 These three fibrous components may

become a tendon or aponeurosis.

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
1) CARDIAC MUSCLE
━ located to your heart
━ function: for heart contraction (movement)
━ Involuntary (can’t control)

2) SKELETAL MUSCLE
━ function: for voluntary movement
SIZE, SHAPE, AND FIBER ARRANGEMENT
3) SMOOTH MUSCLE
 SIZE
━ can be found in the lining of internal organ
- Range from extremely small to large
(lining of intestines)
masses.
━ this is important for peristalsis (movement or
 SHAPE
contraction of intestines)
- Variety of shapes, such as broad, narrow,
━ Involuntary (can’t control)
long, tapering, short, blunt, triangular,
BASIC CONCEPTS quadrilateral, irregular, flat sheets, or bulky
masses
 There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the  ARRANGEMENT
body. - Parallel to long axis, converge to narrow
 From 40% to 50% of our body weight is skeletal attachment, oblique, pennate, bipennate,
muscle. or curved.
 Muscles, along with the skeleton, determine the
form and contour of our body.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENT

1) ENDOMYSIUM- inner cover
 Delicate connective tissue membrane that
covers specialized skeletal muscle fibers.
- Covers the muscle fiber inside
- MUSCLE FIBER- Functioning unit or cell of
skeletal muscle

2) PERIMYSIUM
 Tough connective tissue binding together
fascicles.
- Gives our tissue strength and elasticity

3) EPIMYSIUM- outside cover

 Coarse sheath covering the muscle as a whole
- Covers the entire muscle
ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES

 ORIGIN 4) FIXATOR MUSCLES

- Point of attachment that does NOT move
when muscle contracts. ━ maintains the muscle in place or intact

- starting point ━ stabilizes muscles

- remains steady LEVER SYSTEM
 INSERTION “how does the muscle moves?”
- Point of attachment that moves when the
muscle contracts. 1) RIGID BAR

- maintains body location ━ stabilizes or immobilizes the muscles in case of

- can be long, short, narrow or wide during contraction extreme movements of muscle
- adjusted during contraction ━ steady movement of muscle
2) FULCRUM

━ balances the movement of muscle

3) LOAD

━ gives the muscle stimulation to move

4) PULL

━ contraction or movement produced by muscle

MUSCLE ACTION
 FIRST CLASS LEVER
 Most movements are produced by the  Fulcrum lies between the pull and the load.
coordinated action of several muscles, some  Not abundant in the human body.
muscles in the group contact while other relax.
━ the fulcrum is in the middle, therefore the
━ SLIDING THEORY- involves myosin and actin movement is equal and balanced.
Muscle groups that allows movement:  SECOND CLASS LEVER
1) PRIME MOVER  Load lies between the fulcrum and the joint at
which the pull is exerted.
━ set of muscle group that performs specific
movements ━ the load is in the middle, therefore the movement
and tension is going up
2) ANTAGONIST- “away or anti”
 THIRD CLASS LEVER
━ movement away or oppose the movement of  Pull is exerted between the fulcrum and load.
prime mover  Permit rapid and extensive movement.
━ “kontrabida”  Most common

3) SYNERGIST- “support” ━ responsible for opposing movement of muscles,

the movement against gravity
━ stimulates, aids, and supports the movement of
prime mover

━ “kakampi”
 TRUNK MUSCLES
1) MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
 Critical importance in respiration.

━ responsible for breathing

2) MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
 Arranged in three layers with fibers in each
layer running in different directions to
increase strength.
HOW MUSCLES ARE NAMED?
━ provides cell during peristalsis (digestion) and
o Location (closed together), function (same
also for breathing
purpose or activity), and shape (appearance)
o Direction of fibers (movement of fibers) 3) MUSCLES OF THE BACK
o Numbers of heads and divisions. (number of  Bend to stabilized the back.
cells)
o Point of attachment (origin and insertion) 4) MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR
o Relative size (small or big)  Support the structures in the pelvic cavity.
IMPORTANT SKELETAL MUSCLES ━responsible for kegels maneuver that is
1) MUSCLE OF FACIAL EXPRESSION usually performed by pregnant mother to
 Unique in that at least one point of improve the strength of her pelvic muscle
attachment is too deep layers of the skin
━ important for labor delivery
over the face or neck.
━ also used for uterine contraction
2) MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
 Responsible for chewing movement.
━ allows to maintain or control the functions of
urination and defecation
3) MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD
 Paired muscles on either side of the neck
are responsible for head movements.

5) DIAPHRAGM
━major muscle used for breathing

━ ZYGOMATICUS MINOR AND MAJOR- responsible for

us to smile
 ━ TRICEPS- back muscle of arms
━ BICEPS- front muscle of arms
━ DELTOID- common site in giving intramuscular
injection
━ TRAPEZIUS- extends from the neck to the back
- purpose: responsible for the movement
of the neck, right to side.

━ PECTORALIS MAJOR- muscle found in chest area

━ EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
abs
━ RECTUS ABDOMINIS
UPPER LIMB MUSCLES
1) MUSCLES ACTING ON THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
 Muscles that attach the upper extremity to
the torso are located anteriorly or
posteriorly.

━ e.g. arms
2) MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE UPPER ARM
 The shoulder is a synovial joint allowing
extensive movement in every plane motion
(all direction)

3) MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOREARM

 Found proximally to the elbow and attach
to the ulna and radius.

4) MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE WRIST, HAND, AND

FINGERS.
 These muscles are located on the anterior LOWER LIMB MUSCLES
or posterior surfaces of the forearm.  The pelvic girdle and lower extremity
function in locomotion and maintenance of
stability.
━maintain base of support (posture)
━ allows us to stand and maintain balance

 Muscles that move the thigh and lower leg.

━ where the toes, feet, ankle are connected

 Muscles that move the ankle or foot.

━ responsible for walking
LOWER LEG MUSCLES

Good posture is characterized by:

━ straight body (good body alignment)

━ minimal muscle movement but maximum output

━ has wide base of support to maintain balance (feet

standing far from each other)
HOW POSTURE IS MANTAINED?

 Muscle exert a continual pull on bones in

the opposite direction from gravity.
 Structures other than muscle and bones
have role in maintaining posture.
━ responsible for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
- Nervous system
- Respiratory, digestive, excretory, and
endocrine.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS

 Movement of the body as a whole or of its part.

 Heat production (every time the muscle
contracts, the muscle producing heat)
1) EXTRINSIC FOOT MUSCLES  Posture (alignment of the entire body)
 Located in the leg and exert their actions by
pulling on tendons that insert on bones in
the ankle and foot.
 Responsible for dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
inversion, and eversion.
CELL

2) INTRINSIC FOOT MUSCLES 1) EXCITABILITY (IRRITABLITY)

 Located within the foot and responsible for ━refers to characteristics of skeletal muscle to
flexion (movement towards the body), produce a response from stimulus
extension (movement away from the body), ━the ability of the skeletal muscle to react or
abduction (movement away from the response a stimulus
center), and adduction of toes (movement
towards the center). 2) CONTRACTILITY
POSTURE ━the muscles become short but it allows
movement
“how do we maintain good posture? because of
MUSCLES.” 3) EXTENSIBILITY
“GOOD POSTURE” ━the opposite of contractility
━the muscle becomes long or expanded and it
 Body alignment that most favors functions allows movement
and requires the least muscular work to
maintain and keeping the body’s center of
gravity over its base.
OVERVIEW OF THE MUSCLE CELL

━ I-BAND, H-ZONE, Z-LINE, A-BAND- parts of

sarcomere that is needed in the body for muscle
movement.
━ I-BAND- stripe part, 2 colors, and characterized by
line
━ H-ZONE- found in between A-band
━ A-BAND- darker part of sarcomere
━ Z-LINE- located before an I-band and after an I-band
━ C PROTEIN- for muscle contraction and used to kill
━ACTIN- upper part responsible why bacteria in the body
━MYOSIN- lower part muscle moves
 T TUBULES
- Membrane has ion pumps that continually
━when myosin binds with actin, that’s the only time
transport calcium ions inward from the
will muscle move
sarcoplasm.
 Muscle cells are called FIBERS (basic unit of - Allow electrical impulses travelling along the
muscles) because of their threadlike shape. sarcolemma to move deeper into cells.

 SARCOLEMMA- plasma membrane (responsible  MYOFILAMENTS

for identifying or allowing what are the - Each myofibril contains thousands of thick
substances that can go inside and outside of and thin filaments.
your body) of muscle fibers. - Kinds (Protein Molecule):
 MYOSIN- “makapal”
 SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM o Makes up almost all the thick and
━ serves as binding site thin filament.
━ CALCIUM- an electrolyte that binds with o Myosin “heads” are chemically
sarcoplasmic reticulum to synthesized and attracted to actin molecules.
metabolize the muscle to move o Myosin “heads” are known as cross
bridges when attached to actin.
 MYOFIBRILS- numerous fine fibers packed close ━ uses ATP that is energy produced by
together in sarcoplasm (covers sarcomere). cell. Once the myosin receives the
energy, the myosin will convert the
 SARCOMERE- a segment of myofibril between 2 chemical energy into mechanical
successive Z lines. energy. When the energy is already
━ FIBERS + FIBERS= MYOFIBRIL converted into mechanical energy, it
━ MYOFIBRIL + MYOFIBRIL= MYOFILAMENTS allows muscle for movement.
━MYOFIBRIL- fine fibers group together and
responsible for movement that is closed  ACTIN - globular protein that forms two
together under sarcoplasm. Inside sarcoplasm, fibrous strands twisted around each
we have sarcomere. other to form the bulk of the thin
filament.

━ chill and steady and doesn’t

stimulates movement
  TROPOMYOSIN -protein that blocks the LENGTH AND TENSION RELATIONSHIP
active sites on the actin molecules.
 Maximal strength that a muscle can develop
bears a direct relationship to the initial length of
━ “kontrabida” since this blocks the its fiber.
active site port of actin which results for
 A shortened muscle’s sarcomeres are
myosin to can’t bind into actin where
compressed; therefore, the muscles cannot
there no movements will occur.
develop much tension.
━when sarcomeres are shortened, muscle
 TROPONIN- protein that holds
tension decreases. The fiber should be longer so
tropomyosin molecules in place.
that the tension increases.
 An overstretched muscle cannot develop much
━ stabilizes and contains tropomyosin
tension because the thick myofilaments are too
━ in case of cardiac arrest and muscle far from the thin myofilaments.
injury, the troponin (troponin I) increases
━the muscle becomes too long; the muscle
in the body
tension will increase but not reach the
maximum peak
 Strongest maximal contraction is possible only
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES when the skeletal muscle has been stretched to
its optimal length.
1) EXCITATION AND CONTRACTION
━if you can stretch in the optimal or ideal
━EXCITATION- the ability of the skeletal muscle
length, it can produce strong maximal
to react or response a stimulus
contraction
━CONTRACTION- movement of the muscle,
when the muscle becomes short it allows ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS
movement
1) ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS
━length: no changes
2) NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
━tension: changes
━space between your muscles and this is where
━e.g. close-open
acetylcholine travels and bind

2) ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
3) ACETYLCHOLINE
━length: changes
━is a neurotransmitter that is chemical
produced by brain
━tension: no changes
━needs to go inside the muscle that stimulates ━e.g. push-ups
muscle to move o CONCENTRIC- “close” muscle shortens
as it contracts.
━function: for nerve movement and muscle
o ECCENTRIC- “expand” muscle lengthens
movement
while contracting.
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
“how muscle movement works?”

 When active sites on the actin are exposed,

myosin bind to them.
 Myosin heads bend, pulling the thin filaments
past them.
 Each head releases, binds to the next active site,
and pulls again.
 The entire myofibril shortens.