1.

INTRODUCTION
Steel has been known since 3000 BC. The Ashoka Pillar made with steel and the iron
joints used in Puri temples are more than 1500 years old. The iron pillar made in the 5 th
century standing till today in Mehrauli village, Delhi, within a few yards from Kutub Minar
evokes the interest and excitement of all the enlightened visitors. Scientists describe this as a
“Rustless Wonder”[23]. Another example in south India is the iron post in Kodachadri
village in Karnataka, which is 14 meter tall, “Dwaja Stamba” has reported to have remained
1
without rusting for nearly 1 2 millennium. The exciting aspects of these structure is not

merely the obvious fact of technological advances in

India at that time, but in the developments of techniques
for handling, lifting, erecting and securing such
obviously heavy artifacts. India under the British rule
experienced growth of iron and steel possibly because
of the fallout of technological development of steel in
U.K. We can see several steel structures in public
buildings, railway stations and bridges, which testifies
the growth of steel in the colonial past. The “Rabindra
Sethu” Howrah Bridge in Kolkata stands testimony to a
Figure1.1 “Rabindra Sethu” Kolkata marvel in steel. The recent example is the second
Hooghly cable stayed bridge at Kolkata called
“Vidyasagar Sethu”. Even today the old city area of
Kolkata consists of steel structural building built during
the British rule. It is not only that the development of
steel as structural element is restricted to government
sector but has also been in the private sector. Renowned

structural engineer A.B.Karnik has

used steel structure for the erection of
piles supporting a jetty at Dahej in
Gujarat.
Figure 1.2 “Vidyasagar Sethu” Kolkata

Above statement proves that steel as a structural material was been adopted since the
early beginning of its development than how come its use as a structural material is limited in
JOURNAL OF INDIAN SOCIETY OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
India. Following are the reasons VOLUME 8-4, OCT-NOV-DEC 2006
a) As compared to countries where Figure1.3 Gantry girder for the erection of piles supporting a
steel is used widely as structural jetty at Dahej designed by Er.A.B.Karnik [11]
element for buildings, the cost (of
steel) in India is more.
b) The old concept of design i.e: working stress method has always proved uneconomical
than conventional concrete design.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 1

Developing a Computational Tool
c) The design, specially connection is complicated specifically in terms of selection of type of
connection to be adopted, force transfer, check and maintenance of welds.
d) Handling and erection of steel structures needs skill along with technology (technology in
terms of machinery).

Besides the above disadvantages steel has some inherent advantages too. Steel offers
much better compressive and tensile strength, ductile in nature, high quality assurance, long
life cycle, light weight construction, recyclable and the most important rapid construction. In
metro city like Mumbai structural steel is used as the structural system from the beginning of
the decade. It may be possible that the designers may have adopted the foreign design codes
as the IS 800 has been just revised in 2007. Hence it can be said the use of structural steel as
a structural element in buildings (residential / commercial) is not been arrested totally.

1.1 The revised IS800:2007:

The entire design concept of steel structure has been changed to plastic theory of
design making the structure more durable by introducing the aspects like corrosion, fatigue,
design and detailing for earthquake load, durability, etc. The concept of plastic theory of
design is explained later but before that let us have a look on the major difference in IS800-
1984 and IS800:2007

Table 1.1 Comparison of IS800:2007 and IS800-1984 [8],[9]

Section Title Comments

3 Design The design philosophy has changed for WSM to LSM, which has
requirements resulted in a change in the basic design requirement for eg. Section
classification to assure that no buckling occurs before the section has
reached the plastic stage.
4 Method of This section describes various analysis methods that could be
structural adopted for the steel structural analysis.
analysis
5 Limit State IS800-1984 was based on the working stress method where the
Design IS800-2007 is based on the limit state design method. The section
defines the partial safety factor for loads, partial safety factor for
materials, deflection limits for various member based on the loading
acting upon it.
12 Design and This section consist of detailing to meet the ductility requirements
Detailing for for a earthquake resisting structure. Unlike concrete structure there
Earthquake is no separate IS code for detailing for steel structures, hence it is
included in the same code which was not present in IS800-1984
13 Fatigue Structures like bridges, gantry girders, cranes, slender tower-like
(open) structures (subject to wind oscillations), offshore platforms
(subject to wave load), and structures supporting large rotating
equipment are prone to fatigue, under this section the design
provision are given for such structures to resist fatigue.
14 Design Assisted This section is special provision where the design is done by testing
by Testing the individual member or the prototype of the structure.
15 Durability The most important factor affecting the durability of steel is
corrosion. This section provides some surface protection guide for
structural steel element.
Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 2
Developing a Computational Tool
16 Fire resistance Steel is adversely affected with high temperature gradient which
generally occurs under the situation of fire. Under this section some
guidelines are mention for casing the structural element in concrete
to create an insulating effect.

1.2 Need of Computational tool:

It is not always possible to have an exact mathematical formulation or modeling for
all design problems. There is a considerable scope for exercising engineering judgment.
Hence there is no correct solution to a design problem as there could be several so-called
correct solutions to the same problem. This is because
a) The designs are invariably subject to individual interpretation of standards and codes.
b) The solutions are also subject to differing ideas about what is or what in Not required
from an engineering and environmental stand point, and
c) the individual designers have ingrained ideas from their past experience, which may be
valid to-day only to a limited extent, or may not be valid at all. Hence in short it could be
said that the designer changes the design changes.[23]

Under this circumstances, relying on a particular software which would give such a
solution that will be adopted universally is not possible. At the same time neither computer
nor the computer program knows about the practical consideration for eg. Talking about
Surat, having humid atmosphere and located at the sea cost the, the rebar of concrete building
are more prone to corrosion than the building situated in Rajkot or say Bhavnagar. Hence in
such a case if a building with similar data in all manner is to be constructed in Bhavnagar and
surat the designer will prefer steel in slab at a closer spacing in the latter one then in the
former. In practice most of the structural consultant adopts only analysis results from the
software and design the structure base on these result, with their experience or using an in
house program/software. Also the design procedure as per revised IS800-2007 is much
complicated and tedious hence if one could develop such a tool, which on providing the basic
design input will give you the design out put will save lots of time of the designer.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 3

Developing a Computational Tool
2. LIMIT STATE DESIGN AND PLASTIC THEORY
To safeguard against the risk of failure, safety margins are normally provided in
design. The variables such as loads, material strength, and member dimensions are subject to
varying degrees of uncertainty and randomness. Hence the structure must be designed to
provide for the possibility of overload. Similarly the deviations in the dimensions of
members or strength of material can result in a member having less than the computed
strength. Thus, the design should take into account the possibility of under strength also.
Further, there are idealization and simplifying assumptions used in the theories of structural
analysis and design. There are also several unforeseen factors that influence the prediction of
strength and serviceability like construction methods, workmanship and quality control,
intended service life of the structure, human errors, possible future change of use, etc.

2.1 Limit states:

Limit state is a state of impeding failure, beyond which a structure ceases to perform
its intended function satisfactorily [22]. The limit states usually considered for structural
steel work are listed in the table.2.1. They are normally grouped into the following two
types.
Table 2.1: Limit States [22]

Limit State of Strength Serviceability Limit State

Strength (yield, buckling) Deflection
Stability against overturning and sway Vibration
Fracture due to fatigue Fatigue checks (including reparable
Plastic collapse damage due to fatigue)
Brittle Fracture Corrosion
Fire

Ultimate limit states are conditions to be avoided and serviceability limit state are
condition that are undesirable. Hence it is clear that any realistic, rational and quantitative
representation of safety must be based on statistical and probilistic analysis, which caters for
both overload and under strength. Design for the ultimate limit state may be conveniently
explained by figure2.1. This figure shows the hypothetical frequency distribution curves for
the effect of loads on the structural element and the resistance of the structural element.
When the two curves overlap shown by the shaded area, the effect of the loads is greater than
the resistance of the element and the element fails.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 4

Developing a Computational Tool
 Region Corresponding to Failure
Frequency

Q
R

Qm Rm
Load Effect Q or Resistance of element R

There exist a number of levels of reliability analysis. However for the code the
method is simplified by using deterministic data rather than parabolic data, called as level I
reliability method.

Figure 2.1 Frequency Distribution Curve [22]

2.2 Limit State Method:
It is a comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem, by considering
safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working load. Based on above discussion IS800-
2007 determines the partial safety factor for load and material as follows

Table 2.2: Partial safety factors for loads [8]

Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability

Combination LL’ WL/ LL’ WL/
DL AL DL
Leading Accompanying EL Leading Accompanying EL

DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05   1.0 1.0 1.0 

DL+LL+CL+
1.2 1.2 1.05 0.6
 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
WL/EL 1.2 1.2 0.53 1.2

DL+WL/EL 1.5
  1.5  1.0   1.0
(0.9)*
DL+ER 1.2
1.2       
(0.9)
DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35  1.0    
*
This value is to be considered when the dead load contributes to stability against overturning is critical or
the dead load causes reduction in stress due to other loads.
‘
When action of different live loads is simultaneously considered, the leading live load is whichever one
causes the higher load effects in the member/section.
Abbreviations: DL= Dead Load,LL= Imposed Load (Live Loads) WL= Wind Load,
CL= Crane Load (Vertical/horizontal), AL=Accidental Load,

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 5

Developing a Computational Tool
 ER= Erection Load, EL= Earthquake Load.

Table 2.3: Partial safety factors for material [8]

Sr.No. Definition Partial Safety Factor

1 Resistance, governed by yielding m0 1.10
2 Resistance of member to buckling m0 1.10
3 Resistance, governed by ultimate stress 1.25
m1
4 Resistance of connection m1 Shop Field
Fabrications Fabrications
Bolts-Friction Type, mf
1.25 1.25
Bolts-Bearing Type, mb
1.25 1.25
(iii) Rivets, mr 1.25 1.25
(iv) Welds, mw 1.25 1.50

2.3 Plastic theory:

Consider the stress distribution for a typical beam subjected to load as shown in figure
2.2. Point (a) and (b) shows the stress distribution where the stress is within the elastic limit
for point (a) and for point (b) the extreme fiber has just reached the elastic limit represented
by f=fy. On further increase of load the plastic distribution of stress starts as indicated at
point (c), a stage comes when the section completely attains the plastic stage. The point (e)
shows the distribution of stress due to strain hardening. However this strength of the section
due to strain hardening is not considered for the designed purpose thereby increasing a factor
of safety.

f < fy f = fy f = fy f = fy
PLASTIC
STRAIN
HARDENING

ELASTIC

ENTIRELY
PLASTIC

PLASTIC

M < My M = My My < M < Mp M = Mp

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Figure 2.2 Stress distribution for a typical beam[22]

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 6

Developing a Computational Tool
 True stress-strain
curve
Upper yield stress
Engg. stress-strain
curve
fu
fy
Stress, MPa

Yield
Plateau Strain-hardenign region Post-ultimate stress region

ey esh Strain, mm/mm eu = 0.23

Figure 2.3 shows the stress-strain

relationship for the typical test specimen of mild steel. The figure represent the point of
significance of the test where up till εy the specimen remains in the elastic range where the
stress-strain relationship is linear. Then the upper yield stress is reached, after which there is
a significant increase in strain with constant value of stress. This is because the steel flows
plastically or plastic deformation starts.
Figure 2.3 Stress-Strain Relationship The increase in the strain with constant
for Mild Steel [22] stress continues until steel reaches strain
hardening stage, where there is a
increase in the stress with strain. This continues until the ultimate stress is reached after
which due to a large local reduction in the cross section (neck formation) occur and the load
capacity decreases until tensile failure takes place.

3. DESIGN OF CONNECTION AS PER IS800:2007

Determining the exact design procedure for connection is not possible as there is a
wide classification of connection based on the material used for connection, its behavior to
the applied action (loads). Hence in these section only the required check to be taken or how
one can calculate the capacity of connection under shear, tension, bearing, block shear, etc is
shown.

3.1 Design Provision for Bolted Connection:

Table no 3.1 IS800:2007 Provision for Pitch, Gauge, Edge Distance [8]
1) Maximum Pitch Clause
a) In General 32t or 300mm (smaller to the two) 10.2.3
Where t is thickness of smaller plate
b) For tension member 16t or 200mm (smaller to the two) 10.2.3.
c) For compression member 12t or 200mm (smaller to the two) 2

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 7

Developing a Computational Tool
 d) For any two consecutive fasteners in a line adjacent and parallel to an edge of
an outside plate 10.2.3.
3
2) Minimum Pitch Clause
2.5 times nominal diameter of the bolt 10.2.2

3) Edge distance Clause

Minimum Edge distance = 1.7 times hole diameter for shear or hand flame cut
edges 10.2.4.
= 1.5 times hole diameter for hot rolled, machine flame 2
cut edges
Maximum Edge distance = 12tε
250 ⁄ fy
Where ε = (¿) 10.2.4.
√¿ 3
t is the thickness of thinner plate

Table no 3.2 IS800:2007 Provision for Strength of Bolted Connection

1) Bearing Strength in Shear Clause
Vsb < Vnsb / γmb 10.3.3

where

Vnsb = nominal shear capacity of a bolt, calculated as follows:

fu
Vnsb   nn Anb  ns Asb  lj   lg  pkg 
3

where

fu = ultimate tensile strength of a bolt

nn = number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane

ns = number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane

Clause
Asb = nominal plain shank area of the bolt 10.3.3.
1
Anb = net tensile area at threads, may be taken as the area corresponding to root

diameter at the thread

Reduction factor for long joint for distance between first and last row
of bolt more than 15d
10.3.3.
2
lj = 1.075 – lj / (200 d) but 0.75 < lj < 1.0
Where,
d= nominal diameter of the fastener
Reduction factor for large grip length is to be considered when total thickness of the 10.3.3.
connected plates exceeds 5 times the diameter, d, of the bolts. 3
lg = 8 d /(3 d+lg) lg < lj

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 8

Developing a Computational Tool
 Reduction factor for bolts carrying calculate shear through a packing plate in excess of 6 mm
pk = (1 - 0.0125 tpk) where tpk = thickness of packing plate

2) Strength of bolt in tension Clause

Tb < Tnb / γmb 10.3.5

where,

Tnb = nominal tensile capacity of the bolt, calculated as follows:

Tnb = 0.90 fub An < fyb Asb (γm1 / γm0)

where,
fub = ultimate tensile stress of the bolt
fyb = yield stress of the bolt
An = net tensile stress area as specified in the appropriate Indian Standard. For bolts
where the tensile stress area is not defined, An shall be taken as the area at the
3) Strength of bolt in bearing Clause
10.3.4
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
Where
Vnpb = 2.5 kb d tp fu
where, kb is smaller of [ e/(3do) , (p/3do) - 0.25 , fub/fu , 1.0 ]
e ,p = end and pitch distances of fastener along bearing direction,
do = diameter of the bolt hole ,
d = nominal diameter of the bolt ,
fub = ultimate tensile stress of bolt ,
fu = ultimate tensile stress of plate ,
tp = thickness of connected plates experiencing bearing stress
in the same direction
For countersunk bolt t = thickness of plate - 1/2 x depth of countersinking
4) Strength of plate in tension Clause
Tb < Tnb / γmb 10.3.5

Tdn = 0.9 fu An / m1

where , m1 = partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress
An = net effective area of plate
An = ( b - n dh ) x t for chain bolting
An = [b - n dh + (S p2/4 g )] x t for zig - zag bolting
b,t = width and thickness of plate
dh = diameter of bolt hole ( 2 mm in addition to the
diameter of bolt for directly punched holes )
g = gauge distance i.e. the distance between the two consecutive
rivets / bolts in a chain measured at right angles to the
direction of tension (stress) in the member

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 9

Developing a Computational Tool
5) Check for block shear Clause
The design strength for block shear shall be 6.4
3
Tdb = ( Avg fy /( m0) + 0.9Atn fu /m1 )
or
3
Tdb = (0.9Avn fu /( m1) + Atg fy /m0 )
where
Avg and Avn = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force
respectively.
3.2 Design Provision for Welded Connection

Table No 3.3 IS800:2007 Provision for Size, Throat Thickness, Effective Length of weld [8]
1) Minimum size of weld Clause
Thickness of thicker part Minimum size of weld 10.5.2.3
- to 10 mm 3mm
10 to 20mm 5mm
20 to 32mm 6mm
32 to 50mm 8mm for first run, 10mm for minimum size of weld

2) Throat of fillet weld Clause

Angle between fusion 60-90 91-100 101-106 107-113 114-120 10.5.3.2
face in degree
Constant K 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.5

3) Effective length Clause

Effective length shall not be less than 4times the size of weld. 10.5.4.1

Table no 3.4 IS800:2007 Provision for Strength of Welded Connection

1) Design stress in weld Clause
a) Shop weld 10.5.7.1.
Fwd = fwn / γmw = fu/(√3γmw) 1
Where, γmw = partial safety factor
fwn = fu / √3
fu = smaller of ultimate stress of weld or of parent material
b) Site weld
Fwd = fwn / 1.5γmw 10.5.7.1.
2) Reduction in design capacity Clause
a) for long joints 10.5.7.2
βLw = 1.2 - 0.2 Lj / (150 x tt ) <= 1.0
Where, tt = thickness of throat
Lj = Length of joint in the direction of force transfer
3) Design capacity of weld in either tensile or compressive or shear force Clause
fa or q = P / ( Lw tt ) 10.5.9
Where, fa = calculated normal stress due to axial force in MPa
q = shear stress in MPa
Lw = effective length of weld in mm
tt = effective throat thickness in mm

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 10

Developing a Computational Tool
 P = force being transmitted (axial force or shear force)

4. DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBER AS PER IS800:2007

As far as steel frame structures are concerned the flexural member are classified to
laterally supported beam, laterally unsupported beam and beam-column. In this section we
will discus the design procedure for laterally supported and laterally unsupported beams.

4.1 Design of Laterally supported Beam:

Table No 4.1Detail Procedure for Design of Laterally supported Beam [8]

Step 1: Trial section:
M γ m0
Zp = fy Where M = The design moment

Fy = Yield stress
γm0 = Partial safety factor for material
Step 2: Classification of section: Clause
Once the section is selected it is to be classified asper table 2 page 18 3.7.2
IS800-2007 3.7.4
b d
For that one has to calculate t f , t w

Where b = Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end of flange
tf = Thickness of flange
d = Clear depth of web
tw = thickness of web
Step 3: Check for shear buckling: Clause
d 8.2.1.1
t w < 67 ε Where ε = √
250/f y

d
If tw > 67 ε the flange of the beam must be design to resist bending
and
web must be designed to resist shear. In this case the moment capacity of
the section shall be calculated as shown in step 7
Step 4: Calculation for moment capacity of the section: Clause
βb Z p f y 1.2 Ze f y 8.2.1.2
Md = γ m0 < γ m0
Where Fy = Yield stress
γm0 = Partial safety factor for material
βb = 1 for plastic and compact section
=
z e / z p for semi compact section
Zp = Plastic section modulus

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 11

Developing a Computational Tool
Step 5: Calculation for shear capacity of the section: Clause
A v f yw 8.4.1
Vd = √3
Where Av = Area of element resisting shear = d tw
Step 6: Check for high shear Clause
V< 0.6Vd 8.2.1.2
Where V = Factored Design shear force
Vd = Shear capacity of the section
If V> 0.6Vd than the moment capacity of the section shall be calculated
as shown in step 7

d Clause
Step 7: Calculation for moment capacity of section when V> 0.6Vd or tw > 9.2.2

67 ε
1.2 Ze f y
Mdv = Md-β(Md-Mfd) < γ m0 for plastic and compact section

Where β = (2 V /V d−1) 2

Mfd = Plastic design strength fo the area of the cross section excluding
the shear area, considering partial safety factor γm0
Z
¿
2
p−¿ d t w
= ¿ ¿ f yw
¿
¿
¿

1.2 Ze f y
Mdv = Ze fy/γm0 < γ m0 for semi compact section

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 12

Developing a Computational Tool
Step 8: Check for web buckling Clause
The concentrated load or reaction at support shall not exceed the capacity 8.7.3.1
of the web as a column
Strength of web
= fcd Awb
Where
Awb = (b1+ n1)tw
b1 = stiff bearing on the flange
n1 = (d/2)-tf
tw = thickness of web
tf = thickness of flange

fcd can be directly calculated

from table 9c page no 42 Figure no 4.1 Web Buckling
IS800-2007 if the KL/r ratio is known. 7.1.2.1
Where L = d = clear depth of web, K = 0.7
Table 11 page no 45 IS800-2007 give the value of KL based on various support

√ b 13 t w /12 tw
Condition and r= √ I / A wb1 = = 2 √3
b1 t w
Step 9: Check for web crippling Clause
The concentrated load or 8.7.4
reaction at support shall
not be more than
Fw = (b1+n2)fyw tw/γm0
Where
b1 = stiff bearing on the flange
n2 = 2.5(r1+tf)
tw = thickness of web
fyw = Yield stress of web
γm0 = Partial safety factor Figure no 4.2 Web Crippling
Step 10 Check for holes in tension zone Clause
The effect of tension need not be considered if 8.2.1.4
Anf/Agf > (fy/fu) (γm1/γm0)/0.9
Step 11 Effect of shear lag Clause
The shear lag effect in the flange may be disregarded provided 8.2.1.5
a) for outstanding elements (supported along one edge) b0< L0/20
b) for internal elements (supported along two edges) bi<L0/10
Where L0 = Length between point of zero moment in span
bi =Width of flange as an internal element
b0 = Width of flange with outstand

4.2 Design of Laterally unsupported Beam:

Table No 4.2Detail Procedure for Design of Laterally unsupported Beam [8]

The design procedure of laterally unsupported beam is same as that of laterally Clause
supported beam the only difference is the calculation of the design bending
strength or the moment capacity, as it is governed by laterally torsional buckling
and is given by
Md = βb Zp fbd
1) Calculate Mcr

8.2.2.1

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 13

Developing a Computational Tool
 2 0.5

Mcr = 2
2L ¿ [ ( )]
π 2 EI y hf
1+
1 L¿ / r y
20 hf /t f (note the formula is for the simplified case of I

section)

Where Iy,ry = moment of inertia and radius of gyration respectively about the weaker axis.
LLT = effective length for lateral torsional buckling as per clause 8.3 8.2.2
hf = center to center distance between the flange
tf = thickness of flange
2) Calculate λLT
λLT = √ βb Z p f y / M cr < √ 1.2 Z e f y /M cr
where βb = 1 for plastic and compact section
= Ze/Zp for semi-compact section
Zp,Ze = plastic and elastic section modulus respectively
fy = yield stress
3) Calculate fbd
If λLT < 0.4 the design moment shall be calculate as done in laterally supported
beams 8.2.2.1
Or else following steps shall be followed
Calculate effective length KL from table 15 page 58 IS800-2007

Based on this value determine slenderness ratio KL/r 8.2.2

Calculate hf/tf, based on the value of Kl/r and hf/tf one can determine the value of
fcr,b from table 14 page no 57 IS800:2007

From the value of fcr,b and the value of imperfection parameter αLT the value of fbd
can be determined using table 13(a)/(b) page 55/56 IS800:2007
Other steps are similar to that of laterally restrained beam

Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:

Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Laterally supported beam

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 14

Developing a Computational Tool
 Date:- 15
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-1 of 3
December, 2009

Statement Design a simply supported beam laterally supported to carry a

uniform distributed load of 44KN/m. The effective span of
beam is 8m.[16]

1) Trial section:
Factored moment = 528 KNm
Factored shear force = 176 KN
M γ m0
Zp = fy = 232320 mm3
IS 800:2007
2
Fy = Yield stress= 250N/mm Clause
γm0 = Partial safety factor for material =1.1 10.3.3
Select ISWB500 @ 95.2 Kg/m Clause 5.4.1
Table 5
Dept of Section H 500 mm
Width of Flange bf 250 mm
Thickness of flange tf 14.7 mm
Thickness of web tw 9.9 mm
Plastic section modulus Zp 2351350 mm3
Elastic section modulus ZE 2091600 mm3

2) Classification of Section IS 800:2007

b d Clause 3.7.2
t f = 8.5 , t w = 47.535 Clause 3.7.4
Table 2
Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end Page no 18
of flange b = 120.05 mm
Clear depth of web d = 470.6 mm
The section is plastic
3) Check for Shear Buckling IS 800:2007
Clause
d 8.2.1.2
tw = 47.535 < 67 ε Ok, No shear buckling

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 15

Developing a Computational Tool
4.3 Illustration of Design of Laterally supported beam:

Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:

Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Laterally supported beam
Date:- 15 December,
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-2 of 3
2009

4) Calculation for Bending Moment capacity IS 800:2007

βb Z p f y 1.2 Ze f y Clause 8.2.1.2
Md = γm0 < γ m0

= 534.39 < 570.436 KNm Ok, No plastic deformation occurs at

IS 800:2007
5) Calculation of Shear Capacity Clause 8.4.1
A v f yw
Vd = √3
Av = d tw = 4658.94 mm2
fyw/ √ 3 = 250/ √ 3
IS 800:2007
6) Check for High Shear Clause 8.2.1.2
V< 0.6Vd
176< 0.6 x 383,284
176 < 230.27 KN Hence No need to reduce the design moment
capacity

7) Check for Web Buckling IS 800:2007

Radius of gyration r = tw/2 √ 3 = 2.85 mm Clause 8.7.1.5

K = 0.7, L = 470.6 ie d
KL/r = 115.58
From fig and assuming a
seat angle
ISA 120x120x6 used for
connection
b1= 120 mm
n1= 235.3 mm IS 800:2007
tw = 9.9 mm Clause 7.1.2.1
Awb = 3517.47 mm2 Clause 8.7.3.1
fcd = 89.15 N/mm2 base on value of KL/r from table 9c
Strength of Web = Awbfcd = 313.582 KN > 176 KN
Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 16
Developing a Computational Tool
 Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:
Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Laterally supported beam
Date:- 15
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-3 of 3
December, 2009

8) Check for Web Crippling IS 800:2007

Clause
b1 =120 mm 8.7.4
r1 = 15 mm
tw = 9.9 mm
n2 = 74.25 mm
fyw = 250 N/mm2
Fw = (b1+n2)fyw tw/γm0
= 437.06 KN > 176 KN
Hence Safe against web crippling.
9 Check for Effect of Shear Lag IS 800:2007
b0< L0/20 Clause
b0 = 120 mm 8.2.1.5
L0/20 = 400 mm
Effect of shear lag may be disregarded

Design As per IS800:2007 Design As per IS800:1984[16] % Difference in

weight/meter
ISWB500@95.2 ISWB600@133.7 40.44 %

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 17

Developing a Computational Tool
5. DESIGN OF MEMBER SUBJECTED TO AXIAL AND
BENDING FORCES AS PER IS800:2007
Column in a multistory, multibay structure are generally referred as “Beam-Column”.
Beam column are aptly named, as they behave essentially like restrained beams, forming
plastic hinges, and under other conditions fail by buckling in a similar way to axially loaded
columns or by lateral torsional buckling similar to unrestrained beams. Columns of
multistory, multibay structure are subjected to axial forces along with biaxial moments, hence
these columns are to be designed as member subjected to combined axial and bending forces.

5.1 Design of Beam-Column:

Table No 5.1Detail Procedure for Design of Beam-Column [8]

Step1: Trial section
Selection of the trial section is a trial and error method.
However after gaining experience or by referring some design aids one
can judge the required section.
Step2: Check for axial load capacity Clause
The selected section shall be check for axial load capacity.
Calculate effective length based on support condition from table no 11 7.2.2
page no 45 IS800-2007.
Calculate the slenderness ratio KL/r, where r = √ I / A .
Using the h/bf ratio and tf classify the buckling class of cross-section 7.1.2.2
using table 10 page no 44 IS800:2007 where h = depth of I-section
bf = width of flange
tf = thickness of flange
Now determine the design compressive stress fcd form table no 9 a/b/c/d
page no 40/41/42/43. 7.1.2.1
Thus the design compressive strength Pd = Aefcd 7.1.2
Where Ae = effective sectional area as defined in 7.3.2
Pd > P, where P is the factored axial load
Step3: Classification of section Clause
Once the section is selected it is to be classified asper table 2 page 18 3.7.2
IS800-2007 3.7.4
b d
For that one has to calculate t f , t w

Where b = Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end of flange
tf = Thickness of flange
d = Clear depth of web
tw = thickness of web
Step4: Check for section strength Clause
The section shall be checked for following equation.
For plastic and compact section. 9.3.1.1.
α α
My Mz
( ) ( )
1 2

+
M ndy M ndz <1

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 18

Developing a Computational Tool
 And
N M y Mz
+ + <1
N d M dy M dz
Clause

9.3.1.3

For semi compact section

fx < fy/γm0
N M y Mz
+ +
N d M dy M dz < 1
Where My,Mz = factored applied moment about major and minor axis respectively.
Mndy, Mndz = design reduced flexural strength under combined axial force and the
respective uniaxial moment acting alone.
N = factored applied axial force (tension or compression)
Nd = design strength in tension, Td as obtained by
= Agfy/γm0
Mdy,Mdz = design strength under corresponding moment acting alone (as per 8.2)
Ag = Gross area of the cross- section
α1,α2 = constants as given in table 17 page no71 IS800-2007
γm0 = partial safety factor
For I-section
Mndy = Mdy for n < 0.2
Mndy = 1.56 Mdy (1-n) (n+0.6) for n > 0.2 where n = N/Nd
Mndz = 1.11 Mdz (1-n) < Mdz
Step5: Check for Overall Member Strength Clause
The following equation shall be checked 9.3.2.2
P C M M
+ K y my y + K ¿ z < 1
Pd y M dy M dz

P C M C M
+0.6 K y my y + K z mz z <1
P dz M dy M dz

Where P = Applied axial load

Cmy,cmz CmLT = Equivalent uniform moment factor obtained from table 18
page no72 IS 800:2007, which depends on the shape of the bending
moment diagram between lateral bracing points in the appropriate
plane of bending.
Pdy, Pdz = design strength under axial compression as governed by buckling
about minor(y) and major (z) axis respectively.
Mdy, Mdz = design bending strength about y(minor) and z (major axis respectively
considering laterally unsupported length of cross section Caluse 8.2.2
λy = λLT = Non- dimensional slenderness ratio for lateral buckling about minor axis
λz = Non- dimensional slenderness ration for lateral buckling about major axis
Ky = 1 + (λy-0.2)ny < 1+0.8ny
Kz = 1 + (λz-0.2)nz < 1+0.8nz

0.1 λ ¿ n y 0.1 n y
KLT = 1− > 1− CmLT −0.25
CmLT −0.25
ny,nz = ratio of actual applied axial force to the design axial strength for
buckling about the y and z axis respectively.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 19

Developing a Computational Tool
 Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:
Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Beam-Column
Date:- 15
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-1 of 3
December, 2009

Statement A column is subjected to an axial load of 500 KN. The beam

connected to the flange of a column has an eccentric load of
100KN and the beam connected to web of column has an
eccentric load 50KN. If the effective length of column is 4
meters design the column for both axial force and biaxial
moments.[16]
1) Trial section:
Factored axial force = 975 KN
Assuming fcd = 120 N/mm2
Area of section required = 8125 mm2
Select ISHB400 @ 77.4 Kg/m
IS 800:2007
Depth of Section h 400 mm Clause 7.2.2
Width of Flange bf 250 mm
Thickness of flange tf 12.7 mm
Thickness of web tw 9.1 mm
Plastic section modulus Zpz 2351350 mm3
Elastic section modulus ZEz 2091600 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpy 202315.078 mm3
Elastic section modulus ZEy 218300 mm3
Radius of gyration about zz rz = 168.7mm
Radius of gyration about yy ry = 52.6

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 20

Developing a Computational Tool
 2) Check for axial load capacity IS 800:2007
KL = 4000 mm Clause
KL/ry = 76.04 7.1.2.2
h/bf = 1.6 , tf = 12.7 mm there for buckling class (b) Table 10
fcd = 156.4 N/mm2 Page no 44
Pdy = 1543 KN > 975 KN ok Clause
7.1.2.1
Table 9b
page no 41

5.2 Illustration of Design of Beam-Column:

Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:

Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Beam-Column
Date:- 15 December,
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-2 of 3
2009
3) Classification of Section IS 800:2007
b d Clause 3.7.2
t f = 9.48 , t w = 41.16 Clause 3.7.4
Table 2
Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end of Page no 18
flange b = 195.45 mm
Clear depth of web d = 374.6 mm
The section is compact

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 21

Developing a Computational Tool
4) Check for section strength IS 800:2007
9.1 75 Clause
My = 50 x 10 3
2 (
+
2 )
x 1.5 = 3.153KNm (Assuming the 9.3.1.1

beam connected with a ISA75x75x6)

Similarly
Mz = 35.625 KNm
N = 975 KN
Nd = Agfy/γm0 = 9866 x 250/1.1 = 2242.272 KN
N/Nd = n = 0.43
Mndy = 1.56 Mdy (1-n) (n+0.6) = 42.171
Mndz = 1.11 Mdz (1-n) < Mdz = 223.7929
IS 800:2007
α1 = 1
Clause
α2 = 2
9.3.1.1
α1 α2
Table no 17
My Mz
( ) ( )
M ndy
+
M ndz = 0.1138< 1
Page 71

5) Check for over all member strength IS 800:2007

KL/rz = 4000/168.7 = 23.71 Clause
fcd = 223 N/mm (Table 9b Page no 41 recall as done in step 2) 7.1.2.2
Pdz = 2200.118 Table 10
Pdy = 1543.0 (from step 2) Page no 44
Clause
7.1.2.1
Table 9b
page no 41

Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:

Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Beam-Column
Date:- 15 December,
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-3 of 3
2009

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 22

Developing a Computational Tool
 From KL/ry =76.04 KL/rz = 23.71 IS 800:2007
And Clause
h/tf = 30.49 8.2.2.1
Table 14
fcr,b y = 437 N/mm2 fcr,bz = 4373.44 N/mm2 Page no 57
αLT = 0.21
Clause 8.2.2.
fbdy = 185.802 N/mm2 fbdz = 227.3 N/mm2 Table 13a
Mdy = βZpfcdy Mdy = βZpfcdy page no 55
= 37.59 KNm = 353.75KN/m
λ = λ = √ f y / f cr ,by
y LT λ = √ f y / f c r ,bz
z

= 0.756 = 0.239
Ky = 1 + (λy-0.2)ny < 1+0.8ny = 1.504
Kz = 1 + (λz-0.2)nz < 1+0.8nz = 1.017

0.1 λ ¿ n y 0.1 n y
KLT = 1− > 1− = 0.908
CmLT −0.25 CmLT −0.25

Cmy = Cmz = 1

P C M M
+ K y my y + K ¿ z
P dy M dy M dz = 0.853 < 1

P C M C M
+0.6 K y my y + K z mz z
P dz M dy M dz = 0.621 < 1
IS 800:2007
Clause

Design As per IS800:2007 Design As per IS800:1984 [16] % Difference in

weight/meter
ISHB400@77.4 ISHB400@82.2 6.2 %

6. DESIGN OF SIMPLE COLUMN BASE PLATE AS PER

IS800:2007
There is no doubt in the fact that when one is dealing with the design of a multistoried
steel frame structure, he/she will have to go for gusseted base plates as the column base are

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 23

Developing a Computational Tool
subjected to high bending moments. However in this section we will discus the design
procedure for the simple column base only and the gusseted plate will be considered in the
future scope of the study.

6.1 Design of Simple Column Base Plate:

Table No 6.1Detail Procedure for Design of Simple Column Base Plate[8]

Step1: Calculation bearing strength of concrete
Bearing strength of concrete = 0.45fck as per clause 34.4 IS 456-2000
Step2: Calculation of area of base plate
Area of base plate A = Pu/ bearing strength of concrete.
Try to have a equal projection of base plate.
Thus A = (D+2b) (bf+2a)
Where D = depth of column section
bf = with of flange of column section
a,b = larger and smaller projection of the base plate beyond column
Step3: Calculation of intensity of pressure w acting below the base plate
w = Pu/A1 where A1 is the provided area of base plate.
Step4: Calculate the minimum thickness of the base plate Clause
√2.5 w ( a2 −0.3 b2 ) γ m 0 /f y > tf 7.4.3.1
ts =
Where ts = Thickness of slab base
w = uniform pressure from below on the slab base under the factored axial load
tf = thickness of flange of column section
a,b = larger and smaller projection of the base plate beyond column

Design of Steel Structural Building Asper IS800:2007:

Developing a Computational Tool
Job Title :- Design of Column Base Plate

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 24

Developing a Computational Tool
 Date:- 15
Done By :- Darshit Vejani Sheet no:-1 of 1
December, 2009

Statement A column section ISHB 250@51 Kg/m carries an axial load of

600KN. Design a slab base for the column allowable bearing
pressure of concrete is 4 N/mm2[16]

1) Calculation for Factored Load

Pu = 600x1.5 = 900 KN
2) Calculation of Area of Slab Base
A = Pu / bearing strength of concrete
= 225000 mm2
A = (D+2b) (bf+2a)
=(250+2a) (125+2a) for a=b

4 a2 +750 a−193750=0

a = 150
Area provided A1 LxB = 550 x 425 = 233750
3) Calculation of Intensity of Pressure w acting below the base
plate
w= Pu/A1
w = 3.85 n/mm2
4) Calculate the minimum Thickness of the base Plate IS800:2007
Clause
7.4.3.1
ts = √ 2.5 w ( a −0.3 b ) γ
2 2
m0 /f y > tf = 25.82mm

Provide 32mm thick 550 x 425 Plate or provide two 16mm 550
x 425 and connect the plates by fillet weld at the perifery
6.2 Illustration of Design of Column Base Plate:

7. COMMENTS AND SCOPE OF STUDY

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 25
Developing a Computational Tool
 In order to develop a computational tool (MS Excel program with Visual Basic
Application on the front hand, as proposed) for design of steel building structural element as
per the revise IS800-2007 the first and most important requirement was to understand and get
familiar with the design concepts and procedure of IS800:2007.

In this report the design clauses for connection, design procedure for flexure member,
beam-column and simple column base plate are discussed.

The future scope of the dissertation is listed in a tabular form as follows.

Table 7.1 List of future scope of the dissertation

Sr.no Task
1 Understanding the design concept and procedure for gusseted base plate asper
IS800:2007.
2 Understanding the design concept and procedure for bracing systems asper
IS800:2007.
3 Learning Visual Basic programming language.
4 Developing a design tool in form of spreadsheet for design of individual steel
building structural element.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 26

Developing a Computational Tool
 REFERENCES
[1] Awari, U. R., Design of Compression member (Part II-Built up column, lacing and
Battening), In proceeding of National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using
Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 54-73.
[2] Bhirud, Y. L., Design of Compression member (Part I-Angle Struts), In proceeding of
National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune,
July 2009, 43-53.
[3] Bhusari, J. P., Introduction to Plastic Analysis, In proceeding of National Workshop
on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 105-124.
[4] Dugal, S. K., Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication
company Limited, 2003.
[5] Ghosh, M. M., Philosophy of Limit State Design and Classification of Sections, In
proceeding of National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised
IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 11-22.
[6] Ghosh, M. M., Design of Tension Member, In proceeding of National Workshop on
Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 23-42.
[7] Guha, A., and Bandyopadhyay, T. K., Innovation Structural Design of Tension
Members, Compression Member, Members Subjected to Flexure And Combined
Bending and Axial Force Based on IS:800:2007, Insdag’s Steel in Construction,
Special Issue 2008, 11-20.
[8] IS800:2007, Indian Standard Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel.
[9] IS800:1984, Indian Standard Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel.
[10] Karkare, B., Design of column Base: Slab base and Gusseted base, Moment Resisting
Column base, Anchor bolt, In proceeding of National Workshop on Design of Steel
Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 223-239.
[11] Karnik, A. B., Innovation in off-Shore Pilling for Jetty Construction, Journal of
Indian Society of Structural Engineers, Volume 8-4, Oct-Nov-Dec-2003, 17-20.
[12] Kodag, P. B., Design of Flexural Member Laterally Unsupported, In proceeding of
National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune,
July 2009, 132-139.
[13] Kulkarni, P., Combined Stresses: Moment with High Shear, In proceeding of National
Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009,
182-187.
[14] Kulkarni, P., Combined Stresses: Beam Column axial with Biaxial Bending, In
proceeding of National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised
IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009,187-200.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 27

Developing a Computational Tool
[15] Negi, L. S., Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication
company Limited, 2006.
[16] Ram Chandra, Design of Steel Structures, 10th Edition, Standard Book House, 2002.
[17] Santhakumar, A. R., Earthquake Consideration in Design of Frames, In proceeding of
National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune,
July 2009,251-274.
[18] Shah, V. L., Limit State Design of Steel Structures IS800:2007, Structures
Publications, 2009.
[19] Shah, V. L., Design of Bolted Connections, In proceeding of National Workshop on
Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009,74-93.
[20] Shah, V. L., Design of Welded Connections, In proceeding of National Workshop on
Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 94-104.
[21] Shiyekar, M. R., Design of Flexural Member, Laterally Supported, In proceeding of
National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune,
July 2009, 125-131.
[22] Subramanian, N., Design of Steel Structures, Oxford University Press, 2008.
[23] Teaching Resource Material, Institute of Steel Development and Growth.

Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 28

Developing a Computational Tool