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Abe 211 - C1 - L3

Principal surveying instruments include tapes, chaining pins, range poles, leveling rods, engineer's level, engineer's transit, magnetic compass, and plumb bob. Tapes are used to measure distances and come in various materials like linen, metallic, steel, and invar. Chaining pins mark tape endpoints. Range poles indicate points and line directions. Leveling rods measure elevation differences. The engineer's level determines elevations using a spirit level and telescope. The engineer's transit measures horizontal and vertical angles and distances using stadia. The magnetic compass provides approximate bearings. A plumb bob projects horizontal locations between elevations.

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Roderick Villanueva
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237 views3 pages

Abe 211 - C1 - L3

Principal surveying instruments include tapes, chaining pins, range poles, leveling rods, engineer's level, engineer's transit, magnetic compass, and plumb bob. Tapes are used to measure distances and come in various materials like linen, metallic, steel, and invar. Chaining pins mark tape endpoints. Range poles indicate points and line directions. Leveling rods measure elevation differences. The engineer's level determines elevations using a spirit level and telescope. The engineer's transit measures horizontal and vertical angles and distances using stadia. The magnetic compass provides approximate bearings. A plumb bob projects horizontal locations between elevations.

Uploaded by

Roderick Villanueva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the

Philippines
ISABELA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Echague, Isabela

Title

Chapter 1 – Principles of Surveying


Lesson 3 – Principal Surveying Instruments

Introduction

Surveying is the art and science of determining the position of points on the
earth’s surface by measuring horizontal distances, elevations, and directions. The
dimensions od distance and elevation are measured in units of length, while
direction is measured in units or arc. Thus, to make all these measurements,
instruments primarily used in surveying are important.

Learning Outcome

At the end of this topic, students must be able to:


1. Enumerate and describe the principal surveying instruments and explain
their specific uses;
2. Identify, enumerate and manipulate the different parts of an engineer’s level,
transit and compass and explain their uses and functions;

Learning Topic

Principal Surveying Instruments

TAPE – A graduate flexible ribbon used for measuring distances. Linen or Cloth
Tape is made of linen cloth with brass handle at zero end whose length is included in
the tape length.
Metallic Tape is reinforced with copper wires to prevent stretching or twisting
of fibers. They are available in many lengths but tapes of 20 m and 30 m are more
commonly used. It is primarily used in earth work cross-sectioning, in location of
details, and in similar work where light, flexible tape is desirable and where small
errors in length are not of consequence.
Steel Tape is made of steel ribbon varying in width from 6 mm to 16 mm. It is
available in lengths of 1, 2, 10, 30 and 50 meters. It cannot withstand rough usage
and should therefore be used with great care.
Invar Tape is made of invar, an alloy of steel (64%) and nickel (36%). It is 6
mm wide and is available in lengths of 30 m, 50 m and 100 m. It is costly and delicate
and should be thus handled with great care. It is used for precise measurements,
such as those for the base lines and in city work due to its very low thermal
expansion.

CHAINING PINS – Steel chaining pins, also called surveyor’s arrows are commonly
employed to mark the ends of tape during the process of chaining between two points
more than a tape length apart. They are usually 10 to 14 inches long. A set consists
of eleven pins.

RANGE POLES – Steel or wood range poles, also called flags, flag poles, or lining
rods, are used as signals to indicate location of points or direction of lines. They are
octagonal or circular in cross-section and are pointed at the lower end. Wooden range
poles are shed with steel point. The common length is 8 feet. Usually, the pole is
painted with alternate bands of red and white 1 foot long.

LEVELING RODS – These are graduated wooden rods of rectangular cross-section


by means of which differences in elevation is measured. The ground end of the rod is
shed with metal to protect it from wear and is usually the point of zero measurement
from which graduation are numbered.
There are two general classes of leveling rods. A self-reading rod is a type of
rod that maybe read directly by the leveler as he looks through the telescope
of the level. A target rod has a sliding target set by the rodman as directed bt
the leveler.

ENGINEER’S LEVEL – A telescope to which is attached a spirit level tube, all


revolving about a vertical axis and mounted on a tripod. It is employed for
determining differences in elevation.

ENGINEER’S TRANSIT – Considered the universal instrument and used primarily for
measuring horizontal and vertical angles, for measuring distances by stadia, and for
prolonging straight lines.

MAGNETIC COMPASS – The compass is useful alone in making survey and is


useful on the transit as a means of approximately checking horizontal angles.

PLUMB BOB – it is a pointed metal weight suspended from a string. It is used to


project the horizontal location of a point from one elevation to another.
Learning activity (Assignment – not to be submitted)
Look in the internet for the pictures of each instrument discuss in the previous
section of this module. Save it in your device (laptop/cellphone), and show it on our
next meeting.

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