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Testing The Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples: Using The T Test

The document discusses using an independent t-test to test the difference between two independent sample means. It outlines the assumptions of the independent t-test as being interval or ratio scale data, normally distributed populations, independent samples, and equal variances. It provides the steps to conduct a t-test which include stating hypotheses with alpha level, computing test statistics in Excel to obtain p-value, and making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null based on p-value being less than or equal to alpha. Sample problems are provided and worked through to demonstrate the process.

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Genlee Villanueva
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457 views5 pages

Testing The Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples: Using The T Test

The document discusses using an independent t-test to test the difference between two independent sample means. It outlines the assumptions of the independent t-test as being interval or ratio scale data, normally distributed populations, independent samples, and equal variances. It provides the steps to conduct a t-test which include stating hypotheses with alpha level, computing test statistics in Excel to obtain p-value, and making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null based on p-value being less than or equal to alpha. Sample problems are provided and worked through to demonstrate the process.

Uploaded by

Genlee Villanueva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Testing the Difference Between Two Means of

Independent Samples: Using the t Test Samples are


independent samples
(INDEPENDENT t TEST) when they are not
related
INDEPENDENT t-test.
• A test use for testing the difference between two independent sample means
• It compares performance of the two groups to determine whether they represent the same population or
different population.

The assumptions of the independent-groups t test are as follows:


• The data are interval-ratio scale.
• The population must be normally or approximately normally distributed.
• The sample data are independent of one another
• Homogeneity of variance, the variance in each population is the same.

Hypothesis Testing Procedure:

0. State the Research Question


1. State the null and alternative hypotheses
Two-tailed Left-tailed Right-Tailed
𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
𝐻1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2

2. Set the Criteria for decision


• Specify the level of significance (𝛼)
• State the decision rule
− Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑝 ≤ 𝛼

3. Compute for the test statistics


Formula: Assuming Equal variances
𝑀1 −𝑀2
𝑡= 1 1
We will not use this formula.
2( + )
√𝑠𝑝 𝑛1 𝑛2 The test will be done using
(𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22 the Data Analysis Tool in
𝑠𝑝2 = Excel
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2

4. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.


• If 𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, Reject H0. Otherwise, Do not Reject H0.

5. Summarize the result.


Problem 1. A teacher is interested in whether students who study with music playing devote as much attention
to their studies as do students who study under quiet conditions. Eighteen students were randomly assigned to
either music or no music conditions and were given the same material to study for the same amount of time.
Participants are then all given the same 10-item test on the material. Their scores are given below. Scores on the
test assumed to be normally distributed. Using these results test the hypothesis that there is no significant
difference between students who study with music playing and without music in terms of their test scores. Use
𝛼 = 0.05. (Jackson, 2012)
With Music Without Music
6 10
5 9
6 7
5 7
6 5
9 6
7 8
8 6
5 9

Solution for Sample Problem 1


0. Research Question: Do students who study with music playing and those who study without music
significantly differ in their test scores?

I. Hypothesis
𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑐 = 𝜇𝑁𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑐 (There is no significant difference…)
𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑐 ≠ 𝜇𝑁𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑐 (There is a significant difference…)

II. Criteria for decision


• 𝛼 = 0.05, 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑
• Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 0.05

III. Compute for the test statistics (Analyze data in Excel)


• Excel Output
Make a table like the one
below ↓ for the important
values from the output

IV. Make a decision to reject or do not reject the null hypothesis.


Since, 0.15 > 0.05, Do not reject H0.
Recall your decision
rule from step 2
V. Summarize the result.
There is NO sufficient evidence that students who study with music playing and those who study without music
significantly differ in terms of their test scores.
Working with Excel

1. Type the data for with Music in column A and the without Music in column B.

2. From the menu bar select the Data tab, then click Data Analysis.
3. In the Analysis Tools, select t-Test Two Assuming Equal Variances →OK

.
3. In the t-test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances dialog box,
− type A1:A10 in the Variable 1Range box
− type B1:B10 in the Variable 1Range box
− Key in 0 in Hypothesized Mean Difference
− Check Labels.
− Select Output Range and type J1 in the box

4. Click OK.
4. Output for the test is given at Column J.
Example2 : The resting heart rates were measured in a sample of women smokers and non-smokers at a state
university. There were 14 smokers and 18 nonsmokers in the sample. Was there a significant difference in the
resting heart rates of the two groups? Use α = 0.05.

Resting Heart Rate


Smokers 78, 100, 88, 62, 94, 88, 76, 90, 85, 82, 77, 91, 90, 68
Nonsmokers 72, 82, 62, 84, 61, 68, 72, 64, 76, 62, 66, 68, 96, 58, 87, 80, 78, 69

Solution for Sample Problem 2


1. Research Question: Are the mean resting heart rates of smoking and nonsmoking women significantly
differ?

I. Hypothesis
𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑆𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 𝜇𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑆𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 (There is no significant difference…)
𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑆𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 ≠ 𝜇𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑆𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 (There is a significant difference…)

II. Criteria for decision


• 𝛼 = 0.05, 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑
• Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 0.05

III. Compute for the test statistics (Analyze data in Excel)


• Excel Output

IV. Make a decision to reject or do not reject the null hypothesis.


Since, 0.01 < 0.05, Reject H0.

V. Summarize the result.


There is sufficient evidence that the mean resting heart rates for smokers is significantly different from non
smokers.
Problem 3 :A teacher wished to know if the extent of academic procrastination is different between male and
female college students. An Academic Procrastination Inventory is administered among 10 male and 10
female students. Higher score in the inventory indicates a higher extent of academic procrastination. Data are
presented below.
Male 32 29 38 36 33 28 29 22 30 32
Female 23 29 24 30 37 24 22 26 15 20

Excel output:

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