to many parts of the world. On the other hand, cultural globalization has led to the revival
of national pride and an appreciation of cultural identity due to openness to diversity.

Globalization provides the nation state various opportunities for growth but likewise the
increasingly complex relations among nations bring about various challenges. In political,
economic, and military concerns, the nation state must carefully balance national interests with
global interests, and work together with various nations in addressing global concerns.

Despite its positive effects, globalization has also brought about a number of challenges. Critics
of globalization consider it as a detriment to the welfare of some states, as global interests often
run counter to national interests. Economic globalization has
rendered some developing nations helpless in the face of
competition in the global free market. The supranational
character of political globalization, likewise, is seen as a
limitation to national sovereignty. On the other hand, the refusal
of powerful states to abide by international laws and standards
also limits the effectiveness of global cooperation.

Assessment Task No. 5

Essay Writing
Instructions: Answer the following questions using your knowledge about Globalization and its
impact on the current situation of the Philippines.Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding
page for you to know and understand on how you will be graded.
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 50

1. Identify a social, economic or political issue in the Philippines and discuss how globalization can
contribute to addressing it.

2. What is the importance of Globalization in the Philippines aim to become a progressive and
Advancing Nation in Southeast Asia?

3. What are the advantages of being a member of the United Nations towards the economic and
political advancement of the Philippines?

ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
FOCUS AND There is one clear, There is one clear, There is one topic. The topic and
DETAILS well focused topic. well focused topic. Main ideas are main ideas are
Main ideas are Main ideas are somewhat clear. not clear.
clear and are well clear but are not The topic and main
supported by well supported by ideas are not clear.
detailed and detailed
accurate information.
information.
ORGANIZATION The introduction is The introduction The introduction There is no clear
inviting, stated the states the main states the main introduction,
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 51

main topic and topic and provides topic. A conclusion structure or

provides an an overview of the is included. conclusion.
overview of the paper. A conclusion
paper. Information is included.
is relevant and
presented in a
logical way.
VOICE The author’s The author’s The author’s The author’s
purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing
is very clear and is somewhat clear is somewhat clear is unclear.
there is strong and there are and there is
evidence of some evidence of evidence of
attention to attention to attention to
audience. audience. audience.
WORD CHOICE The author uses The author uses The author uses The writer uses a
vivid words and vivid words and words that limited vocabulary
phrases. phrases. The communicate or clichés.
choice and clearly, but the
placement of writing lacks
words is inaccurate variety.
at times and
seems overdone.
SENTENCE All sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are Sentences sound
STRUCTURE well constructed well constructed well constructed, awkward, are
/MECHANICS and have varied and have varied but they have a distractingly
structure and structure and similar structure repetitive or
length. length. The author and length. difficult to
makes few errors understand
in grammar,
mechanics and
spelling.
TOTAL
RUBRIC Scor Scoring Scale Total
e
COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 20 – 15
Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 14 – 10
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 10 – 5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Module 2
Philippine Democratic
Politics
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 52

Lesson 1: Historical Background of Philippine Politics

Lesson 2: The Executive Branch
Lesson 3: The Legislative Branch
Lesson 4: The Judiciary Branch

Content Standards:

At the end of the lesson the learners demonstrate understanding of:

1. The historical background of Philippine democratic politics, The Executive, Legislative

and Judiciary and decentralization of local governance.

Performance Standards:
At the end of the lesson the learners shall be able to explain the roles of different political
institutions.

Learning Competencies:
1. Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance.
2. Analyze the roles and powers of the Executive branch of the Government
3. Differentiate the roles and responsibilities of the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
4. Analyze the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary

Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS

Course Code Politics 1

Course Title  Philippine Politics and Governance
Module 2 Lesson 1

Module Topic Early Political Systems and Philippine Politics in the 20 th Century
Learning  At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 53

 Relate the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

 Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance
Competencies  Assess the effects of the Colonial experience on Philippine Politics and
Governance

Number of Hours 5 hours Self-directed Learning 3 hours Assessment Task



 What led to the formation of the earliest societies and governments in the
Philippines?
Study Questions  How did Spanish Spanish Colonialism transform Philippine Society, government
and governance
 How did American imperialism affect the Filipino Struggle for Independence
Required Suggested
Self Learning Kit on Philippine Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and
Politics and Governance for Senior Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
High School Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
Learning Resources

Learning Activity 1. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.
2. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
3. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
4. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

1. Journal Writing (Reaction Paper)

Required Output 2. Journal Writing (Political Systems)
1. Table completion
Assessment Tasks 2. Journal Writing
1. Table Completion
Assessment Tool 3. Journal Writing Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

The Early Political Systems of the Philippines

Engage
Present-day Philippine politics is a product of a long history influenced by colonialism and nationalism. The
emergence of government among precolonial Filipino societies was considered a mark of civilization and a
gradual transition to nationhood, Governance was embodies by the precolonial barangay and the Muslim

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 54

sultanates in Mindanao. The political growth of the native Filipinos, however, was cut short by the arrival
of Westerners who conquered the islands and imposed a colonial government. For centuries, Filipinos live
under a society and government defined by colonial goals and policies.

The Voyage of Magellan

If you could remember the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan in search of the well known “Spice Islands”, let
us trace back his journey half-way around the world and relive his discovery of the Philippine Islands.
Using this picture trace the exact route of Ferdinand Magellan.

1. Using the Map above narrate the journey of Ferdinand Magellan and how he discovered
the Philippine Islands.

2. What were the reasons why the Spaniards wanted to come to Asia?

Explore
Early Pre-Colonial Political Structures

The precolonial Filipino communities share some cultural similarities with ancient communities in
Southeast Asia and even Polynesia. The first communities that were established were defined by inter-
island trade and seafaring, and these activities contributed to the growth and expansion of the first
Barangays. Ancient communities were situated on riverbanks and close to the sea. The people depended
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 55

on maritime travel and their livelihood was primarily based on access to bodies of water such as seas and
rivers. Land-based communities meanwhile were nomadic in technology , small bands of people begin to
come together and form large communities called BARANGAY.

Barangay Systems

The Barangaywas the basic political unit that existed throughout the Philippine islands. Prior to the
1400’s. Each barangay was an independent polity(political entity) which exercised authority over several
communities within a definite territory. Barangay also interacted with other communities, and there is
evidence of the establishment of political-military alliances between barangays for mutual protection and
support.

The Barangay was led by a DATU, who rose to the position either
by birth or by valor and feats achieved in war. In Luzon, the word
Datu referred to the chieftain. However in the Visayas the term
datu referred not only to the chieftain as an individual, but to an
entire social class that included the relatives and friends of the
chieftain. The datu in most cases belonged to the nobility and was
afforded great respect from the community. The datu
implemented the customary laws of the community and served as
the commander-in-chief during times of war. The Datu was also
responsible for the livelihood of the people and the barangay’s
collective wealth.

The Sultanates
While Luzon and Visayas were largely patchwork of independent
polities, a different situation was unfolding in Mindanao, from the
1440’s onwards, the various communities in Sulu and
Maguindanao were organizing themselves in sultanates. The
Sultanates of Solo and Maguindanao represented a significant
political advancement in precolonial Philippines, as the Muslim
communities in Mindanao achieved a level of political unity and
stability that enabled them to establish strong diplomatic relations
with other Asian communities and successfully resist the Spanish
conquest.

Political legitimacy in these sultanates was based on blood and

religious ties. The members of the sultanate considered
themselves part of a vast political community bound by faith, thus governance in the sultanate was
defined by religious tradition and Shariya Law. The sultans also traced their lineage not only from the
native rulers of the ancient barangays in Mindanao, but also from the bloodline of the earliest Arab
missionaries who came to spread Islam throughout the islands.
One of the first Sultanates in the Philippines was established in Sulu by Sayyid Abu Bakr, A Muslim
missionary and the very first sultan of Sulu. The sultanate soon expanded and ibarangays became unified
as the Bangsa Sulu (Sulu Nation).

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 56

In 1521, Spain embarked on its colonial pursuits in Asia as it launched the Magellan expedition. Magellan
and his crew arrived in the Philippine Islands and traveled throughout eastern and Central Visayas.
Magellan ‘s intervention in a local conflict among feuding datus led to an ill-fated military attack on Mactan
Island which led to his death. However the Spanish government was steadfast in its desire to establish a
colonial outpost in Asia. The Magellan expedition was soon followed by several attempts by the Spaniards
to conquer the islands.

The Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines

In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi successfully conquered the native

communities in Luzon and Visayas and declared the Philippines as a colony of
Spain. This phase of early colonization was followed by a period ofreduccion,
or the relocation of local inhabitants into towns or pueblos. Large Barangays
were converted into pueblos, while smaller barangays were brought together
to form a single town. Thus Spanish colonialism began the process of
integration of the Filipino people by bringing together the separate and
independent barangay into cohesive communities another Spanish rule.

The Political Structure of Spanish Government in the Philippines

Spain
established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a National
Government and the Local Governments that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.
The Role of the National Government was to maintain peace and order, collect taxes, built schools and
public works.

The Leaders of the National Government in the Philippines :

1. Governor General
- Considered as the King’s representative and the highest ranking official in the Philippines.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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- The powers of the Governor General were the power to appoint and dismiss public officials. Except
those personally chosen by the King. He was the commander-in-chief of the colonial armed forces.
He was also the President of the Royal Audiencia

(The Supreme Court of the National Government in the Philippines)

- There was a total of 115 Governor Generals assigned to the Philippines; started with Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi and ended with Diego delos Rios in 1898.

Governor General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Governor General Diego delos Rios

The Governor General and other Government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused.
The leadership of the Governor General was subject to a number of limitations. Certain Government
institutions were created to look at the performance of political leaders in the Philippines

 The task of investigating the abuses and usurpation of power of Political leaders was tasked to the Visita, an
unannounced inspection from the Spanish government , and by the Residencia, which reviewed the actions in
government at the end of his turn as a Governor-General.
 Despite the implementation of monitoring and review on the Governor-General and other colonial officials, this did
not stop cases of abuse and corruption among their ranks. One factor that limited the effective governance of the
colony was the vast distance between Spain and the Philippines. The challenges to transportation and
communication meant the monitoring of activities of the colonial government was difficult.

2. The Royal Audencia

- Served as an advisory body of the Governor-General
- Had the power to check and report on his abuses.
- Audited the expenditures of the colonial government
- Sent yearly reports to Spain

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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The Local Government During the Spanish Colonization

The Provincial Government – the Spanish created the Local Government Units for the
provinces. There were 2 types of Local Government Units :

Alcaldia Corrigimiento
- Headed by the Alcalde Mayor - Headed by the Corrigedor
- Managed the day to day - Governed the provinces that
operations of the provincial were not yet entirely under
government Spanish control
- Implemented the laws and
supervised the collection of
Taxes.

Larger towns and cities called Ayuntamiento, became the center of trade and
industry.TheAyuntamiento had a city council called the Cabildo.TheCabildo was composed of the
Alcalde (Mayor), Regidores (Councilors) ,Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief).

The Municipal Government -Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed
by the GOBERNADORCILLO (Little Governor).

The main Duties of the Gobernadorcillowas to efficiently govern and collect taxes of the
Municipal Government he is the head. They had small salaries but were exempted from paying
taxes.

The Pueblos – was the smallest political entity during the Spanish Colonial Government and
was headed by the Cabeza de Barangay which was responsible for the peace and order of the
barrio and mostly recruited members for public works.

Alcalde De Mayor Reyes Gobernadorcillo Felipe Lopez

The Katipunan and the Revolutionary Movement

After Rizal’s exile to Dapitan, some members of the Liga reconvened to form a secret
revolutionary organization, the Kataastaasangkagalang-galangangKatipunanngmgaAnakng
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 59

Bayan(KKK), also known as the Katipunan. The founder of the Katipunan included Deodato
Arellano, Andres Bonifacio, and LadislaoDiwa, unlike the previous reform and propaganda
movements, the Katipunan advocated complete independence from Spain through Armed
Revolution.\
The Katipunan had an executive branch comprised of a
Supreme council, Provincial Council, and the Popular
Council. The provincial and the popular councils had
jurisdiction over the towns and provinces. While the
Supreme Council was the highest governing body of
the society. The Katipunan had a judicial branch who
settled arguments between members of the Katipunan.
It also disciplined members who were found to have
disobeyed the laws of the organization.
The outbreak of the Revolution and the Tejeros
Convention
The discovery of the Katipunan by the Guardia civil in June 1896 hastened the Organization’s
plans for armed revolution. The colonial government’s reactions to the planned rebellion was
swift. Several members of the Katipunan were arrested while some were forced into hiding. It
was during this uncertain period that Bonifacio and the rest of Katipunan decided to proceed
with the planned uprising. The Philippine Revolution began on August 1896, but Bonifacio’s
forces were unable to secure victory in the initial battles within Manila. In particular the province
of Cavite was one of the most active fronts in the revolutionary struggle, with General Emilio
Aguinaldo leading the revolutionary force to victories.
The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into the Magdiwang and the Magdalo factions. The
Magdiwang was led by Mariano Alvarez, while Magdalo was headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo. In
1897, the fighting shifted to the provinces and Cavite became an important center of the
revolution. In the face of growing Spanish offensives, the Katipunan convened in Tejeros in
order to reorganize and establish a united front against the Spaniards. Andres Bonifacio was
invited by the Magdiwang faction to preside over the convention. The conveners agreed to
dissolve the Katipunan and replace it with a revolutionary government. It was followed by an
election of officials in which Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was named President in Absencia.

The Revolutionary Government and the Biak-

naBato Republic

The Events of 1897 brought about new revolutionary

government that formally replaced the old Katipunan
government. Aguinaldo inaugurated the “
PamahalaanngSangkatagalugan “ composed of the
following officials.

President : Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice President: Mariano Trias
Director of Interior: Pascual Alvarez
Director of Finance: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Director of Development: Mariano Alvarez
Director of State: Jacinto Lumbreras
Director of Justice: Severino de las Alas
Director of War: EmilianRiego de Jesus
Captain General: ArtemioRicarte

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 60

But the execution of Andres Bonifacio had a significant impact on the morale of the
revolutionaries. As a result, the Spanish forces were able to score several victories. The
revolutionary forces in Cavite were forced to evacuate after a massive Spanish counter-
offensive. Aguinaldo and his Government retreated to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato inBulacan,
near the cordilleras

At this point Aguinaldo established a Republican

Government , referred to as the Biak-na-Bato
Republic. The new republic was organized based
on a constitution which reflected the ideals of
the revolution. The Biak-na-Bato constitution
was the first formal constitution drafted in the
Philippines. Its preamble expressed the
sentiment of the revolutionaries who sought to
separate from the Spanish monarchy and
establish a republic in accordance with the
wishes of the filipino people. The constitution
also established a centralized government, with a Supreme council composed of a President and
several cabinet officials. The supreme council performed both executive and legislative functions,
including the passage and implementation of the laws of the republic. The following were the
officials of the elected supreme council.

President: Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice-President: Mariano Trias
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Antonio Montenegro
Secretary of Interior: IsabeloArtacho
Secretary of War: EmilianoRiego De Jesus
Secretary of the Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo

With the establishment of the Biak-na-Bato Republic, revolutionary forces experienced a

resurgence and many from nearby provinces rallied in support of Aguinaldo. This led to a
stalemate between the filipino forces and the Spaniards, Negotiations were initiated and a peace
agreement, the Pact of Biak naBato was signed on November 18, 1897.

Towards the creation of a Philippine Republic

The signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato ended the hostilities between the Filipinos and the
Spaniards.
The Biak-na-Bato Republic also came to an end as Aguinaldo and his government voluntarily
went into exile in Hongkong, as was agreed upon in the pact. The remaining revolutionary
leaders and their forces were given amnesty and absorbed into the Spanish colonial military
force. Thu truce however, did not last. Both sides violated many of the terms of the agreement.
Spanish officials arrested many filipino revolutionaries despite the guarantee of amnesty.

Fast forward to the Declaration of Independence and the First Philippine Republic.

The return of Aguinaldo to the Philippines in May 1898 signaled the revival of the Philippine
revolution. On May 24, he declared a dictatorial government which was intended to facilitate the
swift execution of orders and implementation of policies. The dictatorship was intended to be
temporary, as a new government will be established at the end of the war with Spain. News of
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 61

Aguinaldo’s arrival spurred the filipino revolutionaries into action. They took up arms once again
and fought the Spaniards. By June 1898, Filipinos had taken control of the whole island of
Luzon, while the Spaniards held on to Manila and the port of Cavite. On June 12, 1898,
Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines. A few days later, he abolished the
dictatorial government and established a revolutionary government which he headed. In
September 1898, Aguinaldo called on the delegates from the provinces to gather as a
Revolutionary Congress in Malolos, Bulacan. However, the peace and order situation and the
political uncertainty during that period meant that most provinces outside of Luzon were unable
to send delegates. Thus Aguinaldo was compelled to appoint several delegates to represent
these provinces. September 15, 1898, The Malolos congress was inaugurated and began the
task of passing laws that would establish an Independent Philippine government. The Malolos
congress began deliberations on a draft constitution in October 1898 and in January 1899, the
final version of the constitution was submitted to Aguinaldo for his approval. On January 21,
1899 the Malolos Constitution was approved and promulgated.

Historians consider the Malolos Congress as an assembly that was truly diverse ethnically and
politically. The Malolos Constitution, therefore, was the first code of laws in the country that was
created, deliberated , and approved from a national perspective. The Malolos Constitution
provided for a republican government with the legislative branch having considerably more
power, than the executive and judiciary. The Malolos Constitution paved the way for the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic, which was inaugurated in Malolos in January 23,
1899. Unfortunately, despite the efforts of Aguinaldo and his government, the republic faced
serious challenges upon its inception.

Despite the significant setback, Aguinaldo and his government continued to assert the
independence and sovereignty of the Philippine republic. The outbreak of hostilities between the
filipinos and Americans 1899, however, brought about the end of the First Philippine Republic
and ushered in a new period of Philippine colonialism under American sovereignty.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 62

Apply
Instructions: Compare the Revolutionary Movement with the Propaganda movement
in terms of their objectives and their means of achieving them. Have the students
complete the following Venn Diagram:

Revolutionary Movement Propaganda Movement

Philip
pine
Politic
A little background…

s in
American colonialism introduced dramatic changes to in Philippine Politics, despite being under a
colonial power. Filipinos were given the opportunity to participate in politics and governance. In
anticipation of eventual independence. Political development s during this period trained the

the
filipinos in running a government. The establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth
Government in 1935 marked the transition towards a definite path to independence. The
outbreak of the Second World War and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines interrupted

th
20
this transition, as another colonial government was established by the Japanese. The end of the
war resulted in the realization of independence For the Philippines in 1946. However, the
Philippine Republic faced not only the challenges of recovery from the war, but also
neocolonialism, government corruption, and social inequality. Various administrations attempted

Centu
several solutions to these problems, with the Marcos administration resorting to an authoritarian
government in an attempt to change Philippine society and politics. In 1986 a popular revolt
toppled the Marcos’ administration and democracy in government was restored.

ry
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 63

American Colonial Government

American colonialism went hand in hand with preparing

filipinos for self-governance. While the Philippines was
under US Administration. Filipinos were gradually provided
opportunities to participate in governance. 1n 1907, the
Philippine Assembly was established which enabled Filipino
Politicians to be elected into government and serve in the
Assembly. Political parties were also organized and these
became the means by which the Filipino elite was able to
participate in politics. The Local Government was also
reorganized and this allowed former leaders in the
revolutionary Philippine Republic to become Governors and
Mayors. Among the notable Filipino personalities of this era
were Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña Sr.
One of the most significant political advancement which
paved way for total independence from American colonization was the passaged of the Jones
Law in 1916 which gave more opportunities for Filipinos to participate in government, and also
established a timeline for eventual Philippine Independence. The Philippine legislature was
recognized, and composed of elected or appointed representatives from all over the country.
Executive power was still exercised by an American Governor-General, but the cabinet was
composed primarily of Filipino officials.
Since the passage of the Jones Law, Filipinos had sent several independence missions to
campaign for immediate independence from the United States. In 1931, OS-ROX Independence
Mission successfully lobbied at the US Congress for an Independence Law, The Hare-Hawes-
Cutting Act. However, Manuel L. Quezon intervened and secured another law, The Tydings-
McDuffie Act, which became the final basis for the establishment of the Philippine
Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was structured to prepare the Philippines for independence
within a period of 10 years.

The organization of constitutional Convention that would draw up the fundamental law of the
land based on the American model was one of the salient provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
Delegates to the convention were subsequently elected in 1934. In the first meeting held on July
30 at the session of the House of Representatives, Claro M. Recto was unanimously elected as
its President.

Salient features of the 1935 Constitution include the following: a bicameral legislature composed
of a senate and House of Representatives. The President is to be elected to a four-year term
together with the Vice-President without re-election; rights of suffrage by male citizens of the
Philippines who are twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write; extension of
the right of suffrage to women within two years after the adoption of the constitution.

The draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified
by Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935. Elections were held in September
1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the president of the Commonwealth. The 1935
Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government which was considered a
transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired
constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its government system after
American government. It has been said that the 1935 Constitution was the best-written
Philippine charter ever.
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 64

The Philippine commonwealth under the leadership of President Manuel L. Quezon, enacted
various measures of Nationhood by addressing the need for a National Language. Quezon also
focused on National Defense and through the National Defense Act, established a reservist
citizen army. Quezon had great power and influence over Philippine Politics, and some noted that
he was ruling the Philippines as a virtual dictator.

Challenges of the First Philippine Commonwealth Government:

The establishment of the Commonwealth happened at a

time of uncertainty in world affairs. During the 1930’s
fascist regimes emerged in Germany and Italy, while
Japan was dominated by militarist officials. Over the
next few years, the Japanese empire embarked on a
military conquest which started with its occupation of
China in 1937. Japan’s actions alarmed the United
States, and it sought to curb Japan’s military aggression
through diplomacy and trade sanctions. Despite these,
Japan still continued with its expansion and invaded
French Indo-China in 1940. The Philippines took note of
these developments and made preparations for possible
conflict. In 1941, Filipino Military forces were
incorporated into the US Army and the USAFFE(United
States Army Forces in the Far East) was established. But despite these, the Philippines was still
unprepared for the Japanese attack which took place on December 8, 1941, Japanese forces
entered Manila and the USAFFE troops were forced to retreat to Bataan and Corregidor.

The Japanese Occupation in the Philippines

Economic reasons were the primary motivation for Japan’s military expansion into the rest of
Asia. Japan had limited resources and relied on imports for industrial products and raw
materials. The conflict brought about by its occupation of China, and the subsequent economic
sanctions imposed by western powers, particularly the United States, convinced the Japanese
that military action was needed to gain military and economic influence throughout Asia.
Additionally, the Japanese advocated the concept of the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere”, which envisioned the nations of Asia under the leadership of Japan. Based on the
concept, the countries would be united culturally, economically and politically in a single regional
bloc free from western interference. The co-prosperity sphere was considered a propaganda tool
used by the Japanese to entice cooperation among Asian nations, many of whom were colonies
to western powers.’

The fall of Manila on January 2, 1942 signaled the start of the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines, on January 3, the Japanese issued a proclamation announcing the end of the
American occupation of the Philippines. The Japanese Military Administration was then
established and served as the overall authority in the country. It was composed of Japanese
military officials, and was headed by a Military governor, The Japanese Military Administration
implemented several significant changes in Philippine government, and it was reorganized to
conform to the aims and objectives of the Japanese.

The Japanese sponsored Philippine Republic

The Japanese sought the cooperation of Filipino politicians in

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 65

administering the country. In line with this, they established the Philippine Executive
Commission and appointed several prominent filipinos into the body. The National government
was reorganized and renamed as the Central Administrative Organization, with the PEC
exercising administrative control over its various departments. The local governments in the
provinces, towns, cities remained virtually unchanged. The government, despite being composed
of filipinos, had several significant limitations. It had limited legislative and judicial power – the
PEC was only allowed to enact executive orders and promulgate pre-existing laws- while the
Judiciary had no jurisdiction over cases which involved Japanese personnel. The Japanese also
made sure that they had firm control over the affairs of the government and assigned advisors
to each department to monitor the activities of the Filipino officials.
Japan’s defeat in 1945 brought about the end of the second world war in Asia. The Philippine
Commonwealth was reestablished and the government addressed the challenge of recovery and
rehabilitation. Despite being independent, the Philippine Republic was still subject to some
restrictions. The Philippine economy remained dependent on trade with the US, and the
Americans still maintained a military presence in the country.

The Third Philippine Republic

Japan’s defeat in 1945 brought about the end of the second world war in Asia. The Philippine
Commonwealth was reestablished and the government addressed the challenge of recovery and
rehabilitation. Despite being independent, the Philippine Republic was still subject to some
restrictions. The Philippine economy remained dependent on trade with the US, and the
Americans still maintained a military presence in the country.
The political relationship between the United States and the Philippines was influenced by
neocolonialism. This refers to the practice of a powerful state using economic, political, and
cultural influence to control a developing country. The United States was able to influence
political events and development in the Philippines even though the latter was already an
independent sovereign country. One means by which the US implemented neocolonialism in the
Philippines was by ensuring that the filipino political elite remained in power as they shared
almost the same interests and views as the United States. The political elite became an oligarchy
and almost all power and authority remained In the hands of the influential and the privileged.
The programs, policies, and efforts of the subsequent administration in the Philippine
government were often influenced by neocolonialism and the reality of Philippine dependence on
the US

Post-Independence Administration
The Administration of Manuel Roxas saw several developments that
indicated the beginning of neocolonialism in the Philippines. It was under his
administration that the Bell Trade Act was passed an the 1935 Constitution
amended. Which gave the Americans parity rights and access to Philippine
resources and industries. Meanwhile, the Military Base Agreement also gave
the americans access to military bases throughout the country and allowed
them sovereignty over the territory of these bases. One of the greatest
challenges to the Roxas Administration was the
spread of Socialism and the growth of socialist
and communist groups that supported the cause
of workers and farmers.

ElpidioQuirino, who succeeded Manuel Roxas in 1948, sought to

restore peace and order by negotiating with the Huk rebels. He also
initiated a campaign to address government corruption and restore
public trust in the administration. One significant achievement of the
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 66

Quirino’s administration was the implementation of foreign exchange control to address

problems in the country’s finances. Due to the implementation of the Bell Trade Act, Philippine
Markets became saturated with cheap imported products. This resulted in the Philippines almost
exhausting its dollar reserves to pay for imports.

Ramon Magsaysay’s administration focused

on solving the country’s social problems.
Magsaysay had an image of a “ People’s
President” and advocated a platform
upholding social welfare. The president was
also a staunch ally of the United States and
a vocal opponent of communism. It was
during his term that the Huk rebellion was
brought to an end with the surrender of Huk
Leader Luis Taruc and the arrest of several
high-ranking Huks and communists. A new
agreement was signed for free trade through
the Laurel-Langley Agreement. The new agreement provided for
greater economic freedom for the Philippines while maintaining close
trade relations with the US. The Philippines became a firm partner of
the US in combating the spread of communism throughout Asia
through the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO).

Magsaysay’s untimely death in a plane crash in 1957 elevated his Vice President, Carlos P.
Garcia into the presidency. His administration pursued nationalist policies. Foremost of these
was the “Filipino First” Policy which aimed at fostering economic independence by extending
privileges and assistance to Filipino Entrepreneurs. The Government also supported local
industries and encouraged local production. Other initiatives included the revival of Philippine
cultural arts, and the institution of austerity measures in government to curb corruption.

DiosdadoMacapagal succeeded Garcia in 1961 and his administration

tackled the issue of economic development by decentralizing
economic controls. This resulted in the revocation of measures such
as foreign exchange control and import controls. The government
also focused on the plight of farmers. In 1963.Macapagal signed into
Law the Land Reform Code which abolished the tenancy system and
established a leasehold system. One notable action of the
government was the recognition of June 12 as the official
Independence day of the Philippines in honor of the 1898 Declaration
of Independence. Another significant contribution in foreign relations
was the establishment of the MAPHILINDO, a confederation of three
countries – Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. It was intended to
foster closer economic, social, and cultural ties between the 3
countries.
Throughout these administrations, the Philippines continually faced
the challenges of social and economic inequality, government corruption,
and the continuing insurgency led by the communist groups. Economic
development also proved difficult as the Philippine Economy was closely
tied to the United States, and American interests often influenced
economic policies in the country. The political influence exerted by the
Americans on the Philippine Government also made it difficult for officials
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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to advocate nationalist policies since there were often against the interests of the US.

The Fourth Republic of the Philippines

The Marcos Administration

Ferdinand Marcos was elected President in 1965 and his administration faced a nation in crisis.
Many of the problems of the previous administrations, such as government corruption, social
inequality, and the resurgence of communist rebellion in some provinces, were considered the
gravest threats to the government. To address these, the Marcos administration outlined several
policies which emphasized economic self-sufficiency, improved agricultural production and land
reform and encouraged community development.

Among the initial achievements of the administration was the establishment of the Association of
South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), which became a forum for closer ties among Southeast Asian
countries. The Philippines also sent Filipino soldiers to South Vietnam to assist in infrastructure
projects. This was done in support of the American offensive against communists in Vietnam.

Marcos was reelected to a second term in 1969, and was the first incumbent president to win a
reelection. At that time, the threat of communist rebellion had increased with the founding of the
New People’s Army (NPA) in 1969. The revival of the communist party of the Philippines and the
rise of student activism in the late 1960’s were also considered threats to government stability
and security. In an effort to reform government, Marcos called a Constitutional Convention in
1970 to amend the 1935 Constitution. The convention began its work in 1971 but it was
interrupted when Martial Law was declared in 1972.

Martial Law Period and the 1973 Constitution

The 1970’s brought more challenges to the Marcos Administration.

The country experienced economic troubles, increased crime and
violence, and growing government opposition from various sectors.
During the early months of 1970, several protests against the
government were staged by student activists, workers and farmers.
these protests called attention to the lack of government action on
social problems, government corruption, and growing economic
uncertainty. In response, Marcos, meanwhile, saw these protests as
signs of a brewing communist uprising that would topple the
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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government.

With the declaration of Martial Law, Marcos took on unprecedented powers as he appropriated
the power of legislation by issuing decrees aimed at improving the condition of the country.
Among his important decrees were Presidential decree 1, which reorganized the provinces into
11 regions as part of an Integrated Reorganization Plan; and PD2, which declared the entire
Philippines as a land reform area. In 1973, the new constitution granted the President
authoritarian powers, and a parliamentary system of government was introduced, where the
executive and legislative branches were merged. The congressional system was transformed into
a unicameral body called the BatasangPambansa. The 1973 plebiscite also asked the citizens to
decide regarding the continuation of Martial Law. The results of plebiscite showed that 90% of
the citizens approved of continuing Martial Law.

The new government set in place the establishment of the Marcos dictatorship and his
authoritarian rule over the Philippines. Marcos used his powers to set into motion significant
social reforms based on his concept of the “New Society” (BagongLipunan). He endeavored to
bring about a cultural and moral transformation of Filipino society. Marcos considered his
dictatorship as an effective instrument to bring about reforms since governance would be
streamlined under his authority and necessary laws could be passed and implemented without
delay. The difficult economic conditions and the abuse of government power fueled opposition
and rebellion against the Philippine Government. Communist rebel groups, particularly the NPA,
grew and became a considerable threat in several provinces. Meanwhile, an armed rebellion in
Mindanao was led by the Moro National Liberation Front, which was founded in 1972. The
Government in turn increased spending for the armed forces in order to combat these threats.

In general, The Martial Law period ushered in significant

changes in the Philippine politics and governance. An
authoritarian regime under President Marcos was
established and the government was reorganized to
accommodate a dictatorship. The 1973 Constitution
instituted a parliamentary government with a strong
executive. The Marcos regime advocated a program of
cultural and social reform but the efforts to achieve
these goals were overshadowed by rampant corruption
and human rights violations.
In 1986, a popular revolution toppled the Marcos
dictatorship and reestablished a democratic government.
The restoration of Philippine Democracy was made official with the passing of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines.

The End of Martial Law and the Restoration of Democracy

In 1981, Marcos declared the end of Martial Law. Authoritarian rule, however, still remained and
the government retained many of its powers. That year also saw the first elections in the
country since the declaration of martial law in 1972. The elections was considered fraudulent by
members of the political opposition and they chose not to participate. Marcos won the elections
easily and was sworn in as the First President of the 4th Republic of the Philippine

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 69

Assessment Task No. 6

The History of My Province

Empower :Research on the local history of your province and trace the developments that
defined the growth of your local government. Identify notable leaders and personalities that
have contributed to the growth of your community and discuss their achievements.Kindly refer
to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on how you will be graded.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 70

ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
CENTRAL IDEA Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
identifies the the central idea only a part of the identify the
central idea and and is able to central idea and central idea of the
states it clearly in communicate is in has difficulty text.
language which is language which stating it language
appropriate to the may be less which the reader
task. specific than that understands.
of the text.
DETAIL FOR Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
CENTRAL IDEA identifies all major mast of the major only some of the identify any of the
details which details which major dtails which major details
support the central support the central support the central which support the
idea of the text. idea. idea. central idea.
ANALYSIS Student effectively Student effectively Student effectively Student does not
demonstrates a demonstrates an some demonstrates an
clear understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of the text by the text by the text by
the text by identifying the identifying the identifying the
identifying the following following elements: following
following elements: Purpose; elements:
elements: Purpose; Method; Purpose;
Purpose; Method; Effectiveness. Method;
Method; Effectiveness. Effectiveness.
Effectiveness.
TOTAL

RUBRIC Score Scoring Scale Total

COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 12– 10

Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 9-7
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 6-5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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Assessment Task No. 7

Post-Independence Administration
Instructions: Answer the graph and look into the significant accomplishments of their chosen
president and his or her administration faced and how these challenges were addressed.Kindly
refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on how you will be
graded.

President Challenges Encountered Accomplishments

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
CENTRAL IDEA Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
identifies the the central idea only a part of the identify the
central idea and and is able to central idea and central idea of the
states it clearly in communicate is in has difficulty text.
language which is language which stating it language
appropriate to the may be less which the reader
task. specific than that understands.
of the text.
DETAIL FOR Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
CENTRAL IDEA identifies all major mast of the major only some of the identify any of the
details which details which major dtails which major details
support the central support the central support the central which support the
idea of the text. idea. idea. central idea.
ANALYSIS Student effectively Student effectively Student effectively Student does not
demonstrates a demonstrates an some demonstrates an
clear understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of the text by the text by the text by
the text by identifying the identifying the identifying the
identifying the following following elements: following
following elements: Purpose; elements:
elements: Purpose; Method; Purpose;
Purpose; Method; Effectiveness. Method;
Method; Effectiveness. Effectiveness.
Effectiveness.
TOTAL

RUBRIC Score Scoring Scale Total

COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 12– 10

Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 9-7
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 6-5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS
Course Code Politics 1
Course Title   Philippine Politics and Governance

Module 2 Lesson 2
Introduction to the 1987 Philippine Constitution and the Branches of Philippine
Module Topic Governmetn
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
 Discuss the concept of the 1987 Constitution
Intended Learning
 Identify the Powers and limitations of the Different Branches of the Government
Outcomes
 Explain the Concept of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances of the
Government
Number of Hours  5 hours Self-Directed Learning 3 hours Assessment Task


 How does the Constitution define the Filipino State?

 How does the Constitution guarantee Democracy and the Protection of Fellow
Study Questions Filipinos?
 How does each Branch of Government Practice Bureaucracy and separation of
powers
Required Suggested
Self Learning Kit on Philippine Politics Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and
and Governance Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
Learning Resources

1. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.

2. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
3. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
4. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

Learning Activity
1. Journal Writing (Reaction Paper)
2. Table completion
Required Output 3. Journal Writing (Reflection Paper)
1. Activity on The concepts of 1987 Constitution
2. Activity on The Roles of the Executive Department
3. Activity on the Roles of the Legislative Department
Assessment Tasks 4. Activity on the Roles of the Judiciary Department
1. Table Completion Rubric
Assessment Tool 2. Journal Writing Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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An
Introduc
tion to
the
1987
Constitu
tion
Engage
Let’s Start
The EDSA People Power Revolution in February 1986 toppled a 20-year dictatorship and
restored democracy in the Philippines. Freedoms that were then curtailed under the Marcus
dictatorship were restored. The 1986 Revolution also ushered in a new constitution that revoked
the authoritarian powers of the government and oriented the republic towards democracy. This
new Constitution, promulgated in 1987, still serves as the official basis of governance to the
present day.

Recalling the events of the Implementation of Martial law in the Philippines is a first step in
trying to understand the politics with in the Government. In this activity we are going to recall
what was the role of the said departments in the proclamation of Martial Law.

1. What was the first step done by the President in order to declare a state of Martial law?

2. Was the vote for the declaration of Martial a unanimous decision?

3. Was the implementation of Martial Law beneficial to the public during the time?

Explore
A Background on the 1987 Constitution
The dictatorial rule of Marcos ended in 1896, in the wake of the EDSA People Power
Revolution. This event restored democracy in the Philippines. After the ouster of the Marcos
dictatorship, a revolutionary government was organized under the leadership of Corazon Aquino.
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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This Government promulgated a Freedom Constitution which contained provisions establishing a

transitional government and instituted initial changes which restored democracy to the
Philippines. The administration also declared the formation of a Constitutional Commission to
create a new constitution. This constitution was ratified on February 2, 1987, and still serves as
the basis of governance in the country up to the present.

The 1987 Constitution contains the following articles:

Arcticle 1 National Territory
Article 2 Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article 3 Bill of Rights
Article 4 Citizenship
Article 5 Suffrage
Article 6 Legislative Department
Article 7 Executive Department
Article 8 Judicial Department
Article 9 Constitutional Commissions
Article 10 Local Government
Article 11 Accountability of Public Officers
Article 12 National Economy and Patrimony
Article 13 Social Justice and Human Rights
Article 14 Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Sports
Article 15 The Family
Article 16 General Provisions
Article 17 Ammendments or Revisions
Article 18 Transitory Provisions

Focus on the Branches of Government and their roles and functions :

The Executive Department

The Constitution assigns the powers of the Executive branch to the President of the Philippines.
The President is elected nationally , and shall serve for a six-year term without re-election. He or
she is tasked with appointing the members of the cabinet and the different departments. The
President also serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces of the Government. And
has the option to declare martial law to address the threat of rebellion or invasion. Meanwhile,
the Vice President is elected together with the president. Similar to the President, the Vice
President is chosen through a national election. He or she directly replaces the President in case
of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the latter. The Vice
President may also be given a separate position in the Cabinet.

Besides the constitution, the powers of the President of the Philippines are specifically outlined
in Executive Order No. 292, s. 1987, otherwise known as the Administrative Code of 1987. The
following powers are:

1. Power of control over the executive branch

The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control over all the executive departments,
bureaus, and offices. This includes restructuring, reconfiguring, and appointments of their
respective officials. The Administrative Code also provides for the President to be responsible for
the abovementioned offices’ strict implementation of laws.
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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2. Power ordinance power

The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to
streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the
President may issue. They are the following as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:

Executive orders  — Acts of the President providing for rules of a general or permanent character
in implementation or execution of constitutional or statutory powers shall be promulgated in
executive orders.

Administrative orders — Acts of the President which relate to particular aspects of governmental
operations in pursuance of his duties as the administrative head shall be promulgated in
administrative orders.

Proclamations — Acts of the President fixing a date or declaring a status or condition of public
moment or interest, upon the existence of which the operation of a specific law or regulation is
made to depend, shall be promulgated in proclamations which shall have the force of an
executive order.

Memorandum orders — Acts of the President on matters of administrative detail, or of

subordinate or temporary interest which only concern a particular officer or government office
shall be embodied in memorandum orders.

Memorandum circulars — Acts of the President on matters relating to internal administration,

which the President desires to bring to the attention of all or some of the departments, agencies,
bureaus, or offices of the government, for information or compliance, shall be embodied in
memorandum circulars.

General or special orders — Acts and commands of the President in his capacity as commander-
in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be issued as general or special orders.

It is important to note that during the term of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, he used executive
issuances known as presidential decrees as a form of legislation. These decrees have the full
force and effect of laws because at the time the legislature did not exist and, when the 1973
Constitution was put into full force and effect, it gave the power to the President to do as such.
This continued until the first year of President Corazon C. Aquino’s term. However, President
Aquino opted to used executive orders instead of presidential decrees. President Aquino’s
executive orders, however, still had the full force and effect of laws until the ratification of the
1987 Constitution.

3. Power over aliens

The President of the Philippines has certain powers over non-Filipinos in the Philippines. The
powers he may exercise over foreigners in the country are as follows:

 The chief executive may have an alien in the Philippines deported from the country after
due process.
 The President may change the status of a foreigner, as prescribed by law, from a non-
immigrant status to a  permanent resident status without necessity of visa.
 The President may choose to overrule the Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of
Immigration before their decision becomes final and executory (after 30 days of the
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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issuance of the decision). The Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration has
jurisdiction over all deportation cases.
 The president is also mandated by the Administrative Code of 1987 to exercise powers as
recognized by the generally accepted principles of international law.

4. Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and recovery of ill-gotten wealth

The President of the Philippines has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The
power of eminent domains means the state has the power to seize or authorize the seizure of
private property for public use with just compensation. There are two constitutional provisions,
however, that limit the exercise of such power: Article III, Section 9 (1) of the Constitution
provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process
of law. Furthermore, Article III, Section 9 (2), provides that private property shall not be taken
for public use without just compensation.

Once the aforementioned conditions are met, the President may exercise the power of eminent
domain which are as follows:

Power of eminent domain — The President shall determine when it is necessary or advantageous
to exercise the power of eminent domain in behalf of the national government, and direct the
solicitor general, whenever he deems the action advisable, to institute expropriation proceedings
in the proper court.

Power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings — The President shall direct the solicitor
general to institute escheat or reversion proceedings over all lands transferred or assigned to
persons disqualified under the constitution to acquire land.

Power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government —

(1) The president shall have the power to reserve for settlement or public use, and for specific
public purposes, any of the lands of the public domain, the use of which is not otherwise directed
by law. The reserved land shall thereafter remain subject to the specific public purpose indicated
until otherwise provided by law or proclamation.

(2) He shall also have the power to reserve from sale or other disposition and for specific public
uses or purposes, any land belonging to the private domain of the government, or any of the
friar lands, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law, and thereafter such land shall be
used for the purposes specified by such proclamation until otherwise provided by law.

Power over ill-gotten wealth — The President shall direct the solicitor general to institute
proceedings to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from
them or from their nominees or transferees.

Within the period fixed in, or any extension thereof authorized by, the constitution, the President
shall have the authority to recover ill-gotten properties amassed by the leaders and supporters
of the previous regime, and protect the interest of the people through orders of sequestration or
freezing of assets or accounts.

5. Power of appointment

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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The President may appoint officials of the Philippine government as provided by the constitution
and laws of the Philippines. Some of these appointments, however,  may need the approval of
the Committee on Appointments (a committee composed of members from the House of
Representatives and the Senate of the Philippines).

6. Power of general supervision over local governments

The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the mandate to supervise local
governments in the Philippines, despite their autonomous status as provided by Republic Act No.
7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

Traditionally, this is done by the Department of the Interior and Local Government, headed by a
cabinet secretary—an alter ego of the President.

7. Other powers

Aside from the aforementioned powers of the President of the Philippines, he can also exercise
powers enumerated in the constitution, and powers given to him by law.

Another important part of the Executive branch is the Cabinet. The Cabinet is composed of
executive departments that deal with various aspects and address specific national issues.
These various departments are headed by secretaries who are recognized experts in the specific
area of governance. The government secretaries are appointed by the President, subject for
approval by the Congress.

The Cabinet provides control to and closely coordinates with the president in implementing
government projects and performing other executive obligations. The secretaries of the
executive government are also considered as the President’s alter ego and are empowered to
issue directives within their respective departments in order to attain their respective goals.

The following are the department or offices which serves as members of the Cabinet:

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) – the department supervises the
implementation of national policies in the local government units in the country. It also
oversees the Philippine National Police.

Department of National Defense (DND) – ensures the protection of the state against
external forces. To accomplish this goal, the DND heads the Armed forces of the Phiippines,
which include the Philippine Army, Philippine Navy and the Philippine Air Force.

Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – the DAR is involved in implementing programs to

advance agrarian reform in the country. Such programs ensure that farmers are given sufficient
land are provided agricultural assistance as well.

Department of Agriculture (DA) – spearheads projects to improve agricultural production.

The DA also oversees the import and export of Agricultural goods.

Department of Education (DepEd) – carries out programs aimed a improving education in

the country. Particularly for the primary and the secondary levels. Education programs for

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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institutions of higher education are under the supervision of the Commission on Higher
Education.

Department of Health (DOH) -- organizes the health programs of the government. It also
administers the hospitals and medical centers across the country and agencies such as the Food
and Drug Administration and the National Nutrition council.

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) – is in charge of projects that guarantee the
wellbeing of employees in the country. The DOLE also oversees the Philippine Overseas
Employment Agency (POEA) which conducts programs intended for Overseas Filipino Workers
(OFWs).

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) – tasked with developing projects
to help filipinos easily access social services and improve their quality of life. These projects
include financial and legal aid to the poor as well as assistance on victims of violence and
national disasters.

Department of Justice (DOJ) – responsible for upholding law and justice. It supervises the
criminal justice system in the country and also heads agencies including the National Bureau of
Investigation(NBI) Bureau of Immigration, and the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO).

Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) – in charge of our country’s diplomatic relations with
other states. It also protects the rights of filipino citizens residing overseas. The DFA oversees
the various embassies and consulates of the Philippines in other countries.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) – organizes programs that

focus on the conservation and responsible us of the country’s natural resources. It also ensures
the sustainability and protection of the environment.

Department of Energy (DOE) – mandated to create projects which shall lead to the
development, proper conservation of the energy resources of the country including electricity
and oil reserves.

Department of Finance (DOF) – tasked with developing programs and policies which shall
help the government generate revenue for its projects. It is also the department that handles
the national debt and spearheads the general improvement of the Philippine economy. The
Bureau of Internal Revenue is under its jurisdiction.

Department of Budget and Management (DBM) – is specifically incharge of allocating

different resources of the government for the achievements of its objectives. These resources
are not only limited to funds, but also include technologies, material goods and etc.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) – oversees the conduct of trade in the country. It
also manages national investments and supervises the operation of industries. In addition, it is
also tasked with protecting the rights of both consumers and businessmen.

Department of Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) – constantly monitors the

national economy and analyzes the economic trends. It then uses its findings to create plans for
economic policies and recommendations for national and local economic projects.

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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Department of Tourism (DOT) – leads in promoting the tourism industry in the country. It
also aims to develop tourism as a way to encourage foreign investment and improve the
economic well-being of Filipinos. One way through which this is done is by promoting and
developing tourist destinations in the Philippines.

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) – tasked with the planning of public
infrastructure projects. And the construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities
throughout the country. These facilities include roads, bridges, public buildings, and drainage
systems.

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) – implements programs aimed at utilizing

the fields of science and technology to contribute to national progress. It also aims to promote
scientific awareness of filipinos.

Department of Transportation (DOTr) – the DOTr plans and implements projects that
contribute to the continual improvement of transportation systems throughout the country.

Department of Information and Communication Technology (DICT) - in charge of

improving Information and communication in the country and using it to promote national
development.

The

Legislative branch of Government

Law Making and the Rule of Law

Laws are set of rules or pieces of legislation that are formulated by the government and are
meant to be followed by all citizen’s of a state. A law is referred to as a statutory law or
legislation, and is made by a legislative body. Such as Congress or Parliament. Legislation also
refers to the act of making laws, and is one of the powers of the government.

In the Philippines the crafting of laws is primarily the responsibility of the Philippine Congress.
Which is the legislative branch of the government. However, Congress works closely with the
Executive and judicial branches in the promulgation and evaluation of laws. Citizens can also

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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participate in the legislation through an initiative and referendum. An initiative allows the people
to directly propose laws and even amendments to the Constitution. A referendum, meanwhile, is
a means by which the people are able to vote either approve or reject a piece of legislation.

The Philippine Congress

According to the 1987 Constitution, legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the
Philippines, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by the
qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law; the House of Representatives
shall be composed of not more than 250 (unless otherwise fixed by law), 20 percent of whom
must be Party-list representatives.

The qualifications to become a senator, as stipulated in the constitution, are:

1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;

2. at least thirty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write
4. a registered voter; and
5. a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before election day.

Meanwhile, the constitution provides for the following criteria to become a member of the House
of Representatives:

1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;

2. at least twenty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write; and
4. except the party-list representatives, a registered voter and a resident for at least one
year in the district where s/he shall be elected.

Legislative process

Congress is responsible for making enabling laws to make sure the spirit of the constitution is
upheld in the country and, at times, amend or change the constitution itself. In order to craft
laws, the legislative body comes out with two main documents: bills and resolutions.

Resolutions convey principles and sentiments of the Senate or the House of Representatives.

These resolutions can further be divided into three different elements:

 joint resolutions — require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the signature
of the President, and have the force and effect of a law if approved.
 concurrent resolutions — used for matters affecting the operations of both chambers of
Congress and must be approved in the same form by both houses, but are not
transmitted to the President for his signature and therefore have no force and effect of a
law.
 simple resolutions — deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one chamber of
Congress, are not referred to the President for his signature, and therefore have no force
and effect of a law.

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Bills are laws in the making. They pass into law when they are approved by both houses and
the President of the Philippines. A bill may be vetoed by the President, but the House of
Representatives may overturn a presidential veto by garnering a 2/3rds vote. If the President
does not act on a proposed law submitted by Congress, it will lapse into law after 30 days of
receipt.

The senators elect among themselves the officers who will lead the various offices of the body.
The highest official of the senate is the Senate President who leads the Senate sessions and
ensures order in all proceedings. The Senate President is also considered the third highest
official in the government. Senators also select a Senate President Pro Tempore, who performs
the functions of the President in case the latter’s prolonged absence, incapacity or removal from
office. The members of the Majority bloc, elect the Majority Floor Leader, while the members of
the Minority bloc elect the Minority Floor Leader. These two officials work together in endorsing,
analyzing and evaluating proposed pieces of legislations in the Senate.

Congress organizes legislative committees tasked to review proposed laws and conducts
investigations in aid of legislations. Both houses have standing committees that look into
national issues that require continual study, attention and action. Special committees are
organized to look into specific issues which require immediate legislative action.

The following is a summary of how a bill becomes a law:

Filing/Calendaring for First Reading

A bill is filed in the Office of the Secretary where it is given a corresponding number and
calendared for First Reading.

First Reading

Its title, bill number, and author’s name are read on the floor, after which it is referred to the
proper committee.

Committee Hearings/Report

Committee conducts hearings and consultation meetings. It then either approves the
proposed bill without an amendment, approves it with changes, or recommends substitution or
consolidation with similar bills filed.

Calendaring for Second Reading

The Committee Report with its approved bill version is submitted to the Committee on Rules
for calendaring for Second Reading.

Second Reading

Bill author delivers sponsorship speech on the floor. Senators engage in debate,
interpellation, turno en contra, and rebuttal to highlight the pros and cons of the bill. A period of
amendments incorporates necessary changes in the bill proposed by the committee or
introduced by the Senators themselves on the floor.

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Voting on Second Reading

Senators vote on the second reading version of the bill. If approved, the bill is calendared for
third reading.

Voting on Third Reading

Printed copies of the bill’s final version are distributed to the Senators. This time, only the title of
the bill is read on the floor. Nominal voting is held. If passed, the approved Senate bill is
referred to the House of Representatives for concurrence.

At the House of Representatives

The Lower Chamber follows the same procedures (First Reading, Second Reading and Third
Reading).

Back to the Senate

If the House-approved version is compatible with that of the Senate’s, the final version’s
enrolled form is printed. If there are certain differences, a Bicameral Conference Committee is
called to reconcile conflicting provisions of both versions of the Senate and of the House of
Representatives. Conference committee submits report on the reconciled version of the bill, duly
approved by both chambers. The Senate prints the reconciled version in its enrolled form.

Submission to Malacañang

Final enrolled form is submitted to Malacañang. The President either signs it into law, or vetoes
and sends it back to the Senate with veto message.

Aside from legislation, Congress performs other significant roles in government. As part of its
legislative function, Congress is empowered to conduct investigations in aid of legislation and to
call on citizens and government offices to appear before legislative committees. It also approves
the appropriation of the national budget by crafting the General Appropriations Act. During the
Elections, Congress acts as the National Board of Canvassers for the Presidential and the Vice
Presidential elections and organizes electoral tribunals to address protests related to the election
of members of Congress. The Congress is also the sole branch of government that has the power
to declare a state of war and can authorize the President to exercise certain powers during
national emergencies.

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Conducting
Legislative
Investigations

Approving of the
Other Roles and Canvassing of
National Budget
Powers of the Presidential and
Philippine Congress Vice Presidential
Electoral Results

Reviewing Adhering to
Executive Electoral
appointments of Protests
the President
Oversees
Impeachment of
Government
Officials

The Judiciary or Judicial Branch of the Government

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The constitution defines judicial power as the power to interpret and apply laws. The judicial
branch is considered the “Supreme Arbiter” or judge and mediator of controversies and disputes
on law and the rights of citizens. In terms of governance, the judiciary decides on the validity,
legality and constitutionality of newly-approved laws. Should these laws or rules be considered
unconstitutional, they might undergo change or replacement. The judiciary also decides on
policies which are contested between the other two branches of government. Because of this
important role, the judiciary often holds itself separate from the workings of the executive and
legislative branches in order to maintain its objectivity and ensure that it is free from bias or
undue influence. The judiciary also performs a vital role in society, as it uses its judicial power to
settle disputes which are brought before it. In addition, the judiciary upholds the rule of law by
determining violations committed by citizens and prescribing the proper sanctions for it. It also
ensures the protection of the rights of citizens in case of disputes on contract and agreements,
and violations of constitutional rights.

The Philippine Judiciary is a hierarchical organization consisting of four levels, with the Supreme
Court at the top tier exercising administrative supervision over all courts and court personnel
and wielding jurisdiction to “review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as
the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments or orders of lower courts” cases
specified in Article VIII, section 5(2) of the 1987 Constitution.  Within each level, the courts are
coordinate and equal and do not enjoy review jurisdiction over each other’s decisions,
resolutions, writs, and processes. The third level courts are collegiate courts, working in divisions
of at least three Justices; the second and first level courts are single-judge courts and are the
trial courts and finders of fact at the first instance.

Adjudication of Cases
Under Article VIII, §1, the judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in such lower
courts as may be established by law.” This judicial power is exercised through the judiciary’s
primary role of adjudication, which includes the “duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine
whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government.”

The Supreme Court

At the top tier of the judicial hierarchy is the Supreme Court. It is presided over by a Chief
Justice and is composed of 14 other Justices. The Court may adjudicate En Banc or in divisions
of three, five or seven Justices each. Currently, the Supreme Court is organized into the En Banc
and three divisions of five (5) Justices each.
Under the Constitution, it has supervision over the courts, judges, and court personnel. Its
members sit until retirement at age 70 or unless sooner removed by reason of ill health, death
or conviction after impeachment.
Decisions of the Court, whether sitting en banc or in division, are imbued with authoritativeness
and, unless reconsidered by the Court, are considered part of the law of the land.
The Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction.  It exercises original jurisdiction
(cases are directly filed with it in the first instance without first passing through any of the lower
courts) over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions
for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus. (Art. VIII, §5(1)). It
also has original jurisdiction over writs of amparo, habeas data and the environmental writ of

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kalikasan. It exercises appellate jurisdiction to review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm final
judgments, and orders of the lower courts in: 
(a)    All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive
agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is
in question.
(b)    All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty
imposed in relation thereto.
(c)    All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.
(d)    All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.
(e)    All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved. (Art. VIII, §5(1), (2))
The Supreme Court has the power to promulgate rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts (Constitution
1987, Art. VIII, Sec. 5[5]). These rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for
the speedy disposition of cases, be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not
diminish, increase or modify substantive rights (Art. VIII, Sec. 5[5]).
The Supreme Court, sitting En Banc, has administrative supervision over all courts and the
personnel thereof (Constitution 1987, Art. VIII, Sec. 6). Justices of the third level courts and
judges of the second and first level courts are appointed by the President of the Philippines from
a shortlist provided by the Judicial and Bar Council. The Supreme Court can however assign
temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may request. Such
temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent of the judge concerned
(Constitution 1987, Art. VIII, Sec. 5[3]). The Supreme Court has supervision over the Judicial
and Bar Council, which has the principal function of recommending appointees to the judiciary.
(Art. VIII, Sec. 8[5]).The Supreme Court appoints all officials and employees of the Judiciary in
accordance with the Civil Service Law (Art. VIII, Sec. 5[6]). The Supreme Court can also order a
change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice (Constitution 1987, Art. VIII,
Sec. 5[4]).
The Supreme Court En Banc has the power to discipline judges of all the lower courts or order
their dismissal by a vote of a majority of the members who actually took part in the deliberation
on the issue in the case and voted thereon (Constitution 1987, Art. VIII, Sec. 11). The Supreme
Court has supervision over the mandatory organization of all lawyers, the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines. (Art. VIII, Sec. 5[5]). It  also has the sole power to admit qualified candidates to the
practice of law and has the power to promulgate the rules  necessary for that purpose (Art. VIII,
Sec. 5[5]).
The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced
by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall
be automatically and regularly released (Art. VIII, Sec. 3).
The Supreme Court is given the authority to promulgate rules concerning legal assistance to the
underprivileged (Art. VIII, Sec. 5[5]). This would be consistent with the guarantee under Article
III, section 11 that “(f)ree access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.”
It also has the authority to disapprove the rules of procedures of quasi-judicial bodies; existing
rules of procedure shall remain effective however unless disapproved by the Supreme Court
(Art. VIII, Sec. 5[5]); Antonio v. Commission on Elections; 373 Phil. 680 [1999]).

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The Supreme Court, sitting En Banc, is the sole judge of all contests, relation to the election,
returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice-President and may promulgate its rules for
the purpose (Art. VII, Sec. 4). Faced with an appropriate case, the Court En Banc sits as a
Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET).
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal which shall
be the sole judge of all contests relating to the elections, returns, and qualifications of their
respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of nine Members, three of whom
shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and the remaining
six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case may be, who
shall be chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and the
parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The senior
Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chair (Art. VI, Sec. 17).

The Court of Appeals

At the third tier of the hierarchy are three collegiate courts, one of which is the Court of Appeals
(CA). The CA is the primary appellate court of the Philippines, exercising its powers, functions
and duties through 23 divisions of three members each. It sits in three stations--the City of
Manila, Cebu and Cagayan de Oro. The CA’s 18th, 19th, and 20th Divisions comprise the CA
Visayas Station and are located in Cebu City, while its 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Divisions comprise
the CA Mindanao Station and are based in Cagayan de Oro City. The first 17 Stations are located
in the City of Manila.
The CA is assigned to review cases elevated to it from the Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) as well
as quasi-judicial agencies such as the Civil Service Commission, Securities and Exchange
Commission, National Labor Relations Commission, and the Land Registration Authority. The CA
also reviews cases where the sentence is reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, as well as
decisions of the Office of the Ombudsman in administrative disciplinary cases. The CA is a
collegial court and sits en banc only to exercise administrative, ceremonial or other non-
adjudicatory functions. Being an appellate court, it resolves cases based on the record of the
proceedings from the trial court; in certain cases, however, the CA also conducts hearings and
receives evidence such as, for instance, in applications for the writ of Amparo or Habeas Data,
whether in the exercise of original jurisdiction or on remand from the Supreme Court.
The CA also has the original and exclusive jurisdiction to issue freeze orders over any monetary
instrument or property under the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001 or RA 9160. It is also the
court with original and exclusive jurisdiction to allow surveillance and monitoring of
communications under the Human Security Act of 2007 or RA 9372.
Also at the third tier are two special courts, the Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals,
which, like the CA are collegial courts. But unlike the CA, both have very specific jurisdictions.

The Court of Tax Appeals

The Court of Tax Appeals is a special collegiate court composed of a Presiding Justice and eight
Associate Justices; it may sit en banc or in three divisions of three Justices each. RA 9282, which
took effect on March 30, 2004, has elevated the status of the CTA to that of the Court of
Appeals.
The CTA has exclusive jurisdiction to review on appeal decisions in cases involving disputed
assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees, or other charges, penalties in relation
thereto, or other matters arising under the National Internal Revenue Code. It also exercises

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original jurisdiction over all criminal offenses arising from violations of the Tax or Tariff Codes
and other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue or the Bureau of Customs.

The Sandiganbayan
The Sandiganbayan is an anti-graft court that has jurisdiction to try public officers with a salary
grade of 27 and above (including any co-accused who are private persons) charged with criminal
cases involving violation of the country’s laws on graft and corruption, particularly RA 3019, as
amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and corresponding civil
cases for recovery of civil liability arising from the offense. Likewise, the Sandiganbayan is
vested with appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of the RTC whether
in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction over crimes and civil cases falling within
the original exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan but which were committed by public
officers below Salary Grade 27.
Private individuals can be tried in cases before the Sandiganbayan if they are alleged to be in
conspiracy with the public officer. The decisions of the Sandiganbayan are directly appealable to
the Supreme Court.
Prior to April 16, 2015, the Sandiganbayan was composed of a Presiding Justice and 14
Associate Justices who sit in five divisions of three Justices each. On April 16, 2015,  Republic
Act No. 10660, “An Act Strengthening the Functional and Structural Organization of the
Sandiganbayan,” expanding the Sandiganbayan and enabling it to speed up disposition of high-
profile cases was passed by Congress and signed into law by the President.
Under RA 10660, the appointment of six additional justices comprising two additional divisions
are provided. With the operation of RA 10660, there are now 21 Sandiganbayan justices sitting
in seven divisions of three members each (Section 1 of RA 10660).

The Trial Courts of the First and Second Level

In the first tier are the Courts of the First Level consisting of the Metropolitan Trial Courts
(MeTCs), which are established in Metropolitan Manila; the Municipal Trial Courts in Cities
(MTCCs), in every city which does not form part of Metropolitan Manila; the Municipal Trial
Courts (MTCs), established in each of the other cities or municipalities; and Municipal Circuit
Trial Courts (MTCCs), created in each circuit comprising such cities and/or municipalities as
grouped by law.
At the same level are the Shari’a Circuit Courts (SCC). Shari’a Courts have been established in
Islamic regions and provinces to interpret and apply the Code of Muslim Personal Laws (under
Presidential Decree No. 1083). Their decisions are appealable to the Shari’a Appellate Court
which, however, has yet to be organized.
The second tier consists of the Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) established in each of the thirteen
(13) regions in the Philippines. Each RTC may be composed of a single sala or of several
branches. RTCs have both original and appellate jurisdiction. In exercising the former
jurisdiction, RTCs act as trial courts receiving evidence in the first instance from the parties to a
case falling within its jurisdiction; in exercising the latter jurisdiction, the RTCs act as a court of
appeal over the decisions of the Courts of the First Level.
Also on the same level are the Shari’a District Courts (SDC), whose decisions are appealable to
the still-to-be organized Shari’a Appellate Court. Pending such organization, SDC Decisions are
reviewed by the Supreme Court through the special civil action of certiorari under Rule 65 if the

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issue is one of jurisdiction or through a petition for review on certiorari by way of appeal under
Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.

The Judiciary is mandated to uphold due process at all times. This is ensured through precedent
and jurisprudence, where the principles of law become the basis of criminal procedure and the
judicial process. The conduct of the criminal procedure and the trial is characterized by
processes that ensure proper documentation and consideration of facts, testimonies, and
evidences related to the case. It also recognizes the rights of the accused.

“10 Basic Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings”

1. Presumption of Innocence

Criminal proceedings which start from a presumption of guilt and put the onus to prove
one’s innocence on the accused are inherently unfair. It is not by accident that virtually all
enlightened judicial systems take the opposite approach, assuming that, in Blackstone’s famous
words, “it is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer”. Today the
presumption of innocence is explicitly recognized not only by the Article 11 (1) of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights but also by most constitutions and a plethora of international
treaties. While its results may at times be hard for the public to stomach any encroachment
upon this fundamental principle must be resisted.

2. Freedom from Self-Incrimination

In a fair judicial system no person must be forced to incriminate himself. This principle, which
is enshrined in many constitutions and human rights treaties, must be understood broadly. Not
only is
it impermissible to torture the accused to obtain a confession. Every kind of undue
pressure exercised to obtain a statement from an accused person who has expressed his will to
remain silent must be deemed illegal. The same holds true of other inacceptable methods (e.g.
administering of psychoactive substances) meant to induce the accused to testify against
himself. Law enforcement authorities should be obliged to inform the accused of his right to
remain silent upon first contact. It furthermore appears desirable that this right be extended to
close family of the accused, who should not be forced to choose between their familial and their
civic obligations.

3. Right to a Hearing and Effective Remedy

Whilst every accused person must enjoy a right to remain silent, some may want to speak out
and tell their part of the story. No fair judicial system will ignore this wish to become an
autonomous participant in the proceedings. In fact, a criminal case cannot be concluded before
the accused has been granted a chance to make himself heard. This is why convictions in
absentia are always problematic and, at least in cases where not even a lawyer was able to
speak on the accused’s behalf, incompatible with the rule of law.
The accused should, furthermore, be allowed to ask for new and potentially exonerating
evidence to be taken and considered by the authorities. At least during the trial-stage of a
criminal proceeding this should correspond with the right to have this petition evaluated by a
judge. A refusal to take the evidence must be justified in a reasoned manner.
The right to make oneself heard furthermore includes the right to raise objections to the
behavior of courts and law enforcement authorities. If the accused is convinced that his rights

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have been violated, he must have an effective opportunity to voice his complaint. If it is found
valid the violation must be redressed in an appropriate manner.

4. Swiftness of Justice

Justice delayed is justice denied. While this statement holds true for most legal disputes it is
of particular relevance to criminal proceedings. Living under the Damocles sword of a prison
sentence takes a tremendous emotional toll of the accused. Every defense lawyer can attest to
the harmful effects which months or years of existential uncertainty will have on clients. By the
end of a lengthy trial the accused will often find herself out of a job, with a marriage in tatters or
a once flourishing business ruined. Many suffer from depression or stress-related illnesses. Even
an eventual acquittal can feel like a Pyrrhus victory under such circumstances.
What is worse sometimes prosecutors will actively exploit these effects to force a deal. They
count on the fact that many individuals cannot withstand months of preliminary detention or that
their businesses will not survive an extended trial with their assets “precautionally” frozen. If in
this situation the accused is offered a speedy resolution in exchange for an admission of guilt it
will feel like extortion rather than a choice. Practices of this kind can amount to duress and
therefore need to be unequivocally condemned as prosecutorial misconduct.
The state has a responsibility to ensure a speedy process and avoid undue delays. As
evidently swiftness of justice cannot come at the price of decreased thoroughness it requires
that law enforcement authorities be appropriately funded and well staffed. Where delays are
inevitable nonetheless appropriate mechanisms of compensation need to be found. Never should
criminal proceedings amount to a punishment in themselves.

5. Access to Counsel and Other Assistance

Every defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer of his choosing at every stage of a
criminal proceeding. Law enforcement failing to inform the accused of this right or deliberately
obstructing its exercise must face consequences while statements obtained under such
circumstances should be deemed inadmissible. If the accused cannot afford to hire a lawyer legal
aid must be granted to guarantee a fair representation of his interests.
Furthermore, some accused persons are at a natural disadvantage when it comes to asserting
their interests and adequately defending themselves. A blind person cannot read the charges
against him, a foreigner may not be able to communicate with the authorities and a mentally
disabled person will require extra help to understand what is happening during a criminal trial.
In these circumstances law enforcement authorities and courts have a duty to assist the
accused person in any way possible to restore his autonomy regardless of financial means. Thus,
a foreigner has a right to an interpreter and a hearing-impaired person must be equipped with a
hearing aid or a sign language interpreter.
This is a necessary precondition for a fair trial which does not condemn the accused to the role
of a passive observer unable to fend for himself.

6. Equal Fighting Chances

Even when the accused is assisted by counsel she will nearly always be in a weaker position than
the public prosecutor, who not only has at his disposal an entire police force but is vested with
far reaching official powers. To mitigate this asymmetry between the state and the accused
individual procedural rules must, at the very least, strive to level the playing field in some
respects.
Most importantly, the accused cannot be convicted on charges she was never informed of.
Likewise she cannot be found guilty on the basis of evidence she does not know and did not
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have a chance to examine for herself.

Closely connected to the aforementioned principle is the right to confront witnesses. The accused
is entitled to know who is accusing her. She must also be given a chance to confront the accuser
and challenge his account. An accuser who remains in the shadows and can only be questioned
by the prosecution is dubious and his statements can never be the basis for a criminal
conviction.
Moreover, law enforcement authorities need to document every investigative step they
undertake. While hidden surveillance and other secretive measures may sometimes be deemed
necessary, they too need to be recorded. Once the accused is indicted, she has a right to access
this record and to learn what evidence the prosecution intends to rely on and how it was
obtained.
Even considerations of national security cannot justify a deviation from these principles. A
criminal trial with unknown charges and secret evidence would constitute nothing short of
a kafkaesk nightmare.

7. Transparency

Criminals may hold their meetings behind closely guarded doors; a criminal court may not. In
camera trials are incompatible with a liberal idea of justice. Some degree of transparency and
public scrutiny is vital to insure that the rule of law is not perverted. The public and the media,
while often driven by other other motives, play an important role as watchdogs over the judicial
system. They should be granted access to the courtroom and allowed to report freely and
critically on the workings of the judicial machinery.
Restrictions concerning media access and coverage will sometimes be necessary lest the trial
become a spectacle. Their purpose, however, cannot be to shield the judiciary from the critical
gaze of outsiders but only to allow the accused a modicum of privacy.

8. Proportionality of means

Not everything that can be done to convict a criminal must be done. 24/7 video surveillance of
an individual’s living quarters only to catch a shoplifter is evidently excessive. So is pretrial
detention without proper cause. Such disproportionate use of the state’s capabilities will
inevitably prove corrosive to a free society. Liberals, in particular, should be wary of ever
widening government surveillance and an increasingly reckless exploitation of the investigative
toolkit in minor cases.

9. Impartiality and Non-Discrimination

Whether the accused is the Pope or a homeless person must not matter to the judicial system.
Both should be prosecuted and tried according to the same rules and with the same degree of
diligence. Whether a judge or police officer agrees with the lifestyle or political and religious
convictions of an accused person likewise cannot influence their behavior. Any kind of
discrimination on the basis of age, caste, ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality, employment or
sexual orientation must be avoided.
Least of all should personal connections influence the way an accused is treated. A judge or
juror with a personal stake in the matter before her should have to recuse herself.
Furthermore, to ensure the impartiality of criminal proceedings all decision-makers involved
should be shielded from undue outside influence. Judges in particular must enjoy a largely
independent position and should not take order from politicians.
Economic factors too play an important role. If police or judges earn too little to support their
family they will be very tempted to accept bribes and carry favors for the wealthy. Underpaid
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officials are the number one cause for widespread corruption.

Finally, if the accused has reason to fear that inappropriate motives are influencing the course of
the investigation he needs to be given a chance to voice his concerns and have an independent
body make a determination as to their substance.

10. Dignity

All aforementioned principles serve to protect the dignity of the accused as a human being. He
must never be reduced to a mere object whose fate is being negotiated but retain the chance to
be an active participant in the proceedings.
Regardless of the charges in question, the accused individual’s dignity places
insurmountable restrictions on what law enforcement and the courts may do. Any form of
torture, abuse and cruelty as a measure of interrogation is absolutely impermissible. The
accused is to be treated with respect by all agents of the state and protected from unnecessary
humiliation and degradation. Shaming, applied in some states as a  penalty, can never be
justified as part of the investigative process. Humiliating public confessions, whether as a result
of coercion or subtle pressure, have no place in a liberal judicial system. Using one accused
person as a means to deter others or to “make a statement” is incompatible with all acceptable
notions of dignity and equality.
The dignity of the individual is non-negotiable regardless of the circumstances. Failure to
recognize it disqualifies a person from serving in law enforcement and should itself be deemed a
criminal offence. There can be no impunity for those who violate essential human rights in the
name of law enforcement or justice.

Assessment Task No. 8

Research Work
Instructions: Discuss the role of Cabinet Secretaries and their functions in relation to their
respective roles and responsibilities. Research on the current officials that head each
department.Fill out the table with the required information.Kindly refer to the Rubric in the
succeeding page for you to know and understand on how you will be graded.
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Executive Department Roles and Responsibilities Current Head

1. Department of Justice MenardoGuevarra

ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
CENTRAL IDEA Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
identifies the the central idea only a part of the identify the
central idea and and is able to central idea and central idea of the
states it clearly in communicate is in has difficulty text.
language which is language which stating it language
appropriate to the may be less which the reader
task. specific than that understands.
of the text.
DETAIL FOR Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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CENTRAL IDEA identifies all major mast of the major only some of the identify any of the
details which details which major dtails which major details
support the central support the central support the central which support the
idea of the text. idea. idea. central idea.
ANALYSIS Student effectively Student effectively Student effectively Student does not
demonstrates a demonstrates an some demonstrates an
clear understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of the text by the text by the text by
the text by identifying the identifying the identifying the
identifying the following following elements: following
following elements: Purpose; elements:
elements: Purpose; Method; Purpose;
Purpose; Method; Effectiveness. Method;
Method; Effectiveness. Effectiveness.
Effectiveness.
TOTAL

RUBRIC Score Scoring Scale Total

COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 12–10

Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 9-7
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 6-5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Assessment Task No. 9

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

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Instructions: Provide the appropriate information in the spaces provided. Relevant information
must be based on the Philippine Political System.Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding
page for you to know and understand on how you will be graded.

Branch of Government Key Roles, Activities Key Officials and Institutions

Executive

Legislative

Judicial

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
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ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score

Module 3
CENTRAL IDEA Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
identifies the the central idea only a part of the identify the
central idea and and is able to central idea and central idea of the
states it clearly in communicate is in has difficulty text.
language which is language which stating it language
appropriate to the may be less which the reader
task. specific than that understands.
of the text.
DETAIL FOR Student effectively Student identifies Student identifies Student does not
CENTRAL IDEA identifies all major mast of the major only some of the identify any of the
details which details which major dtails which major details
support the central support the central support the central which support the
idea of the text. idea. idea. central idea.
ANALYSIS Student effectively Student effectively Student effectively Student does not
demonstrates a demonstrates an some demonstrates an
clear understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of the text by the text by the text by
the text by identifying the identifying the identifying the
identifying the following following elements: following
following elements: Purpose; elements:
elements: Purpose; Method; Purpose;
Purpose; Method; Effectiveness. Method;
Method; Effectiveness. Effectiveness.
Effectiveness.
TOTAL

RUBRIC Score Scoring Scale Total

COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 12–10

Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 9-7
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 6-5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

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Elections and
Political Parties in
the Philippines
Content Standards:

At the end of the lesson, the learners demonstrate understanding of Elections and Political
Parties and civil society and social movements.

Performance Standards:
At the end of the lesson the learners shall be able to analyze the interactions of state and
society.

Learning competencies:
1. Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines
2. Explain the concept, role, and contributions of civil societies and social movements to
Philippine Democracy

Department Senior High School

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Strand HUMSS

Course Code Politics 1

Course Title   Philippine Politics and Governance
Module 3 Lesson 1

Module Topic Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Intended Learning
 Explain the Electoral Process
Outcomes
 Explain the Importance of Political Parties in the Governance of a State
Number of Hours  20 Hours (16 hours Self-directed learning and 4 hours Assessment Tasks)


 What is the significance of the Electoral Process in upholding democracy in the

country?
Study Questions
 What are the significance of political Parties in Electoral Process
 How does the Government ensure honest elections in the country?
Required Suggested
Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and
Self-Learning Kit on Philippne Politics Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
and Governance, University of the Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
Visayas, Senior High School
Learning Resources

Learning Activity
 The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.
 The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
 The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
 The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

1. Journal Writing (Reaction Paper)

Required Output 2. Table Completion
1. Activity on the Electoral Process
2. Activity on The Political Parties in the Philippines
Assessment Tasks
1. Table Completion
Assessment Tool 3. Journal Writing Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

Engage
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When was the last time you participated in a Class/Barangay/National elections could you share
in a short essay what was the feeling of choosing the people you wanted to be in that position?

Have you been tasked with a position in a group or a public office like the
SangguniangKabataan? If Yes, share an experience of being nominated, if No, what do you think
is needed to be nominated in such a position?

Explore
Elections are special events in the Philippines and they have become part of the National
consciousness. In fact, the “Electoral season” attracts a great amount of coverage – from the
moment a politician announces his or her intension to run for office, up to the campaign period,
the counting of the last votes after the election, and the proclamation of winners. Elections are
given great importance since they are the mechanism through which citizens are able to express
their right to choose their leaders. Elections are also a democratic exercise of the citizens’ right
to be involved in government affairs. Therefore, as citizens we must have knowledge of the
electoral process, by understanding the electoral process and our role in it, we will be able to
help address the challenges and issues that affect elections in our country.

ELECTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

 Presidential elections are held every six years. The last one was in 2010. The next one is in
2016. Congress, Senate and local elections are held in the years of presidential elections and
three years before and after them. During the 2010 election around 50 million voters chose a
president and 18,000 national and local officials.
 Voter participation is typically around 70 percent to 85 percent. There were 43 million eligible
voters in 2004; 36.1 million in 2001; and 34 million in 1998. Overseas Filipinos were allowed to
vote in presidential elections for the first time in 2004. Voting rates are high in national elections
despite obstacles such as difficult transportation, the need to write out the names of all
candidates in longhand, and, occasionally, the threat of violence. Filipinos enjoy and expect
elections so much that even Ferdinand Marcos dared not completely deny them this outlet.
Instead, he changed the rules to rig the elections in his favor.
 The voting age is 18 in the Philippines. Voters typically have to endure long lines, rain and heat.
Once inside the polling station they look for their name and number on registration lists, obtain a
ballot from a poll worker and write by hand the names of the 20 or so candidates they are voting
for in different offices. Voting forms are sometime called the world's longest and people routinely
wait 45 minutes in line for their turn. Voters are stamped with indelible ink to keep them from
voting twice.
 Philippine elections are characterized by lots of candidates and lots of positions. There were
17,000 electoral positions in the 1998 election. More than 800,000 candidates vied for
chairmanships and other posts in urban and rural villages, locally called barangays— the
Philippines’ smallest political units—in 2013. Voters are required to write the name of their
preferred candidates. They can write their first names, last names or their nicknames. This one
reason why candidates promote short nicknames like "Cory" Aquino or "Erap" Estrada.

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 Often weeks pass before the official election results are officials. Counting takes so long because
much of it is done by hand. It took five weeks before Ramos was declared the winner of the
presidential election in 1992. It took six weeks before Arroyo was declared the winner in 2004.
 There were 215,000 voting precincts in 2004, compared to 175,000 in 1998. Most are run by
public school teachers Elections are run by the Commissions of Elections (Comelec) and
monitored by the watchdog group National Citizens Movement for Free Elections (Namfrel).
 Elections: Senate - elections last held on May 13m 2013 (next to be held in May 2016); House
of Representatives - elections last held on May 13, 2013 (next to be held in May 2016) election
results: Senate - percent of vote by party for 2013 election - UNA 26.94 percent, NP 15.3
percent, LP 11.32 percent, NPC 10.15 percent, LDP 5.38 percent, PDP-Laban 4.95 percent,
others 9.72 percent, independents 16.24 percent; seats by party after 2013 election - UNA 5, NP
5, LP 4, Lakas 2, NPC 2, LDP 1, PDP-Laban 1, PRP 1, independents 3; House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - LP 38.3 percent, NPC 17.4 percent, UNA 11.4 percent, NUP 8.7
percent, NP 8.5 percent, Lakas 5.3 percent, independents 6.0 percent, others 4.4 percent; seats
by party - LP 110, NPC 43, NUP 24, NP 17, Lakas 14, UNA 8, independents 6, others 12; party-
list 57 [Source: CIA World Factbook]

ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The Philippines has universal direct suffrage at age 18 and older to elect the president, vice
president (who runs independently), and most of the seats in the bicameral legislature,
consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate; a minority of House members known
as sectoral representatives are appointed by the president. Elections are held not just for
national leadership but also for representation at the provincial and local levels. In the last
elections in May 2004, some 74 percent of eligible voters participated, but the process was
marred by violence and numerous irregularities, which the political opposition continues to
protest, even calling for the president’s impeachment. [Source: Library of Congress *]
 Elections in the Philippines are the arena in which the country's elite families compete for
political power. The wealthiest clans contest national and provincial offices. Families of lesser
wealth compete for municipal offices. In the barangays, where most people are equally poor,
election confers social prestige but no real power or money. *
 The constitution also empowers the commission to "accredit citizens' arms of the Commission
on Elections." This refers to the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), a private
group established in the 1950s, with advice and assistance from the United States, to keep
elections honest. NAMFREL recruited public-spirited citizens (320,000 volunteers in 104,000
precincts in the 1987 congressional elections) to watch the voting and monitor ballot-counting,
and it prepared a "quick count," based mostly on urban returns, to publicize the results
immediately. Because the Commission on Elections can take weeks or even months to certify
official returns, the National Movement for Free Elections makes it harder for unscrupulous
politicians to distort the results. NAMFREL itself has sometimes been denounced by election
losers as being a tool of United States intervention and has not always been impartial. In 1986 it
favored Aquino, and its chairman, Jose Concepcion, was subsequently named Aquino's minister
of trade and industry. *
 The 1987 constitution establishes a new system of elections. The terms of representatives are
reduced from four years to three, and the presidential term is lengthened from four years to six.
Senators also serve a six-year term. The Constitution's transitory provisions are scheduled to
expire in 1992, after which there is to be a three-year election cycle. Suffrage is universal at age
eighteen. The constitution established a Commission on Elections that is empowered to
supervise every aspect of campaigns and elections. It is composed of a chairperson and six
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commissioners, who cannot have been candidates for any position in the immediately preceding
elections. A majority of the commissioners must be lawyers, and all must be college-educated.
They are appointed by the president with the consent of the Commission on Appointments and
serve a single seven-year term. The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all
election laws and regulations and has original jurisdiction over all legal disputes arising from
disputed results. To counter the unwholesome influence occasionally exercised by soldiers and
other armed groups, the commission may depute law enforcement agencies, including the
Armed Forces of the Philippines. In dire situations, the commission can take entire municipalities
and provinces under its control, or order new elections. *
 The final decision on all legislative elections rests with the electoral tribunals of the Senate and
House of Representatives. Each electoral tribunal is composed of nine members, three of whom
are members of the Supreme Court designated by the chief justice. The remaining six are
members of the Senate or the House, chosen on the basis of proportional representation from
parties in the chamber.
The General overview of the electoral process in the country is outlined below:

VOTER
CANDIDATE

Filling of Voter
Certificate of Registration
Candidacy

Campaign Period

Election day

Conduct of Elections
The constitution sets the National elections on the second Monday of May, while barangay
and SangguniangKabataan elections take place on the last Monday of October. Since 2010, the
COMELEC has implemented the use of Automated Election System (AES) in the Elections. The
AES has several components. One of these is the Vote Counting Machines(VCM’s). Automated
elections are expected to result in faster and more accurate vote-counting. Elections take place
in polling precincts located in designated elementary and secondary schools in each barangay.
Ballots are entered into the vote counting machines to record the votes. These vote counts
generated by the VCMs are referred to as election returns (ERs).

Here is a overview of the whole Automated Election System:

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Other Electoral Events

The COMELEC anticipates various instances that may hamper or interrupt the elections, and has
devised means to address such challenges. Elections may be postponed if they may be
hampered by violence, terrorism, loss or destruction of paraphernalia or records as well as
natural calamities. The COMELEC may also declare failure of elections in certain areas of the
country due to the same reasons, as well as widespread electoral fraud. In such instances the
COMELEC may call for the Snap Elections, which shall be held not later than 30 days after the
declaration of postponement or failure of elections.

Philippine Political Parties

A Political Party is a group of people organized to participate in elections and hold power in
government, and its members advocate a specific set of policies, programs and ideologies.
Political parties are oriented toward upholding the general welfare, as well as the interests of
their supporters. In the Philippines, political parties are not strictly defined by ideological
distinctions. Political parties are mainly mechanisms to help candidates win in the elections. They
facilitate the campaign of the candidates affiliated to them by organizing events and creating
and distributing campaign materials. They also guarantee a stable financial source for the
candidate for the whole campaign period.
Here is a representation of the characteristics of a Political party:

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Since Philippine Political Parties primarily functions as campaign machineries, politicians tend to
shift their loyalty from one party to another. Because of this, Philippine political parties tend to
be identified by their history and prominent members.

The following are some of the Notable Political Parties in the Philippines:

Nacionalista Party (NP)

The Nacionalista Party (NP) is the oldest political party in the Philippines. It was established in
1907 by Manuel L. Quezon and SerioOsmeña. The Nacionalista party dominated the
Commonwealth period and served as the political group that pushed for Philippine
Independence. Most of the elected Presidents of the country ran under the banner of the
Nacionalista Party, including Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia and Ferdinand Marcos.
Liberal Party (LP)

The Liberal Party (LP) is the second oldest political party in the country. Established by Manuel
Roxas in 1946, the Liberal Party was a faction that broke away from the Nacionalista Party. Its
political presence was well noted during the early 1970’s when it opposed the rule of former
President Ferdinand Marcos. The Liberal Party is noted for backing the candidacy of Benigno
Simeon “Noynoy” Aquino III, who won the 2010 presidential elections.

KilusangBagongLipunan (KBL)

The KilusangBagongLipunan (KBP) is the political party formed by President Ferdinand Marcos
during the Martial Law period. Although the Liberal Party and other opposing parties had a
significant presence in the country, the KBL, was the sole political party that was allowed to
function during that time. Presently, the Marcoses still serve as the key personalities in the KBL,
the KBL supported the candidacy of Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. In the 2016 vice-
presidential elections.

PartidongDemokratikong Pilipino Lakasng Bayan (PDP-Laban)

The PDP-Lapan Party was born out of a merger in 1983 between PartidoDemokratikong Pilipino
(PDP) founded by Aquilino Pimentel Jr., and Lakasng Bayan (LABAN) founded by Benigno
“Ninoy” Aquino Jr., The two parties merged as a result of a shared advocacy between Pimentel
and Aquino to put to an end to Martial Law. It eventually succeeded as the party supported
Corazon Aquino, the wife of Ninoy, to replace then President Ferdinand Marcos in power. The
current President of the Philippines, also ran under the PDP-Laban.

Laban ngDemokratikong Pilipino (LDP)

The Laban ngDemokratikong Pilipino (LDP) party was established in 1988. It was the product of
an alliance between former Tarlac representative Jose “Peping” Cojuangco and former Speaker
Ramon Mitra, Jr. At that time, Cojuangco split from PDP laban, while Mitra headed the
LakasngBansa, another minor political party. It later became one of the parties that supported
the presidency of Joseph Ejercito Estrada in 2001. In 2004, The LDP supported the candidacy of
Fernando Poe, when he ran for president.

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Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats (Lakas-CMD)

The Lakas-CMD party was a product of the merging of two parties: The PartidoLakas Tao,
established by Fidel V. Ramos, and the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) formed by
Raul Manglapus. At that time, these two parties were known as the Lakas-NUCD. The Lakas-
NUCD Party helped elect Ramos to the presidency in 1992. In the 1998 elections, the union of
Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) joined the lakas-NUCD, thus creating the Lakas-
NUCD-UMDP. Six years later the party later changed its name to Lakas-CMD, the name for which
it is currently known. It became the party under which former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
in 2004.

PwersangMasang Pilipino (PMP)

The PwersangMasang Pilipino (PMP), originally named PartidongMasang Pilipino, was formed by
former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada in 1991. When Estrada was still serving as a Senator.
PMP was first envisioned as an organization to help advance his project known as the Economic
Recovery Action program.

United Nationalist Alliance (UNA)

The United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) is one of the newer political parties in the Philippines. It
was founded in 2013 by former Vice President JejomarBinay who was previously a member of
PDP-Laban. It was said that he quit from PDP-Laban due to personal conflicts with Aquilino
Pimentel III, who was then the president of the party. Binay then signed a coalition agreement
with the PwersangMasang Pilipino, thus forming (UNA). During that time UNA was a coalition
affiliated with several other small parties.

People’s Reform Party (PRP)

The People’s Reform Party (PRP) was established by former Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago to
bake her presidential bid in 1992. The PRP also served as her political party during the 1998 and
2016 presidential elections. In addition, the PRP also supported former Senators Ramon
Magsaysay Jr. and Franciso “Kit” Tatadin their Vice Presidential bids in 1992 and 199.

Philippine Elections: Issues and Challenges

Philippine elections have undergone developments throughout the years; the most
significant of these is the transition from a manual to an automated voting process. Through
this, the Issues of inaccuracies and delays in the vote-counting process are addressed. However
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political analysts believe the that automation still falls to address other issues and challenges in
the electoral process. These issues have affected the perception of the public towards the
credibility of elections and often lead to protests.
Electoral Fraud
Philippine Elections have been noted frequent occurrences of Electoral Fraud. Electoral fraud
refers to any instance of illegal intervention in any stage of the election process. Such as
instances include vote buying and manipulation of vote ballots among others.
The first-ever reported electoral fraud in the Philippines believed to have occurred during the
tejeros convention in 1897. It was said that even before the actual elections for the
revolutionary government the ballots was already been filled up with names. In the 1935
elections, General Aguinaldo complained that President Quezon cheated heavily to secure his
victory at the polls.
Philippines in the later decades also saw the prevalence of electoral fraud which resulted to
the rise of election-related violence.

Apply
There are some political parties in the Philippines that have been emerging for the past decade
which gave rise to certain ideologies and are already making a mark in the Philippine Politics.

Give a description or your own opinion of the Party List:

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Assessment Task No. 10

Philippine Political Parties

Instructions: Summarize the information on the political parties by filling out the table below:

Name of Political Year Established Known Notable

Party Candidates, Achievements,
Elected Leaders Platforms
Coalitions

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Module 4

ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP AND

PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT
Lesson 1: Citizenship and Governance

Content Standards:

At the end of the lesson the learners demonstrate understanding of:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of Citizenship

Performance Standards:
At the end of the lesson the learners shall be able to Propose a Project on political
engagement and youth empowerment

Learning competencies:

1. Explain the importance of active citizenship

2. Explain the issues and programs related to political engagement and youth empowerment

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Department Senior High School

Strand HUMSS
Course Code Politics 1
Course Title  Philippine Politics and Governance

Module 4 Lesson 1

Module Topic Citizenship and Participation in Politics and Society

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Intended Learning  Explain Citizenship and its concepts
Outcomes  Assess the Various avenues for citizen participation
 Identify issues to Political engagement and youth empowerment
Number of Hours  5 hours self-directed learning 3 hours assessment task


 What challenges do filipinos face in their exercise of citizenship?

 How is citizenship defined in relation to society?
Study Questions
 How can ordinary citizens and government officials exercise citizenship in their
daily lives?
Required Suggested
Self-Learning Kit on Philippine Politics Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and
and Governance, University of the Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Visayas, Senior High School Department Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
Learning Resources

Learning Activity 1. The Learners shall perform the activity under ENGAGE.
2. The Learners shall Study and Understand concepts under EXPLORE.
3. The Learners shall perform the activity under APPLY.
4. The Learners shall submit the Assessment Activities.

1. Journal Writing (Reaction Paper)

Required Output 2. Collage Making
1. Activity on Citizenship
2. Activity on Issues of Citizenship
Assessment Tasks 3. Activity on the Engagement and Good Governance
1. Collage Making Rubric
Assessment Tool 3. Journal Writing Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Collaboration, Evaluative Skills, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning,

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

CHRISTIAN B. RIVERA, LPT JOHN KYLE VILBAR DR. JOHNER D. MONTEGRANDE

Faculty Program Coordinator Principal

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Engage
According to Rizal, citizenship is one of the important characteristics Filipinos must have in
order to help the Philippines become a well-developed and fully civilized society. However, to
become a responsible citizen, one must be able to define what citizenship means. Citizenship in
one sense is an individual’s affiliation with a state. Citizenship also means meeting certain civic
demands for the common good. Citizenship requires being considerate about the effects of an
action or decision on the rest of society. It also requires concern over the welfare of all
members of the state. These requirements of citizenship apply to everyone, rich or poor,
powerful or not. Of course an individual might encounter challenges which might affect his or her
exercise of citizenship.

In the box below, share your thoughts on what makes a Good Filipino citizen, Adhering to
Dr. Jose Rizal’s Ideology of being a true Filipino.

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Explore

CITIZENSHIP AND GOVERNANCE

Characteristics of Citizenship:
1. Citizenship as IDENTITY

Citizenship is defined in two ways. The first of these pertains to the constitutional or legal
identity of a person; that he or she belongs to a certain state. Citizenship enables the individual
to enjoy certain rights exclusive to the state, such as the right to vote in elections and the right
to work In the country.

According to the 1987 Constitution, there are several ways through which Filipino Citizenship can
be obtained .

ARTICLE IV -- Citizenship

Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;

[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and

[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to
perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in
accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.

Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.

Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or
omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.

Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.

2. Citizenship as Social Behavior

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The second definition of citizenship relates to responsible citizenship. This means that a citizen
must possess attitudes and behavior that contribute positively to society. This is said to be the
more important characteristic of citizenship, and must be embodied by all citizens comprising the
state. Citizenship is not just reinforcing one’s identity as a Filipino through outward forms, such as
singing the national anthem or reciting the pledge of allegiance. It entails a set of obligations that
each citizen must accomplish for the common good. These obligations include following national
and local laws, as well as rules set by institutions, such as schools, companies, and organization.
By exercising citizenship, disorder in society is minimized. The exercise of responsible citizenship
brings about order, security and peace in the state.

Citizenship, Nationalism and Patriotism

Nationalism and patriotism are two concepts which

are also often associated with citizenship. Nationalism
refers to a shared identity among citizens of a state.
And a belief in or support of the state. At its extreme,
Nationalism may refer to the belief that a certain
state is superior over the other. Nationalism may
take form of advocacies and social movements.
Patriotism meanwhile, is a feeling of attachment,
loyalty, or pride to the state, nation, or homeland.
Both Nationalism and patriotism are often
interchangeably used to explain actions that help
defend the state and its citizens. Such defense exists
in many instances, like in times of war or
insurgencies. Nationalism and patriotism can also be
expressed by promoting or patronizing the use of
locally-manufactured products, or when one
expresses support for a fellow citizen or a national
sports teams during international competitions.

At its core, citizenship entails a set of values a citizen must uphold in relation to his or her fellow citizens
and the state. Nationalism and Patriotism, meanwhile, enable the exercise of citizenship through actions
that uphold the common good and promote the interests of the state. There three concepts also contribute
to positive nation-building, and promote political stability and national progress.

Since the Philippines is a democratic state, the needs of the people are always expected to come first.
Filipino citizens uphold the welfare of the people through the practice of nationalism and patriotism.
Nonetheless, the exercise of responsible citizenship requires and awareness of various issues and
concerns.

Citizenship entails loyalty to the state. This loyalty can be expressed in various ways, beginning with
expressing loyalty to one’s family and community. This loyalty then extends to the government and the
state. There may be instances, however, where loyalty to one’s local community can be a challenge to
responsible citizenship.

A citizen may be loyal to his or her family and local community, but may be apathetic or even antagonistic
towards the needs of those outside his or her community. The expression of loyalty to the country and
concern for fellow filipinos is also a concern of Filipino overseas. The expression of loyalty is based on a
regard for the common good. Upholding the common good, however, requires citizens to sacrifice certain
individual and communal interests in recognition of larger issues and concerns. Therefore, one’s loyalty to
the community must not be a hindrance to upholding national policies and programs. This is a challenge to
both citizens and public officials, since they often have to set aside certain local interests in favor of
national concerns.

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Citizens are encouraged to adopt a collective mindset as it encourages greater political participation.
Nation building is one means by which the government encourages its citizens to look beyond their
personal interests and begin to consider the greater problems and issues affecting the state. Responsible
citizenship encourages us to go beyond our individual or personal concerns and take on greater
responsibilities and challenges as citizens of the state.

Practicing Citizenship in Everyday Life

There are various ways to practice citizenship in different daily activities, as well as in the government, for
instance, when taking public transportation, it is important that commuters embark and disembark at
properly designated areas. It is also necessary that drivers of all kids of vehicles slowdown for pedestrians
crossing the streets. Through these simple measures, accidents can be avoided and the safety of the
citizenry is secured. In addition, preserving the cleanliness of public areas also helps protect the health of
the citizens.

Private individuals can also practice citizenship through participation in activities organized by the local
government, such as clean-up drives, leadership seminars, and outreach programs. Through such
activities, a citizen is able to directly contribute to the development of his or her community. Meanwhile,
public officials are perhaps expected the most to exhibit the qualities of a responsible citizen. This is
because they are the forces and minds behind the laws that are followed by all members of the state. In
order to accomplish this duty, it is important that public officials, exercise transparency and accountability
in every action and decision they take. Furthermore, it is a must that they perform their duties without
expecting unnecessary favors, bribes or payment from others. Through all of the acts enumerated above,
one can display the essence of citizenship- one’s concern for his or her fellow citizens and the good of all
members of the state.

Citizenship in the current Filipino setting

Since the Philippines is a democratic state, the needs of the

people always are expected to come first. Filipino citizens
uphold the welfare of the people through the practice of
nationalism and patriotism. Nonetheless, the exercise of
responsible citizenship requires an awareness of various
issues and concern

Loyalty and concern for the common good, Citizenship

entails the loyalty of the state. This loyalty can be observed
in various ways, beginning with expressing loyalty to one’s
family and community. This loyalty then extends to the
government and the state. There may be instances,
however, where loyalty to one’s local community can be a
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Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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challenge to responsible citizenshiA citizen may be loyal to his or her family and local community, but may
be apathetic or even antagonistic towards the needs of those outside his or her community. However
there have also been instances when filipinos show concern towards the welfare of one another despite
coming from different local communities. The expression of loyalty is based on the regard for the common
good. Upholding the common good, however, requires citizens to sacrifice certain individual and
communal interests in recognition of larger issues and concerns. Therefore one’s loyalty to the common
community must not be a hindrance to upholding national policies and programs. This is a challenge to
both citizens and public officials, since they often have to set aside certain local interests in favor of
national concerns.

Assessment Task No. 11

Citizenship
Instructions: Answer the following questions comprehensively and cite some real life
examples.Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on
how you will be graded.

1. How is citizenship defined by Philippine Law?

2. Why is it important for the state to allow natural-born Filipinos to reacquire their
Filipino citenzhip?

3. What are they ways you can exercise responsible citizenship in your community?

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ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
FOCUS AND There is one clear, There is one clear, There is one topic. The topic and
DETAILS well focused topic. well focused topic. Main ideas are main ideas are
Main ideas are Main ideas are somewhat clear. not clear.
clear and are well clear but are not The topic and main
supported by well supported by ideas are not clear.
detailed and detailed
accurate information.
information.
ORGANIZATION The introduction is The introduction The introduction There is no clear
inviting, stated the states the main states the main introduction,
main topic and topic and provides topic. A conclusion structure or
provides an an overview of the is included. conclusion.
overview of the paper. A conclusion
paper. Information is included.
is relevant and
presented in a
logical way.
VOICE The author’s The author’s The author’s The author’s
purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing purpose of writing
is very clear and is somewhat clear is somewhat clear is unclear.
there is strong and there are and there is
evidence of some evidence of evidence of
attention to attention to attention to
audience. audience. audience.
WORD CHOICE The author uses The author uses The author uses The writer uses a
vivid words and vivid words and words that limited vocabulary
phrases. phrases. The communicate or clichés.
choice and clearly, but the
placement of writing lacks
words is inaccurate variety.
at times and
seems overdone.
SENTENCE All sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are Sentences sound
STRUCTURE well constructed well constructed well constructed, awkward, are
/MECHANICS and have varied and have varied but they have a distractingly
structure and structure and similar structure repetitive or
length. length. The author and length. difficult to
makes few errors understand
in grammar,
mechanics and
spelling.
TOTAL

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RUBRIC Scor Scoring Scale Total

e
COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 20 – 15
Expectations
EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 14 – 10
DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 10 – 5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

Assessment Task No. 12

Collage Making On Good Citizenship

Instructions : Create a COLLAGE which shows or illustrates how to practice good citizenship in
your own way. Relate your collage to the recent Issues happening in the Philippines.Kindly refer
to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand on how you will be graded.

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Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
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ESSAY RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
Presentation Well-rehearsed withRehearsed with fairly Delivery not smooth, Delivery not smooth
smooth delivery smooth delivery but able to and audience
that holds that holds maintain interest attention often
audience audience of the audience lost
attention. attention most of most of the time
the time.
Attractiveness Makes excellent useMakes good use of Makes us of font, Use of font, color,
of font, color, font, color, color, graphics, graphics,
graphics, effects, graphics, effects, effects, etc. but effects, etc. but
etc. to enhance etc. to enhance occasionally these often
the presentation to presentation. these detract distract from
from the the presentation
presentation content.
content.
Requirements All requirements areAll requirements areOne requirement More than one
met and met. was not requirement
exceeded. completely met. was not
completely met.
Oganization Content is well Use headings or Content is logically There was no clear
organized using bulleted lists to organized for the or logical
headings or organize, but the most part. organizational
bulleted lists to overall structure, just
group related organization of lots of facts.
material topics appears
flawed
Originality Product shows a Product shows someUses other people’s Uses other people’s
large amount of original thought. ideas (giving ideas, but does
original thought Work shows new them credit). But not give them
ideas are ideas and there is little credit.
creative and insights. evidence of
inventive original thinking.
TOTAL

RUBRIC Scor Scoring Scale Total

e
COMPETENT: Standards Met Consistently/ 4 PROFESSIONAL 20 – 15
Expectations

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.
 117

EXPERIENCED: Standards Met Often/ Frequently 3 EXPERIENCED 14 – 10

DEVELOPING: Standards Met Sometimes/ 2 DEVELOPING 10 – 5
Improvement Needed
NOVICE: Standards Not Met or Seldomly Met 1 NOVICE 4–1

References
2017, Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School.,Joven A.E., Ph. D. , C&E
Publishing Inc.
Http://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2016120
Http://www.dilg.gov.ph/reports-and-resources/seal-of-good-local-governance/12/
Http://www.rappler.com/nation/special-coverage.pdf
Http://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/
Http://sb.judiciary.gov.ph/
Http://www.gov.ph/section/briefing-room/presidential-commission-on-good-government/
Http://globalsecurity.org/military/word/war.html
Http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/
Http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/
Http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
Http://www.senate.gov.ph/
Http://www.congress.gov.ph/
Http://www.chanrobles.com/localgov.html

Joven, Arnel E., (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc.