2017

Critical discourse analysis:

submitted to: Miss Nudrat.

Submitted by: seemab Jamil (28)
Course code: ENG- 378.
Topic: Applying Fairclough 3D model on Pakistani drama bhagi.
GCWUS.

[COMPANY NAME] | [Company address]

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What is CDA?
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse
that views language as a form of social practice. Since the late 1980s, Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) has become a well-established field in the social sciences. However, in
contrast with some branches of linguistics, CDA is not a discrete academic discipline in the
traditional sense, with a fixed set of research methods.
 Critical discourse analysis is a contemporary approach to the study of
language and discourses in social institutions. Drawing on poststructuralist
discourse theory and critical linguistics, it focuses on how social relations,
identity, knowledge and power are constructed through written and spoken
texts in communities, schools and classrooms.
 Critical discourse analysis refers to the use of an ensemble of techniques for
the study of textual practice and language use as social and cultural practices
(Fairclough, 1992b). It builds from three broad theoretical orientations. First, it
draws from poststructuralism the view that discourse operates laterally across
local institutional sites, and that texts have a constructive function in forming
up and shaping human identities and actions. Second, it draws from Bourdieu's
sociology the assumption that actual textual practices and interactions with
texts become "embodied" forms of "cultural capital" with exchange value in
particular social fields. Third, it draws from neomarxist cultural theory the
assumption that these discourses are produced and used within political
economies, and that they thus produce and articulate broader ideological
interests, social formations and movements within those fields (see Hall 1996).
Fairclough model:
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 Norman Fairclough is known as one of the prominent figures in the discussion of

language, discourse and society. Fairclough proposes that “language is a part of
society”. Furthermore, he also argues that language and society is related not in
external sense, rather, they are related internally. In simpler terms, linguistic
phenomena reflect social phenomena, and also the other way around. Language,
according to Fairclough (1989, p.19), is “a social process”.
 Fairclough (1989) also makes distinction between text and discourse, in which he
argues that text is a form of product, while discourse is the process – a social
interaction process -, where text is a part of it. Furthermore, he also proposes that
language is “a socially conditioned process,” in which “process” refers to the
production of text and the process of interpreting the text, and this process itself is
related to the practices of the society.
 Furthermore, In view of language as discourse and social practice, and how
language, ideology and identity interrelate to each other, Fairclough develops a
model called Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). According to him (1995), this
model consists of three dimensions of discourse conceptions, providing a three-
dimensional method for discourse analysis. Three dimensions:

description
1

interpretation
2

explanation
3
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1. Description (text analysis):

 Deals with the linguistic property of the text.
In description, we read out text and analysis it as well. This is the very first and easy step.
In other words, we have to narrate the story of our text. As well as we need to explain the
basic them and situation of the text to bring people into view about what we want to say.

2. Interpretation (processing analysis):

 Deals with the relationship between the discursive process of production and
interpretation and the text
. In the second step, we analysis institutional practices. what is media domain and political
domain, why they use such kinds of aids and what is their basic target.

3. Explanation (social analysis):

 deals with the relationship between the processes (production and
interpretation) and the social conditioning.
In the last step, we come to know how our aids and society linked together and which thing
influence our society. We see the importance of these aids because they basically show us the
mirror of our society, so this is one of the most important step in Fairclough model of CDA.
Appling Fairclough’s model on Pakistani drama bhagi (real story)

Abstract:
I am analysing and applying Fairclough model on Pakistani drama serial bhagi. In this story,
we will see the story of a girl fozia batool and how she gets murdered. Moreover, what was
the role of media and what society thinks about her. We also see the institutional practices
and life of a girl in our society. Even felling of catharses (fear and pity) also arise after
reading the history of fozia batool.

Research objects:
1. I am analysing the language of the drama serial.
2. I also want to see how media play with the emotions of people.
3. Moreover, I want to analysis the social status of fozia batool.

Research questions:
1. How media creates desirability among the people?
2. How influential is the language of media towards people?
3. What is the basic right of a girl in our society?
4. Why media highlighted the story of fozia batool?

Hypotheses:
1. My believe is that language used in media domain play with the psyche of people.
2. I also believe that media highlight negative aspects of an issue as compare to positive
aspects for getting people’s attention increasing curiosity and for their own publicity.
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Methodology:
I used qualitative method for my text, as it is suitable to my research. My basic target
was to search words so I applied this method.

Literature review

Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool

Hilary Janks University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Fairclough Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) stems from a critical theory of language
which sees the use of language as a form of social practice. All social practice is tied to
specific historical contexts and are the means by which existing social relations are
reproduced or contested and different interests are served. It is the questions pertaining to
interests - How is the text positioned or positioning? Whose interests are served by this
positioning? Whose interests are negated? What are the consequences of this positioning? -
that relate discourse to relations of power. Where analysis seeks to understand how discourse
is implicated in relations of power, it is called critical discourse analysis. model for CDA
consists three inter-related processes of analysis tied to three inter-related dimensions of
discourse. These three dimensions are 1 The object of analysis (including verbal, visual or
verbal and visual texts). 2 The processes by means of which the object is produced and
received (writing/ speaking/designing and reading/listening/viewing) by human subjects. 3
The socio-historical conditions which govern these processes. According to Fairclough each
of these dimensions requires a different kind of analysis.
text analysis (description),
processing analysis (interpretation),
social analysis (explanation).
what is useful about this approach is that it enables you to focus on the signifiers that make
up the text, the specific linguistic selections, their juxta positioning, their sequencing, their
layout and so on. However, it also requires you to recognise that the historical determination
of these selections and to understand that these choices are tied to the conditions of
possibility of that utterance.
This is another way of saying that texts are instantiations of socially regulated discourses
and that the processes of production and reception are socially constrained. Why Fairclough’s
approach to CDA is so useful is because it provides multiple points of analytic entry. It does
not matter which kind of analysis one begins with, as long as in the end they are all included
and are shown to be mutually explanatory. It is in the interconnections that the analyst finds
the interestingt patterns and disjunctions that need to be described, interpreted and explained.

Data analysis:
I am applying 3D model on Pakistani drama serial bhagi.

Description:
We can see Pakistani actor Saba Qamar played the role of Qandeel and more of the
original Fauzia Azeem. A free spirit, she revels in attention. She dances with abandon at
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the local Chaudhry’s wedding and seems to be in a long-running battle with the men of
her locality, who are drawn to her like moth even the men staring down from the rooftops
at the Chaudhry’s wedding and the cat-calling roadside Romeos are all accepted members of
society. You can also see the rickshaw driver harassing women on an empty road. As
Fozia consults she wears fancy dresses and used to go everywhere. She is too confident
and a free hand girl and her perfectly coiffed hair and well-matched, brightly coloured
clothes speak more of a slightly better-off woman from Karachi than an excited seventeen-
year-old from such a poor background. Further Whole day she dreams of a model and
spend her time with her friend. Her parents were not rich and even her brother gives
priority to her wife more than her parents. You can also see a boy in other words the
shop keeper who falls for Fauzia on their first interaction. His good looks, expensive-looking
watch and hole-free roof, combined with the smooth patter he has about everything made in
Dubai make him a lethal combination for a small-town girl like Fauzia.
So , she falls in love with that shopkeeper name Abid and ask her parents about the
marriage but they rejects so saba elopes from home after one week she comes back
home and tell parents she will not marry with someone else so their parents agree and
she get married with abid , another purpose of qandeel is that she wants to be a model
and think her husband will allow her to go as her parents dislike so, she demands him
for modelling, but he dislike this profession as her parents did and don’t allow her to
go. Than he has affairs with another village girl and one night saba asks him about her
and he scold her and said her to leave the home. So, she goes city for job the owner
changed her real name and demanded her to go on nights function but she rejected
after that she participates in Pakistan ideal where she rejected than she starts work on
Facebook, she uploads pictures and videos for publicity. After that she needs money for
which she selects wrong way just for helping her family. She also meets a businessman
who show sympathy towards her and become her friend. This was all about the OST of
bhagi drama curiosity and complexity is exists in the drama.

Interpretation (institutional practices):

1. Media used attractive language as well as symbolic as we can see the dialogues of
qandeel and her mother, which are too emotional and truthful in the nature.
2. Randel’s issue was on the peak.
3. Girls issue matter a lot.
4. Saba Qamar a famous actress, acts as a village woman this is another
institutional practice as people like to see famous celebrities.
5. So, we can also see well known media persons.
6. Showing cultural importance, as this drama based on institutional context.
7. Background and environment also attract one’s attention, because this drama
show the real story.
8. To grab the attention of young girls as saba is playing the role of a young girl
who wants to get her aim in life, this is also a one of the institutional practices.
9. The ending of drama is very sad somehow it is considered as tragedy to play
with the emotions of people.
10. Media used a controversial title ‘BHAGI’, which give us the message of
rebelliousness.
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Explanation (social practices):

 Baaghi is a "fictionalised" account of Qandeel's life.

 This drama shows the status of a girl in our society.
 Weak relationship’ is another theme of the drama.
 ‘Male dominant society’ is also another theme.
 Poverty is one the biggest social issue.
 How environment affects a person’s life.
 Lack of education.
 Theme of decisiveness among relations.
 Plenty of dreams and lack of resources.
 Theme of ambition.
 Theme of treason.
 Life of small town girls.
 Feminist icon.
 Moral lesson.
 Stress, struggle and mantle torture.
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Conclusion:
According to my opinion, Qandeel is the role model for us. Just like its namesake, this drama
has created controversy since its inception, angering people who think such a focus would
only glorify Qandeel’s life choices, but there have been additions from other stories of small
town girls with dreams of making it big in show business. In one scene, Fauzia says very
tellingly, "I am my own prince", in a way declaring that she can not only save herself but that
she can also make her own future, from this line we can see how much confident she was.
This serial runs the risk of superimposing its own image of Qandeel over the original,
whether it's making her into feministic icon or turning her into a morality lesson. She alone
knew how much of the shocking persona she projected was real and how much was fantasy.
Infect I also want to say, there is not one Qandeel, there are lots of Qandeels in Pakistani
society," asserted Baaghi's story "there are many young women who want to model, but are
exploited in the same way as Qandeel. So Baaghi is the story of Qandeel and the many girls
like her. I think it is not a big issue to be a model but circumstances matter a lot.
Authorities and high rank people are somehow responsible for Qandeel’s case. Lack of
opportunity was biggest issue, so I personally feel sympathy and sorrow for Qandeel
from the bottom of my heart.
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References:
 https://www.youlinmagazine.com/story/drama-review-baaghi-a-serial-inspired-by-
qandeel-baloch/ODk3https://images.dawn.com/news/1178085
 http://vidpk.com/watch_drama_baaghi_review
 www.youlinmagazine.com
 soundcloud.com
 dramal reviewit.pk
 yrics.com
 www.brandsynario.com
 www.google.com.pk
 www.slideshare.net
 www.tandfonline.com
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Table of Contents
What is CDA?........................................................................................................................1
1. Description (text analysis):.............................................................................................3
2. Interpretation (processing analysis):...............................................................................4
3. Explanation (social analysis):.........................................................................................4
Abstract:.................................................................................................................................4
Research objects:....................................................................................................................4
Research questions:................................................................................................................4
Hypotheses:............................................................................................................................4
Methodology:.........................................................................................................................4
Literature review....................................................................................................................4
Data analysis:.........................................................................................................................5
Description:............................................................................................................................5
Interpretation (institutional practices):...................................................................................6
Explanation (social practices):...............................................................................................6
Conclusion:............................................................................................................................8
References:.............................................................................................................................9
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