Scribd
Upload
24 views16 pages

Assg 2

The document describes procedures for conducting statistical tests including paired t-tests, chi-square tests, and one-way ANOVAs. It provides sample output and interpretations for each test conducted on hypothetical data comparing knowledge scores before and after training, student academic performance by place of origin, and academic achievement across three Master's programs.

Uploaded by

yee yong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views16 pages

Assg 2

The document describes procedures for conducting statistical tests including paired t-tests, chi-square tests, and one-way ANOVAs. It provides sample output and interpretations for each test conducted on hypothetical data comparing knowledge scores before and after training, student academic performance by place of origin, and academic achievement across three Master's programs.

Uploaded by

yee yong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

1 a) Ho: µ1= µ2 (There is no difference between the knowledge score before and after the

training programme).
Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2 (There is significant difference between the knowledge score before and after
the training programme).

b) Test procedure using SPSS statistics


1. Click on Analyze->Compare means-> Paired Samples T-Test on the menu button.
2. You will be presented with Paired-Samples T-Test dialogue box.
3. Transfer the variables into Paired Variable Box.
4. Change the confidence variable by clicking on “Options” button. You will be presented
with Paired Samples T-Test options dialogue box.
5. Click on Continue button and then you will return to Paired-Samples T Test dialogue box
and then you can click on OK button.
c) The findings of the Paired Samples t test was significant (t (9) = -7649, p <.05). Thus we
rejected the null hypothesis and concluded that there is a significant difference between post score
(mean = 6.50, SD = 1.269) compared with pre score (mean = 3.90, SD = 1.197); t (9) = -7649, p
<.05. This shows a significant improvement post score compared with pre score.
2. a) Ho: P1 = P2 (There are no differences between student academic performances by
their place of origin)
Ha: P1 ≠ P2 (There are differences between student academic performances by their
place of origin)

b) i) Output get from calculation manually

The Chi Square test is the most important and most used method in statistical tests. The purpose
of Chi Square test is know as the difference between an observed frequency and expected
frequency. 
The Chi Square is denoted by X² and the formula is given as:

Here, 

O = Observed frequency

E = Expected frequency

∑ = Summation

X² = Chi Square value

Observed Expected (O-E) (O-E)² (O-E)²/ E


20 31.946 -11.946 142.709 4.467
42 38.916 3.084 9.510 0.244
35 26.138 8.862 78.540 3.005
35 23.054 11.946 142.709 6.190
25 28.084 -3.084 9.510 0.339
10 18.862 -8.862 78.540 4.164
 18.409

ii) Output get from SPSS

Test procedure using SPSS statistics


1. Data > Weight Cases and select Weight cases by and choose your frequency variable as the
Frequency Variable.
2. Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs
Select one variable as the Row variable, and the other as the Column variable
3. Click on the Statistics button and select Chi-square in the top LH corner and Continue.
4. Click on the Cells button and select Column percentages (or Row) and Continue.
You can also ask for Expected Frequencies from the Cells button]
5. Click OK
There is a significant relationship between place of origin and academic performance
= 18.409,p = 0.000

Since the p value = 0.000 which is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that place of origin and academic performance are not independent, there is an association
between academic performance and place of origin.
3. a) H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 (The population means are all the same)
Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3 (Not all population means are the same)

Education Engineering Arts


1 2.3 2.5 3.1
2 2.2 2.7 3.3
3 2.4 2.7 3.2
4 2.3 2.9 2.9
5 2.5 2.6 3.0
Sum 11.7 13.4 15.5 40.6
Mean, 2.34 2.68 3.1 2.7067

= 111.58 N = 15
Statistical Mean,
= 2.3 + 2.2 + 2.4 + 2.3 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 2.7 + 2.7 + 2.9 + 2.6 +3.1 + 3.3 +3.2 +2.9 + 3.0
15
= 40.6
15
= 2.7067

b) Sum of Square, SST =  x2 -


 x  2

N
2
40.6
= 111.58-
15
= 111.58 – 109.89
= 1.6893

c) Between-groups sum of square (SSB) = 


Ti 2
-
 x 2

n N
 11 .7 2 13.4 2 15.5 2  40.6 2
=     -
 5 5 5  15

= (27.378 + 35.912 + 48.05) – 109.89


= 111.34 – 109.89
= 1.4493
d) Within-groups sum of square (SSW) = SST – SSB
= 1.6893 – 1.4493
= 0.24
SSB
e) Between group mean square (MSB) =
K 1
1.4493
=
3 1
= 0.7245
SSW
Within group mean square (MSW) =
NK
0.24
=
15  3
= 0.02

ANOVA Summary Table

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Education 5 11.7 2.34 0.013
Engineering 5 13.4 2.68 0.022
Arts 5 15.5 3.1 0.025

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
Between Groups 1.449333 2 0.724667 36.23333
Within Groups 0.24 12 0.02

Total 1.689333 14        

f) One Way Analysis of Variance using SPSS

Variable View
Data View

Analyze Compare Means One Way Anova


The mean square between treatments, .725, is much larger than the mean square within
treatments, .020. That ratio, between-groups mean square over within-groups mean square, is
called an F statistic (F = MSB/MSW = 36.233). It tells you how much more variability there is
between treatment groups than within treatment groups. The larger that ratio, the more confident
you feel in rejecting the null hypothesis, which was that all means are equal and there is no
treatment effect.
The p-value of 0.000, obtained from the F distribution. The p-value has the usual interpretation:
the probability of the between-treatments MS being ≥36.233 times the within-treatments MS,
if the null hypothesis is true, is p = 0.000.
Decision: p = 0.000, since p < 0.05, we reject null hypothesis and conclude that not all population
means are the same.

g)
From the results so far, we know that there are statistically significant differences between the
groups as a whole. The table above, Multiple Comparisons, shows which groups differed from
each other. The Tukey post hoc test is generally the preferred test for conducting post hoc tests on
a one-way ANOVA, but there are many others.
Decision: p = 0.000, since p < 0.05, we reject null hypothesis and conclude the academic
achievement (CGPA) of the three Master programmers are significant different.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy