Postharvest Interventions in the

Production of Green Coffee Beans

R.G. Idago & R. SM. Dela Cruz

Socioeconomics & Policy Research Division
Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization

Presented at the:

Agri Link, Food Link and Aqua Link 2015 Exhibition & Seminars
World Trade Center, Pasay City
October 15, 2015

PHilMech
Transforming the future of agriculture
BPRE
 Postharvest Constraints of the
Coffee Industry

Farmers’ point of view

• low income & productivity
• lack/ inappropriate PH facilities

Trader/processor
• Poor quality (high MC, high
broken beans, black beans,
acidic, earthy flavor)
• Limited supply
PHilMech
Transforming the future of agriculture
BPRE
Defects most common in Arabica Coffee, 2010
Type of Defect No of Percent
Pieces/300g Defect
Broken beans 50 61.8
Insect damage 13 15.4
Presence of shells 7 8.1
Black beans 2 3.6
Others (stinkers, malformed, half black, 11 11.1
stone and sticks, floaters, dried cherries)

Class Defects (no. of Classification (SCAA Method)

Pieces/300 g)
Class 1 0-5 Specialty green bean coffee
Class 2 6-8 Premium coffee grade
Class 3 9-23 Exchange coffee grade
Class 4 24=86 Below standard coffee grade
Factors Contributing to Flavor Profile of Coffee

• Method of processing - single

most important factor
contributing to the flavor
profile of coffee

• Microclimate and soil are the

next major contributors

PHilMech
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Top 5 Most Expensive Coffee (2013)

1. Luwak Coffee (Indonesia) - $160/lb (approx.

PhP15,800/kg of green bean); Civet coffee
2. Hacienda La Esmeralda (Boquete, Panama) - $104/lb
(PhP10,300/kg); with unique taste; mostly cultivated
under the shades of old guava trees
3. St. Helena Coffee Company’s Island (St. Helena) - $79/lb
(PhP7,800/kg) ; situated around 1,200 miles from the
coast of Africa; popular because of Napoleon Bonaparte,
who praised and sowed seeds himself on St. Helena Island
4. El Injerto (Huehuetenango, Guatemala) - $50/lb
(PhP4,950/kg)
5. Fazenda Santa Ines (Minas Gerais, Brazil) - $50/lb
(PhP4,950/kg)
 Method of Primary Processing
Wet Method Pulped Natural or
Dry Method Semi-Wet Method
(Arabica) (Robusta, others)
(Robusta, others )
Ripe berries
Berries Berries

Depulp
Depulp

Ferment
(10-20 hr)

Dry (10-12% MC) Dry (10-12% MC) Dry (10-12% MC)

Dehull Dehull
Dehull

Green coffee beans Green coffee beans Green coffee beans

PHilMech
BPRE Transforming the future of agriculture
 Postharvest Interventions for Arabica
(Wet Process)

PHilMech
Transforming the future of agriculture
BPRE
 Production of Arabica Green Beans (Wet Process)
Manual harvesting by On-Farm
hand-picking ripe Operations; done
berries; twice/wk with by the farmers PHilMech Rubber-bib
10-15 kg/harvesting
Pulper for ripe
Separation of berries; 40 kg/h
good coffee capacity; manually-
Depulping berries operated; portable

Fresh parchment
Pulp
with muscilage All-weather dryer
using
Fermenting (10-20 hr)
polyethylene
cover with 4-6
Washing
mil thickness
(optional in rainy
Sun drying
areas)

Dry parchment
Off-Farm
at 10% MC Coffee rubber-roll
operations huller; for dry
Hulling parchment coffee;
180 kg/h capacity;
with 3 kW electric
motor
Hull Dried green coffee
beans at 10% MC
 Pictures of Equipment for Wet Method
of Producing Green Beans

PHilMech rubber-bib
(ripe berry) pulper; All-weather dryer using polyethylene
40 kg/h capacity; cover with 4-6 mil thickness (optional Coffee rubber-roll huller; 3 inch
manually-operated in rainy areas). width x 6-inch diameter rubber
roll without polisher; 180 kg/h
capacity; with 3 kW electric
Non-destructive type: motor
Digital moisture meter;
impedance type;
measuring range: 0-
Sorting table 40% moisture;
sensitivity: ±0.1%;
accuracy: ±0.2%;
Destructive type: Electrical resistance
power consumption:
method; microprocessor control;
0.03 watts; size:
automatic temperature compensation;
125mm H x 150 mm W
Accuracy: ± 0.5%; display: digital LCD;
x 210 mm D;
power source: battery 1.5V x 4EA;
Screens for approximate weight: <
dimension: 164(L) x 94(W) x 40 (H) mm;
grading 1 kg;; multi-grain
gross weight: 1.5 kg
Postharvest Technologies for Arabica

PhilMech Rubber Bib

Depulper) for ripe berries

• Manually operated
• Light & small
• 40 kg/hr cap
Straining out the pulp using appropriate
plastic screens
All-weather Dryer (AWD)
All-weather Dryer (AWD)
 PhIlMech-Kolbi Rubber
Huller

• high capacity,300kg/h
• reduce breakage
• lesser cost/kg output
Quality Control &Grading System
 Coffee Processing System
Pulpers
Huller
Moisture meter

Farmer Based
CPC
 Postharvest System

Pulpers

Huller
Moisture meter

Farmer Based
CPC
Investment Cost = P233,900 (wet process using
rubber-bib pulper and village level huller)

Financial
3 tons 5 tons 8 tons
Indicator
PP (yr) >10 2.47 1.38
IRR (%) 7.44 22.74 42.43
NPV(P) (43,559) 115,046 351,523
BCR 0.63 1.97 3.96
Adopters of Arabica PH Systems for the
Production of Green Beans
 TUBA BENGUET COFFEE GROWERS
ASSOCIATION ( TUBENGCOGA)
Profile
• Farmers’ association
• No. of Members: 50
• Services offered: Production Loan
• Date organized: June 15,2006
• Year started in coffee processing:2009
• Product : Green Bean and roasted ground
coffee
• Nature of operation: Buy, Consolidate,
Process Classify, Market
• Capability Enhancement : Book keeping,
Basic accounting, Marketing and Basic
Entrepreneurial Skills
• 1st OTOP: Ube
• 2nd OTOP: Coffee
• Endowment: Financial Resources (PhP
100,000.00 ); no vehicle; with building and
office
 KIBUNGAN ARABICA COFFEE GROWERS MULTI-
PURPOSE COOPERATIVE (KACGMPC)
Profile
• Farmers’ Cooperative
• No. of Members: 137
• Services offered: Production Loan
• Date organized: October 2006
• Year started in coffee processing: April 2007
• Product :Green Bean and Roasted Ground Packed
Coffee
• Nature of operation: Buy ,Consolidate ,Process
Classify, Roast, Market
• Current performance: Good
• Capability Enhancement :Market Linkaging and
Basic Entrepreneurial Skills
• 1st OTOP: Coffee
• Endowment: Financial Resources (PhP182,548.49);
building or office; basic processing facilities; no
vehicle;
 Postharvest Interventions for Robusta,
Liberica and Excelsa (dry or semi-wet
or pulped natural process)

PHilMech
Transforming the future of agriculture
BPRE
 Production of Robusta Green Beans
Following the Dry Method

Manual harvesting by
On-Farm
stripping ripe and green
Operations
berries

Separation of
good berries All-weather dryer using polyethylene
Sundrying cover with 4-6 mil thickness
(optional in rainy areas)
Hulling
Steel Huller (Engelberg type); rated
capacity of 300 kg/h; with 12 hp
Off-Farm diesel engine
operations
Hull
Dried green
coffee beans
at 10% MC
Pictures of Equipment for Dry Method
of Producing Green Beans

All-weather dryer using

polyethylene cover with 4-6 mil
thickness (optional in rainy areas).

Steel huller (Engelberg type)

with 12 hp diesel engine;
rated capacity of 100- 300
kg/h
 Production of Green Beans Following the
Pulped-Natural Method
On-Farm
Manual harvesting by Operations
stripping ripe and green
berries
Steel-bib coffee pulper; dual-type,
manual or engine driven; with 6 hp
Pulping
gasoline engine; rated capacity: 300
kg/h
Sundrying
All-weather dryer using
polyethylene cover with 4-6 mil
thickness (optional in rainy areas)
Hulling Coffee rubber-roll huller; for dry
parchment coffee; 180 kg/h
capacity; with 3 kW electric motor
Off-Farm or steel huller if already available in
operations the area
Hull
Dried green
coffee beans
at 10% MC
 Pictures of Equipment Following the
Pulped-Natural Method

All-weather dryer (size can be tailor-fitted to

Steel-bib coffee pulper; motor the volume of harvest dried at a given batch);
driven with 6 hp gasoline engine; Steel-bib coffee pulper;
made from 4-6 mil thick UV-treated plastic
rated capacity of 300 kg/h manual driven;
capacity of 80 kg/h

Coffee rubber-roll huller

without polisher; 180 kg/h Steel huller
capacity; with 3 kW with 12 hp
electric motor (in the diesel
absence of steel huller in engine;
the area, this is capacity of
recommended because this 100 - 300
is cheaper and could kg/h
further reduce broken
beans)
 DIPACULAO COFFEE PRODUCERS
COOPERATIVE
Profile
• Farmers’ Cooperative
• No. of Members: 34
• Services offered: credit financing to members,
consumers coop
• Date organized: 2001
• Year started in coffee processing: 2006
• Product :Green Bean and Roasted Ground
Packed Coffee
• Nature of operation: Buy ,Consolidate ,Process
Classify, Roast, Market
• Current performance: Good
• Capability Enhancement :Market Linkaging and
Basic Entrepreneurial Skills
• 1st OTOP: Coffee
• Endowment: Financial Resources (Php
300,000.00 );no building ,no vehicle, basic
processing facilities;e.i. coffee huller coffee
pulper, coffee dryer, coffee roaster, coffee
grinder; sealer
 MANANIG MULTI-PURPOSE
COOPERATIVE (MAMPCO)
Profile
• Farmers’ Cooperative
• No. of Members: 265
• Services offered: credit financing to
members, consumers coop
• Date organized: 1997
• Year started in coffee processing: June
21,2004
• Product :Green Bean and Roasted Ground
Packed Coffee
• Nature of operation: Buy ,Consolidate
,Process Classify, Roast, Market
• Current performance: Good
• Capability Enhancement :Market
Linkaging and Basic Entrepreneurial Skills
• OTOP: Coffee
• Endowment: Building or office; vehicle;
basic processing facilities; e.i. coffee
pulper ,AWC dryer, coffee grinder; sealer
Benefits from the postharvest systems
intervention

1. Significant improvement in the classification

of green coffee beans (Class 4- below
standard coffee grade to Class 2 - premium
coffee grade)

2. Increase in income by the coffee farmers by

PhP23/kg due to higher price of premium
grade coffee beans
 ADVANTAGES OF THE CPC
(PROCESSORS VIEWPOINT)

1. Access to better qlty of gcb

(from off grade to grade 3 above)

2. Reduction in procurement cost of P6.50/kg

(Source of gcb are pooled in the coop
eliminating cost of transactions using agent )
Adopted by the OA Program for
Organically-Grown Coffee
Nationwide