G.C.

E Advanced Level Chemistry

Atomic Structure
The. Mahesh Wijesekera.
B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)

ELECTRONS PROTONS & NEUTRONS

01. i) What are the conditions that should be applied to a gas to conduct electricity?

ii) What are cathode rays? iii) List the properties of cathode rays?

iv) What are positive rays? v) List the properties of positive rays.?

vi) “All the matter contains electrons with similar properties” give examples to prove this.

vii) Explain the Thompson’s model of atomic structure.

02. State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following atoms.

39 27 37 226 90
i). 19
K ii). 13
Al iii). 56
Ba iv). 88
Ra v). 38
Sr

12 13 14
vi). 6
C vii). 6
C viii). 6
C ix). 11H x). 1
2
H

3 87 90 235 238
xi). 1
H xii). 38
Sr xiii). 38
Sr xiv). 92
U xv). 92
U

03. “Dalton was incorrect in saying that all the atoms of a particular element are identical.”
Discuss this statement.

04. i) Describe the experiment that Leeds to the discovery of neutron.

ii) Complete the following table.

Sub atomic particle Relative chars Relative mass Deflection on a electric field

05. i) Explain the Rutherford’s gold leaf experiment.

ii) State the observations and conclusions of above experiment.

iii) State the nuclear charges of the following species.

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.

B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)

1
 MAxSS SPECTROMETER

06. Explain how a tnass spectrotnctcr is used to measure the molecular mass.

07. The spcctrutn of C2H5Cl shows peaks corresponding to 1H, 2H, 12C, 13C, 35Cl and
37
H Calculate the mass numbers of the most abundant molecular ion and the heaviest mo
lecular ion.Write the formulae of all the possible ions that contribute to the peak at a mass
number of 66.

08. Imagine you have a mixture of hydrogen-1, hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3, (hydrogen,
deuterium and tritium) present as diatomic molecules and that the numbers of atoms of the
three species are the same. Sketch the mass spectrum.

09. In 1909, Geiger and Marsden reported the amazing results of their experiments on a
particles and thin metal foils.

(a) What is an a particle?

(b) Why did most a particles pass through the foils?
(c) Why were some a particles scattered backwards?
(d) What did they infer from their results about the structure of metal atoms?

10. When chlorine is bubbled through a concentrated aqueous solution of ammonium

chloride, a yellow oily liquid, nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, is formed, together with a solution
of hydrochloric acid. Apart from peaks associated with solitary nitrogen atoms (at m/z = 14)
and chlorine atoms (at m/z = 35 and m/z = 37), the mass spectrum of nitrogen trichloride
contains 9 peaks arranged in 3 groups, ranging from m/z = 49 to m/z = 125. Predict the m/z
values of all 9 peaks, and suggest a formula for the species responsible for each one.

11. A series of radioactive decays can be represented

232
α emission β emission β emission
90
Th X Y Z

State the mass number and atomic number of the element Z.

12. Identify the emitted particles (1) and (2), and state in which groups of the Periodic
Table the elements Pb, X, Y and Z occur.

212
(1) 212
(2) 208
β emission
82
Pb 83
X 81
Y Z

Give values for a, b, c and d, and the symbols for X and Y in the equations

35 1 b 1
(a) 17
Cl + 0
n a
X + 1
H

3 2
(b) 7
Li + 1
H 2d c Y + 0 1 n

13. Bromine consists of two isotopes, 79Br (relative abundance 50.5%) and 81Br (relative
abundance 49.5%).

(a) Calculate the relative atomic mass to three significant figures.

(b) Sketch on it the peaks you would expect in the mass spectrum of bromine
vapour.

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.

B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)
2 2022 A/L Chemistry Revision class
whatsapp 077 883 0466
*14. The figure below shows a simplified version of the mass spectrum of ethanol, C2H5OH.
Explain the origin of the six peaks.

Note An asterisk means that the topic is not included in all the examination specifications.

15. A sample of carbon dioxide was prepared from carbon ( 12C) and oxygen enriched
with oxygen-18 and containing 16O2 and 18O2 in the molar ratio 4 : 1. The mass spectrum of
the carbon dioxide contained three peaks, each due to a singly charged molecular ion. What
are the relative molecular masses of the three species? Deduce the relative intensities of the
three peaks.

16. (a) How is the mass spectrum ofan element produced? In your answer explain how the
following processes are involved:

(i) ionisation,
(ii) acceleration,
(iii) deflection,
(iv) detection.

(b) The mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium contains three peaks with mass/charge
ratios and relative intensities shown below.

(i) Explain why magnesium gives three peaks in its mass spectrum.

m/z 24 25 26

Relative intensity 1 0.127 0.139

(ii) Use the information in the table to calculate an accurate value for the
relative atomic mass of magnesium

17. (a) State the meaning of the term mass number of an isotope.

(b) Define the term relative atomic mass ofan element.

(c) A mass spectrometer measures the relative abundance of ions with different values of
m/z ratio. and explain the meaning of the symbols m and z.

(d) A sample of nickel was analysed in a mass spectrometer. Three peaks were observed
with the properties shown in the following table,

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.

B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)

3
 Relative abundance/% 69 27 4

m/z 58 60 62

(i) Give the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number, for the
ion which was responsible for the peak with m/z = 58.

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of nickel.

2+
(e) Complete the electronic configurations for Ni and Ni

18. The table below shows some accurate relative atomic masses.

1 12 9
Atom H C Li

Relative atomic mass 1.0078 12.0000 6.0149

(a) Why is 12C the only atom with a relative atomic mass which is an exact whole number?

(b) Calculate the mass of 1 mol of 1H + ions.

The mass of a single electron is 9.1091 × 10-28 g.
Avogadro's number, L, is 6.0225 × 1023

(c) (i) Explain briefly the process by which a sample is ionised in a mass spectrometer.

(ii) Give one reason why it is important to use the minimum possible energy to
ionise a sample in a mass spectrometer.

(iii) After ionisation and before deflection, what happens to the ions in a mass
spectrometer; how is this achieved?

(d) Why is it a good approximation to consider that the relative atomic mass of the 6Li +

ion, determined in a mass spectrometer, is same as that of 6Li ?

19. (a) A proton, a neutron and an electron all travelling at the same velocity enter a mag
netic field. State which particle is deflected the most and explain.

(b) Give two reasons why particles must be ionised 2 before being analysed in a mass
spectrometer.

(c) A sample of boron with a relative atomic mass of 10.8 gives a mass spectrum with two
peaks, one at m/z = 10 and one at tn/z = 11. Calculate the ratio of the heights of the
two peaks.

(d) Compound X contains only boron and hydrogen. The percentage by mass of boron in
X is 81.2%. In the mass spectrum of X the peak at the largest value of m/z occurs at
54.

(i) Use the percentage by mass data to calculate the empirical formula ofX.

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of X.

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.
B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)
4 2022 A/L Chemistry Revision class
whatsapp 077 883 0466
20. (a) Complete the following equations for nuclear reactions:

226 4
(i). 88
Ra 2
He +

(ii). 6
14
C -1
0
β +

(iii) 27
60
Co -1
0
β +

(b) (i) Suggest a medical application for any named isotope ofyour own choice.

(ii) Why is the knowledge of the half-life of this isotope essential to its applica
tion?

241
(c) Write equations for a decay scheme whereby 95
Am could emit three particles and
become an isotope of americium.

(d) Mass spectrometry can be used to determine isotopic abundances in elements, and
fragmentation patterns which are useful in structure determination of organic mol
ecules.

(i) The mass spectrum of magnesium gives peaks at m/e 24 (78.99%), 25 (10.00%)
and 26 (11.01%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of naturally-occurring
magnesium. Give your answer to 4 significant figures.

(ii) The compounds propanone, CH3COCH 3, and propanal CH3CH2CHO, both

have the molecular formula C3H6O. The mass spectrum of propanone shows
large peaks at m/e 15 and 43, amongst others. Suggest the identity ofthe spe
cies producing these peaks.

(iii) A compound known to have the molecular formula C3H6O gives, in its mass
spectrum, a large peak at m/e 29. Suggest the identity of a species which
could give this peak, and hence identify the compound.

21. (a) State the meaning of the term atomic number.

(b) What is the function of the electron gun and the magnet in a mass spectrometer?

(c) The mass spectrum of a pure sample of a noble gas has peaks at the following m/z
values.

m/z 10 11 20 22

Relative intensity 2.0 0.2 17.8 1.7

(i) Give the complete symbol, including mass number and atomic number for one
isotope of this noble gas.

(ii) Give the species which is responsible for the peak at m/z = 11.

(iii) Use appropriate values from the data above to calculate the relative atomic
mass of this sample of noble gas.

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.

B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)

5
 SPECTRUM & ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

22. Following diagram indicates the energy levels of a hydrogen atom and some of the emission
spectrum times of hydrogen.

The lines A belong to one series and B belongs to another series.

(i) Draw the electron transitions corresponds to the spectral lines and name them properly
using letters A1, A2 , A, B1 , B2 and B3

(ii) Predict the behavior of warelengths of spectral lines from A1, to B3

23. Following are some electron transitions of a Hydrogen atom.

(i) Draw the spectrum corresponding to above transitions in the following diagram.

(ii) fill the following table using above transitions.

Series Name of the series Region of electro magnetic spectrum

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.

B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)
6 2022 A/L Chemistry Revision class
whatsapp 077 883 0466
 (iii) Fill the following table about the Bal mar series

Name of the line Colour of the line Election transition

Hα

Hβ

Hν

Hδ

(iv) List the five series of Hydrogen’s emission spectrum in increasing order of the wave
length.

(v) What is the series with highest wave length.

(vi) What is the series with highest frequency.

(vii) The distance between some of the spectral lines of the emission spectrum are equal
complete the following table using this information’s.

Distance between lines Other spectral lines with equal gap between lines

2 and 3 of lyman series

3 and 4 of lyman series

2 and 3 of balmer series

3 and 4 of balmer series

24.

i) Explain the theory behind the emission spectrum of Hydrogen .

ii) What is the difference between emission spectrum and absorption spectrum?

iii) What are the similarities between emission and absorption spectrums of an element ?

iv) What are the similarities and differences between emission and absorption spectrum
of a Different elements.

25) i) Draw the diagrams for the consecutive ionization energies of the element

a) Be b) C c) O d) Ne f) Cl
The. Mahesh Wijesekera.
B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)

7
 ii) Following is the diagram for the consecutive ionization energies of the element X.

a) State the reasons for the gap between the I3 and I4.

b) State the group number of X.

26) Following table indicates the frequencies of lyman and balmer series in H

Balmer series Lyman series

4.568 × 1014 24.66 × 1014

6.167 × 1014 29.23 × 1014
6.907 × 1014 30.83 × 1014
7.309 × 1014 31.57 × 1014
7.551 × 1014 31.97 × 1014
7.709 × 1014 32.21 × 1014

The frequency differences between lines decrease and they reach the limiting frequencies.

Balmer series – Limiting frequency = 8.2 × 1014 Hz

Lyman series – Limiting frequency = 32.7 × 1014 Hz

(i) Explain the reason for the decrease of the gap between consecutive spectral lines when
the frequency decreases.

(ii) Calculate the ionization energy of hydrogen. (Plank constant = 6.63×1034JS )

27)

i) Expain the Mostly’s experiment of secondary x – ray to determine the atomic number.

ii) Plat the graph of f vs Z for the secondary x – ray spectrum.

The. Mahesh Wijesekera.

B.Sc (Chem) M.Sc (Analytical Chemistry)
8 2022 A/L Chemistry Revision class
whatsapp 077 883 0466