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Lab Report: Experiment-3

The document discusses determining the vector group of a three-phase transformer and using a three-phase transformer in an economy connection. It explains that the vector group is an essential property for parallel operation of transformers and must be tested. Different winding connections, like star and delta, produce different phase relationships between primary and secondary voltages. The experiment involves measuring voltages to determine the vector group and demonstrating various secondary voltages obtained from an economy connection. The conclusion is that the vector group must be tested to avoid issues from phase differences when paralleling transformers.

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ayash mohanty
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709 views6 pages

Lab Report: Experiment-3

The document discusses determining the vector group of a three-phase transformer and using a three-phase transformer in an economy connection. It explains that the vector group is an essential property for parallel operation of transformers and must be tested. Different winding connections, like star and delta, produce different phase relationships between primary and secondary voltages. The experiment involves measuring voltages to determine the vector group and demonstrating various secondary voltages obtained from an economy connection. The conclusion is that the vector group must be tested to avoid issues from phase differences when paralleling transformers.

Uploaded by

ayash mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT-3

Determining the vector group of the three-phase transformer & demonstrating the
possibility of utilizing a three-phase transformer in economy connection.

Submitted By – Ayash Mohanty

Roll No.- 221EE4442


AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Determining the vector group of the three-phase transformer & demonstrating the possibility of utilizing a three-
phase transformer in economy connection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Apparatus Quantity (in nos.)

1. Three-phase power supply 1


2. Three-phase transformer 1
3. Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500V) 1

THEORY:
The vector group of transformer is an essential property for successful parallel operation of transformers.
Hence every electrical power transformer must undergo through vector group test of transformer at factory site
for ensuring the customer specified vector group of transformer.
The phase sequence or the order in which the phases reach their maximum positive voltages, must be
identical for two paralleled transformers. Otherwise, during the cycle, each pair of phases will be short
circuited. The several secondary connections are available in respect of various primary three phase
connection in a the three phase transformer. So for same primary applied three phase voltage there may be
different three phase secondary voltages with various magnitudes and phases for different internal connection
of the transformer.
We know that, the primary and secondary coils on any one limb have induced emfs that are in time-phase.
Let’s consider two transformers of same number primary turns and the primary windings are connected in star.
The secondary numbers of turns per phase in both transformers are also same. But the first transformer has
star connected secondary and other transformer has delta connected secondary. If same voltages are applied
in primary of both transformers, the secondary induced emf in each phase will be in same time-phase with that
of respective primary phase, as because the primary and secondary coils of same phase are wound on the
same limb in the core of transformer.
In first transformer, as the secondary is star connected, the secondary line voltage is √3 times of induced
voltage per secondary phase coil. But in case of second transformer, where secondary is delta connected, the
line voltage is equal to induced voltage per secondary phase coil. If we go through the vector diagram of
secondary line voltages of both transformers, we will easily find that there will be a clear 30 o angular difference
between the line voltages of these transformers.
Now, if we try to run these transformers in parallel then there will be a circulating current flows between the
transformers as because there is a phase angle difference between their secondary line voltages. This phase
difference cannot be compensated. Thus two sets of connections giving secondary voltages with a phase
displacement cannot be intended for parallel operation of transformers.
The following table gives the connections for which from the view point of phase sequence and angular
divergences, transformer can be operated parallel. According to their vector relation, all three phase
transformers are divided into different vector group of transformer. All electrical power transformers of a
particular vector group can easily be operated in parallel if they fulfill other condition for parallel operation of
transformers.

Transformer Connections:
In theory a three-phase transformer works like three separate single-phase transformers with shared limbs in
which the magnetic circuit for the outer limbs is longer than for the centre limb. In the three-phase transformer
we can change the transformation by going from star to delta connection. This gives us mixed connections. In
the case of mixed connections the ratio between the main voltages on the primary and secondary sides is not
equal to the ratio between the number of turns.
Three-phase transformers can have their windings connected in various ways: star, delta or zigzag
connection. The connection type must be specified on the transformer’s rating plate. In this report we will
discuss about star and delta.

Star and delta connection is indicated by the letters Y and D for the side with the highest voltage and y, d and
z for the side with the lowest voltage. If the neutral point is connected to separate terminals, the code should
be YN for the high voltage side and yn for the low voltage side.

Common to all the connection types is that the transformer’s phase terminals are marked 1U, 1V and 1W on
the high voltage side and 2U, 2V and 2W on the low voltage side. Any connection point which represents the
windings’ neutral point is marked 1 N or 2N.

Star Connection Delta Connection


In the case of star connection the three In the case of the ends of the windings are
windings are connected together at their end connected together as shown in the diagram.
points. The connection point represents the We can see that both the ends are connected
windings’ neutral point. together
Star connection is indicated by Y on the high Delta connection is indicated by D or d.
voltage side and y on the low voltage side.
This connection type is used for both low and This connection type is used mainly for high
high voltages and for low currents. rated currents and low voltages.

ALL GROUP CONNECTIONS:

GROUP Connection Connection

Yy0 Dd0

0
(0o)
Dy1
Yd1

1
( 30o)

Yy6 Dd6

6
( 180o)
Yd11 Dy11

11
( – 30o)

GROUPS CONNECTION INDEX:


PROCEDURE:
Vector Group of the three-phase transformer

Set the supply section and perform the following operation.

1. Set the variable three phase output fully counter-clockwise rotated.


2. Supply the 1-1V v6inding with the rated voltage, by checking it through the voltmeter.
3. Perform the four voltage measurements shown in table by suitably moving the connections of
voltmeter. Write the values in the table.
4. Switch off the three phase supply and perform a second kind of connection, Then repeat the operations
in points 1 to 4.
5. Repeat the operations in point 5 for another kind of connection.

Utilizing a three-phase transformer in economy connection:

1. The secondary winding is star connected and fed at UN= 220V.


2. Adjust the supply voltage in order to obtain the nominal voltage 380V (phase-to-neutral voltage 220 V)
on the primary-side of the autotransformer and measure all the possible secondary voltages when the
voltmeter is connected between the various taps and neutral.
3. Enter the measured values in the following table and calculate the transformation ratio n = U1/U2.

OBSERVATION
We observed the vector groups of the three phase transformer and verified the voltmeter readings with the
conditions given in the group connection index. We also demonstrated the possibility of utilizing a three-phase
transformer in economy connection.

CONCLUSION
We arrive at a very important conclusion that every electrical power transformer must undergo through vector
group test of transformer for successful parallel operation of transformers. Generally, Generating Transformer
is Yd1 than Distribution Transformer is Dy11. The Determination of vector group of transformers is very
important before connecting two or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups
are connected in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and large
circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.

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