2.

2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2)

2.2.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) General Examination

1. Which of the following is not a property of magnetic lines of force?

(a) They form closed loops which do not cross
(b) The density increases with distance from the poles of a permanent magnet
(c) Hey are considered to have direction
(d) They seek paths of least magnetic resistance or least reluctance

2. Surrounding an electromagnet, the magnetic field is strongest:

(a) Immediately after the current ceases to flow
(b) While the magnetizing current ceases to flow
(c) At the time the magnetic particles are applied to the part
(d) Just prior to current reversal

3. The value of permeability is:

(a) A fixed value depending upon the type of material
(b) Between 1 and 100 for all ferromagnetic materials
(c) Between 0 and 10 for all ferromagnetic materials
(d) Dependent upon the amount of magnetizing force necessary to overcome
saturation

4. The flux density of the magnetism induced by a coil is affected by:

(a) The coil size

(b) The current in the coil

(c) The number of turns in the coil

(d) All of the above

5. How many turns of a coil will be needed to establish a longitudinal field in a steel
shaft that is 22.86 cm (9 inches) long and 7.62 cm (3 inches) in diameter? 3000
amperes magnetizing current is available, it is desired to magnetize the part in
accordance with the formula NI = 45,000/(L/D):

(a) 1

(b) 3

(c) 5

(d) 7

84
6. How many ampere-turns are required to magnetize a part that is 40.6 cm (16 inches)
long and 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter?

(a) 9000 ampere-turns

(b) 5625 ampere-turns

(c) 2812 ampere-turns

(d) None of the above

7. The lines of flux or force in a circularly magnetized ferromagnetic bar:

(a) Are aligned through the piece from the south to the north pole

(b) Are aligned through the piece from the north to the south pole

(c) Leave the south pole and enter the north pole

(d) Are contained within and around the part

8. In which magnetizing method is the current passed directly through the part, thereby
setting up a magnetic field at right angles to the current flow?

(a) Longitudinal magnetization

(b) Coil magnetization

(c) Central conductor magnetization

(d) None of the above

9. Which of the following is false concerning a magnetic field in and around a hollow
conductor as compared to that of a solid conductor of the same outside diameter when
both are of the same magnetic material, and when the applied current is the same?

(a) The field immediately outside the outer surface of the hollow conductor is
greater

(b) The field gradient inside the hollow conductor is steeper

(c) The fields outside the conductors are the same

(d) The fields are the same at the centre

10. The field in a section of ferromagnetic pipe being magnetized by means of a central
conductor is strongest at the:
(a) Ends of the pipe
(b) Outer surface of the pipe
(c) Inner surface of the pipe
(d) The field is uniform at all places

85
 11. For a 7.6 cm (3 inches) diameter bar how much current is needed to magnetize the bar
for the detection of longitudinal discontinuities:

(a) 5500 amperes

(b) 16500 amperes

(c) 1000 amperes

(d) 3000 amperes

12. For detection of longitudinal discontinuities a 7.6 cm (3 inches) diameter bar is

magnetized in:

(a) The longitudinal direction

(b) The circular direction

(c) The clockwise direction

(d) None of the above directions

13. A bar that is 5 cm (2 inches) by 10 cm (4 inches) by 30.5 cm (12 inches) is being

magnetized in the circular direction. About how many amperes are required using the
perimeter approach?

(a) 2200

(b) 4500

(c) 3800

(d) None of the above

14. An advantage of AC is that:

(a) It is most readily available

(b) Equipment can be made lighter

(c) It leaves the part demagnetized

(d) All of the above

15. When a magnetic field cuts across a crack:

(a) Electrons begin jumping back and forth across the crack

(b) The crack begins to heat up

(c) Magnetic poles form at the edges of the crack

(d) All of the above

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16. A disadvantage of AC current is that it:

(a) Cannot be used with dry powder

(b) Has poor penetrating power

(c) Can only provide low flux densities

(d) Cannot be used for residual magnetic particle testing

17. What causes a leakage field in a steel bar?

(a) A crack

(b) Reversal of the magnetic field

(c) Paint on the surface

(d) All of the above

18. An indication is a defect under which of the following conditions?

(a) If it is greater than 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) long

(b) If it exceeds the limits of a standard or specification

(c) If it is deep

(d) Under all of the above indications

19. Paint will not affect the detection of a crack if:

(a) The paint is thick and the defect is subsurface

(b) The paint is thin and the crack is parallel to the direction of flux lines

(c) The crack is sharp and the paint is thin

(d) All of the above

20. A magnetic particle indication is sharp and very fine; this suggests that the
discontinuity is:

(a) Subsurface seam

(b) A shallow, tight surface crack

(c) Porosity

(d) A deep crack

87
 21. Among the following, the best type of current for the detection of fatigue cracks is:

(a) Half-wave direct current

(b) Alternating current

(c) Direct current

(d) Half-wave alternating current

22. Continuous magnetization provides the most sensitivity because:

(a) The magnetic particles are present while the part is being magnetized

(b) The magnetic field is greatest while the magnetizing current is on

(c) All of the above

(d) Neither of the above

23. The sensitivity of magnetic particle testing is greatest when the discontinuity is:

(a) Parallel to the direction of the magnetic flux lines

(b) Perpendicular to the flow of the magnetizing current

(c) Perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic flux

(d) Perpendicular to the line between prods

24. To provide reliability and reproducibility in magnetic particle testing, written

procedures should include:

(a) Location of the coil and current for each magnetization

(b) Requirements for ammeter calibration

(c) Type and concentration of the particles

(d) All of the above

25. The magnetic particles are noticed to bunch in some fillet areas and stand on end on
the edge of a part being magnetized. These observations indicate that the:

(a) Particle concentration is too low

(b) Flux density is excessive

(c) Flux density is too low

(d) Magnetizing current should be changed form AC to DC

88
26. Flux density is a measure of the number of magnetic flux lines perpendicular to an
area of cross-section. If a discontinuity is in the plane of the unit area, the strongest
magnetic article indication will be formed when the discontinuity is:

(a) Inclined at 45º to the flux lines

(b) Parallel to the flux lines

(c) 90º to the flux lines

(d) 135º to the flux lines

27. Prods are being used to magnetize a weld area. When dry powder is dusted on the
surface, it is observed that there is no mobility of the particles. What is the most
probable reason for this observation?

(a) The magnetizing current is not high enough

(b) The flux density is too low

(c) DC is being used

(d) All of the above are possible reasons

28. The current from portable high amperage units can be applied to the object using:

(a) Prods

(b) Cable coils

(c) Pre-wrapped coils

(d) All of the above

29. How can parts be tested to determine if they have been adequately demagnetized?

(a) By bringing a suspended paper clip near the middle of the part

(b) By using a small horseshoe permanent magnet

(c) By using a small magnetometer held at a corner of the part

(d) By sprinkling some magnetic particles on the part

30. The statement ‘magnetic particle testing can be applied to plated and painted parts’.

(a) May be true depending upon the thickness of the coating

(b) May be true if flux densities are increased to compensate for the coating
thickness

(c) Is true only for circular circumstances

(d) Both (a) and (b)

89
 31. A group of indications, some sharp and some broad and fuzzy, were found on an area
of a small forging. Demagnetization and re-inspection eliminated these indications.
What was the probable cause?

(a) Forging lap

(b) Magnetic writing

(c) Change in permeability

(d) Subsurface variation

32. Magnetic particle testing is most likely to find subsurface discontinuities in:

(a) Soft steels with high permeability

(b) Soft steels with low permeability

(c) Hardened steels with low permeability

(d) Hardened steels with high permeability

33. Which of the following is not an advantage of Magnetic Particle testing?

(a) Fast and simple to perform

(b) Can detect discontinuities filled with foreign material

(c) Most reliable for finding surface cracks in all types of material

(d) Works well through a thin coat of paint

34. Which of the following does not represent a limitation of Magnetic Particle testing?

(a) The type of materials which may be effectively tested

(b) The directionality of the magnetic field

(c) The need for demagnetization

(d) The ability to detect discontinuities filled with foreign material

35. The most effective NDT method for locating surface cracks in ferromagnetic materials
is:

(a) Ultrasonic testing

(b) Radiographic testing

(c) Magnetic particles testing

(d) Liquid penetrant testing

90
36. A discontinuity which is produced during solidification of the molten metal is called:

(a) Inherent

(b) Processing

(c) Service

(d) None of the above

37. Pipe would be classified as what type of discontinuity?

(a) Inherent

(b) Processing

(c) Service

(d) None of the above

38. A seam would be classified as what type of discontinuity?

(a) Inherent

(b) Processing

(c) Service

(d) None of the above

39. A lamination in steel plate would be classified as what type of discontinuity?

(a) Inherent

(b) Processing

(c) Service

(d) None of the above

40. An internal rupture caused by working steel at improper temperatures is called a:

(a) Lap

(b) Cold shut

(c) Forging burst

(d) Slag inclusion

91
 41. Cracks which are caused by alternating stresses above a critical level are called:

(a) Stress corrosion cracks

(b) Cycling cracks

(c) Critical cracks

(d) Fatigue cracks

42. Cracks which are caused by a combination of tensile stress and corrosion are called:

(a) Stress corrosion cracks

(b) Cycling cracks

(c) Critical cracks

(d) Fatigue cracks

43. Which of the following are ferromagnetic materials?

(a) Aluminium, iron, copper

(b) Iron, copper, nickel

(c) Copper, aluminium, silver

(d) Iron, cobalt, nickel

44. The reverse magnetising force necessary to remove a residual magnetic field from a
test piece after it has been magnetically saturated is called:

(a) Hysteresis

(b) Coercive force

(c) Demagnetising flux

(d) Reverse saturation

45. Magnetic lines of force enter and leave a magnet at:

(a) Saturation

(b) L/D ratios of greater than 4 to 1

(c) Flux concentration points

(d) Poles

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46. The ease with which a magnetic field can be established in a test piece is called:

(a) Reluctance

(b) Retentivity

(c) Permeability

(d) Electromagnetism

47. Opposition to establishment of a magnetic field in a test piece is called:

(a) Reluctance

(b) Retentivity

(c) Permeability

(d) Electromagnetism

48. The ability of a material to remain magnetic after the magnetising force is removed is
called:

(a) Reluctance

(b) Retentivity

(c) Permeability

(d) Electromagnetism

49. A magnetic field which is contained completely within the test piece is called a:

(a) Confined field

(b) Longitudinal field

(c) Circular field

(d) Saturated field

50. Which of the following produces a circular field?

(a) Coil

(b) Head shot

(c) Yoke

(d) All of the above

93
 51. A technique used to find transverse discontinuities at the ends of longitudinally
magnetised bars by the use of transient currents is called:

(a) A coil technique

(b) A fast break technique

(c) A yoke technique

(d) A head shot

52. A leakage field is strongest when a discontinuity interrupts the magnetic flux lines at
an angle of:

(a) 0o

(b) 45o

(c) 90o

(d) 180o

53. The best method of inducing a circular field in a tube is by a:

(a) Central conductor

(b) Head shot

(c) Coil

(d) Prod technique

54. Magnetic flux density is zero at:

(a) The inside surface of a tube magnetised with a central conductor

(b) The outside surface of a tube magnetised with a central conductor

(c) The outside surface of a bar magnetised with a head shot

(d) The centre of a bar magnetised with a head shot

55. Magnetic flux density is highest at:

(a) The outside surface of a non-ferromagnetic tube magnetised with a central

conductor

(b) The inside surface of a non-ferromagnetic tube magnetised with a central

conductor

(c) The outside surface of a ferromagnetic tube magnetised with a central

conductor

(d) The inside surface of a ferromagnetic tube magnetised with a central conductor

94
56. An important consideration when using a direct contact method is:

(a) Lifting power of the yoke

(b) Coil diameter

(c) Preventing arc burns

(d) Field strength adjacent to the coil inside diameter

57. A prod method would be most sensitive to cracks:

(a) Parallel to a line connecting the prod contact points

(b) Tangential to a radius from each prod contact point

(c) Perpendicular to a line connecting the prod contact points

(d) Perpendicular to the long axis of the coil

58. When using prods, arc burns may be caused by which of the following?

(a) Dirty contact tips

(b) Inadequate pressure

(c) Too large a magnetic current

(d) All of the above

59. The most common source of DC current for magnetic particle testing is:

(a) Motor generators

(b) Rectified AC

(c) Storage batteries

(d) None of the above

60. Fields generated in ferromagnetic material with AC current are useful for locating:

(a) All discontinuities

(b) Surface cracks

(c) Subsurface discontinuities

(d) Internal porosity

95
 61. A common rule of thumb to use for current required in circular magnetisation:

(a) 1000 amps/25 mm of diameter

(b) 1000 ampere-turns/25 mm of diameter

(c) 1000 amps/25 mm of prod spacing

(d) None of the above

62. The formula, NI = 45000/(L/D), is used to calculate the proper magnetising current
for:

(a) Prod magnetisation

(b) A head shot

(c) A central conductor

(d) Coil magnetization

63. The formula, NI = 45000/(L/D), gives proper magnetising current for a coil, regardless
of coil size as long as:

(a) The test piece is not larger than 1/10 the cross sectional area of the coil

(b) AC current only is used

(c) The test piece essentially fills the coil

(d) The test piece is held tightly against the coil

64. For direct contact magnetising methods, the magnetic field is oriented in what
direction relative to the current direction?

(a) Parallel

(b) At 45o

(c) At 90o

(d) At 180o

65. For direct contact magnetising methods, current should be flowing in what direction
relative to expected discontinuities?

(a) Parallel

(b) At 45o

(c) At 90o

(d) At 180o

96
 66. What is the magnetic field strength at the surface of a 100 mm diameter bar as
compared to that at the surface of a 50 mm diameter bar, each carrying 1000 amps of
current?

(a) Twice

(b) One half

(c) One quarter

(d) Four times

67. What is the magnetic field strength at the surface of a 25 mm diameter bar as
compared to that at the surface of a 50 mm diameter bar, each carrying 1000 amps of
current?

(a) Twice

(b) One half

(c) One quarter

(d) Four times

2.2.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) Specific Examination

1. Demagnetization, ASTM E709-95 recommends a coil of ampere-turns:

(a) 1000 to 3000

(b) 3000 to 5000

(c) 5000 to 10000

(d) 10000 to 15000

2. According to ASTM E709-95 when dry particles are used magnetic particle testing
shall not be performed on the surface of parts whose temperature exceeds:

(a) 57ºC

(b) 79ºC

(c) 158ºC

(d) 136ºC

97
 3. According to ASTM E709-95 in using prod technique, prod spacing shall not exceed:

(a) 50 mm

(b) 100 mm

(c) 150 mm

(d) 200 mm

4. According to ASTM E709-95, the UV intensity shall not be less than:

(a) 600 µW/cm2

(b) 700 µW/cm2

(c) 800 µW/cm2

(d) 900 µW/cm2

5. According to ASTM E709-95 in using prod technique on a 50 mm thickness plate

with a prod spacing of 101 mm (4 inches), current shall be selected in the following
range:

(a) 300-450 A

(b) 400-500 A

(c) 500-625 A

(d) 550-700 A

6. According to ASMT E709-95 alternating current electromagnetic yokes should give a

lifting force of at least:

(a) 1.5 kg

(b) 2.5 kg

(c) 3.5 kg

(d) 4.5 kg

7. According to ASTM E709-95 direct current electromagnetic yokes should have a

lifting force of at least:

(a) 15 kg

(b) 16 kg

(c) 17 kg

(d) 18 kg

98
8. According to ASTM E709-95 the UV light shall be centred on (1 Å = 10-10m):

(a) 3000 Å

(b) 3250 Å

(c) 3400 Å

(d) 3650 Å

9. According to ASTM E709-95 when fluorescent particles are used, the UV light
intensity shall be above:

(a) 700 µW/cm2

(b) 800 µW/cm2

(c) 900 µW/cm2

(d) 1000 µW/cm2

10. According to ASTM E709-95 when fluorescent particles are used, the bulb shall be
warmed up prior to use for at least:

(a) 1 min

(b) 2 min

(c) 3 min

(d) 4 min

(e) 5 min

11. According to ASTM E709-95 with prod technique, the prods shall be tipped if the
open circuit voltage is over:
(a) 10 V
(b) 15 V
(c) 20 V
(d) 25 V

12. According to ASME Section VIII, a linear indication is defined as an indication in

which the length is equal to or greater than the width by a factor of:
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

99
 13. According to ASTM E709-95 the viscosity limit (measured in centi Stokes) of the wet
medium (conditioned water) should not exceed:

(a) 1 cSt

(b) 3 cSt

(c) 6 cSt

(d) 4 cSt

14. According to ASTM E709-95 when applying fluorescent magnetic particles technique,
the operator shall be in darkness area at least …………… prior to examination:

(a) 2 min

(b) 3 min

(c) 4 min

(d) 5 min

15. According to ASTM E709-95 the alkalinity of conditioned water shall not exceed:

(a) 10.0 pH

(b) 10.5 pH

(c) 11.0 pH

(d) 11.5 pH

16. According to ASTM E709-95, with wet continuous magnetization technique, the
duration of magnetization current is of the order of:

(a) 0.5 sec

(b) 1.0 sec

(c) 1.5 sec

(d) 2.0 sec

17. According to ASTM E709-95 in using prods having a spacing of 19 mm (3/4 inches)
and above, the magnetizing current shall be:

(a) From 90 to 110 A/25 mm (1 inch)

(b) From 100 to 125 A/25 mm (1 inch)

(c) From 90 to 120 A/ 25 mm (1 inch)

(d) From 100 to 200 A/25 mm (1 inch)

100
18. According to ASTM E709-95 powder shall be applied upon the part to be tested in
such a manner that:

(a) A light uniform coating is formed

(b) In excess coating

(c) All of the above

(d) None of the above

19. According to ASTM E709-95 before turning off current and examination, dry powder
in excess shall be:

(a) Removed by a dry-air current

(b) Kept in place

(c) All of the above

(d) None of the above

20. According to ASTM E709-95 demagnetization can be performed by:

(a) Decreasing alternating current

(b) Reversing direct current

(c) All of the above

(d) None of the above

21. According to ASTM E709-95, Table 3., alternating current electromagnetic yokes
must have a lifting force of at least:

(a) 3.0 kg (7 lb)

(b) 3.5 kg (8 lb)

(c) 4.0 kg (9 lb)

(d) 4.5 kg (10 lb)

22. According to ASTM E709-95, Table 3., direct current electromagnetic yokes must
have a lifting force of at least:

(a) 15 kg (33 lb)

(b) 16 kg (36 lb)

(c) 17 kg (38 lb)

(d) 18 kg (40 lb)

101
 23. According to API, the acceptable particle concentration of wet particle solution for
fluorescent particles is:

(a) 0.1 to 0.4 mL by volume

(b) 0.1 to 0.5 mL by volume

(c) 0.1 to 0.6 mL by volume

(d) 0.1 to 0.7 mL by volume

24. According to API, the particle concentration of wet particle solution must be checked:

(a) Prior to each shift

(b) Only after each shift

(c) Only each week

(d) Only each two weeks

25. According to ASTM E709-95 and API, the UV intensity measured at a minimum of
38 cm (15 inches) at least shall not be less than:

(a) 700 µW/cm2

(b) 800 µW/cm2

(c) 900 µW/cm2

(d) 1000 µW/cm2

26. According to ASTME 709-95 and API, in order to eliminate all contaminants, an
appropriate cleaning shall be performed on all the surfaces to be examined and on a
minimum of adjacent material:

(a) 25.4 mm (1 inch)

(b) 31.7 mm (5/4 inches)

(c) 38.1 mm (1.5 inches)

(d) 44.5 mm (7/4 inches)

27. According to ASTM E709-95 and API, the temperature of the dry particles can be
usable up to:

(a) 38ºC

(b) 2000ºC

(c) 49ºC

(d) 315ºC

102
28. According to ASTM E709-95 and API, the thickness of non conductive coatings will
not exceed:

(a) 1-10 mm

(b) 2-5 mm

(c) 0.02-0.05 mm

(d) 0.001-0.004 mm

29. According to ASTM E709-95 and API, relevant indications are produced by:

(a) Greasy surfaces

(b) Excessive background

(c) Leakage fields

(d) Rotating Eddy currents

30. According to ASTM E709-95 and API, when fluorescent particles are used, the UV
bulb shall warm up prior to use for at least:

(a) 1 minute

(b) 2 minutes

(c) 3 minutes

(d) 5 minutes

31. According to AST M E709-95 and API, after removing magnetization of parts after
examination, the residual magnetism shall not exceed (1 gauss = 0.0001 tesla):

(a) 3 × 10-4T (3 gauss)

(b) 4 × 10-4T (4 gauss)

(c) 6 × 10-4T (6 gauss)

(d) 8 × 10-4T (8 gauss)

32. According to ASTM E709-95 and API, a linear indication is defined as an indication
in which the length is equal to or greater than the width by a factor of:

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

103
 33. According to API, a non- relevant indication is defined as an indication which in the
major dimension is equal to, or less than:

(a) 1.59 mm (1/16 inches)

(b) 2.4 mm (3/32 inches)

(c) 3.2 mm (1/18 inches)

(d) 4 mm (5/32 inches)

34. According to ASME Section V, with fluorescent magnetic particles technique, the
operator shall be in darkness area at least ……………. prior to examination:

(a) 2 min

(b) 3 min

(c) 4 min

(d) 5 min

35. According to ASME Section VIII Div 1, Appendix 6, on pressure containing welds
whose depth is greater than 15.8 mm (5/8 inches), which of the following indications
is unacceptable:

(a) Rounded relevant indication with a major dimension less than 3.2 mm (1/8
inches)

(b) Rounded relevant indication with a major dimension less than 3.2 mm (1/8
inches)

(c) Rounded relevant indication with a major dimension greater than 4.8 mm (3/16
inches)

(d) None of the above

104
2.2.3 Magnetic Particle Testing Level 2 (MT-2) Answers to Questions

Magnetic Particle Testing Level 2 Answers to Questions

General Examination Specific Examination
1 b 35 c 1 c 35 c
2 d 36 a 2 a
3 a 37 a 3 d
4 d 38 b 4 c
5 c 39 b 5 a
6 b 40 c 6 d
7 d 41 d 7 d
8 d 42 a 8 d
9 c 43 d 9 d
10 c 44 b 10 d
11 d 45 d 11 d
12 b 46 c 12 c
13 c 47 a 13 c
14 d 48 b 14 b
15 c 49 c 15 b
16 b 50 b 16 a
17 a 51 b 17 b
18 b 52 c 18 a
19 c 53 a 19 d
20 b 54 d 20 c
21 b 55 d 21 d
22 c 56 c 22 d
23 c 57 a 23 a
24 d 58 d 24 a
25 b 59 b 25 d
26 c 60 b 26 a
27 d 61 a 27 d
28 d 62 d 28 c
29 c 63 a 29 c
30 a 64 c 30 d
31 b 65 a 31 a
32 a 66 b 32 c
33 c 67 a 33 a
34 d 34 b

105