SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

EARTH SCIENCE 11
2nd SEMESTER – 1ST QUARTER
LEARNING MODULE 5
Unit Topic: MINERALS AND ROCKS
Prepared by: IRISH MAE E. FIRMEZA, LPT

I. Gaining in your end!

I will be able to:
 Identify the minerals important to society.
 Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use.

II. As you move

Let’s Guess!
Direction: Match the name of the
mineral to its image in column 3 by
writing the image’s number in
column 2. The first one is done for
you.

III. MATTER IN HAND

Lesson 1: IMPORTANT MINERALS TO SOCIETY

Minerals have different properties thus, offers various applications. Almost all ingredients of the products we use at home and the various
improvements in infrastructures have used minerals. Its utilization has given ample benefits to humanity and the society as a whole. Moreover, there
are certain minerals that our body need so we can grow healthy and strong. Indeed, life would not be comfortable and pleasant in the absence of
minerals due to its significance to our daily life.
As a senior high school student, you know that the facilities around you need minerals specially in constructing durable buildings and
asphalts in building roads. But have you tried asking yourself these questions? What are concrete and asphalt made of? How people exactly used
crashed stone, gravel, and sand to make concrete? What are the minerals needed in my body for me to function normally and for me to become a
functional member of the society?
In your previous lessons in Science, you have learned that minerals are ore, solid, naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific
chemical composition and has crystalline structure. Likewise, you know that these minerals are most commonly connected with rocks due to the
presence of minerals within the rock though they are not equivalent to rocks.
Rocks as you knew it are clear aggregates of one or more minerals and constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed
(Carmichael, 2019, 3). Moreover, you also learned that ore minerals, industrial minerals and gems are the classifications of minerals.
At this time, we will be learning about the list of important minerals as well as its importance to society. Thus, a thorough discussion will be provided
in this lesson for us to identify and understand its uses and significance to the community we live in. It is imperative to learn the lesson because
minerals play a very important role in ensuring our world’s demand for energy, building infrastructure, advancing science and technology, sustaining
the global food supply, predicting and reacting to natural disasters and everything in between. Regardless of your economic status in the society,
gaining such information is critical to both your future and your survival. Seat relax and prepare yourself for quite a lot of data will be downloaded
right to your system. Remember, you are a mineralogist in the making, let me join you in your journey then!
Ore minerals, industrial minerals, and the gems are the classifications of minerals that have been giving people in the community an
unending list of benefits. Ore minerals such as bauxite, rutile, hematite, and chalcopyrite are the sources of our most important metals. Metallic
minerals such as aluminum, copper, and magnesium are extracted from these ores. On the other hand, clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium
carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals that offer a wide array of domestic and industrial applications.
Industrial minerals are defined as rocks or resources from the Earth that are utilized because of their physical and chemical characteristics
(Schumaker et al. 1975,12) and not because of their metal content and which are energy sources (Christidis, 2011,2). Clays, gypsum, potash,
phosphates, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals.
Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire), beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite) and
many other semiprecious gems are unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to jewellery, cosmetics and medicine.
Presented in a table below is the list of important minerals that includes ore minerals and their metals, industrial minerals and the gems. Read
closely so you can learn something new from it.
 Moreover, let us also acquaint ourselves to the
images of some minerals as shown in a table form below.

Importance of Minerals to Society

With the advent of modern technologies, ore minerals and their

metals, industrial minerals and gems are carefully studied and converted
into products to provide society with more than a handful of benefits
(Carambo 2017,7).
In medicine, minerals and metals are important elements and
components in making advancements in today’s biomedical enterprise.
The elements like calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg),
potassium (K), aluminum (Al) and titanium oxide (TiO) are utilized to
create drugs and devices. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is a dietary
supplement to be used when the amount of calcium in the diet is not
enough. We know that calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones,
muscles, nervous system, and heart. Heartburn, acid indigestion and an
upset stomach can be relieved using calcium carbonate. Copper, was
used in MRI scanners. Likewise, it also kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi
on contact thus, hospitals utilize it for critical surfaces like door handles,
bed rails, and chair armrests.
Another mineral with significant medical benefits is silver, an active ingredient in sometopical antibiotics, wound dressings, and medical
devices. Silver prevents bacterial growth and promotes healing. A small amount of silver makes E. coli bacteria significantly more sensitive to
commonly prescribed antibiotics like penicillin. Moreover, the metal titanium is a critical component in artificial joints because it is strong yet light and
works well as a substitute for bone. This metal is preferably used in the field of dentistry specially in performing oral implants due to its
biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion and mechanical properties (Ozcan and Hammerle, 2012,5)
In agriculture a lot of minerals like gypsum (CaSO4), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), phosphate (PO43-), potash (KOH), and sulfur (S) are
commonly utilized as fertilizers to help crops yield better. Similarly, some of them are used as micronutrients in tissue culture and researches in
biotechnology. Clay mineral is also important in agriculture because it enriches the soil by holding nutrient elements like potassium, nitrogen, and
phosphorous, which are necessary for plant growth. In addition, clay was utilized in medicine because of its antibacterial properties (Williams and
Haydel 2010,745-770). In cosmetic industries, talc (Mg3), bentonite, steatite are the usual used minerals. These minerals are needed in making
talcum powders, lotions, creams, and other products. Talc which is the softest mineral, adsorbs microorganisms and other proteins. Bentonite
adsorbs heavy metal. Steatite provides luster required for a shiny skin. In in the Middle East, Far East and North Africa, eye kohl, an ancient eye
cosmetic has been used by girls and mature women cosmetically for eye makeup and eye treatments against some diseases. Most of these eye
Si4O10(OH)2 cosmetics that were sold from came the Libyan markets comes from Africa, Asia and Middle
East and all are made from stones containing elemental substances such lead, nickel, cadmium, and sulfur (Hardy, Walton and Ragini 2004, 2).
Metal-equipment industries have used metals to make many automobile devices and machineries that helped everyone in the society.
Metals are chosen due to their properties like hardness, ability to resist temperature and easily gets cold. These metals include copper (Cu), gold
(Au), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti). Moreover, metals are environmentally friendly. In the glass-making industries,
minerals like antimony, feldspar, lead, lithium, quartz, silica, sodium carbonate, tantalum, calcite, gypsum, muscovite mica and orthoclase are the
raw materials to be used. Sand is primarily composed of quartz or silica is the main ingredient of glass.
At present, the energy needs of the First World countries are becoming a challenge for they entirely rely on one energy source, the nuclear
power. Radioactive minerals like uranium (U) and plutonium (P) are utilized to generate nuclear power. Increasingly, physicians are opposing the
mining of uranium because it has a potential to cause a spectrum of adverse health effects like renal failure, weaken bone growth and damage DNA
(Dewar 2016, 469-471).
Plaster of Paris, granite, marble stone, rocks, sand and gravel and some other native metals are used in home construction. The glass in
windows is made up of a mineral called quartz and the tiles are made up of clay minerals. Cement on the other hand, is made up of various minerals
like clay and gypsum. Gypsum is needed to harden the cement and stay intact with pressure. Also, the use of by-product gypsum is an important
alternative in concrete design (Baohong Guan et al.2009, 1). The plumbing systems have used copper instead of lead because of the potential
hazards and poisons given off by the lead. Also, copper is used in electrical installations at home. Likewise, a lot of household items are by products
of minerals. For example, a can opener is made up of ore minerals called hematite, chromite, galena, and chalcopyrite.
The earliest finding of jewelry was dated around 25,000 years ago in a cave in Monaco. Jewelry in the past was made of feathers, bones,
shells, and colored pebbles and was worn as amulets to protect oneself from failures and diseases. These colored pebbles were called gems and
have been esteemed and prized in the jewellery business because of their beauty and durability (LeGrand 2012,2). Several jewelry items that are
manufactured today began as functional objects. Clasps that held clothing together the clasps that held clothing together give rise to the creation of
pins and brooches. A person’s identification, rank and authority in the community were made known to society because of rings and pendants.
Diamonds were not well-known until people in Europe in the year 1300’s l earned how to cut them to show their brilliance. Ruby (corundum),
sapphire and emerald (beryl) and diamond are some of the traditional list of gemstones that were considered precious.
Diamond (C) is a hardest well-known
gem that is a solid mineral form of pure carbon.
Ruby and sapphire tie for the second-hardest
precious stone with a hardness of 9.0 as
measured on Mohs scale. Both ruby and
sapphire are made from the mineral corundum
(Hughes 2016,452). Many people believed that
the gem’s beauty possesses an ounce of
miraculous power. With the hope of conquering
love, gaining wealth and power, achieving
emotional stability and regaining back health,
some people all over the world need to own
gems.
These are few of minerals that have
contributed much to the society. With this
tremendous list of importance, we can infer how
vital the minerals are in sustaining societal
progress and development. Indeed, these
minerals have made modern urbanization,
industrialization and communication systems
very simple.
Now that you have gained ample
information about the list of important minerals
and some details of its uses to medicine,
agriculture, cosmetics, metal-equipment
industries, glass production, power generation
and home construction, let us again rock your
brain powers by learning further.

Lesson 2: How Ore Minerals are Found, Mined and Processed for Human Use

Inside the Earth’s crust are ore deposits containing minerals of great
economic advantage. Ore minerals such as bauxite, rutile, hematite,
pentlandite and chalcopyrite are the sources of our most important metals.
Aluminum, a metal that is used in aluminum foil, in medicine containers and
other products, is extracted from an ore called bauxite. Copper which is used
as electrical wire because it is an excellent conductor of electricity, is takenout
from ore called chalcopyrite. Titanium, the strongest metal that is used in
aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles is extracted from an
ore rutile.
With this information, the intelligent Tao is driven by his quest to find
the exact depot of these materials. Though there are many resources that have
helped him improved his ways of living, his future depends on the way these
ore minerals are mined, processed and used.
Have you ever visited a mine or a place where ore minerals are
processed? What do you think you will do when you find a rock- containing ore
during a mountain trip with your friends? Will you rush directly to a nearby
processing plant for this ore to be checked and analyzed?
In this lesson you will be learning some facts about mining and
processing these ore minerals from rocks. Thus, at the end of the lesson you
are expected to discuss and explain how these ores are found, mined, and
processed for human use.

Ores are natural rocks or sediments that hold one or more valuable
minerals, mostly metals, that can be mined, processed and sold at a great price (Thalhammer 2008, 10). They are contained inside the Earth in a
limited quantity because its creation and deposition would take millions of years. Ore genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has
three major types: internal processes, hydrothermal processes, and surficial processes. Internal processes include geologic activity such as when
volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface. Hydrothermal process happens when seawater circulates through cracks in Earth’s crust
and deposits minerals in the areas around hydrothermal vents. Hydrothermal vents are cracks on the seafloor where seawater meets magma.
Finally, ore can accumulate through processes that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion. This type of ore genesis is referred to as surficial
process (Evans 1993, 403).
Aside from ore genesis, ore minerals can also be deposited to the Earth because of the rocky fragments or debris from the solar system
that fall. These pieces of fragments, that enter the Earth’s atmosphere are called meteorites or what we known as “shooting stars”. Countless
meteorites contain large amounts of iron ore where we could extract metallic iron for industry and infrastructure purposes.
Moreover, ore minerals can be found in the Earth's surface or to its crust and at the ocean floor. Quarts, mica and olivine are some of the
silicate rocks that are frequently found on the surface of the Earth. Likewise, igneous rocks (granite, gabbro and basalt), metamorphic rocks (gneiss,
schist and amphibolite) and sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, and limestone) can also be found on the Earth’s crust (Williams 2013, 3).
In the ocean floor or the “seabed”, the presence of various ore minerals can also be found since the ocean floor itself is made up of
crystallized matter from silicate magma known as mafic rocks. Moreover, numerous Volcanic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposits can be observed in the
ocean floor which are rich in ore that can be mined for its resources. Minerals found under the seabed include gabbro, basalt, serpentine, peridotite,
olivine and ore minerals from Volcanic Massive Sulfide deposits. Franklin, J.M.; Sangster, D.M.; Lydon, J.W.; 1981,485-627)

Ore is a nonrenewable resource and since modern societies rely so much on its use in infrastructure and industry, miners need to find new
ore deposits to withstand its increasing demand. With this, mining enthusiasts have trekked every part of the world and even explore the ocean’s
depth, in search for these ores.
Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth. In the
Philippines, mining is a growing and promising industry. According to the Mines and Geosciences Bureau’s (MGB) Mining Facts and Figures, our
country is acknowledged as the largest copper-gold deposits of the world and the fifth mineral-rich country of the world for gold, copper, nickel and
chromite. In 2018, our country was the world’s
second-largest producer of nickel ore and sold
most of its output to its top buyer China. The
Northern Central and Southern part of Mindanao
were identified as rich in chromium, copper and
gold deposits. Also, there are about 40 metallic
mines and 62 non-metallic mines operating in the
Philippines, however, only 1.4% of these were
covered by mining permits according to the 2016
record of the bureau. These mining companies
have used the two main mining methods; surface
mining and underground mining.
In surface mining, minerals are extracted
near the Earth’s surface. This includes six (6)
processes; strip mining, placer mining, mountain
top, hydraulic mining, dredging and open pit. In an
underground mining, ores are taken out from the
ground by digging. This includes five (5) processes;
slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft and
bore-hole process.

These mining techniques have unearthed a lot of mineral deposits from the Earth and have given man countless benefits. A fact that an
ore is always mixed with unwanted rocks and minerals known as gangue, these two can still be separated by mechanical or manual processes
(Hassan 2010,2).
Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form. A substance called flux is added to remove the gangue (impurities). There
are classifications under the metallurgical process. The first process in metallurgy is crushing and grinding of ores into a fine powder (pulverization)
in a crusher or ball mill. Second process is called ore dressing or the process of removing impurities from ore. Third is doing the hydrolytic method
wherein ores are poured over a sloping, vibrating corrugated table with grooves of which a jet water flowed over the surface. This allows the denser
particles to settle in the grooves and washed away the impurities. Fourth is to do magnetic separation in which the crushed ore is placed on a
conveyor belt with two wheels. One of the wheels is magnetic and therefore attracts magnetic particles and those non-magnetic particles just fall
apart. The fifth classification is called froth floatation in which the crushed ore are placed in a large tank that contains oil and water, then a current of
compressed air will passed through to wet the ore and separates the impurities in the form of froth. Because the ore is lighter, it floats and left the
impurities behind. Roasting and calcination is the last method in which a concentrated ore is heated in the presence of oxygen (roasting) and is
usually applied to sulfide ores. For ores containing carbonate or hydrated oxides, heating is done in the absence of air to melt the ores, and this
process is known as calcination. Chalcocite, galena and sphalerite and other metals combined with sulfur were exposed to this process to yield
copper, zinc and iron (Gill 2018, 1-5).
After all these processes utilization follows. Man, further purified or mixed these metals with other metals like what happened in a copper
refinery or steel mill. Others are utilized by people in jewellery business using the gold ores. Majority of these gold ores were converted into jewelry
and only small percentages were processed into electronic equipment, coins and dental fillings. Likewise, since these ore minerals generate valuable
metals, they were considered a big help in infrastructure, trade and industry that in turn have boosted the country’s economic health status in the
world.

There are five (5) existing mining sites in Region X as published by Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology (Vol.13,2015). These
mining places are situated at Gango, Libona, in Bukidnon, Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay Pigsag-an in Cagayan de Oro City, Nangcaon, Opol,
in Misamis Oriental, and Rogongon, Iligan City. The miners in these sites have use various methods in mining. Tunneling, panning /gold washing,
flushing, panning and flushing were used.
In the tunneling method, underground excavations are made to get the mineral ore. Panning, in mining, is a simple method of separating
gold from soil or gravels by washing in a pan with water. In flushing method, crushed rocks are exposed to a high velocity water to removed
impurities and obtained the valuable element. Other miners used combination methods with the hope of increasing yield.
Miners from Gango, Libona in Bukidnon have practiced the tunneling method since the mining location is not near the river system and the
area’s geography ranges from flat to very steep hills. Mining site that are located along the river system have practiced gold panning methods like
Barangay Nangcaon, Pigsag-an, Tumpagon, and Rogongon Veteran gold miners and the local folks generally used gold panning method as a
manual technique of separating gold from other materials. With this technique, the ground materials continue to pollute the river system specially the
Iponan River ecosystem with depositions of high loads of sediments that have shallow the river beds and poses threat to other aquatic life since
siltation lessen sunlight dispersion, water temperature and water habitat productivity.
Also, majority of the miner-respondents practiced indigenous ways in their purification method. Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the miners in
Gango, Libona have used leaves (tuog), soap, water and vinegar. The use of mercury in their mining activities is strictly forbidden yet there are few
miners who opted to use mercury in their mining activities. For the other mining sites (other than Gang, Libona, Bukidnono), the use of water and
bilingan or panning were commonly used as strainer to removed impurities (Palmes et al. 2015,7598).
Moreover, other mining companies in Mindanao are using extensively the leaching process because they believed that it is more
convenient to do, need less energy and less harmful because there are no gaseous emissions involved in the process. In this process, the ore is
treated with chemicals (cyanide, ammonia, alkali and acid) to convert the valuable metals within into soluble salts while impurity remains insoluble.
Then, it can then be washed out and processed to get the pure metal and leave the tailings (material left over). However, excessive leaching
releases harmful chemicals to the water sources that may affect the communities’ drinking water. There are four types of leaching: cyanide leaching
(gold ore), ammonia leaching (crushed ore), alkali leaching (bauxite ore) and acid leaching (sulfide ore). Additionally, a method called electrolysis
uses electricity and acid to separate metal from the ore. A metal like aluminum is extracted from bauxite by electrolysis. In this manner, bauxite is
placed in a pool of acid and run through it an electrical current leaving aluminum in the process.
Since mining industry is a promising business in the Philippines, the government has imposed laws and stipulated in the Republic Act
(R.A.) No. 7942, generally acknowledged as the "Philippine Mining Act of 1995. This act has given benefit to both the government and the contractor.
Health and safety measures for everyone have been given priorities for the success of the mining industry relies to this protocol. Moreover, mining
knowhow and safety habits have been advanced by innovative companies and were encouraged by governmental legislation (Glover and Morse
2000, 18).
In connection with this, biomining was introduced in the mining business wherein special bacteria, prokaryotes and fungi are used to mine
valuable metals from ore minerals without drilling and blasting of rocks (Aggangan 2018, 1).

IV. Key Points to Remember

 Minerals are ore, solid, naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific chemical composition and has crystalline structure.
 Minerals are classified as ore minerals, industrial minerals and gems are the classifications of minerals.
 Ore is a nonrenewable resource. Ore minerals such as galena, sphalerite, pentlandite, bauxite, rutile, hematite, chalcopyrite, bastnaesite,
monazite, and loparite are carefully fragmented and chemically processed to yield useful metals.
 Clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals that offer a wide array of
domestic and industrial applications.
 Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire), beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite) and
many other semiprecious gems are unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to jewellery, cosmetics and health.
 The human body cannot produce all of these essential minerals; thus, obtains all of these from a well-balanced diet.
 Bentonite ore (Al2H2Na2O13Si4) is the principal source of tin and important in well drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel. Barite
(BaSO4) is used in oil drilling, filler in paint, glass and toothpaste. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is used to make electrical wiring, motors,
appliances, piping and in metal alloys. Galena (PbS) is used in automotive batteries, paint and additive in gasoline. Limestone (CaCO3) is
used as building stone, for kitchen surfaces, sculpture and cement. Sand (SiO2) has domestic and industrial application. Halite, normally
branded as rock salt, is a type of salt with the mineral form of sodium chloride (NaCl). Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is primarily used in making
wallboard and an ingredient in cement.
 Our appliances, gadgets and smartphones have used the rare Earth elements like Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr),
Neodymium (Nd) and Europium (Eu).
 Diamond is the hardest metal and thus, it used in cutting glass and drilling rocks. It is also considered as most expensive gemstone that
everyone loves because diamond lasts forever.
 Ore genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has three major types: internal processes, hydrothermal processes, and
surficial processes.
 Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth.
 In 2018, our country was the world’s second-largest producer of nickel ore.
 The Northern Central and Southern part of Mindanao were identified as rich in chromium, copper and gold deposits.
 In surface mining, minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface. This includes six (6) processes; strip mining, placer mining, mountain
top, hydraulic mining, dredging and open pit.
 In an underground mining, ores are taken out from the ground by digging. This includes five (5) processes; slope mining, hard-rock, drift
mining, shaft and bore-hole process.
 Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form.
 Crushing and grinding, ore dressing, hydrolytic method, magnetic separation and roasting and calcinations are the classifications under
metallurgical process.
 There are five (5) existing mining sites in Region X and are situated at Gango, Libona, in Bukidnon, Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay
Pigsag-an in Cagayan de Oro City, Nangcaon, Opol, in Misamis Oriental, and Rogongon, Iligan City.
 Tunneling, panning /gold washing, flushing, panning and flushing were the mining methods used that affect the CDO River systems
specially the Iponan River.
 Other mining companies in Mindanao are using extensively the leaching process that contaminates the water supply of the residents.
Leaching is a process by which ores are treated with chemicals; cyanide, ammonia, alkali and acid.

RESOURCES: DepEd Learner’s Material

GRADE 11 – EARTH SCIENCE
 Name: Grade Level & Section:
Date: Score: Parent/Guardian’s Signature:
ACTIVITIES 1 and 2

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Use the number code provided below to decode what minerals are important to some facilities in the society. Write the
corresponding letter in the boxes in each sentence.

For the global economy, valuable metals like

were considered as the world’s most precious metals. In

today’s quest for 5G Revolution or the fifth generation of wireless network technology, the metal is the most
sought metal of all. These metals are extracted from ore minerals.

Ore minerals like and feldspar have some

domestic and industrial applications. , also known as rock salt is an essential nutrient that the human body needs.

Moreover, the human body needs , calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and

to function normally. Since it is the hardest of all mineral, it is then utilized in cutting glass and drilling rocks.

Everyone loves because it lasts forever.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: You are task to seek words relating to how ore minerals are found, mined and processed for human use. Words in the word box
are cleverly concealed, can you find them?
Remember, miners are patient seeker. Enjoy seeking!
 GRADE 11 – EARTH SCIENCE
2nd SEMESTER – 1ST QUARTER
LEARNING MODULE 4

V. Think Through (tests and tasks)

Name: Grade Level & Section:

Date: Score: Parent/Guardian’s Signature:

TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Directions: Read carefully each item and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements is true?

a. All rocks contain minerals but minerals do not contain rocks.
b. All minerals are rocks, but not all rocks are minerals.
c. There is no relationship between rocks and minerals.
d. Rocks and minerals do not go together.

2. Which of the following minerals is considered the hardest on the Earth?

a. Talc b. Gold c. Iron d. Diamond

3. Which of the following minerals is considered as the softest?

a. Fluorine b. Talc c. Gypsum d. Halite

4. What mineral is used to make cement, concrete, pottery, and bricks?

a. Halite b. Gravel c. Clay d. Corundum

5. A process of ore genesis that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion.
a. Internal process
b. Hydrothermal process
c. Surficial process
d. Fragments from solar system

6. What mineral maintains a healthy immune system?

a. Zinc b. Copper c. Iron d. Calcium

7. What mineral does the window glass made of?

a. Halite b. Talc c. Chromite d. Quartz

8. What mineral is used in water purification process?

a. Zeolite b. Chalcopyrite c. Bentonite d. Borax

9. It is a process used to extract metals in their pure form.

a. mining b. biomining c. Metallurgy d. Biotechnology

10. What do you call the process when ore minerals are created/ deposited?
a. ore genesis b. ore deposition c. ore demolition d. ore segregation

11. Ore is a ___________ resource.

a. renewable b. non-renewable c. Infinite d. Limitless

12. A process of ore genesis that includes geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface.
a. Internal process b. Hydrothermal process c. Surficial process d. Fragments from solar system

13. What type of mining is characterized when minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface?
a. surface mining b. underground mining c. Roasting d. Grinding

14. What method of metal extraction that uses heat to separate the metal from the rest of the ore and requires another chemical, to
separate metal from its ore?
a. smelting b. electrolysis c. Hammering d. Exploding

15. What method uses electricity and acid to separate metal from the ore?
a. smelting b. electrolysis c. Hammering d. exploding