Contents

Chapter 0 Chapter 0 Review 1

Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs 58

Chapter 2 Classes of Functions 114

Chapter 3 The Limit of a Function 171

Chapter 4 The Derivative of a Function 206

Chapter 5 Applications: Graphing Functions; Optimization 285

Chapter 6 The Integral of a Function and Applications 385

Chapter 7 Other Applications and Extensions of the Integral 439

Chapter 8 Calculus of Functions of Two or More Variables 462

Appendix A Graphing Utilities 510

iii
 Chapter 0 Review

0.1 Real Numbers

1. (a) Natural Numbers: 2, 5

(b) Integers: – 6, 2, 5
1
(c) Rational numbers: – 6, , – 1.333…, 2, 5
2
(d) Irrational numbers: π
1
(e) Real numbers: – 6, , – 1.333…, π, 2, 5
2

3. (a) Natural Numbers: 1

(b) Integers: 0, 1
1 1 1
(c) Rational numbers: 0, 1, , ,
2 3 4
(d) Irrational numbers: none
1 1 1
(e) Real numbers: 0, 1, , ,
2 3 4

5. (a) Natural Numbers: none

(b) Integers: none
(c) Rational numbers: none
1
(d) Irrational numbers: 2 , π, 2 + 1, π +
2
1
(e) Real numbers: 2 , π, 2 + 1, π +
2

7. Number: 18.9526 9. Number: 28.65319

Rounded: 18.953 Rounded: 28.653
Truncated: 18.952 Truncated: 28.653

11. Number: 0.06291 13. Number: 9.9985

Rounded: 0.063 Rounded: 9.999
Truncated: 0.062 Truncated: 9.998

15. 3 17. 521

Number: = 0.428571… Number: = 34.73333…
7 15
Rounded: 0.429 Rounded: 34.733
Truncated: 0.428 Truncated: 34.733

19. 3 + 2 = 5 21. x+2=3·4

2 SECTION 0.1

23. 3y = 1 + 2 25. x–2=6

27. x 29. 9–4+2=5+2=7

=6
2

31. – 6 + 4 · 3 = – 6 + 12 = 6 33. 4+5–8=9–8=1

35. 1 12 1 13 37. 6 – [3 · 5 + 2 · (3 – 2)] = 6 – [15 + 2 · 1]

4+ = + = = 6 – [15 + 2]
3 3 3 3
= 6 – 17
= – 11

39. 2 · (3 – 5) + 8 · 2 – 1 = 2 · (-2) + 16 – 1 41. 10 – [6 – 2 · 2 + (8 – 3)] · 2

= – 4 + 16 – 1 = 10 – [6 – 4 + 5] · 2
= 12 – 1 = 11 = 10 – [7] · 2
= 10 – 14
=–4

43. 1 1 45. 4 + 8 12
(5 – 3) = (2) = 1 = =6
2 2 5−3 2

47. 3 10 30 2 49. 6 10 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 4
⋅ = = ⋅ = =
5 21 105 7 25 27 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 9 45

51. 3 2 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 15 + 8 23 53. 5 9 5 ⋅ 5 9 ⋅ 6 25 + 54 79
+ = + = = + = + = =
4 5 4⋅5 4⋅5 20 20 6 5 6⋅5 5⋅6 30 30

55. 5 1 5⋅2 1 ⋅ 3 10 + 3 13 57. 1 7 1⋅ 3 7 ⋅5

+ = + = = − = −
18 12 18 ⋅ 2 12 ⋅ 3 36 36 30 18 30 ⋅ 3 18 ⋅ 5
3 − 35 − 32 16
= = =−
90 90 45

59. 3 2 3⋅3 2⋅4 9 −8 1 61. 5

− = − = =
20 15 20 ⋅ 3 15 ⋅ 4 60 60 18 = 5 ⋅ 27 = 5 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 3 = 15
11 18 11 9 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 11 22
27

63. 6(x + 4) = 6x + 24 65. x(x – 4) = x 2 – 4x

67. (x + 2)(x + 4) = (x + 2)x + (x + 2)4 69. (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 2)x + (x – 2)1

= x2 + 2x + 4x + 8 = x2 – 2x + x – 2
= x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 – x – 2
 SECTION 0.2 3

71. (x – 8)(x – 2) = (x – 8)x + (x – 8)(-2) 73. (x + 2)(x – 2) = (x + 2)x + (x + 2)(-2)

= x2 – 8x – 2x + 16 = x2 + 2x – 2x – 4
= x2 – 10x + 16 = x2 – 4

75. Answers will vary. 77. Answers will vary.

79. Subtraction is not commutative. 81. Division is not commutative. Examples

Examples will vary. will vary.

83. Explanations will vary.

85. There are no real numbers that are both rational and irrational.
There are no real numbers that are neither rational nor irrational.
Explanations will vary.

87. 0.9999 … = 1
To show that 0.9999 … = 1, we let n = 0.9999 …, then 10n = 9.9999 …
10n = 9.9999 … (1)
n = 0.9999 … (2)
9n = 9.0000 … Subtract (2) from (1).
n=1 Divide both sides by 9.

0.2 Algebra Review

1. 3. 1
>0
2

5. –1>–2 7. π > 3.14

9. 1 11. 2
= 0.5 < 0.67
2 3

13. x>0 15. x<2

17. x≤1 19. x≥–2

21. x>–1

23. d(C, D) = |C – D| = |0 – 1| = | – 1| = 1

25. d(D, E) = |D – E | = |1 – 3| = | – 2 | = 2
 SECTION 0.2 3

71. (x – 8)(x – 2) = (x – 8)x + (x – 8)(-2) 73. (x + 2)(x – 2) = (x + 2)x + (x + 2)(-2)

= x2 – 8x – 2x + 16 = x2 + 2x – 2x – 4
= x2 – 10x + 16 = x2 – 4

75. Answers will vary. 77. Answers will vary.

79. Subtraction is not commutative. 81. Division is not commutative. Examples

Examples will vary. will vary.

83. Explanations will vary.

85. There are no real numbers that are both rational and irrational.
There are no real numbers that are neither rational nor irrational.
Explanations will vary.

87. 0.9999 … = 1
To show that 0.9999 … = 1, we let n = 0.9999 …, then 10n = 9.9999 …
10n = 9.9999 … (1)
n = 0.9999 … (2)
9n = 9.0000 … Subtract (2) from (1).
n=1 Divide both sides by 9.

0.2 Algebra Review

1. 3. 1
>0
2

5. –1>–2 7. π > 3.14

9. 1 11. 2
= 0.5 < 0.67
2 3

13. x>0 15. x<2

17. x≤1 19. x≥–2

21. x>–1

23. d(C, D) = |C – D| = |0 – 1| = | – 1| = 1

25. d(D, E) = |D – E | = |1 – 3| = | – 2 | = 2
4 SECTION 0.2

27. d(A, E ) = |A – E | = | – 3 – 3| = | – 6 | = 6

29. If x = – 2 and y = 3, then x + 2y = (– 2) + 2(3) = – 2 + 6 = 4

31. If x = – 2 and y = 3, then 5xy + 2 = 5(– 2)(3) + 2 = – 30 + 2 = – 28

2x 2 ( −2 ) −4 4
33. If x = – 2 and y = 3, then = = =
x − y ( −2 ) − 3 −5 5

35. 3x + 2 y 3 ( −2 ) + 2 ( 3) −6 + 6
If x = – 2 and y = 3, then = = =0
2+ y 2+3 5

37. If x = 3 and y = – 2, then | x + y | = | 3 + (– 2)| = | 1 | = 1

39. If x = 3 and y = – 2, then | x | + | y | = | 3 | + | – 2 | = 3 + 2 = 5

x 3 3
41. If x = 3 and y = – 2, then = = =1
x 3 3

43. If x = 3 and y = – 2, then | 4x – 5y | = | 4(3) – 5(– 2)| = | 12 – (– 10)| = | 22 | = 22

45. If x = 3 and y = – 2,
then 4 x − 5 y = 4 ( 3) − 5 ( −2 ) = 12 − −10 = 12 − 10 = 2 = 2

47. We must exclude values of x that would cause the denominator to equal zero.
x≠0 (c)

49. We must exclude values of x that would cause the denominator to equal zero.
x2 – 9 ≠ 0
(x – 3)(x + 3) ≠ 0
x ≠ 3; x ≠ – 3 (a)

51. We must exclude values of x that would cause the denominator to equal zero, but x2 + 1
can never equal zero, so no values are excluded.

53. We must exclude values of x that would cause the denominator to equal zero.
x3 – x ≠ 0
x(x2 – 1) ≠ 0
x(x – 1)(x + 1) ≠ 0
x ≠ 0; x ≠ 1; x ≠ – 1 (b), (c), and (d)

55. The domain of the variable x is {x | x ≠ 5}.

57. The domain of the variable x is { x | x ≠ – 4}.

 SECTION 0.2 5

59. 5 5
C= ( F − 32 ) If F = 32°, then C = ( 32 − 32 ) = 0°.
9 9

61. 5 5 5
C= ( F − 32 ) If F = 77°, then C = ( 77 − 32 ) = ( 45) = 25°.
9 9 9

63. (– 4) 2 = 16 65. 1 1
4 −2 = 2
=
4 16

(3 – 2) – 1 = 3 (
67. 69. − 2 ) i ( − 1)
1 1 = 32 = 9
3–6 · 34 = 3–6+4 = 3–2 = =
32 9

71. 25 = 5 73.
( − 4)
2
= 16 = 4

75.
(8 x ) 77. x4
2
= 8 2 ⋅ x 3 i 2 = 64 x 6 (x )
3 2
−1 ( − 1) i 2 −2
2
y =x 2i2
⋅y =x y
4
= 2
y

79. x 2y 3 x 2 y 3 x
4
= ⋅ 4 = x 2 − 1 ⋅ y 3− 4 = x ⋅ y − 1 =
xy x y y

81. ( − 2)
3
x 4 ( yz )
2
− 8x 4 y 2 z 2 8 x4 y2 z2 8
2 3
= 3
=− ⋅ ⋅ 3 ⋅ = − ⋅ x 4 −1 ⋅ y 2 −3 ⋅ z 2 −1
3 xy z 9 xy z 9 x y z 9
8 3 −1 8 x 3z 8x 3 z
=− ⋅x ⋅y ⋅z=− ⋅ =−
9 9 y 9y

83. ⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞
−2 −2
⎛ 4x ⎞
2
4 2 ⋅ x 2 16 x 2
⎛ 3y ⎞
⎜ −1 ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 2 =
⎝ 4y ⎠ ⎝ 4x ⎠ ⎝ 3y ⎠ 3 ⋅ y 2 9y 2

85. If x = 2 and y = – 1, then 2 xy − 1 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (− 1) − 1 = − 4 .

87. If x = 2 and y = – 1, then x 2 + y 2 = 2 2 + ( − 1) = 4 + 1 = 5 .

2

89. If x = 2 and y = – 1, then ( xy ) = ( 2 ⋅ ( −1) ) = ( − 2 ) = 4 .

2 2 2

91. If x = 2 and y = – 1, then x2 = 22 = 4 = 2.

93.
x 2 + y 2 = 2 2 + ( − 1) = 4 + 1 = 5 .
2
If x = 2 and y = – 1, then

95. 1
If x = 2 and y = – 1, then x y = 2 − 1 = .
2
6 SECTION 0.2

97. If x = 2, then 2 x 3 − 3x 2 + 5 x − 4 = 2 ( 2 ) − 3 ( 2 ) + 5 ( 2 ) − 4 = 10 .
3 2

If x = 1, then 2 x 3 − 3x 2 + 5 x − 4 = 2 (1) − 3 (1) + 5 (1) − 4 = 0 .

3 2

99. ( 666 ) 101. (8.2 )

4 6
⎛ 666 ⎞
4
= 304,006.6714 = 304,006.671
=⎜ ⎟ = 3 = 81
4

( 222 )
4
⎝ 222 ⎠

103. ( 6.1) 105. ( − 2.8)

−3 6
= 0.0044057 = 0.004 = 481.890304 = 481.890

107. ( − 8.11) 109. 454.2 = 4.542 × 10 2

−4
= 0.00023116 = 0.000

111. 0.013 = 1.3 × 10 − 2 113. 32,155 = 3.2155 × 10 4

115. 0.000423 = 4.23 × 10 − 4 117. 6.15 × 10 4 = 61,500

119. 1.214 × 10 − 3 = 0.001214 121. 1.1 × 10 8 = 110,000,000

123. 8.1 × 10 − 2 = 0.081

125. A = lw; domain: A > 0, l > 0, w > 0

127. C=πd; domain: C > 0, d > 0

129. 3 2
A = ⋅x ; domain: A > 0, x > 0
4

131. 4 3
V = πr ; domain: V > 0, r > 0
3

133. V = x3 ; domain: V > 0, x > 0

135. C = 4000 + 2x
(a) If x = 1000 watches are produced, it will cost
C = 4000 + 2(1000) = $6000.00

(b) If x = 2000 watches are produced, it will cost

C = 4000 + 2(2000) = $8000.00

137. (a) If actual voltage is x = 113 then

|113 – 115| = | - 2 | = 2
Since 2 < 5, an actual voltage of 113 is acceptable.

(b) If actual voltage is x = 109 then

|109 – 115| = | - 6 | = 6
 SECTION 0.3 7

Since 6 > 5, an actual voltage of 109 is not acceptable.

139. (a) If the radius is x = 2.999, then

| x – 3 | = | 2.999 – 3 | = | - 0.001 | = 0.001
Since 0.001 < 0.010 the ball bearing is not acceptable.
(b) If the radius is x = 2.89, then
| x – 3 | = | 2.89 – 3 | = | - 0.11 | = 0.11
Since 0.11 > 0.01, the ball bearing is not acceptable.

141. 1 1
≠ 0.333 ; > 0.333
3 3
1
= 0.333 … ; 0.333… – 0.333 = 0.000333…
3

143. The answer is no. Student answers should justify and explain why not.

145. Answers will vary.

0.3 Polynomials and Rational Expressions

1. (10 x 5
− 8 x 2 ) + ( 3x 3 − 2 x 2 + 6 ) = 10 x 5 + 3x 3 − 10 x 2 + 6

3. ( x + a)
2
− x 2 = ⎡⎣ x 2 + 2ax + a 2 ⎤⎦ − x 2
= 2ax + a 2

5. ( x + 8)( 2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + x + 16 x + 8 = 2 x 2 + 17 x + 8
7. (x 2
+ x − 1)( x 2 − x + 1) = x 2 ( x 2 − x + 1) + x ( x 2 − x + 1) − 1( x 2 − x + 1)
= x 4 − x 3 + x 2 + x 3 − x 2 + x − x 2 + x −1
= x 4 − x 2 + 2x − 1

9. ( x + 1) − ( x − 1) = ( x 3 + 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1) − ( x 3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x − 1)
3 3

= x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 − x 3 + 3x 2 − 3x + 1
= 6x 2 + 2

11. This is the difference of 2 squares.

x 2 − 36 = ( x − 6 )( x + 6 )

13. This is the difference of 2 squares.

1 − 4 x 2 = (1 − 2 x )(1 + 2 x )

15. x 2 + 7 x + 10 = ( x + 5 )( x + 2 ) The product of 5 and 2 is 10; the sum of 5 and 2 is 7.

 SECTION 0.3 7

Since 6 > 5, an actual voltage of 109 is not acceptable.

139. (a) If the radius is x = 2.999, then

| x – 3 | = | 2.999 – 3 | = | - 0.001 | = 0.001
Since 0.001 < 0.010 the ball bearing is not acceptable.
(b) If the radius is x = 2.89, then
| x – 3 | = | 2.89 – 3 | = | - 0.11 | = 0.11
Since 0.11 > 0.01, the ball bearing is not acceptable.

141. 1 1
≠ 0.333 ; > 0.333
3 3
1
= 0.333 … ; 0.333… – 0.333 = 0.000333…
3

143. The answer is no. Student answers should justify and explain why not.

145. Answers will vary.

0.3 Polynomials and Rational Expressions

1. (10 x 5
− 8 x 2 ) + ( 3x 3 − 2 x 2 + 6 ) = 10 x 5 + 3x 3 − 10 x 2 + 6

3. ( x + a)
2
− x 2 = ⎡⎣ x 2 + 2ax + a 2 ⎤⎦ − x 2
= 2ax + a 2

5. ( x + 8)( 2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + x + 16 x + 8 = 2 x 2 + 17 x + 8
7. (x 2
+ x − 1)( x 2 − x + 1) = x 2 ( x 2 − x + 1) + x ( x 2 − x + 1) − 1( x 2 − x + 1)
= x 4 − x 3 + x 2 + x 3 − x 2 + x − x 2 + x −1
= x 4 − x 2 + 2x − 1

9. ( x + 1) − ( x − 1) = ( x 3 + 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1) − ( x 3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x − 1)
3 3

= x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 − x 3 + 3x 2 − 3x + 1
= 6x 2 + 2

11. This is the difference of 2 squares.

x 2 − 36 = ( x − 6 )( x + 6 )

13. This is the difference of 2 squares.

1 − 4 x 2 = (1 − 2 x )(1 + 2 x )

15. x 2 + 7 x + 10 = ( x + 5 )( x + 2 ) The product of 5 and 2 is 10; the sum of 5 and 2 is 7.

8 SECTION 0.3

17. This polynomial cannot be factored; it is prime.

19. This polynomial cannot be factored; it is prime.

21. 15 + 2 x − x 2 = ( 5 − x )( 3 + x ) The product 5 · 3 =15; the sum 5 · 1 + 3 · (– 1) = 2.

23. 3x 2 − 12 x − 36 = 3 ( x 2 − 4 x − 12 ) Factor out the common factor of 3.

= 3 ( x − 6 )( x + 2 ) The product – 6 · 2 = –12; the sum – 6 + 2 = – 4.

25. y 4 + 11 y 3 + 30 y 2 = y 2 ( y 2 + 11y + 30 ) Factor out the common factor of y 2.

= y 2 ( y + 5 )( y + 6 ) The product 5 · 6 = 30; the sum 5 + 6 = 11.

27. This polynomial is a perfect square.

4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3)
2

29. 3 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = ( 3 x + 1)( x + 1) The products 3 · 1 = 3 and 1 · 1 = 1; the sum 3 · 1 + 1 · 1 = 4.

31. x 4 − 81 = ( x 2 − 9 )( x 2 + 9 ) 4
Treat x − 81 as the difference of 2 squares, and factor.

= ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x 2 + 9 ) 2
x − 9 is the difference of 2 squares.

33. Let u = x 3. Then

x 6 − 2 x 3 + 1 = u 2 − 2u + 1 = ( u − 1)( u − 1) = ( u − 1)
2

Now substitute back for u. That is, replace u with x 3.

x 6 − 2 x 3 + 1 = ( x 3 − 1)
2

35. x 7 − x 5 = x 5 ( x 2 − 1) Factor out the common factor of x 5.

= x 5 ( x − 1)( x + 1) 2
x − 1 is the difference of 2 squares.

37. 5 + 16 x − 16 x 2 = (1 + 4 x )( 5 − 4 x ) The products 4 · (– 4) = – 16 and 1 · 5 = 5;

the sum 1 · (– 4) + 4 · 5 = 16.

39. 4 y 2 − 16 y + 15 = ( 2 y − 5 )( 2 y − 3) The products 2 · 2 = 4 and – 5 · (– 3) = 15;

the sum 2 · (– 3) + (– 5) · 2 = – 16.

41. Let u = x 2, then

1 − 8 x 2 − 9 x 4 = 1 − 8u − 9u 2 = (1 − 9u )(1 + u )
Now substitute back for u. That is, replace u with x 2.
1 − 8 x 2 − 9 x 4 = (1 − 9 x 2 )(1 + x 2 )
1 − 9x 2 is the difference of 2 squares.
 SECTION 0.3 9

1 − 8 x 2 − 9 x 4 = (1 − 9 x 2 )(1 + x 2 ) = (1 − 3 x )(1 + 3 x ) (1 + x 2 )

43. x ( x + 3) − 6 ( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( x − 6 ) Factor out the common factor x + 3.

45. ( x + 2) − 2 ( x + 2 ) = ( x + 2 ) ⎡⎣( x + 2 ) − 5⎤⎦

2
Factor out the common factor x + 2.

= ( x + 2 )( x − 3) Simplify.

47. 6 x ( 2 − x ) − 9 x 2 ( 2 − x ) = 3 x ( 2 − x ) ⎡⎣ 2 ( 2 − x ) − 3 x ⎤⎦
4 3 3
Factor out the common factors.

= 3x ( 2 − x ) ( 4 − 2 x − 3x )
3
Simplify.

= 3x ( 2 − x ) ( 4 − 5 x )
3
Simplify.

= 3x ( x − 2 ) ( 5 x − 4 )
3
Multiply (x – 2) 3 by (– 1) 3 and
(5x – 4) by – 1. [(– 1) 3 · (– 1) = 1].

49. x 3 + 2 x 2 − x − 2 = ( x 3 + 2 x 2 ) − ( x + 2 ) Group the polynomial into the difference of 2 binomials.

= x 2 ( x + 2 ) − 1( x + 2 ) Factor the common factors from each binomial.
= ( x 2 − 1) ( x + 2 ) Factor the common factor x + 2.

= ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 2 ) Factor the difference of 2 squares.

51. x 4 − x 3 + x − 1 = ( x 4 − x 3 ) + ( x − 1) Group the polynomial into the sum of 2 binomials.

= x 3 ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) Factor the common factors from each binomial.

= ( x − 1) ( x 3 + 1) Factor the common factor x – 1.

= ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1) Factor the sum of 2 cubes.

3 x − 6 x 2 − x − 6 3 ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3) ( x + 2 )
53.
⋅ = ⋅ Factor.
5x x2 −4 5x ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
3 ( x − 3)
= Simplify.
5x

4 x 2 − 1 x 2 − 4 x ( 2 x − 1) ( 2 x + 1) x ( x − 4 ) (2 x − 1) x
55.
⋅ = ⋅ =
x 2 − 16 2 x + 1 ( x − 4) ( x + 4) 2x + 1 x+4

57. x x x x
− 2 = −
x − 7 x + 6 x − 2 x − 24 ( x − 6 )( x − 1) ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )
2

x ( x + 4) x ( x − 1)
= −
( x − 6 )( x − 1)( x + 4 ) ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1)
10 SECTION 0.3

x 2 + 4x x2 − x
= −
( x − 6 )( x − 1)( x + 4 ) ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1)
x 2 + 4x − x 2 + x
=
( x − 6 )( x − 1)( x + 4 )
5x
=
( x − 6 )( x − 1)( x + 4 )
59. 4 2 4 2
− 2 = −
x − 4 x + x − 6 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
2

4 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 2)
= −
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
4 ( x + 3) − 2 ( x + 2 )
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 3)
4 x + 12 − 2 x − 4
=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 3)
2x + 8 2 ( x + 4)
= =
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 3)
61. 1 2 3 1 2 3
− 2 + 3 = − + 2
x x +x x −x 2
x x ( x + 1) x ( x − 1)
x ( x + 1)( x − 1) 2 x ( x − 1) 3 ( x + 1)
= − 2 + 2
x ( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2

x ( x + 1)( x − 1) − 2 x ( x − 1) + 3 ( x + 1)
=
x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x 3 − x − 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3x + 3
=
x 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x 3 − 2x 2 + 4x + 3
= 2
x ( x + 1)( x − 1)

63. 1⎛ 1 1⎞ 1⎛ x 1( x + h ) ⎞
⎜ − ⎟= ⎜⎜ − ⎟
h⎝ x+h x⎠ h ⎝ ( x + h ) x x ( x + h ) ⎟⎠
1⎛ x− x−h⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
h ⎜⎝ ( x + h ) x ⎟⎠
⎛ − h ⎞
1
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ( x + h) x ⎠
h
1
=−
x ( x + h)
 SECTION 0.3 11

65. 2 ( 3 x + 4 ) + ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 2 ( 3 x + 4 ) ⋅ 3 = ( 3 x + 4 ) ⎡⎣ 2 ( 3 x + 4 ) + 6 ( 2 x + 3) ⎤⎦
2

= ( 3 x + 4 )( 6 x + 8 + 12 x + 18 )
= ( 3 x + 4 )(18 x + 26 )
= 2 ( 3 x + 4 )( 9 x + 13)

67. 2 x ( 2 x + 5) + x 2 ⋅ 2 = 2 x ( 2 x + 5 + x )
= 2 x ( 3x + 5)

69. 2 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) + ( x + 3) ⋅ 3 ( x − 2 ) = ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ⎡⎣ 2 ( x − 2 ) + 3 ( x + 3) ⎤⎦

3 2 2 2

= ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( 2 x − 4 + 3x + 9 )
2

= ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( 5 x + 5 )
2

= 5 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)
2

71. ( 4 x − 3) + x ⋅ 2 ( 4 x − 3) ⋅ 4 = ( 4 x − 3) ⎡⎣( 4 x − 3) + 8 x ⎤⎦
2

= ( 4 x − 3)(12 x − 3)
= 3 ( 4 x − 3)( 4 x − 1)

73. 2 ( 3 x − 5 ) ⋅ 3 ( 2 x + 1) + ( 3 x − 5 ) ⋅ 3 ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 2 = 6 ( 3 x − 5 )( 2 x + 1) ⎡⎣( 2 x + 1) + ( 3 x − 5 ) ⎤⎦
3 2 2 2

= 6 ( 3x − 5 )( 2 x + 1) ( 5 x − 4 )
2

75. ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 3 − ( 3 x − 5 ) ⋅ 2 = 6 x + 9 − 6 x + 10
=
19
( 3x − 5) ( 3x − 5) ( 3x − 5 )
2 2 2

77. x ⋅ 2 x − ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ 1 2x 2 − x 2 −1 x 2 −1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
= = =
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

79. ( 3x + 1) ⋅ 2 x − x 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 x 2 + 2 x − 3x 2 =
3x 2 + 2 x
( 3x + 1) ( 3x + 1) ( 3x + 1)
2 2 2

81. (x 2
+ 1) ⋅ 3 − ( 3x + 4 ) ⋅ 2 x
=
3x 2 + 3 − 6 x 2 − 8 x
=
−3x 2 − 8 x + 3
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
12 SECTION 0.4

0.4 Solving Equations

1. 3x = 21 3. 5x + 15 = 0
x=7 5x = – 15
x=–3

5. 2x – 3 = 5 7. 1 5
2x = 8 x=
3 12
x=4 5 3
x= ⋅
12 4 1
5
x=
4

9. 6 – x = 2x + 9 11. 2(3 + 2x) = 3(x – 4)

– 3x = 3 6 + 4x = 3x – 12
x=–1 x = – 18

13. 8 x − ( 2 x + 1) = 3 x − 10 15. 1 3
x−4= x
6 x − 1 = 3 x − 10 2 4
3x = – 9 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
4 ⋅ ⎜ x − 4⎟ = 4 ⋅ ⎜ x⎟
x=–3 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
2x – 16 = 3x
x = – 16

17. 0.9t = 0.4 + 0.1t 19. 2 4

0.8t = 0.4 + =3
y y
0.4 6
t= = 0.5 =3
0.8 y
3y = 6
y=2

21. ( x + 7 )( x − 1) = ( x + 1) 23. z ( z 2 + 1) = 3 + z 3
2

x 2 − x + 7x − 7 = x 2 + 2x + 1 z3 + z = 3+ z3
x 2 + 6x − 7 = x 2 + 2x + 1 z=3
6x − 7 = 2x + 1
4x = 8
x=2

25. x 2 = 9x 27. t 3 − 9t 2 = 0
x 2 − 9x = 0 t 2 (t − 9) = 0
x ( x − 9) = 0 t 2 = 0 or t – 9 = 0
x = 0 or x − 9 = 0 t = 0 or t = 9
x=9
The solution set is {0, 9}.
The solution set is {0, 9}.
 SECTION 0.4 13

29. 3 2 31. (x + 2)(3x) = (x + 2)(6)

=
2x − 3 x + 5 3x 2 + 6 x = 6 x + 12
3(x + 5) = 2(2x – 3) 3x 2 − 12 = 0
3x + 15 = 4x – 6 x2 −4 = 0
x = 21 x2 = 4
x = – 2 or x = 2

The solution set is {– 2, 2}.

33. 2 3 10
= + L.C.D.: (x + 5)(x – 2)
x − 2 x + 5 ( x + 5 )( x − 2 )
2 ( x + 5) 3( x − 2) 10
= + Write with the common denominator.
( x − 2 )( x + 5) ( x + 5)( x − 2 ) ( x + 5)( x − 2 )
2( x + 5) = 3( x − 2) + 10 Solve the equation formed by the numerators.
2x + 10 = 3x – 6 + 10
x=6 Check the answer for extraneous solutions.

The solution set is {6}.

35. 2x = 6 37. 2x + 3 = 5
Either Either
2x = 6 or 2x = – 6 2x + 3 = 5 or 2x + 3 = – 5
x = 3 or x = – 3 2x = 2 or 2x = – 8
The solution set is {– 3, 3}. x = 1 or x=–4
The solution set is {– 4, 1}.

39. 1 − 4t = 5 41. − 2x = 8
Either Either
1 – 4t = 5 or 1 – 4t = – 5 – 2x = 8 or – 2x = – 8
– 4t = 4 or – 4t = – 6 x = – 4 or x=4
3
t = – 1 or t= The solution set is {– 4, 4}.
2
⎧ 3⎫
The solution set is ⎨− 1, ⎬ .
⎩ 2⎭

43. −2 x=4 45. 1

x−2 =−
2x = 4 2
x=2 This equation has no solution. Absolute
values are always nonnegative.
14 SECTION 0.4

47. x2 −4 = 0
x2 −4 = 0
x2 = 4
x=±2
The solution set is {– 2, 2}.

49. x 2 − 2x = 3
Either
x 2 − 2x = 3 or x 2 − 2x = − 3
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 x 2 − 2x + 3 = 0 a = 1, b = – 2, c = 3
( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0 The discriminant, b 2 − 4ac = 4 – 12 = – 8 is
x – 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 negative; the equation has no real solutions.
x = 3 or x=–1

The solution set is {– 1, 3}.

51. x 2 + x −1 = 1
Either
x 2 + x −1 = 1 or x 2 + x −1 = − 1
x2 + x−2 = 0 x2 + x = 0
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 0 x ( x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x+2=0 or x = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 1 or x=–2 or x = 0 or x = – 1

The solution set is {– 2, – 1, 0, 1}.

53. x 2 = 4x 55. z 2 + 4 z − 12 = 0
x 2 − 4x = 0 (z – 2)(z + 6) = 0
x(x – 4) = 0 z – 2 = 0 or z + 6 = 0
x = 0 or x – 4 = 0 z = 2 or z=–6
x=4 The solution set is {– 6, 2}.
The solution set is {0, 4}.

57. 2 x 2 − 5x − 3 = 0 59. x ( x − 7 ) + 12 = 0
(2x + 1)(x – 3) = 0 x 2 − 7 x + 12 = 0
2x + 1 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
(x – 3)(x – 4) = 0
1 x – 3 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
x=– or x=3
2 x = 3 or x=4
⎧ 1 ⎫ The solution set is {3, 4}.
The solution set is ⎨− , 3⎬ .
⎩ 2 ⎭
 SECTION 0.4 15

61. 4 x 2 + 9 = 12 x 63. 6
6x − 5 =
4 x − 12 x + 9 = 0 x
(2x – 3)(2x – 3) = 0 6 x − 5x = 6
2

2x – 3 = 0 6x − 5x − 6 = 0
2

3 (3x + 2)(2x – 3) = 0
x=
2 3x + 2 = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0
⎧3⎫ 2 3
The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ . x=– or x =
⎩2⎭ 3 2
⎧ 2 3⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 3 2⎭

65. 4( x − 2) 3 −3
+ = The lowest common denominator is x(x – 3).
x−3 x x ( x − 3)
4 x ( x − 2 ) 3 ( x − 3) −3
+ = Write the equation with the common denominator.
x ( x − 3) x ( x − 3) x ( x − 3)
4 x ( x − 2 ) + 3 ( x − 3) = − 3 Consider the equation formed by the numerator.
4 x − 8 x + 3x − 9 = − 3
2
Simplify.
4 x 2 − 5x − 6 = 0 Put the quadratic equation in standard form.
(4x + 3)(x – 2) = 0 Factor.
4x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 Use the Zero-Product Property.
3
x=– or x = 2 Solve; be sure to check for extraneous solutions.
4
⎧ 3 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨− , 2 ⎬ .
⎩ 4 ⎭

67. x 2 = 25 69. ( x − 1)
2
=4
x = ± 25 x −1 = ± 4
x=±5 x −1 = ± 2
The solution set is {– 5, 5}. x = 2 + 1 or x = – 2 + 1
x=3 or x = – 1
The solution set is {– 1, 3}.

71. ( 2 x + 3) 73. x 2 + 8x
2
=9
2
2x + 3 = ± 9 ⎛8⎞
Add ⎜ ⎟ = 16.
2x + 3 = ± 3 ⎝2⎠
2 x = − 3 + 3 or 2x = − 3 − 3 Result x 2 + 8 x + 16
2x = 0 or 2x = – 6
x=0 or x=–3
The solution set is {–3, 0}.
16 SECTION 0.4

75. 1 77. 2
x2 + x x2 − x
2 3
2 2
⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1
Add ⎜ ⎟ = Add ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝4⎠ 16 ⎝3⎠ 9
1 1 2 1
Result x 2 + x + Result x 2 − x +
2 16 3 9

79. x 2 + 4 x = 21
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 21 + 4 Add 4 to both sides.
( x + 2 ) = 25
2
Factor.
x+2=± 5 Use the Square Root Method.
x = − 2±5
The solution set is {– 7, 3}.

81. 1 3
x2 − x− =0
2 16
1 3
x2 − x =
2 16
1 1 3 1 1
x2 − x+ = + Add to both sides.
2 16 16 16 16
2
⎛ 1⎞ 4
⎜x− ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ 16
1 4
x− =±
4 16
1 2
x= ±
4 4
⎧ 1 3⎫
The solution set is ⎨− , ⎬ .
⎩ 4 4⎭

83. 1
3x 2 + x − =0
2
1 1
x2 + x− = 0
3 6
1 1
x2 + x =
3 6
1 1 1 1
x2 + x+ = +
3 36 6 36
2
⎛ 1⎞ 7
⎜x+ ⎟ =
⎝ 6⎠ 36
1 7
x+ =±
6 36
 SECTION 0.4 17

1 7
x=− ±
6 6
⎧⎪ − 1 − 7 − 1 + 7 ⎫⎪
The solution set is ⎨ , ⎬.
⎩⎪ 6 6 ⎪⎭

85. x 2 − 4x + 2 = 0 a = 1, b = – 4, and c = 2
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( − 4 ) − 4 (1)( 2 ) = 16 − 8 = 8 is positive, so there are 2 real
2 2

solutions to the equation.

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 4± 8 4±2 2
x= = = =2± 2
2a 2 2
{
The solution set is 2 − 2, 2 + 2 . }
87. x 2 − 5x − 1 = 0 a = 1, b = – 5, and c = – 1
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( − 5 ) − 4 (1)( − 1) = 25 + 4 = 29 is positive, so there are 2 real
2 2

solutions to the equation.

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 5 ± 29
x= =
2a 2
⎧⎪ 5 − 29 5 + 29 ⎪⎫
The solution set is ⎨ , ⎬.
⎩⎪ 2 2 ⎭⎪

89. 2 x 2 − 5x + 3 = 0 a = 2, b = – 5, and c = 3
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( − 5 ) − 4 ( 2 )( 3) = 25 − 24 = 1 is positive, so there are 2 real
2 2

solutions to the equation.

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 5 ± 1 5 ±1
x= = =
2a 4 4
⎧ 3⎫
The solution set is ⎨1, ⎬ .
⎩ 2⎭

91. 4y 2 − y + 2 = 0 a = 4, b = – 1, and c = 2
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( − 1) − 4 ( 4 )( 2 ) = 1 − 32 = − 31 is negative, so the equation
2 2

has no real solution.

93. 4 x 2 = 1 − 2 x First we rewrite the equation in standard form.

4x 2 + 2x − 1 = 0 a = 4, b = 2, and c = – 1
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( 2 ) − 4 ( 4 )( −1) = 4 + 16 = 20 is positive, so there are 2 real
2 2

solutions to the equation.

−b ± b 2 − 4ac − 2 ± 20 − 2 ± 2 5 − 1 ± 5
x= = = =
2a 8 8 4
18 SECTION 0.4

⎧⎪ − 1 − 5 − 1 + 5 ⎫⎪
The solution set is ⎨ , ⎬.
⎪⎩ 4 4 ⎪⎭

95. x 2 + 3x − 3 = 0 a = 1, b = 3 , and c = – 3

( 3)
2
The discriminant b2 – 4ac = − 4 (1)( − 3) = 3 + 12 = 15 is positive, so there are 2 real
solutions to the equation.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac − 3 ± 15
x= =
2a 2
⎧⎪ − 3 − 15 − 3 + 15 ⎫⎪
The solution set is ⎨ , ⎬.
⎪⎩ 2 2 ⎪⎭

97. x 2 − 5x + 7 = 0 a = 1, b = – 5, and c = 7
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( − 5 ) − 4 (1)( 7 ) = 25 − 28 = − 3 is negative, so the equation
2 2

has no real solution.

99. 9 x 2 − 30 x + 25 = 0 a = 9, b = – 30, and c = 25

The discriminant b – 4ac = ( − 30 ) − 4 ( 9 )( 25 ) = 900 − 900 = 0 , so the equation has a
2 2

repeated solution, a root of multiplicity 2.

101. 3x 2 + 5 x − 8 = 0 a = 3, b = 5, and c = – 8
The discriminant b – 4ac = ( 5 ) − 4 ( 3)( − 8 ) = 25 + 96 = 121 is positive, so there are 2 real
2 2

solutions to the equation.

103. ax – b = c
ax = b + c
b+c
x=
a

105. x x
+ =c
a b
bx ax abc
+ =
ab ab ab
bx + ax = abc
(b + a)x = abc
abc
x=
a+b

107. 1 1 2
+ =
x − a x + a x −1
 SECTION 0.4 19

( x + a )( x − 1) + ( x − a )( x − 1) = 2 ( x − a )( x + a )
( x − a )( x + a )( x − 1) ( x − a )( x + a )( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x − a )( x + a )
( x + a )( x − 1) + ( x − a )( x − 1) = 2 ( x − a )( x + a )
x 2 + ax − x − a + x 2 − x − ax + a = 2 x 2 + 2ax − 2ax − 2a 2
2 x 2 − 2 x = 2 x 2 − 2a 2
−2 x = −2a 2
x = a2

109. 1 1 1
= +
R R1 R 2
R1R 2 RR 2 RR1
= +
RR1R 2 RR1R 2 RR1R 2
R 1R 2 = RR 2 + RR1
(
R 1R 2 = R R 2 + R1 )
R1R 2
R=
R1 + R 2

111. mv 2
F=
R
FR = mv 2
mv 2
R=
F

113. a
S=
1− r
S (1 − r ) = a
S − Sr = a
Sr = S − a
S −a
r=
S

115. The roots of the quadratic function ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are

−b − b 2 − 4ac −b + b 2 − 4ac
x1 = and x2 =
2a 2a
−b − b 2 − 4ac −b + b 2 − 4ac
The sum x 1 + x 2 = +
2a 2a
− b − b 2 − 4ac + ( − b ) + b 2 − 4ac
=
2a
− 2b b
= =−
2a a
20 SECTION 0.5

117. If kx 2 + x + k = 0 has a repeated real solution, then its discriminant is zero.

a = k, b = 1, and c = k
discriminant: b 2 – 4ac = 1 2 – 4(k)(k) = 0
1 – 4k 2 = 0
4k 2 = 1
2k = ± 1
1 1
So the equation has one repeated root if k = or k = – .
2 2

119. The real solutions of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are

−b − b 2 − 4ac −b + b 2 − 4ac
x1 = and x 2 =
2a 2a
b + b 2 − 4ac b − b 2 − 4ac
=− =−
2a 2a

The real solutions of the equation ax 2 – bx + c = 0 are

b − b 2 − 4ac b + b 2 − 4ac
x3 = and x4 =
2a 2a

So x 1 = – x 4 and x 2 = – x 3.

121. (a) x 2 = 9 and x = 3 are not equivalent. The solution set of x 2 = 9 is { – 3, 3}, but the
solution set of x = 3 is {3}.

(b) x = 9 and x = 3 are equivalent since they both have the same solution set, {3}.

(c) (x – 1)(x – 2) = (x – 1) 2 and x – 2 = x – 1 are not equivalent. The solution of the first
equation is {1}, but the second equation has no solution.

123. – 127. Answers will vary.

0.5 Intervals; Solving Inequalities

1. The graph represents [0, 2] or 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. 3. The graph represents (– 1, 2)

or – 1 < x < 2.

5. The graph represents [0, 3) 7. [0, 4]

or 0 ≤ x < 3.

9. [4, 6) 11. [4, ∞)

20 SECTION 0.5

117. If kx 2 + x + k = 0 has a repeated real solution, then its discriminant is zero.

a = k, b = 1, and c = k
discriminant: b 2 – 4ac = 1 2 – 4(k)(k) = 0
1 – 4k 2 = 0
4k 2 = 1
2k = ± 1
1 1
So the equation has one repeated root if k = or k = – .
2 2

119. The real solutions of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are

−b − b 2 − 4ac −b + b 2 − 4ac
x1 = and x 2 =
2a 2a
b + b 2 − 4ac b − b 2 − 4ac
=− =−
2a 2a

The real solutions of the equation ax 2 – bx + c = 0 are

b − b 2 − 4ac b + b 2 − 4ac
x3 = and x4 =
2a 2a

So x 1 = – x 4 and x 2 = – x 3.

121. (a) x 2 = 9 and x = 3 are not equivalent. The solution set of x 2 = 9 is { – 3, 3}, but the
solution set of x = 3 is {3}.

(b) x = 9 and x = 3 are equivalent since they both have the same solution set, {3}.

(c) (x – 1)(x – 2) = (x – 1) 2 and x – 2 = x – 1 are not equivalent. The solution of the first
equation is {1}, but the second equation has no solution.

123. – 127. Answers will vary.

0.5 Intervals; Solving Inequalities

1. The graph represents [0, 2] or 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. 3. The graph represents (– 1, 2)

or – 1 < x < 2.

5. The graph represents [0, 3) 7. [0, 4]

or 0 ≤ x < 3.

9. [4, 6) 11. [4, ∞)

 SECTION 0.5 21

13. (– ∞, – 4) 15. 2≤x≤5

17. – 3 < x < – 2 19. 4≤x<∞

21. – ∞ < x < – 3

23. 3 < 5
(a) 3 + 3 < 5 + 3 (b) 3 – 5 < 5 – 5
6<8 –2<0

(c) (3)(3) < (3)(5) (d) (– 2)(3) > (– 2)(5)

9 < 15 – 6 > – 10

25. 4 > – 3
(a) 4 + 3 > – 3 + 3 (b) 4 – 5 > – 3 – 5
7>0 –1>–8

(c) (3)(4) > (3)( – 3) (d) (– 2)(4) < (– 2)( – 3)

12 > – 9 –8<6

27. 2x + 1 < 2
(a) (2x + 1) + 3 < 2 + 3 (b) (2x + 1) – 5 < 2 – 5
2x + 4 < 5 2x – 4 < – 3

(c) (3)(2x + 1) < (3)(2) (d) (– 2) (2x + 1) > (– 2)(2)

6x + 3 < 6 – 4x – 2 > – 4

29. < x<5 31. > x>–4

x–5<5–5 x+4>–4+4
x<0 x+4>0

33. ≥ x≥–4 35. < x>6

3x ≥ (3)(– 4) – 2x < (– 2)(6)
3x ≥ – 12 – 2x < – 12

37. ≤ x≥5 39. > 2x > 6

– 4x ≤ (– 4)(5) 2x 6
– 4x ≤ – 20 >
2 2
x>3
22 SECTION 0.5

41. 1 43. x+1<5

≥ − x≤3 x+1–1<5–1
2
x<4
( − 2 ) ⋅ ⎛⎜ − x ⎞⎟ ≥ ( − 2 )( 3)
1
⎝ 2 ⎠ The solution set is {x | x < 4} or the
x≥–6 interval (– ∞, 4).

45. 1 – 2x ≤ 3 47. 3x – 7 > 2

1 – 2x – 1 ≤ 3 – 1 3x – 7 + 7 > 2 + 7
– 2x ≤ 2 3x > 9
− 2x 2 3x 9
≥ >
−2 −2 3 3
x≥–1 x>3

The solution set is {x | x > 3} or the

The solution set is {x | x ≥ – 1} or the interval (3, ∞).
interval [– 1, ∞).

49. 3x – 1 ≥ 3 + x 51. – 2(x + 3) < 8

3x – 1 + 1 ≥ 3 + x + 1 − 2 ( x + 3) 8
3x ≥ 4 + x >
−2 −2
3x – x ≥ 4 + x – x
2x ≥ 4 x+3>–4
x≥2 x+3–3>–4–3
x>–7
The solution set is {x | x ≥ 2} or the
The solution set is {x | x > – 7} or the
interval [2, ∞).
interval (– 7, ∞).

53. 4 − 3 (1 − x ) ≤ 3 55. 1
( x − 4) > x + 8
4 − 3 + 3x ≤ 3 2
1 + 3x ≤ 3 ⎡1 ⎤
2 ⋅ ⎢ ( x − 4 )⎥ > 2 ⋅ ( x + 8)
1 + 3x – 1 ≤ 3 – 1 ⎣2 ⎦
3x ≤ 2 x – 4 > 2x + 16
2 x – 4 – x > 2x + 16 – x
x≤
3 – 4 > x + 16
⎧ 2⎫ – 4 – 16 > x + 16 – 16
The solution set is ⎨ x x ≤ ⎬ or the – 20 > x or x < – 20
⎩ 3⎭
⎛ 2⎤ The solution set is {x | x < – 20} or the
interval ⎜ − ∞, ⎥ .
⎝ 3⎦ interval (– ∞, – 20).
 SECTION 0.5 23

57. x x
≥ 1−
2 4
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
4 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 4 ⋅ ⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
2x ≥ 4 – x
2x + x ≥ 4 – x + x
3x ≥ 4
4
x≥
3
⎧ 4⎫
The solution set is ⎨ x x ≥ ⎬ or the
⎩ 3⎭
⎡4 ⎞
interval ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎣3 ⎠

59. 0 ≤ 2x – 6 ≤ 4 is equal to the two inequalities

0 ≤ 2x – 6 and 2x – 6 ≤ 4
0 + 6 ≤ 2x – 6 + 6 2x – 6 + 6 ≤ 4 + 6
6 ≤ 2x 2x ≤ 10
3≤x x≤5

The solution set consists of all x for which x ≥ 3 and x ≤ 5 which is written either as
{x | 3 ≤ x ≤ 5} or as the interval [3, 5].

61. − 5 ≤ 4 − 3x ≤ 2 is equal to the two inequalities

− 5 ≤ 4 − 3x and 4 − 3x ≤ 2
– 9 ≤ – 3x – 3x ≤ – 2
3≥x 2
x≥
3
2
The solution set consists of all x for which x ≥ and x ≤ 3 which is written either as
3
⎧ 2 ⎫ ⎡2 ⎤
⎨x ≤ x ≤ 3 ⎬ or as the interval ⎢⎣ 3 , 3 ⎥⎦ .
⎩ 3 ⎭
24 SECTION 0.5

63. 2x − 1
−3< < 0 is equal to the two inequalities
4
2x − 1 and 2x − 1
−3< <0
4 4
– 12 < 2x – 1 2x – 1 < 0
– 11 < 2x 2x < 1
11 1
− <x x<
2 2
11 1
The solution set consists of all x for which x ≥ − and x ≤ which is written either as
2 2
⎧ 11 1⎫ ⎛ 11 1 ⎞
⎨ x − < x < ⎬ or as the interval ⎜ − , ⎟ .
⎩ 2 2⎭ ⎝ 2 2⎠

65. 1
1 <1− x < 4 is equal to the two inequalities
2
1 and 1
1 <1− x 1− x<4
2 2
1 1
0<− x − x<3
2 2
0>x x>–6

The solution set consists of all x for which x > – 6 and x < 0 which is written either as
{x | – 6 < x < 0} or as the interval (– 6, 0).

67. 1 1
( 4x + 2 )
−1
= < 0 is satisfied if 4x + 2 < 0. That is, when 4x < – 2 or x < − .
4x + 2 2
⎧ 1⎫ ⎛ 1⎞
The solution set is written either as ⎨ x x < − ⎬ or as the interval ⎜ − ∞, − ⎟ .
⎩ 2⎭ ⎝ 2⎠

69. 2 3
0< < is equal to the two inequalities
x 5
2 and 2 3
0< <
x x 5
2 10 < 3x
0 < when x > 0.
x 10
<x
3
10
The solution set consists of all x for which x > 0 and x > which is written either as
3
 SECTION 0.5 25

⎧ 10 ⎫ ⎛ 10 ⎞
⎨ x x > ⎬ or as the interval ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎩ 3⎭ ⎝ 3 ⎠

71. First we solve the equation (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 and use the solutions to separate the real
number line.
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
x – 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 3 or x=–1

We separate the number line into the intervals

(– ∞, – 1) (– 1, 3) (3, ∞)
In each interval we select a number and evaluate the expression (x – 3)(x + 1) at that
value. We choose – 5, 0, 5.
For x = – 5: (– 5 – 3)( – 5 + 1) = 32, a positive number.
For x = 0: (0 – 3)(0 + 1) = – 3, a negative number.
For x = 5: (5 – 3)(5 + 1) = 12, a positive number.

Since (x – 3)(x + 1) < 0 for – 1 < x < 3, we write the solution set either as {x | – 1 < x <
3} or as the interval (– 1, 3).

73. First we solve the equation – x 2 + 9 = 0 and use the solutions to separate the real number
line.
– x2 + 9 = 0
(– x + 3)(x + 3) = 0
– x + 3 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 3 or x= –3

We separate the number line into the intervals

(– ∞, – 3) (– 3, 3) (3, ∞)
We select a number in each interval and evaluate the expression (– x + 3)(x + 3) at that
value. We choose – 5, 0, 5.
For x = – 5: (– (– 5) + 3)( – 5 + 3) = – 16, a negative number.
For x = 0: (0 + 3)(0 + 3) = 9, a positive number.
For x = 5: (– 5 + 3)(5 + 3) = – 16, a negative number.

Since the expression – x 2 + 9 > 0 for – 3 < x < 3, we write the solution set either as
{x | – 3 < x < 3} or as the interval (– 3, 3).

75. First we solve the equation x 2 + x = 12 and use the solutions to separate the real number
line.
x 2 + x = 12
26 SECTION 0.5

x 2 + x − 12 = 0
( x − 3) ( x + 4 ) = 0
x–3=0 or x+4=0
x=3 or x=–4

We separate the number line into the intervals

(– ∞, – 4) (– 4, 3) (3, ∞)
We select a number in each interval and evaluate the expression x 2 + x − 12 at that
value. We choose – 5, 0, 5.
For x = – 5: ( − 5 ) + ( − 5 ) − 12 = 8 , a positive number.
2

For x = 0: 0 2 + 0 − 12 = − 12 , a negative number.

For x = 5: 5 2 + 5 − 12 = 18 , a positive number.

The expression x 2 + x − 12 > 0 for x < – 4 or x > 3. We write the solution set either as
{x | x < – 4 or x > 3} or as all x in the interval (– ∞, – 4) or (3, ∞).

77. First we solve the equation x ( x − 7 ) = − 12 and use the solutions to separate the real
number line.
x ( x − 7 ) = − 12
x 2 − 7 x = − 12
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = 0
( x − 3) ( x − 4 ) = 0
x–3=0 or x–4=0
x=3 or x=4

We separate the number line into the intervals

(– ∞, 3) (3, 4) (4, ∞)
We select a number in each interval and evaluate the expression x 2 − 7 x + 12 at that
value. We choose 0, 3.5, and 5.
For x = 0: 0 2 − 7 ( 0 ) + 12 = 12 , a positive number.
( 3.5 ) − 7 ( 3.5 ) + 12 = − 0.25 , a negative number.
2
For x = 3.5:
For x = 5: 5 − 7 ( 5 ) + 12 = 2 , a positive number.
2

The expression x 2 − 7 x + 12 > 0 for x < 3 or x > 4. We write the solution set either as
{x | x < 3 or x > 4} or as all x in the interval (– ∞, 3) or (4, ∞).
 SECTION 0.5 27

79. First we solve the equation 4 x 2 + 9 = 6 x and use the solutions to separate the real
number line.
4x 2 + 9 = 6x
4x 2 − 6x + 9 = 0

This equation has no real solutions. Its discriminant, b 2 – 4ac = 36 – 144 = – 108, is
negative. The value of 4 x 2 − 6 x + 9 either is always positive or always negative. To see
which is true, we test x = 0. Since 4 ( 0 ) − 6 ( 0 ) + 9 = 9 is positive, we conclude that
2

expression is always positive, and the inequality

4 x 2 + 9 < 6 x has no solution.

81. First we solve the equation ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0 and use the solutions to separate the
real number line.
( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x 2 + x + 1 = 0
x=1
x = 1 is the only solution, since the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 has a negative discriminant.
We use x = 1 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<1 and 1<x<∞
In each part select a test number and evaluate the expression ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) .
For x = 0: ( 0 − 1) ( 0 2 + 0 + 1) = − 1 , a negative number.
For x = 2: ( 2 − 1) ( 2 2 + 2 + 1) = 7 , a positive number.

The expression ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) > 0 for x > 1. The solution set is {x | x > 1}, or for all
x in the interval (1, ∞).

83. First we solve the equation ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) = 0 and use the solutions to separate
the real number line.
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
x = 1 or x = 2 or x=3

We separate the number line into the following 4 parts, choose a test number in each
part, and evaluate the expression ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) at each test number.
Parts: – ∞ < x < 1 1<x<2 2<x<3 3<x<∞
For x = 0: ( 0 − 1) ( 0 − 2 ) ( 0 − 3 ) = − 6 , a negative number.
For x = 1.5 (1.5 − 1) (1.5 − 2 ) (1.5 − 3 ) = 0.375 , a positive number.
For x = 2.5: ( 2.5 − 1) ( 2.5 − 2 ) ( 2.5 − 3 ) = − 0.375 , a negative number.
28 SECTION 0.5

For x = 5: ( 5 − 1) ( 5 − 2 ) ( 5 − 3 ) = 24 , a positive number.

The expression ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) < 0 for x < 1 or for 2 < x < 3. The solution set is
{x | x < 1 or 2 < x < 3} , or for all x in the interval (– ∞, 1) or (2, 3).

85. First we solve the equation − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 8 x = 0 and use the solutions to separate the real
number line.
− x3 + 2 x 2 + 8 x = 0
− x ( x2 − 2x − 8x ) = 0
− x ( x + 2) ( x − 4) = 0
– x = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
x = 0 or x = – 2 or x = 4

We separate the number line into the following 4 parts, choose a test number in each
part, and evaluate the expression − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 8 x at each test number.

Parts: –∞<x<–2 –2<x<0 0<x<4 4<x<∞

− ( − 3 ) + 2 ( − 3 ) + 8 ( − 3 ) = 21 , a positive number.
3 2
For x = – 3:
− ( − 1) + 2 ( − 1) + 8 ( − 1) = − 5 , a negative number.
3 2
For x = – 1:
− (1) + 2 (1) + 8 (1) = 9 , a positive number.
3 2
For x = 1:
− (10 ) + 2 (10 ) + 8 (10 ) = − 720 , a negative number.
3 2
For x = 10:

The expression − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 8 x < 0 for – 2 < x < 0 or for x > 4. The solution set is
{x | – 2 < x < 0 or x > 4} , or for all x in the interval (– 2, 0) or (4, ∞).

87. First we solve the equation x3 = x and use the solutions to separate the real number line.
x3 = x
x3 − x = 0
x ( x 2 − 1) = 0
x ( x − 1) ( x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=–1

We separate the number line into the following 4 parts, choose a test number in each
part, and evaluate the expression x3 − x at each test number.
 SECTION 0.5 29

Parts: –∞<x<–1 –1<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞

( − 2 ) − ( − 2 ) = − 6 , a negative number.
3
For x = – 2:
( − 0.5 ) − ( − 0.5 ) = 0.375 , a positive number.
3
For x = – 0.5:
( 0.5 ) − ( 0.5 ) = − 0.375 , a negative number.
3
For x = 0.5:
( 2 ) − ( 2 ) = 6 , a positive number.
3
For x = 2:

The expression x3 − x > 0 for – 1 < x < 0 or for x > 1. The solution set is
{x | – 1 < x < 0 or x > 1} , or for all x in the interval (– 1, 0) or (1, ∞).

89. First we solve the equation x 3 = x 2 and use the solutions to separate the real number
line.
x3 = x2
x3 − x2 = 0
x 2 ( x − 1) = 0
x 2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
x = 0 or x=1

We separate the number line into the following 3 parts, choose a test number in each
part, and evaluate the expression x 3 − x 2 at each test number.

Parts: –∞<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞

( − 1) − ( − 1) = − 2 , a negative number.
3 2
For x = – 1:
For x = 0.5: 0.5 3 − 0.5 2 = − 0.125 , a negative number.
For x = 2: 2 3 − 2 2 = 4 , a positive number.

The expression x 3 − x 2 > 0 for x > 1. The solution set is {x | x > 1}, or for all x in the
interval (1, ∞).

91. x +1
is not defined when 1 – x = 0 or when x = 1.
1− x
x +1
= 0 when x + 1 = 0 or when x = – 1.
1− x

We use these two numbers to separate the number line into three parts. We then choose a
x +1
test number in each part and evaluate the expression at the test number.
1− x
30 SECTION 0.5

Parts: –∞<x<–1 –1<x<1 1<x<∞

(− 2) +1 1
For x = – 2: = − , which is a negative number.
1− (− 2) 3
0 +1
For x = 0: = 1 , which is a positive number.
1− 0
2 +1
For x = 2: = − 3 , which is a negative number.
1− 2

x +1
The expression < 0 for x < –1 or for x > 1. The solution set is {x | x < –1 or x > 1},
1− x
or for all x in the interval (– ∞, – 1) or (1, ∞).

93. ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
is not defined for x = 0. = 0 for x = 1 or x = – 1.
x x
We use these three numbers to separate the number line into four parts.
Parts: – ∞ < x < – 1 –1<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞

⎡⎣ ( − 2 ) − 1⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ ( − 2 ) + 1⎤⎦
For x = – 2: = − 1.5 , which is a negative number.
−2
1 ⎡ ( − 0.5 ) − 1⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ ( − 0.5 ) + 1⎤⎦
For x = – : ⎣ = 1.5 , which is a positive number.
2 − 0.5
1 ( 0.5 − 1) ( 0.5 + 1)
For x = : = − 1.5 , which is a negative number.
2 0.5
( 2 − 1) ( 2 + 1)
For x = 2: = 1.5 , which is a positive number.
2

( x − 1) ( x + 1)
The expression < 0 for x < –1 or for 0 < x < 1. The solution set is
x
{x | x < – 1 or 0 < x < 1}, or for all x in the interval (– ∞, – 1) or (0, 1).
 SECTION 0.5 31

95. x−2 x−2 x−2

= is not defined for x = 1 or x = – 1. 2 = 0 for x = 2.
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
x −1
We use these three numbers to separate the real number line into four parts.
Parts: – ∞ < x < – 1 –1<x<1 1<x<2 2<x<∞

( − 2) − 2 4
For x = – 2: = − , which is a negative number.
( − 2) −1 3
2

0−2
For x = 0: = 2 , which is a positive number.
0 2 −1
3 1.5 − 2
For x = = 1.5: = − 0.4 , which is a negative number.
2 1.5 2 − 1
3−2
For x = 3: 2 = 0.125 , which is a positive number.
3 −1

x−2
The expression ≥ 0 for – 1 < x < 1 or for 2 ≤ x < ∞. The solution set is
x 2 −1
{x | – 1< x < 1 or x ≥ 2}, or for all x in the interval (– 1, 1) or [2, ∞).

97. x+4
First we rewrite ≤ 1 so it has a 0 on the right.
x−2
x+4
−1 ≤ 0
x−2
x+4 x−2 6
or − = ≤0
x−2 x−2 x−2
6
The expression is not defined for x = 2; it is never zero.
x−2

We use x = 2 to separate the number line into two parts,

– ∞ < x < 2 and 2<x<∞

0+4
For x = 0: − 1 = − 3 , which is a negative number.
0−2
3+ 4
For x = 3: − 1 = 6 , which is a positive number.
3−2
32 SECTION 0.5

x+4
The expression − 1 ≤ 0 for x < 2. The solution set is {x | x < 2}, or for all x in the
x−2
interval (– ∞, 2).

99. 2x + 5 x + 1
First we rewrite > so it has a 0 on the right.
x +1 x −1
2x + 5 x + 1
− >0
x +1 x −1
Then we write the expression with a single denominator.
( 2 x + 5 ) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( 2 x + 5 ) ( x − 1) − ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
− =
( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
2 x 2 + 3x − 5 − ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) x2 + x−6 ( x + 3) ( x − 2 )
= = = >0
( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
( x + 3) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 3) ( x − 2 )
The expression is not defined for x = 1 or x = – 1. =0
( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
for x = 2 or x = – 3. We use these numbers to separate the real number line into 5 parts
–∞<x<–3 –3<x< –1 –1<x<1 1<x<2 2<x<∞

⎡ ( − 4 ) + 3 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ ( − 4 ) − 2 ⎤⎦ 2
For x = – 4: ⎣ =
⎡⎣ ( − 4 ) + 1⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ ( − 4 ) − 1⎤⎦ 5
⎡ ( − 2 ) + 3 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ ( − 2 ) − 2 ⎤⎦ 4
For x = – 2: ⎣ =−
⎡⎣ ( − 2 ) + 1⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ ( − 2 ) − 1⎤⎦ 3
( 0 + 3) ( 0 − 2 )
For x = 0: =6
( 0 + 1) ( 0 − 1)
3 (1.5 + 3 ) (1.5 − 2 )
For x = = 1.5: = − 1.8
2 (1.5 + 1) (1.5 − 1)
( 3 + 3) ( 3 − 2 )
For x = 3: = 0.75
( 3 + 1) ( 3 − 1)
2x + 5 x + 1
The expression − > 0 for x < – 3 or – 1 < x < 1 or 2 < x < ∞. The solution
x +1 x −1
set is {x | x < – 3 or – 1 < x < 1 or x > 2} or for all x in the interval (– ∞, – 3) or (– 1, 1)
or (2, ∞).
 SECTION 0.5 33

101. Let x represent the score on the last test. To get a B you need 80 < average < 90.
68 + 82 + 87 + 89 + x 326 + x
The average is = .
5 5
We will solve the inequality
326 + x
80 ≤ < 90
5
which is equivalent to the two inequalities
326 + x 326 + x
80 ≤ and < 90
5 5
Solving each inequality we find
326 + x 326 + x
80 ≤ < 90
5 5
400 ≤ 326 + x 326 + x < 450
74 ≤ x x < 124
The solution set to the combined inequality is {x | 74 ≤ x < 124}, but since 100 is usually
the highest score possible, you need to score between a 74 and 100 to get a B.

103. If we let x represent the selling price of the property, then we can write an equation
relating the commission C to the selling price.
C = 45,000 + 0.25(x – 900,000)
= 45,000 + 0.25x – 225,000
= 0.25x – 180,000

We are told that 900,000 ≤ x ≤ 1,100,000, so the commission varies between

0.25(900,000) – 180,000 ≤ C ≤ 0.25(1,100,000) – 180,000
225,000 – 180,000 ≤ C ≤ 275,000 – 180,000
45,000 ≤ C ≤ 95,000

The commission on the sale varies between $45,000 and $95,000 inclusive.

If the apartment complex sells for $900,000, then the $45,000 commission represents
45, 000
= 0.05 = 5% of the sale.
900, 000
If the apartment complex sells for $1,100,000, then the $95,000 commission represents
95, 000
= 0.086 = 8.6% of the sale.
1, 100, 000

The sale’s commission varies between 5% and 8.6% of the sale.

105. If we let x represent the weekly wages, then an equation relating the withholding W to x
is
W = 74.35 + 0.25(x – 592)
= 74.35 + 0.25x – 148
= 0.25x – 73.65
34 SECTION 0.6

If wages are between $600 and $800 inclusive, then 600 ≤ x ≤ 800, and
600 ≤ x and x ≤ 800
0.25(600) – 73.65 ≤ 0.25x – 73.65 0.25x – 73.65 ≤ 0.25(800) – 73.65
150 – 73.65 ≤ W W ≤ 200 – 73.65
76.35 ≤ W W ≤ 126.35

The tax withholdings are between $76.35 and $126.35 inclusive.

107. If x represents the monthly electric usage, then an equation relating the monthly cost C
to x is
C = 0.08275x + 7.58

If the monthly bills ranged between $63.47 and $214.53, then

63.47 ≤ 0.08275x + 7.58 and 0.08275x + 7.58 ≤ 214.53
55.89 ≤ 0.08275x 0.08275x ≤ 206.95
675.41 ≤ x x ≤ 2500.91

The monthly electricity usage ranged between 675.41 kilowatt-hours and 2500.91
kilowatt-hours.

109. The price of a car is determined by the dealer’s cost x plus the markup. We are told the
price is $8800, and that the markup ranges between 12% of the dealer’s cost and 18% of
the dealer’s cost.
If the markup is 12%, we have
8800 = x + 0.12x
8800 = 1.12x
x = 7857.14

If the markup is 18%, we have

8800 = x + 0.18x
8800 = 1.18x
x = 7457.63

So the dealer’s cost varies between $7457.63 and $7857.14 inclusive.

111. – 113. Answers will vary.

0.6 nth Roots; Rational Exponents

1. 3.
27 = 3 3 3 = 3 ( − 2)
3 3
3 −8= 3
=−2

5. 8= 4⋅ 2=2 2 7.
( −2 x )
3
3
−8 x 4 = 3
x

( − 2x )
3
= 3
⋅3x
= − 2x ⋅ 3 x
34 SECTION 0.6

If wages are between $600 and $800 inclusive, then 600 ≤ x ≤ 800, and
600 ≤ x and x ≤ 800
0.25(600) – 73.65 ≤ 0.25x – 73.65 0.25x – 73.65 ≤ 0.25(800) – 73.65
150 – 73.65 ≤ W W ≤ 200 – 73.65
76.35 ≤ W W ≤ 126.35

The tax withholdings are between $76.35 and $126.35 inclusive.

107. If x represents the monthly electric usage, then an equation relating the monthly cost C
to x is
C = 0.08275x + 7.58

If the monthly bills ranged between $63.47 and $214.53, then

63.47 ≤ 0.08275x + 7.58 and 0.08275x + 7.58 ≤ 214.53
55.89 ≤ 0.08275x 0.08275x ≤ 206.95
675.41 ≤ x x ≤ 2500.91

The monthly electricity usage ranged between 675.41 kilowatt-hours and 2500.91
kilowatt-hours.

109. The price of a car is determined by the dealer’s cost x plus the markup. We are told the
price is $8800, and that the markup ranges between 12% of the dealer’s cost and 18% of
the dealer’s cost.
If the markup is 12%, we have
8800 = x + 0.12x
8800 = 1.12x
x = 7857.14

If the markup is 18%, we have

8800 = x + 0.18x
8800 = 1.18x
x = 7457.63

So the dealer’s cost varies between $7457.63 and $7857.14 inclusive.

111. – 113. Answers will vary.

0.6 nth Roots; Rational Exponents

1. 3.
27 = 3 3 3 = 3 ( − 2)
3 3
3 −8= 3
=−2

5. 8= 4⋅ 2=2 2 7.
( −2 x )
3
3
−8 x 4 = 3
x

( − 2x )
3
= 3
⋅3x
= − 2x ⋅ 3 x
 SECTION 0.6 35

9. 11.
(x ) ⋅ ( y ) x 9 y 7 4 9 −1 7 − 3
4 4
4
x 12 y 8 = 4 3 2
4 = x y
xy 3
(x ) ⋅ ( y )
4 4
= 4 3 4 2
= 4 x8 y 4
=x y 3 2

(x )
4
= 4 2
⋅ 4
y4
= x2y

13. 36 x = 6 2 ⋅ x = 6 x 15. 3 x 2 12 x = 36 x 3
= 62 ⋅ x 2 ⋅x

( 6x )
2
= ⋅ x
= 6x ⋅ x

17.
( 5 39 )
2
= 5 2 ⋅ 3 81
19. (3 6 )( 2 2 ) = (3⋅ 2 ) ( 6⋅ 2 )
= 5 ⋅ 3 33 ⋅ 3 = 6 12
=6 4⋅3
= 5 ⋅ 33 3
=6⋅2 3
= 15 3 3
= 12 3

21.
( )( ) ( 3)
2
3+3 3 −1 = − 3 +3 3 −3
= 3+ 2 3 −3
=2 3

23.
( ) =( )( ) ( x)
2 2
x −1 x −1 x −1 = − x − x +1
= x − 2 x +1

25. 3 2 −4 8 =3 2 −4 4⋅2
=3 2 −4⋅2 2
= 3 2 −8 2
= −5 2

27.
( 2x)
4
3
16 x 4 − 3 2 x = 3
− 3 2x

(2x)
3
= 3
⋅ 2x − 3 2x

( 2x )
3
= 3
⋅ 3 2x − 3 2x
= 2x 3 2x − 3 2x
= ( 2 x − 1) 3 2 x
36 SECTION 0.6

29. 1 2 2 2 31. − 3 5 − 15 15
⋅ = = ⋅ = =−
2 2 22 2 5 5 52 5

33. 5+ 2 5 3 + 6 5 3 + 6
3
= ⋅=
5− 2 5+ 2 25 − 2 23

35.
( 5)
2
2− 5 2−3 5 4−6 5 −2 5 +3
⋅ =
( )
2
2+3 5 2−3 5 4−9 5

4 − 8 5 + 15
=
4 − 45
19 − 8 5 8 5 − 19
=− =
41 41

37. 5 3
22 53 4 53 4
⋅ = =
3
2 3
22 3
23 2

39.
( ) ( )
2 2
x+h − x x+h − x x+h − x x+h − x
⋅ = =
( ) −( x) x+h−x
2 2
x+h + x x+h − x x+h

( x + h − x)
2
( x + h) − 2 ( x + h) x + x
= =
h h
2x + h − 2 (x 2
+ xh )
=
h

41. 3
2t − 1 = 2

( )
3
= ( 2)
3
3
2t − 1
2t – 1 = 8
2t = 9
9
t=
2

43. 15 − 2 x = x Check: x = – 5
15 − 2 ( − 5 ) = 15 + 10 = 25 = 5 ≠ x
( )
2
15 − 2 x = x2
So x = – 5 is not a solution.
15 − 2 x = x 2
x 2 + 2 x − 15 = 0 x=3
( x + 5)( x − 3) = 0 15 − 2 ( 3) = 15 − 6 = 9 = 3 = x
So x = 3 is a solution.
 SECTION 0.6 37

x + 5 = 0 or x–3=0
x=–5 x=3

The solution set is {3}.

45.
( 8) 47. ( − 27 )
2 1/ 3
8 2/3 = 3
= 22 = 4 = 3 − 27 = − 3

49.
( 16 ) 51. 1 1 1 1
3
16 3 / 2 = = 4 3 = 64 9 −3/ 2 = = = =
( 9)
3/ 2 3 3
9 3 27

53. 3/ 2
⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞
3 3
⎛9⎞ 33 27
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ =
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = =
( ) ( 2)
3 2
⎝8⎠ ⎝ 8⎠ ⎝ 8⎠ 2 2 8⋅ ⋅ 2

27 2 27 2 27 2
= ⋅ = =
16 2 2 16 ⋅ 2 32

−3/ 2
55. ⎛8⎞ ⎛9⎞ 27 2
3/ 2
57. x 3 / 4 x 1/ 3 x −1/ 2 = x 9 /12 x 4 / 12 x − 6 /12
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = + 4 /12 − 6 / 12
⎝9⎠ ⎝8⎠ 32 = x 9 /12
(See problem 53.) = x 7 /12

59.
(x y6) = (x3) (y )
1/ 3 1/ 3 6 1/ 3
3
= xy2

61.
( x y) ( x y ) = x 2 / 3 y 1/ 3 x 2 / 3 y 4 / 3 = ( x 2 / 3 x 2 / 3 )( y 1/ 3 y 4 / 3 ) = x 4 / 3 y 5 / 3
2 1/ 3 2 2/3

63. 1 8x 3 / 2
(16 x 2 y −1/ 3 )
3/ 4
= 16 3 / 4 x 6 / 4 y − 1/ 4 = 2 3 x 3 / 2 ⋅ =
y 1/ 4 y 1/ 4

65. 2 (1 + x ) (1 + x )
1/ 2 1/ 2
x x
+ 2 (1 + x )
1/ 2
= +
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

x + 2 (1 + x )
=
(1 + x )
1/ 2

3x + 2
=
(1 + x )
1/ 2

67. 1 2 1
2 x ( x 2 + 1) ( x + 1) ⋅ 2 x = 2 x ( x 2 + 1) + x 2 ⋅
1/ 2 − 1/ 2 1/ 2
+ x2⋅ ⋅x
( x 2 + 1)
1/ 2
2

x3
= 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
1/ 2
+
(x + 1)
2 1/ 2
38 SECTION 0.6

2 x ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ ( x 2 + 1)
1/ 2 1/ 2
x3
= +
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2

2 x ( x 2 + 1) x3
= +
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2

2x 3 + 2x + x 3 3x 3 + 2 x
= =
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2

69. 1 1 4x + 3 x−5
4x + 3 ⋅ + x−5 ⋅ = +
2 x−5 5 4x + 3 2 x − 5 5 4x + 3
( 4 x + 3 )(5 4 x + 3 ) + ( 2 x − 5 )( x − 5 )
=
( 2 x − 5 )(5 4 x + 3 ) ( 2 x − 5 )(5 4 x + 3 )
=
( 4 x + 3 )(5 4 x + 3 ) + ( 2 x − 5 )( x − 5 )
( 2 x − 5 )(5 4 x + 3 )
5 ( 4 x + 3) + 2 ( x − 5 )
=
10 ( x − 5)( 4 x + 3)
20 x + 15 + 2 x − 10
=
10 ( x − 5)( 4 x + 3)
22 x + 5 22 x + 5
= =
10 ( x − 5)( 4 x + 3) 10 4 x 2 − 17 x − 15

71.
1+ x − x ⋅
1 2 ( 1+ x )( 1+ x − x ) 2 (1 + x ) − x
2 1+ x = 2 1+ x = 2 1+ x
1+ x 1+ x 1+ x
2+ x 2+ x
= =
2 (1 + x ) 1 + x 2 (1 + x )
3/ 2

73. 2x
( x + 4)
1/ 2
−
( x + 4) − 2x ( x + 4) ( x + 4) 1 ⎡ 2x ⎤
1/ 2 − 1/ 2 1/ 2

⎢( x + 4 ) −
1/ 2
= = ⎥
x+4 x+4 x+4⎢ ( )
1/ 2
⎣ x + 4 ⎥⎦

1 ⎡ ( x + 4) ⋅ ( x + 4) ⎤
1/ 2 1/ 2
2x
= ⎢ − ⎥
x+4⎢ ( ) ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
⎣ x + 4 x + 4 ⎥⎦

1 ⎡ x+4 2x ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥
x + 4 ⎢ ( x + 4 ) 1/ 2 ( x + 4 ) 1/ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 SECTION 0.6 39

1 ⎡ x + 4 − 2x ⎤ 4− x
= ⎢ ⎥=
x + 4 ⎢ ( x + 4 ) 1/ 2 ⎥⎦ ( x + 4 )
3/ 2
⎣

75. x2
− ( x 2 − 1)
1/ 2

(x − 1) ⎡ ⎤
2 1/ 2
1 ⎢ x2
− ( x − 1) ⎥
1/ 2
= 2 2

x2 x ⎢ ( x 2 − 1) 1/ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ( x 2 − 1) ⋅ ( x 2 − 1) ⎤
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 ⎢ x2 ⎥
= 2 −
x ⎢ ( x 2 − 1) 1/ 2 ( x − 1)
2 1/ 2
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢ x2 x 2 −1 ⎥
= 2 −
x ⎢ ( x 2 − 1) 1/ 2 ( x 2 − 1) 1/ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
1 x 2 − x 2 +1 ⎥ 1
= 2⎢ =
x ⎢ ( x − 1)
2 1/ 2
⎥ x ( x − 1) 1/ 2
2 2
⎣ ⎦

77. 1+ x 2
− 2x x
2 x 1 ⎡1 + x 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡1 + x 2 2 x x ⋅ 2 x ⎤
= ⋅⎢ − 2x x ⎥ = ⋅⎢ − ⎥
(1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 ) ⎣ 2 x ⎦ (1 + x 2 ) ⎣ 2 x
2 2 2
2 x ⎦
1 ⎡1 + x 2 4 x ⋅ x ⎤
= ⋅⎢ − ⎥
(1 + x )
2
2
⎣2 x 2 x ⎦

1 ⎡1 + x 2 − 4 x 2 ⎤
= ⋅⎢ ⎥
(1 + x )
2
2
⎣ 2 x ⎦
1 ⎡1 − 3 x 2 ⎤ 1 − 3x 2
= ⋅⎢ ⎥ =
(1 + x ) ⎣ 2 x ⎦ 2 x (1 + x 2 )
2 2 2

79.
( x + 1) = ( x + 1) ⎡⎢ x + 1 + x ⎤⎥
3 3
( x + 1)
3/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
+x⋅
2 ⎣ 2 ⎦
1/ 2 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 1
= ( x + 1) ⎜ x + 1⎟ = ( x + 1) ( 5 x + 2 )
1/ 2

⎝2 ⎠ 2

81. 6 x 1/ 2 ( x 2 + x ) − 8 x 3 / 2 − 8 x 1/ 2 = 2 x 1/ 2 ⎡⎣3 ( x 2 + x ) − 4 x − 4 ⎤⎦
= 2 x 1/ 2 ( 3 x 2 − x − 4 )
= 2 x 1/ 2 ( 3 x − 4 )( x + 1)
40 SECTION 0.6

83. 3( x 2 + 4) + x ⋅ 4( x 2 + 4) ⋅ 2 x = 3( x 2 + 4) + 8x 2 ( x 2 + 4)
4/3 1/ 3 4/3 1/ 3

= ( x 2 + 4) ⎡3 ( x 2 + 4 ) + 8 x 2 ⎤
1/ 3

⎣ ⎦
= ( x 2 + 4)
1/ 3
⎡⎣3 x 2 + 12 + 8 x 2 ⎤⎦

= ( x 2 + 4) (11x + 12 )
1/ 3 2

85. 4 ( 3x + 5) ( 2 x + 3) + 3 ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3)
1/ 3 3/ 2 4/3 1/ 2

= ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3) ⎡⎣ 4 ( 2 x + 3) + 3 ( 3 x + 5 ) ⎤⎦
1/ 3 1/ 2

= ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3) [8 x + 12 + 9 x + 15]
1/ 3 1/ 2

= ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 x + 3) (17 x + 27 )
1/ 3 1/ 2

87. 3 1/ 2 3 3
3x − 1/ 2 + x = 1/ 2 + x 1/ 2
2 x 2
3 3 x 1/ 2 ⋅ x 1/ 2
= 1/ 2 +
x 2 x 1/ 2
2 ⋅3 3x
= 1/ 2 + 1/ 2
2x 2x
3( 2 + x )
=
2 x 1/ 2

89. ⎛1⎞
x ⎜ ⎟ (8 − x 2 ) ( − 2 x ) + (8 − x 2 ) = − x 2 (8 − x 2 ) + (8 − x 2 )
− 1/ 2 1/ 2 − 1/ 2 1/ 2

⎝2⎠
−x2
+ (8 − x 2 )
1/ 2
=
(8 − x 2 )
1/ 2

(8 − x ) (8 − x ) 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
−x2
= +
(8 − x ) (8 − x )
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2

−x2 8− x2
= +
(8 − x ) (8 − x )
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2

−x2 +8− x2
=
(8 − x ) 2 1/ 2

− 2x 2 + 8 2 ( 2 − x )( 2 + x )
= =
(8 − x ) (8 − x )
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
 SECTION 0.7 41

0.7 Geometry Review

1. a = 5, b = 12 3. a = 10, b = 24
c2 = a2 +b2 c2 = a2 +b2
c 2 = 5 2 + 12 2 = 25 + 144 = 169 c 2 = 10 2 + 24 2 = 100 + 576 = 676
c = 169 = 13 c = 676 = 26

5. a = 7, b = 24
c2 = a2 +b2
c 2 = 7 2 + 24 2 = 49 + 576 = 625
c = 625 = 25

7. Square the sides of the triangle. 3 2 = 9 4 2 = 16 5 2 = 25

Since 9 + 16 = 25, the triangle is a right triangle. The hypotenuse is 5 (the longest side).

9. Square the sides of the triangle. 4 2 = 16 5 2 = 25 6 2 = 36

The sum 16 + 25 = 41 ≠ 36, so the triangle is not a right triangle.

11. Square the sides of the triangle. 7 2 = 49 24 2 = 576 25 2 = 625

Since 49 + 576 = 625, the triangle is a right triangle. The hypotenuse is 25 (the longest
side).

13. Square the sides of the triangle. 6 2 = 36 4 2 = 16 32 = 9

The sum 16 + 9 = 25 ≠ 36, the triangle is not a right triangle.

15. The area A of a rectangle is A = lw = 4 · 2 = 8 square inches.

17. 1 1
The area A of a triangle is A = bh = · 2 · 4 = 4 square inches.
2 2

19. The area A of a circle is A = π r 2 = π ⋅ 5 2 = 25π square meters.

The circumference of a circle is C = 2π r = 2π ⋅ 5 = 10π meters.

21. The volume V of a rectangular box is V = lwh = 8 · 4 · 7 = 224 cubic feet.

The surface area SA of a rectangular box is

SA = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh = 2 · 8 · 4 + 2 · 8 · 7 + 2 · 4 · 7
= 64 + 112 + 56 = 232 square feet.

23. 4 4 44 256
The volume V of a sphere is V = π r 3 = π ⋅43 = π = π centimeters cubed.
3 3 3 3
The surface area S of a sphere is 4 π r 2 = 4 π 4 2 = 4 3 π = 64 π centimeters squared.

25. The volume V of a right circular cylinder is V = π r 2 h = π ⋅ 9 2 ⋅ 8 = 648 π cubic inches.

42 SECTION 0.7

The surface area S of a right circular cylinder is S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh .

S = 2π ⋅ 9 2 + 2π ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 = 162π + 144π = 306π square inches

27. The shaded region is a circle of radius r = 1.

A= π r2
A = π ⋅ 12
A = π square units

29. The shaded region is the area of the circle. First we

use the Pythagorean theorem to find its diameter.
c2 = a2 +b2
c2 = 22 + 22= 4 + 4 = 8
c= 8=2 2
The radius is half the diameter, so r = 2 , and
A= π r2

( 2)
2
A=π ⋅
A = 2 π square units

31. In 1 revolution the wheel travels its circumference C. So in 4 revolutions it travels a

distance D = 4C.
D = 4C = 4 ( π d )
= 4 ( π ⋅ 16 ) = 64 π ≈ 201 inches

33. The area of the border is the difference between the

area A of the outer square which has a side
S = 10 = 6 + 2 + 2 feet and the area a of the inner
square which has a side s = 6 feet.
A−a = S 2 −s2
= 10 2 − 6 2
= 100 – 36
= 64 square feet

35. The area of the window is the sum of the area of half
the circle and the area of the rectangle.
1
Area = ( π r 2 ) + lw
2
1
Area = ⋅ π ⋅ 2 2 + 6 ⋅ 4
2
= 2π + 24 ≈ 30.28 square feet.
 SECTION 0.7 43

The amount of wood frame is measured by the

perimeter of the window. The perimeter is the sum
of the half the circumference of the circle and the 3
outer sides of the rectangle.
1
Perimeter = ( π d ) + 2l + w
2
1
= ⋅π ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 6 + 4
2
= 2 π + 16 ≈ 22.28 feet

37. 20
Since 1 mile = 5280 feet, 20 feet = mile.
5280
We use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance
d that we can see.
2
⎛ 20 ⎞
d + (3960) = ⎜ 3960 +
2 2
⎟
⎝ 5280 ⎠
2
⎛ 20 ⎞
d 2 = ⎜ 3960 + ⎟ − (3960) ≈ 30.0000
2

⎝ 5280 ⎠
d ≈ 5.48 miles

39. 150
Since 1 mile = 5280 feet, 150 feet = mile.
5280
We use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance
d that we can see.
From the deck:
2
⎛ 100 ⎞
d + (3960) = ⎜ 3960 +
2 2
⎟
⎝ 5280 ⎠
2
⎛ 100 ⎞
d = ⎜ 3960 +
2
⎟ − (3960) ≈ 150.0004
2

⎝ 5280 ⎠
d ≈ 12.25 miles

From the bridge:

2
⎛ 150 ⎞
d + (3960) = ⎜ 3960 +
2 2
⎟
⎝ 5280 ⎠
2
⎛ 150 ⎞
d = ⎜ 3960 +
2
⎟ − (3960) ≈ 225.0008
2

⎝ 5280 ⎠
d ≈ 15.00 miles
44 SECTION 0.8

41. Answers will vary.

0.8 Rectangular Coordinates

1. (a) A = (– 3, 2) 2nd quadrant

(b) B = (6, 0) x-axis

(c) C = (– 2, – 2) 3rd quadrant

(d) D = (6, 5) 1st quadrant

(e) E = (0, – 3) y-axis

(f) F = (6, – 3) 4th quadrant

3. The set of points of the form, (2, y),

where y is a real number, is a vertical line
passing through 2 on the x-axis.

The equation of the line is x = 2.

5. When P1 = (0, 0) and P 2 = (2, 1) the distance is

(
d P1 , P2 = ) (1 − 0 )
2
+ ( 2 − 0 ) = 1 + 4 = 5 ≈ 2.24
2

7. When P2 = (– 2, 2) and P 1 = (1, 1) the distance is

( ) ⎡⎣1 − ( − 2 ) ⎤⎦ + (1 − 2 ) = 3 2 + ( − 1) = 9 + 1 = 10 ≈ 3.16
2 2 2
d P1 , P2 =

9. When P1 = (3, – 4) and P 2 = (5, 4), the distance is

( ) ( 5 − 3) + ⎡⎣ 4 − ( − 4 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 2 + 8 2 = 4 + 64 = 68 ≈ 8.25
2 2
d P1 , P2 =

11. When P1 = (– 3, 2) and P 2 = (6, 0), the distance is

( ) ⎡⎣ 6 − ( − 3 ) ⎤⎦ + ( 0 − 2 ) = 9 2 + ( − 2 ) = 81 + 4 = 85 ≈ 9.22
2 2 2
d P1 , P2 =
44 SECTION 0.8

41. Answers will vary.

0.8 Rectangular Coordinates

1. (a) A = (– 3, 2) 2nd quadrant

(b) B = (6, 0) x-axis

(c) C = (– 2, – 2) 3rd quadrant

(d) D = (6, 5) 1st quadrant

(e) E = (0, – 3) y-axis

(f) F = (6, – 3) 4th quadrant

3. The set of points of the form, (2, y),

where y is a real number, is a vertical line
passing through 2 on the x-axis.

The equation of the line is x = 2.

5. When P1 = (0, 0) and P 2 = (2, 1) the distance is

(
d P1 , P2 = ) (1 − 0 )
2
+ ( 2 − 0 ) = 1 + 4 = 5 ≈ 2.24
2

7. When P2 = (– 2, 2) and P 1 = (1, 1) the distance is

( ) ⎡⎣1 − ( − 2 ) ⎤⎦ + (1 − 2 ) = 3 2 + ( − 1) = 9 + 1 = 10 ≈ 3.16
2 2 2
d P1 , P2 =

9. When P1 = (3, – 4) and P 2 = (5, 4), the distance is

( ) ( 5 − 3) + ⎡⎣ 4 − ( − 4 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 2 + 8 2 = 4 + 64 = 68 ≈ 8.25
2 2
d P1 , P2 =

11. When P1 = (– 3, 2) and P 2 = (6, 0), the distance is

( ) ⎡⎣ 6 − ( − 3 ) ⎤⎦ + ( 0 − 2 ) = 9 2 + ( − 2 ) = 81 + 4 = 85 ≈ 9.22
2 2 2
d P1 , P2 =
 SECTION 0.8 45

13. When P1 = (4, – 3) and P 2 = (6, 4), the distance is

( ) (6 − 4) + ⎡⎣ 4 − ( − 3 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 2 + 7 2 = 4 + 49 = 53 ≈ 7.28
2 2
d P1 , P2 =

15. When P1 = (– 0.2, 0.3) and P 2 = (2.3, 1.1), the distance is

( ) ⎡⎣ 2.3 − ( − 0.2 ) ⎤⎦ + (1.1 − 0.3 )

2 2
d P1 , P2 =

= 2.5 2 + 0.8 2 = 6.25 + 0.64 = 6.89 ≈ 2.62

17. When P1 = (a, b) and P 2 = (0, 0), the distance is

(
d P1 , P2 = ) (0 − a)
2
+ (0 − b) =
2
(− a)
2
+ (− b) = a 2 + b 2
2

19. We first find the length of each side of the triangle.

⎡⎣1 − ( −2 ) ⎤⎦ + ( 3 − 5 ) = 9 + 4 = 13
2 2
d(A, B) =

⎡⎣ ( − 1) − 1⎤⎦ + ( 0 − 3 ) = 4 + 9 = 13
2 2
d(B, C) =

⎡⎣ ( − 2 ) − ( − 1) ⎤⎦ + ( 5 − 0 ) = 1 + 25
2 2
d(C, A) =
= 26

To verify that the triangle is right, we show

( ) +( )
2 2
[d(A, B)] 2 + [d(B, C)] 2 = 13 13
2
= 13 + 13 = 26 = ⎡⎣ 26 ⎤⎦ = [d(C, A)] 2
From the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, triangle ABC is a right triangle.

1 1 13
The area of a triangle Area = bh = ⋅ 13 ⋅ 13 = = 7.5 square units.
2 2 2

21. We first find the length of each side of the triangle.

⎡⎣ 6 − ( −5 ) ⎤⎦ + ( 0 − 3 )
2 2
d(A, B) =

= 11 2 + ( − 3 ) = 130
2

(5 − 6) + (5 − 0) = ( − 1)
2 2 2
d(B, C) = +52
= 1 + 25 = 26

( −5 − 5 ) + (3 − 5)
2 2
d(C, A) =
46 SECTION 0.8

( − 10 ) + ( −2 ) = 100 + 4 = 104
2 2
=

To verify that the triangle is right, we show

( ) +( ) ( )
2 2 2
[d(B, C)] 2 + [d(C, A)] 2 = 26 104 = 26 + 104 = 130 = 130 = [d(A, B)] 2
From the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, triangle ABC is a right triangle.

The area of the triangle =

1
2
bh =
1
2
( 26 )( 104 = ) 1
2
1
2704 = ⋅ 52 = 26 square units.
2

23. We first find the length of each side of the triangle.

(0 − 4) + ⎡⎣ − 3 − ( − 3 ) ⎤⎦
2 2
d(A, B) =

( − 4)
2
= + 0 = 16 = 4

( 4 − 0) + ⎡⎣ 2 − ( − 3 ) ⎤⎦
2 2
d(B, C) = = 42 +52
= 16 + 25 = 41

(4 − 4) + ( − 3 − 2 ) = 0 + ( −5 )
2 2 2
d(C, A) =
= 25 = 5

To verify that the triangle is right, we show

[d(A, B)] 2 + [d(C, A)] 2 = 4 2 + 5 2 = 16 + 25 = 41 = [d(B, C)] 2
From the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, triangle ABC is a right triangle.

1 1
The area of the triangle = bh = ( 4 ) ( 5 ) = 10 square units.
2 2

25. We want the points (2, y) for which the distance between (2, y) and (– 2, – 1) is 5
d 2 = ⎡⎣ 2 − ( − 2 ) ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ y − ( − 1) ⎤⎦ = 5 2
2 2

4 2 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 25
y 2 + 2y − 8 = 0
( y − 2) ( y + 4) = 0
y – 2 = 0 or y + 4 = 0
y = 2 or y=–4
The points that are 5 units from (– 2, – 1) are (2, 2) and (2, – 4).

27. We want the points (x, 0) that are 5 units away from (4, – 3).
d 2 = ( x − 4) 2 + ⎡⎣ 0 − ( − 3 ) ⎤⎦ = 5 2
2

x 2 − 8 x + 16 + 9 = 25
x 2 − 8x = 0
 SECTION 0.8 47

x (x – 8) = 0
x = 0 or x – 8 = 0
x=8
The points on the x-axis that are a distance of 5 from (4, – 3) are (0, 0) and (8, 0).

29. When the points on the y-axis that are 5 units from (4.4) are (0.1) and (0.7), P1 = (1, 3)
and P 2 = (5, 15), then the length of the line segment is

(
d P1 , P2 =) ( 5 − 1)
2
+ (15 − 3 ) =
2
( 4)
2
+ (12 ) = 16 + 144 = 160 ≈ 12.65
2

31. When P1 = (– 4, 6) and P 2 = (4, – 8), then the length of the line segment is

( ) ⎡⎣ 4 − ( − 4 ) ⎤⎦ + ( − 8 − 6 ) = 8 2 + ( − 14 ) = 64 + 196 = 260 ≈ 16.12

2 2 2
d P1 , P2 =

33. Since the baseball “diamond” is a square, the baselines meet at right angles, and the
triangle formed by home plate, first base, and second base is a right triangle. The
distance from home plate to second base is the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
c2 = a2 +b2
c 2 = 90 2 + 90 2 = 8100 + 8100 = 16, 200
c = 16, 200 ≈ 127.28 feet

35. (a) The coordinates of

first base are (90 feet, 0 feet),
second base are (90 feet, 90 feet),
third base are (0 feet, 90 feet).

(b) The distance between the right fielder and second base is the distance between the
points (310, 15) and (90, 90).
d = (90 − 310) 2 + ( 90 − 15 ) = 220 2 + 75 2 = 54, 025 ≈ 232.42 feet
2

(c) The distance between the center fielder and third base is the distance between the
points (300, 300) and (0, 90).
( 300 − 0 ) + ( 300 − 90 ) = 300 2 + 210 2 = 134, 100 ≈ 366.20 feet
2 2
d=

37. After t hours the Intrepid has traveled 30t miles to the east, and the truck has traveled 40t
miles south. Since east and south are 90° apart, the distance between the car and the
truck is the hypotenuse of a right triangle. See the diagram.
48 SECTION 0.9

( 30t ) + ( 40t )
2 2
d=
= 900t 2 + 1600t 2
= 2500t 2
= 50t miles

0.9 Lines

1. y = 2x + 4

x 0 −2 2 −2 4 −4
y 4 0 8 0 12 − 4

3. 2x – y = 6

x 0 3 2 −2 4 −4
y − 6 0 − 2 − 10 2 − 14

5. (a) The vertical line containing the point (2, – 3) is x = 2.

(b) The horizontal line containing the point (2, – 3) is y = – 3.

7. (a) The vertical line containing the point (– 4, 1) is x = – 4.

(b) The horizontal line containing the point (– 4, 1) is y = 1.

y 2 − y1 1 − 0 1
9. m = = =
x 2 − x1 2 − 0 2

We interpret the slope to mean that for every 2 unit change in x, y changes 1 unit. That
is, for every 2 units x increases, y increases by 1 unit.

y 2 − y1 3 −1
11. m = = = −1
x2 - x1 −1 −1
48 SECTION 0.9

( 30t ) + ( 40t )
2 2
d=
= 900t 2 + 1600t 2
= 2500t 2
= 50t miles

0.9 Lines

1. y = 2x + 4

x 0 −2 2 −2 4 −4
y 4 0 8 0 12 − 4

3. 2x – y = 6

x 0 3 2 −2 4 −4
y − 6 0 − 2 − 10 2 − 14

5. (a) The vertical line containing the point (2, – 3) is x = 2.

(b) The horizontal line containing the point (2, – 3) is y = – 3.

7. (a) The vertical line containing the point (– 4, 1) is x = – 4.

(b) The horizontal line containing the point (– 4, 1) is y = 1.

y 2 − y1 1 − 0 1
9. m = = =
x 2 − x1 2 − 0 2

We interpret the slope to mean that for every 2 unit change in x, y changes 1 unit. That
is, for every 2 units x increases, y increases by 1 unit.

y 2 − y1 3 −1
11. m = = = −1
x2 - x1 −1 −1
 SECTION 0.9 49

We interpret the slope to mean that for every 1 unit change in x, y changes by (–1) unit.
That is, for every 1 unit increase in x, y decreases by 1 unit.

13. y 2 − y1 3 − 0 3
m= = = =3
x 2 − x1 2 − 1 1

A slope = 3 means that for every 1

unit change in x, y will change 3 units.

15. y 2 − y1 1− 3 −2 1 y
m= = = =− 5
x 2 − x1 2 − (−2) 4 2
(-2, 3)
3

1
A slope = − means that for every 2 unit 1
(2, 1)

2
change in x, y will change (–1) unit. -3 -1 -1 1 3 5
x

-3

17. y 2 − y1 (−1) − (−1) 0

m= = = =0
x 2 − x1 2 − (−3) 5

A slope of zero indicates that regardless of

how x changes, y remains constant.

19. y 2 − y1 (−2) − 2 −4
m= = =
x 2 − x1 (−1) − (−1) 0

The slope is not defined.

21. 23.
50 SECTION 0.9

25. 27.

29. Use the points (0, 0) and (2, 1) to compute the slope of the line:
y 2 − y1 1 − 0 1
m= = =
x 2 − x1 2 − 0 2

Since the y-intercept, (0, 0), is given, use the slope-intercept form of the equation of the
line:
y = mx + b
1
y= x+0
2
1
y= x
2
2y = x
x − 2y = 0

31. Use the points (1, 1) and (– 1, 3) to compute the slope of the line:
y 2 − y1 3 −1 2
m = = = = −1
x 2 − x1 (−1) − 1 − 2

We now use the point (1, 1) and the slope m = – 1 to write the point-slope form of the
equation of the line:
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y − 1 = (−1)(x − 1)
y −1 = −x +1
x+ y = 2

33. Since the slope and a point are given, 35. Since the slope and a point are given, use
use the point-slope form of the line: the point-slope form of the line:
y – y1 = m(x – x1) y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 1 = 2(x − (− 4)) 2
y − (− 1) = − (x − 1)
y −1 = 2x + 8 3
2 x − y = −9 3 y + 3 = −2(x − 1)
3 y + 3 = −2 x + 2
2 x + 3 y = −1

37. Since we are given two points, (1, 3) 39. Since we are given the slope, m = – 2,
and (– 1, 2), first find the slope. and the y-intercept, (0, 3), we use the
m=
3−2
=
1 slope-intercept form of the line:
1 − (− 1) 2 y = mx + b
 SECTION 0.9 51

Then with the slope and one of the y = −2 x + 3

points, (1, 3), we use the point-slope 2x + y = 3
form of the line:
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
1
y −3 = (x − 1)
2
2 y − 6 = x −1
x − 2 y = −5

41. Since we are given the slope m = 3 and 43. We are given the slope m =
4
and the
the x-intercept (– 4, 0), we use the 5
point-slope form of the line: point (0, 0), which is the y-intercept. So,
y – y1 = m(x – x1) we use the slope-intercept form of the
y − 0 = 3 (x − (− 4 )) line:
y = 3 x + 12 y = mx + b
3x − y = −12 4
y= x+0
5
5 y = 4x
4x − 5 y = 0

45. We are given two points, the x-intercept 47. Since the slope is undefined, the line is
(2, 0) and the y-intercept (0, – 1) so we vertical. The equation of the vertical
need to find the slope and then to use line containing the point (1, 4) is:
the slope-intercept form of the line to x =1
get the equation.
0 − (−1) 1
slope = =
2−0 2

y = mx + b
1
y= x −1
2
2y = x − 2
x − 2y = 2

49. Since the slope = 0, the line is 51. y = 2x + 3,

horizontal. The equation of the slope: m = 2; y-intercept: (0, 3)
horizontal line containing the point
(1, 4) is:
y=4
52 SECTION 0.9

53. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we 55. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we
transform the equation into its slope- transform the equation into its slope-
intercept form. To do this we solve intercept form. To do this we solve
for y. for y.
1 2x − 3 y = 6
y = x −1
2 2
y= x−2
y = 2x − 2 3
slope: m = 2; y-intercept: (0, – 2) 2
slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, – 2)
3

57. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we 59. x = – 4

transform the equation into its slope- The slope is not defined; there is no y-
intercept form. To do this we solve intercept.
for y.
x+ y =1
y = – x +1
slope: m = – 1; y-intercept: (0, 1)

61. y=5 63. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we

slope: m = 0; y-intercept: (0, 5) transform the equation into its slope-
intercept form. To do this we solve
for y.
y–x=0
y=x
slope: m = 1; y-intercept = (0, 0)
 SECTION 0.9 53

65. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we

transform the equation into its slope-
intercept form. To do this we solve
for y.
2 y − 3x = 0
2 y = 3x
3
y= x
2
3
slope: m = ; y-intercept = (0, 0)
2

67. The equation of a horizontal line containing the point (– 1, – 3) is given by y = – 3.

69. The average cost of operating the car is given as $0.122 per mile. This is the slope of the
equation. So the equation will be C = 0.122 x , where x is the number of miles the car is
driven.

71. The fixed cost of electricity for the month is $7.58. In addition, the electricity costs
$0.08275 (8.275 cents) for every kilowatt-hour (KWH) used. If x represents the number of
KWH of electricity used in a month,
(a) the total monthly is represented by the equation:
C = 0.08275 x + 7.58, 0 ≤ x ≤ 400

(b)

(c) The charge for using 100 KWH of electricity is found by substituting 100 in part (a):
C = 0.08275 (100 ) + 7.58
= 8.275 + 7.58
= $15.86

(d) The charge for using 300 KWH of electricity is found by substituting 300 in part (a):
C = 0.08275 ( 300 ) + 7.58
= 24.825 + 7.58
= $32.41

(e) The slope of the line, m = 0.08275, indicates that for every extra KWH used (up to 400
KWH), the electric bill increases by 8.275 cents.
54 SECTION 0.9

73. Two points are given, (h1, w1) = (67, 139) and (h2, w2) = (70, 151), and we are told they
are linearly related. So we will first compute the slope of the line:
w − w1 151 − 139 12
m= 2 = = =4
h2 − h1 70 − 67 3
We use the point (70, 151) and the fact that the slope m = 4 to get the point-slope form of
the equation of the line:
w − 151 = 4 ( h − 70 )
w − 151 = 4h − 280
w = 4h − 129

75. The delivery cost of the Sunday Chicago Tribune is $1,070,000 plus $0.53 for each
of the x copies delivered. The total cost of delivering the papers is :
C = 0.53x + 1,070,000

77. Since we are told the relationship is linear, we will use the two points to get the slope of
the line:
C − C1 100 − 0 100 5
m= 2 = = =
F2 − F1 212 − 32 180 9
5
We use the point (32, 0) and the fact that the slope m = to get the point-slope form of
9
the equation:
C − C1 = m(F − F1 )
5
C−0= (F − 32)
9
5
C = (F − 32 )
9

To find the Celsius measure of 68 ºF we substitute 68 for F in the equation and simplify:
5
C = (68 − 32) = 20 º
9

79. Since the problem states that the rate of the loss of water remains constant, we can assume
that the relationship is linear.

(a) We are given two points, the amount of water (in billions of gallons) on November 8,
2002 (t = 8) and the amount of water on December 8, 2002 (t = 38). We use these two
points and the fact that the relation is linear to find the slope of the line:
y − y1 52.5 − 52.9 − 0.4 1
m= 2 = = =−
t 2 − t1 38 − 8 30 75
1
We use the point (8, 52.9) and the slope m = − , to get the point-slope form of the
75
equation of the line:
 SECTION 0.9 55

y − y1 = m(t − t1 )
1
y − 52.9 = − (t − 8)
75
1
y=− t + 53.007
75

(b) To find the amount of water in the reservoir on November 20, let t = 20 in the equation
from part (a).
1
y = − (20) + 53.007
75
y = 52.74 billion gallons of water

(c) The slope tells us that the reservoir loses one billion gallons of water every 75 days.

(d) To find the amount of water in the reservoir on December 31, 2002, let t = 61 in the
equation from (a).
1
y=− (61) + 53.007
75
y = 52.194 billion gallons of water
(e) To determine when the reservoir will be empty, assume y = 0 gallons and solve for t.
1
y = − (t ) + 53.007
75
1
0 = − (t ) + 53.007
75
t = (53.007)(75)
= 3975.525 days, or about 10 years, 10 months and 22 days.

(f) Answers will vary.

81. To graph an equation on a graphing Window: Xmin = – 10; Xmax = 10

utility, first solve the equation for y. Ymin = – 10; Ymax = 10

1.2 x + 0.8 y = 2
0.8 y = −1.2 x + 2
y = −1.5 x + 2.5

The x-intercept is (1.67, 0).

The y-intercept is (0, 2.50).

83. To graph an equation on a graphing Window: Xmin = – 10; Xmax = 10

utility, first solve the equation for y. Ymin = – 10; Ymax = 10
56 SECTION 0.9

21x − 15 y = 53
15 y = 21x − 53
21 53
y= x−
15 15
7 53
y= x− The x-intercept is (2.52, 0).
5 15 The y-intercept is (0, – 3.53).

85. To graph an equation on a graphing Window: Xmin = – 10; Xmax = 10

utility, first solve the equation for y. Ymin = – 10; Ymax = 10
4 6 2
x+ y=
17 23 3
6 4 2
y=− x+
23 17 3
23 ⎛ 4 2⎞
y = ⎜− x+ ⎟
6 ⎝ 17 3⎠
46 23 The x-intercept is (2.83, 0).
y=− x+
51 9 The y-intercept is (0, 2.56).

87. To graph an equation on a graphing Window: Xmin = – 10; Xmax = 10

utility, first solve the equation for y. Ymin = – 10; Ymax = 10
π x − 3y = 6
3y = π x − 6
π
y= x− 2
3

The x-intercept is (0.78, 0).

The y-intercept is (0, – 1.41).

89. The graph passes through the points 91. The graph passes through the points
(0, 0) and (4, 8). We use the points to (0, 0) and (2, 8). We use the points to
find the slope of the line: find the slope of the line:
y − y1 8 − 0 8 y − y1 8 − 0 8
m= 2 = = =2 m= 2 = = =4
x2 − x1 4 − 0 4 x2 − x1 2 − 0 2

The y-intercept (0, 0) is given, so we use The y-intercept (0, 0) is given, so we use
the y-intercept and the slope m = 2, to get the y-intercept and the slope m = 4, to get
the slope-intercept form of the line: the slope-intercept form of the line:
y = mx + b y = mx + b
y = 2x + 0 y = 4x + 0
y = 2 x which is answer (b) y = 4 x which is answer (d)
 SECTION 0.9 57

93. From the graph we can read the two 95. From the graph we can read the two
intercepts, (– 2, 0) and (0, 2). Use these intercepts, (3, 0) and (0, 1). Use these
points to compute the slope of the line: points to compute the slope of the line:
y − y1 2−0 2 y − y1 1 − 0 1 1
m= 2 = = =1 m= 2 = = =−
x2 − x1 0 − (−2) 2 x2 − x1 0 − 3 − 3 3

We use the y-intercept (0, 2) and the We use the y-intercept (0, 1) and the
slope m = 1, to find the slope-intercept 1
form of the equation: slope m = − , to find the slope-intercept
3
y = mx + b form of the equation:
y = 1x + 2 y = mx + b
y=x+2 1
y = − x +1
3
The general form of the equation is:
x − y = −2 The general form of the equation is:
x + 3y = 3

97. From the graph we can see that the line has a positive slope and a y-intercept of the form
(0, b) where b is a positive number. Put each of the equations into slope-intercept form
and choose those with both positive slope and positive y-intercept.
2 3
(b) y = x + 2 (c) y = x + 3 (e) y = x + 1 (g) y = 2 x + 3
3 4

99. The x-axis is a horizontal line; its slope is zero. The general equation of the x-axis
is y = 0.

101. Answers vary.

103. Not every line has two distinct intercepts. Every line has at least one intercept.
Explanations will vary.

105. If two lines have the same x-intercept and the same y-intercept, and x-intercept is not
(0, 0), then the two lines have equal slopes. Lines that have equal slopes and equal y-
intercepts have equivalent equations and identical graphs.

107. Two lines can have the same y-intercept but different slopes only if their y-intercept is the
point (0, 0).
Chapter 0 – Review
Section 0.8 Rectangular Coordinates
In Problems 29–32, find the length of the line segment. Assume that the endpoints of each
line segment have integer coordinates.

29.

From the calculator screen we see that the x-interval is −6 ≤ x ≤ 6 . Notice that there are
twelve marks on the x-axis, so the xscl must be 1 (the length of the interval is
6 − ( −6 ) = 12 and 12 ÷12 = 1 , so the increment is 1). We can also see that the y-interval is
−18 ≤ y ≤ 18 . There are twelve marks on the y-axis, so the yscl must be 3 (the length of
the interval is 18 − ( −18 ) = 36 and 36 ÷12 = 3 , so the increment is 3). Since the first point
is one tick mark to the right of the y-axis, and one tick mark above the x-axis, the
coordinates of the first point must be (1, 3) . The second point is five tick marks to the
right of the y-axis, and five tick marks above the x-axis, the coordinates of the second
point must be ( 5, 15 ) . Using the distance formula to find the distance of the line segment
from (1, 3) to ( 5, 15 ) we obtain

Thus the distance is approximately 12.64911064.

2
31.

From the calculator screen we see that the x-interval is −12 ≤ x ≤ 12 . Notice that there are
twelve marks on the x-axis, so the xscl must be 2 (the length of the interval is
12 − ( −12 ) = 24 and 24 ÷ 12 = 2 , so the increment is 2). We can also see that the y­
interval is −12 ≤ y ≤ 12 . There are twelve marks on the y-axis, so the yscl must be 2
(the length of the interval is 12 − ( −12 ) = 24 and 24 ÷ 12 = 2 , so the increment is 2).
Since the first point is two tick marks to the left of the y-axis, and three tick marks above
the x-axis, the coordinates of the first point must be ( −4, 6 ) . The second point is two tick
marks to the right of the y-axis, and four tick marks below the x-axis, the coordinates of
the second point must be ( 4, − 8 ) . Using the distance formula to find the distance of the
line segment from ( −4, 6 ) to ( 4, − 8 ) we obtain

Thus the distance is approximately 16.1245155.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 0.9 Lines

In Problems 81–88, use a graphing utility to graph each linear equation. Be sure to use a
viewing rectangle that shows the intercepts. Then locate each intercept rounded to two
decimal places.

3
31.

From the calculator screen we see that the x-interval is −12 ≤ x ≤ 12 . Notice that there are
twelve marks on the x-axis, so the xscl must be 2 (the length of the interval is
12 − ( −12 ) = 24 and 24 ÷ 12 = 2 , so the increment is 2). We can also see that the y-
interval is −12 ≤ y ≤ 12 . There are twelve marks on the y-axis, so the yscl must be 2
(the length of the interval is 12 − ( −12 ) = 24 and 24 ÷ 12 = 2 , so the increment is 2).
Since the first point is two tick marks to the left of the y-axis, and three tick marks above
the x-axis, the coordinates of the first point must be ( −4, 6 ) . The second point is two tick
marks to the right of the y-axis, and four tick marks below the x-axis, the coordinates of
the second point must be ( 4, − 8 ) . Using the distance formula to find the distance of the
line segment from ( −4, 6 ) to ( 4, − 8 ) we obtain

Thus the distance is approximately 16.1245155.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 0.9 Lines

In Problems 81–88, use a graphing utility to graph each linear equation. Be sure to use a
viewing rectangle that shows the intercepts. Then locate each intercept rounded to two
decimal places.

3
81. 1.2 x + 0.8 y = 2

Graphing an equation on the TI-83 Plus is a three step process. You must tell the
calculator what equation to graph, what part of the graph you want to see, and then have
the calculator draw the graph. In order to enter the equation, you must first solve the
equation for the dependent variable (in most cases y). When entering the equation into the
calculator, use x as the independent variable. The viewing rectangle (or window) is the
portion of the graph that the calculator will display (See Figure 1).

Figure 1.

One commonly used viewing window is the standard window, given in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

First we must solve the equation for y. In this problem, we obtain y = −1.5 x + 2.5 .

o Ì À Ë · „ Ã Á Ë · Í

4
Next, set a viewing rectangle (or window).

p Ì À Ê Í À Ê Í À Í

Ì À Ê Í À Ê Í À Í

NOTE: This window is called the “Standard Viewing Window.” To quickly set
the standard viewing window, press q ¸ Í.

Finally, graph the equation.

You can use your TI-83 Plus to find the x- and y-intercepts. The value function will find
the value of a function at a given point. To find the y-intercept, we must find the value
of the function when x = 0 . The zero function will find the zeros (an x-intercept is a
zero) of a function. The zero finder requires three inputs, an x-value to the left of the
zero (x-intercept), an x-value to the right of the zero (x-intercept), and an estimate of the
x-value of the zero (x-intercept). Both value and zero are found under the [CALC]
menu.

Find the y-intercept.

y r À Ê Í

5
Find the x-intercept. Enter a value for x that is less than (to the left of) the x–intercept.
Notice that the x-intercept is between x = 1 and x = 2 , so we can use x = 1 as a left
bound.

y r Á À

Input x = 2 as a right bound.

Í Á

Input x = 1.5 as a guess.

Í À Ë ·

Find the x-intercept.

Thus the y-intercept is ( 0, 2.50 ) and the x-intercept is approximately (1.67, 0 ) .

6
83. 21x − 15 y = 53

First, solve the equation for y. In this problem we obtain y = 75 x − 15

53
. Enter the equation
in the function editor. Then, use a standard window and graph. The results are shown
below and on the next page.

Use zero and value to find the x- and y-intercepts, respectively. Note that the x-
intercept is between x = 2 and x = 3 .

7
The x-intercept is approximately ( 2.52, 0 ) .

The y-intercept is approximately ( 0, −3.53) .

85. 4
17 x + 236 y = 2
3

First, solve the equation for y. In this problem we obtain y = − 4651 x + 9 . Enter the
23

equation in the function editor. Then use a standard window and graph. The results are
shown below.

Use zero and value to find the x- and y-intercepts, respectively. Note that the x-
intercept is between x = 2 and x = 3 .

8
The x-intercept is approximately ( 2.83, 0 ) .

The y-intercept is approximately ( 0, 2.56 ) .

87. π x − 3y = 6

First, solve the equation for y. In this problem we obtain y = π

3
x − 2 . Enter the
equation in the function editor. Then use a standard window and graph. The results are
shown below.

9
Use zero and value to find the x- and y-intercepts, respectively. Note that the x-
intercept is between x = 0 and x = 2 .

The x-intercept is approximately ( 0.78, 0 ) .

The y-intercept is approximately ( 0, −1.41) .

In Problems 89–92, match each graph with the correct equation:

x
(a) y = x; (b) y = 2x ; (c) y= ; (d) y = 4x
2

10
89.

Enter all four equations in the function editor and use the window given in the problem.

You can tell you calculator not graph an equation by “turning it off.” To turn off an
equation, return to the function editor, move the cursor to the equals sign and press
Í. We will graph one equation at a time until we find a graph that matches the given
graph.

Turn off the second equation.

o † | Í

Turn off the third and fourth equations.

† Í † Í

11
Graph the first equation y = x .

This graph does not match the graph we were given for this problem. Lets graph the
second equation y = 2 x . We must turn the first equation “off” and turn the second
equation “on” to graph y = 2 x .

o|Í

†Í

Graph the second equation y = 2 x .

The graph is the graph of the equation (b) y = 2 x .

12
91.

Enter all four equations in the function editor and use the window given in the problem.
Use the steps discussed in Problem 93 to graph each equation individually.

By process of elimination, we obtain the following graph.

The graph is the graph of the equation (d) y = 4 x .

In Problems 93–96, write an equation of each line. Express your answers using either the
general form or the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line, whichever you prefer.

93.

13
The x-intercept of the graph is ( −2, 0 ) and the y-intercept is ( 0, 2 ) . The slope of the line
through these two points is
2−0 2
m= = =1
0 − ( −2 ) 2

Using the point slope form of the line we obtain

y − 2 = 1( x − 0 ) or y − 0 = 1( x − ( −2 ) )

Simplifying either equation we obtain

y = x + 2 or x − y = −2

We can check by graphing our result on the window given in the problem.

95.

The x-intercept of the graph is ( 3, 0 ) and the y-intercept is ( 0,1) . The slope of the line
through these two points is
1− 0 1 1
m= = =−
0 − 3 −3 3

Using the point slope form of the line we obtain

y − 1 = − 13 ( x − 0 ) or y − 0 = − 13 ( x − 3)

14
Simplifying either equation we obtain

y = − 13 x + 1 or x + 3 y = 3

We can check by graphing our result on the window given in the problem.

15
Summary
The commands introduced in this chapter are:

value

zero

16
 Chapter 1
Functions and Their Graphs

1.1 Graphs of Equations

1. The point: (3, 4)

(a) The point symmetric with respect to
the x-axis: (3, – 4).

(b) The point symmetric with respect to

the y-axis: (– 3, 4).

(c) The point symmetric with respect to

the origin: (– 3, – 4).

3. The point: (– 2, 1)
(a) The point symmetric with respect to
the x-axis: (– 2, – 1).

(b) The point symmetric with respect to

the y-axis: (2, 1).

(c) The point symmetric with respect to

the origin: (2, – 1).

5. The point: (1, 1)

(a) The point symmetric with respect to
the x-axis: (1, – 1).

(b) The point symmetric with respect to

the y-axis: (– 1, 1).

(c) The point symmetric with respect to

the origin: (– 1, – 1).

7. The point: (– 3, – 4)
(a) The point symmetric with respect to
the x-axis: (– 3, 4).

(b) The point symmetric with respect to

the y-axis: (3, – 4).

(c) The point symmetric with respect to

the origin: (3, 4).
 SECTION 1.1 59

9. The point: (0, – 3)

(a) The point symmetric with respect to
the x-axis: (0, 3).

(b) The point symmetric with respect to

the y-axis: (0, – 3).

(c) The point symmetric with respect to

the origin: (0, 3).

11. (a) The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (– 1, 0). There is no y-intercept.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin.

13. ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(a) The x-intercepts are ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ and ⎜ , 0 ⎟ . The y-intercept is (0, 1).
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

(b) The graph is symmetric only with respect to the y-axis.

15. (a) The x-intercept is (0, 0). The y-intercept is also (0, 0).

(b) The graph is symmetric only with respect to the x-axis.

17. (a) The x-intercept is (1, 0); there is no y-intercept.

(b) The graph has no symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, or the origin.

19. (a) The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (– 1, 0). The y-intercept is (0, – 1).

(b) The graph is symmetric only with respect to the y-axis.

21. (a) There is no x-intercept, and there is no y-intercept.

(b) The graph is symmetric only with respect to the origin.

23. For each point we check to see if the point satisfies the equation y = x 4 − x .
(a) (0, 0): 0 4 − 0 = 0
The equation is satisfied so the point (0, 0) is on the graph.

(b) (1, 1): 1 4 − 1 = 0 ≠ 1

The equation is not satisfied so the point (1, 1) is not on the graph.

(c) (– 1, 0): y = ( −1) − ( −1)

4
is not a real number, so the point (– 1, 0) is not on the
graph.

25. For each point we check to see if the point satisfies the equation y 2 = x 2 + 9
or y 2 – x 2 = 9.
60 SECTION 1.1

(a) (0, 3): 3 2 – 0 2 = 9

The equation is satisfied so the point (0, 3) is on the graph.

(b) (3, 0): 0 2 – 3 2 = – 9 ≠ 9

The equation is not satisfied so the point (0, 3) is not on the graph.

(c) (– 3, 0): 0 2 – (– 3) 2 = – 9 ≠ 9
The equation is not satisfied so the point (0, – 3) is not on the graph.

27. For each point we check to see if the point satisfies the equation x 2 + y 2 = 4.

(a) (0, 2): 0 2 + 22 = 4

The equation is satisfied so the point (0, 2) is on the graph.

(b) (– 2, 2): (– 2)2 + 22 = 8 ≠ 4

The equation is not satisfied so the point (– 2, 2) is not on the graph.

( 2, 2 ) : ( 2) +( 2) = 2+ 2 = 4
2 2
(c)
The equation is satisfied so the point ( 2, 2 ) is on the graph.

29. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation x 2 = 0 or x = 0. So the
x-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and get 0 = y. So the y-intercept is also (0, 0).

To test the graph of the equation x2 = y for symmetry with respect to the x-axis, we
replace y by – y in the equation x2 = y. Since the resulting equation x2 = – y is not
equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x2 = y for symmetry with respect to the y-axis, we
replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
x2 = y
(– x)2 = y or x2 = y
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x2 = y for symmetry with respect to the origin, we
replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
x2 = y
(– x)2 = – y or x2 = – y
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

31. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation 0 = 3x or x = 0. So the
x-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and get y = 3 · 0 = 0. So the y-intercept is also

(0, 0).
 SECTION 1.1 61

To test the graph of the equation y = 3x for symmetry with respect to the x-axis, we
replace y by – y in the equation. Since the resulting equation – y = 3x is not equivalent to
the original equation, the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = 3x for symmetry with respect to the y-axis, we
replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
y = 3x
y = 3 · (– x) = – 3x
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = 3x for symmetry with respect to the origin, we
replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
y = 3x
– y = 3 · (– x)
– y = – 3x
y = 3x
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the origin.

33. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

x2 + 0 – 9 = 0
x2 = 9
x = – 3 or x = 3
So the x-intercepts are (– 3, 0) and (3, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

02 + y – 9 = 0
y=9
So the y-intercept is (0, 9).

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + y – 9 = 0 for symmetry with respect to the x-axis,
we replace y by – y in the equation.
x 2 + (– y) – 9 = 0
x2 – y – 9 = 0
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + y – 9 = 0 for symmetry with respect to the y-axis,
we replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
x2 + y – 9 = 0
(– x) 2 + y – 9 = 0
x2 + y – 9 = 0
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + y – 9 = 0 for symmetry with respect to the origin,
we replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
62 SECTION 1.1

x2 + y – 9 = 0
2
(– x) + (– y) – 9 = 0
x2 – y – 9 = 0
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

35. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

9x 2 + 4 · 0 2 = 36
9x 2 = 36
x2 = 4
x = – 2 or x = 2
So the x-intercepts are (– 2, 0) and (2, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

9 · 0 2 + 4y 2 = 36
4y 2 = 36
y2 = 9
y = – 3 or y = 3
So the y-intercepts are (0, – 3) and (0, 3).

To test the graph of the equation 9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36 for symmetry with respect to the x-axis,
we replace y by – y in the equation.
9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36
9x + 4(– y) 2 = 36
2

9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation 9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36 for symmetry with respect to the y-axis,
we replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36
9(– x) 2 + 4y 2 = 36
9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation 9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36 for symmetry with respect to the origin,
we replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36
9(– x) + 4(– y) 2 = 36
2

9x 2 + 4y 2 = 36
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the origin.

37. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

0 = x 3 – 27
x 3 = 27
x=3
So the x-intercept is (3, 0).
 SECTION 1.1 63

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

y = 0 3 – 27
y = – 27
So the y-intercept is (0, – 27).

To test the graph of the equation y = x 3 – 27 for symmetry with respect to the x-axis, we
replace y by – y in the equation.
y = x 3 – 27
– y = x 3 – 27
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = x 3 – 27 for symmetry with respect to the y-axis, we
replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
y = x 3 – 27
y = (– x) 3 – 27
y = – x 3 – 27
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = x 3 – 27 for symmetry with respect to the origin, we
replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
y = x 3 – 27
(– y) = (– x) 3 – 27
– y = – x 3 – 27
y = x 3 + 27
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

39. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

0 = x 2 – 3x – 4
0 = (x – 4)(x + 1)
x = 4 or x = – 1
So the x-intercepts are (4, 0) and (– 1, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

y = 02 – 3 · 0 – 4
y =–4
So the y-intercept is (0, – 4).

To test the graph of the equation y = x 2 – 3x – 4 for symmetry with respect to the x-axis,
we replace y by – y in the equation.
y = x 2 – 3x – 4
– y = x 2 – 3x – 4
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = x 2 – 3x – 4 for symmetry with respect to the y-axis,
we replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
64 SECTION 1.1

y = x 2 – 3x – 4
y = (– x) 2 – 3 · (– x) – 4
y = x 2 + 3x – 4
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = x 2 – 3x – 4 for symmetry with respect to the origin,
we replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
y = x 2 – 3x – 4
(– y) = (– x) 2 – 3 · (– x) – 4
– y = x 2 + 3x – 4
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

41. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

3x
0= 2
x +9
0 = 3x Since x 2 + 9 ≠ 0, multiply both sides by x 2 + 9.
x=0
So the x-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

3⋅0
y= 2 =0
0 +9
So the y-intercept is also (0, 0).

3x
To test the graph of the equation y = for symmetry with respect to the x-axis, we
x +9
2

replace y by – y in the equation.

3x
y= 2
x +9
3x
– y= 2
x +9
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

3x
To test the graph of the equation y = for symmetry with respect to the y-axis, we
x +92

replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.

3x
y= 2
x +9
3( − x) 3x
y= =− 2
(− x) + 9 x +9
2

Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
 SECTION 1.1 65

3x
To test the graph of the equation y = for symmetry with respect to the origin, we
x +9
2

replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.

3x
y= 2
x +9
3( − x)
−y =
(− x) + 9
2

3x
−y=− 2
x +9
3x
y= 2
x +9
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the origin.

43. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

0=|x|
0=x
So the x-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

y=|0|=0
So the y-intercept is also (0, 0).

To test the graph of the equation y = | x | for symmetry with respect to the x-axis, we
replace y by – y in the equation.
y=|x|
–y=|x|
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = | x | for symmetry with respect to the y-axis, we
replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
y=|x|
y = |– x | = | x |
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation y = | x | for symmetry with respect to the origin, we
replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
y=|x|
– y = |– x | = | x |
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.
66 SECTION 1.1

45. x x 3 −1 = y ( x, y )
( − 2) − 1 = − 9 ( −2, − 9 )
3
−2
( −1) −1 = − 2 ( −1, − 2 )
3
−1
0 0 3 − 1 = −1 ( 0, −1)
1 13 − 1 = 0 (1, 0 )
2 23 − 1 = 7 ( 2, 7 )
47. x 2 x=y ( x, y )
0 2 0 =0 ( 0, 0 )
1 2 1=2 (1, 2 )
4 2 4 =4 ( 4, 4 )
9 2 9 =6 ( 9, 6 )

49. If (a, 2) is a point on the graph, then x = a and y = 2 must satisfy the equation
y = 3x + 5
2 = 3a + 5
3a = – 3
a=–1

51. If (a, b) is a point on the graph, then x = a and y = b must satisfy the equation
2x + 3y = 6
2a + 3b = 6
2a = 6 – 3b
6 − 3b 3
a= =3– b
2 2

53. (a)
 SECTION 1.2 67

The graphs of y = x 2 and y = x are the same.

(b) - (d) Answers will vary.

55. Let (x, y) be a point on the graph of the equation.

(1) Assume the graph is symmetric with respect to both axes. Then because of
symmetry with respect to the y-axis, the point (– x, y) is on the graph. Similarly, because
of symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the point (– x, – y) is also on the graph. So the
graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

(2) Assume the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis and the origin. Then
because of symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the point (x, – y) is on the graph.
Similarly, because of symmetry with respect to the origin, the point (– x, y) is also on the
graph. So the graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

(3) Assume the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis and the origin. Then
because of symmetry with respect to the y-axis, the point (– x, y) is on the graph.
Similarly, because of symmetry with respect to the origin, the point (x, – y) is also on the
graph. So the graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

1.2 Functions
1. (a) We substitute 0 for x in the equation for f to get
f ( 0 ) = 3 ⋅ 02 + 2 ⋅ 0 − 4 = – 4

(b) We substitute 1 for x in the equation for f to get

f (1) = 3 ⋅ 12 + 2 ⋅ 1 − 4 = 1

(c) We substitute (– 1) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( −1) = 3 ⋅ ( − 1) + 2 ⋅ ( −1) − 4 = − 3
2

(d) We substitute (– x) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( − x ) = 3 ⋅ ( − x ) + 2 ⋅ ( − x ) − 4 = 3x 2 − 2 x − 4
2

(e) − f ( x ) = − ( 3 x 2 + 2 x − 4 ) = − 3x 2 − 2 x + 4

(f) We substitute (x + 1) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( x + 1) = 3 ( x + 1) + 2 ( x + 1) − 4 = ( 3 x 2 + 6 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 2 ) − 4 = 3x 2 + 8 x + 1
2

(g) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

f ( 2 x ) = 3 ⋅ ( 2 x ) + 2 ⋅ 2 x − 4 = 12 x 2 + 4 x − 4
2

(h) We substitute (x + h) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( x + h ) = 3 ( x + h ) + 2 ( x + h ) − 4 = ( 3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 ) + ( 2 x + 2h ) − 4
2
 SECTION 1.2 67

The graphs of y = x 2 and y = x are the same.

(b) - (d) Answers will vary.

55. Let (x, y) be a point on the graph of the equation.

(1) Assume the graph is symmetric with respect to both axes. Then because of
symmetry with respect to the y-axis, the point (– x, y) is on the graph. Similarly, because
of symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the point (– x, – y) is also on the graph. So the
graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

(2) Assume the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis and the origin. Then
because of symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the point (x, – y) is on the graph.
Similarly, because of symmetry with respect to the origin, the point (– x, y) is also on the
graph. So the graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

(3) Assume the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis and the origin. Then
because of symmetry with respect to the y-axis, the point (– x, y) is on the graph.
Similarly, because of symmetry with respect to the origin, the point (x, – y) is also on the
graph. So the graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

1.2 Functions
1. (a) We substitute 0 for x in the equation for f to get
f ( 0 ) = 3 ⋅ 02 + 2 ⋅ 0 − 4 = – 4

(b) We substitute 1 for x in the equation for f to get

f (1) = 3 ⋅ 12 + 2 ⋅ 1 − 4 = 1

(c) We substitute (– 1) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( −1) = 3 ⋅ ( − 1) + 2 ⋅ ( −1) − 4 = − 3
2

(d) We substitute (– x) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( − x ) = 3 ⋅ ( − x ) + 2 ⋅ ( − x ) − 4 = 3x 2 − 2 x − 4
2

(e) − f ( x ) = − ( 3 x 2 + 2 x − 4 ) = − 3x 2 − 2 x + 4

(f) We substitute (x + 1) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( x + 1) = 3 ( x + 1) + 2 ( x + 1) − 4 = ( 3 x 2 + 6 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 2 ) − 4 = 3x 2 + 8 x + 1
2

(g) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

f ( 2 x ) = 3 ⋅ ( 2 x ) + 2 ⋅ 2 x − 4 = 12 x 2 + 4 x − 4
2

(h) We substitute (x + h) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( x + h ) = 3 ( x + h ) + 2 ( x + h ) − 4 = ( 3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 ) + ( 2 x + 2h ) − 4
2
68 SECTION 1.2

= 3x 2 + 2 x + 2h + 6 xh + 3h 2 − 4

3. (a) We substitute 0 for x in the equation for f to get

0
f (0) = 2 =0
0 +1

(b) We substitute 1 for x in the equation for f to get

1 1
f (1) = 2 =
1 +1 2

(c) We substitute – 1 for x in the equation for f to get

−1 1
f (– 1) = =−
( −1) + 1
2
2

(d) We substitute – x for x in the equation for f to get

−x x
f (– x) = =− 2
(− x) +1 x +1
2

x
(e) – f (x) = −
x +1
2

(f) We substitute (x + 1) for x in the equation for f to get

x +1 x +1
f (x + 1) = = 2
( x + 1) + 1 x + 2 x + 2
2

(g) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

2x 2x
f (2x) = = 2
(2x) + 1 4x + 1
2

(h) We substitute (x + h) for x in the equation for f to get

x+h x+h
f ( x + h) = = 2
( x + h ) + 1 x + 2 xh + h 2 + 1
2

5. (a) We substitute 0 for x in the equation for f to get

f (0) = 0 + 4 = 4

(b) We substitute 1 for x in the equation for f to get

f (1) = 1 + 4 = 5

(c) We substitute – 1 for x in the equation for f to get

f (– 1) = −1 + 4 = 5

(d) We substitute – x for x in the equation for f to get

f (– x) = − x + 4 = x + 4 = f ( x )
 SECTION 1.2 69

(e) – f (x) = − [ x + 4] = − x − 4

(f) We substitute (x + 1) for x in the equation for f to get

f (x + 1) = x + 1 + 4

(g) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

f (2x) = 2 x + 4 = 2 x + 4

(h) We substitute (x + h) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( x + h) = x + h + 4

7. (a) We substitute 0 for x in the equation for f to get

2 ⋅ 0 +1 1 1
f (0) = = =−
3 ⋅ 0 − 5 −5 5

(b) We substitute 1 for x in the equation for f to get

2 ⋅ 1+1 3 3
f (1) = = =−
3 ⋅1 − 5 − 2 2

(c) We substitute – 1 for x in the equation for f to get

2 ⋅ ( −1) + 1 − 1 1
f (– 1) = = =
3 ⋅ ( −1) − 5 − 8 8

(d) We substitute – x for x in the equation for f to get

2 ( − x) + 1 − 2x + 1 2x −1
f (– x) = = =
3 ( − x ) − 5 − 3x − 5 3x + 5

2x + 1
(e) – f (x) = −
3x − 5

(f) We substitute (x + 1) for x in the equation for f to get

2 ( x + 1) + 1 2 x + 3
f (x + 1) = =
3 ( x + 1) − 5 3x − 2

(g) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

2 (2x) + 1 4x + 1
f (2x) = =
3( 2x) − 5 6x − 5

(h) We substitute (x + h) for x in the equation for f to get

2 ( x + h ) + 1 2 x + 2h + 1
f ( x + h) = =
3 ( x + h ) − 5 3x + 3h − 5
70 SECTION 1.2

9. If f (x) = 4x + 3 then f (x + h) = 4(x + h) + 3 = 4x + 4h + 3, and the difference quotient is

f ( x + h) − f ( x) 4 x + 4h + 3 − ( 4 x + 3) 4h
= = =4
h h h

11. If f (x) = x 2 − x + 4 then f (x + h) = ( x + h ) 2 − ( x + h ) + 4 = x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − x − h + 4 , and

the difference quotient is
f ( x + h) − f ( x) x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − x − h + 4 − ( x 2 − x + 4 ) 2 xh + h 2 − h
= =
h h h
h ( 2 x + h − 1)
= = 2x + h −1
h

13. If f (x) = x 3 then f (x + h) = ( x + h ) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h 3 , and the difference quotient

is
f ( x + h) − f ( x) x 3 + 3x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h 3 − x 3 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h 3
= =
h h h
h ( 3x + 3xh + h )
2 2
= = 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2
h

15. If f (x) = x 4 then f (x + h) = (x + h) 4 = x 4 + 4 x 3 h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh 3 + h 4 , and the difference

quotient is
f ( x + h) − f ( x) ( x 4 + 4 x 3h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh 3 + h 4 ) − x 4
=
h h
4 x h + 6 x h + 4 xh 3 + h 4 h ( 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 h + 4 xh 2 + h 3 )
3 2 2
= =
h h
= 4 x + 6 x h + 4 xh + h
3 2 2 3

17. Since there is only one y-value for each x-value, y = x 2 is a function.

19. 1
Since there is only one y-value for each x-value, y = is a function.
x

21. To determine whether the equation y 2 = 4 – x 2 is a function, we need to solve the

equation for y.
y = ± 4− x2
For values of x between – 2 and 2, two values of y result. This means the equation is not
a function.

23. To determine whether the equation x = y 2 is a function, we need to solve the equation
for y.
y=± x
For values of x > 0, two values of y result. This means the equation is not a function.

25. Since there is only one y-value for each x-value, y = 2x 2 – 3x + 4 is a function.
 SECTION 1.2 71

27. To determine whether the equation 2x2 + 3y 2 = 1 is a function, we need to solve the
equation for y.
3y 2 = 1 − 2x 2
1 − 2x 2
y=±
3
2 2
For values of x between − and , two values of y result. This means the equation
2 2
is not a function.

29. Since the operations of multiplication and addition can be performed on any real
number, the domain of f (x) = – 5x + 4 is all real numbers. (The domain of a polynomial
function is always all real numbers.)

x
31. The function f ( x ) = is defined provided the denominator is not equal to zero.
x +1
2

Since x 2 + 1 never equals zero, the domain of f is all real numbers.

x
33. The function g ( x ) = is defined provided the denominator is not equal to zero.
x − 16
2

x 2 − 16 = 0 when x = – 4 or when x = 4, so the domain of function g is the

set {x | x ≠ – 4, x ≠ 4}.

x−2
35. The function F ( x ) = is defined provided the denominator is not equal to zero.
x3 + x
x 3 + x = x(x 2 + 1) = 0 when x = 0, so the domain of function F is the set {x | x ≠ 0}.

37. The function h ( x ) = 3x − 12 is defined provided the radicand is nonnegative.

3 x − 12 ≥ 0 when 3x ≥ 12 or when x ≥ 4. So the domain of function h is the set
{x | x ≥ 4} or the interval [4, ∞).

4
39. The function f ( x ) = is defined provided the radicand is positive. Zero must be
x−9
eliminated to avoid dividing by zero.
x – 9 > 0 when x > 9. So the domain of function f is the set {x | x > 9} or the
interval (9, ∞).

41. 2
The function p ( x ) = is defined provided the denominator is positive. (Radicals
x −1
must be nonnegative and division by zero is not defined.)
x – 1 > 0 when x > 1. So the domain of function p is the set {x | x > 1} or the
interval (1, ∞).

43. If f (2) = 5 then x = 2, y = 5 must satisfy the equation y = 2x 3 + Ax2 + 4x – 5. We

substitute for x and y and solve for A.
5 = 2 ⋅ 23 + A ⋅ 2 2 + 4 ⋅ 2 − 5
72 SECTION 1.2

5 = 16 + 4 A + 8 − 5
5 = 4 A + 19
−14 = 4 A
7
A=−
2

3x + 8
45. If f (0) = 2 then x = 0, y = 2 must satisfy the equation y = . We substitute for x and
2x − A
y and solve for A.
3 ⋅ 0+8 8
2= =
2 ⋅ 0− A −A
A=–4

The function f is undefined when 2x – A = 0 because division by zero is undefined. Since

A = – 4, f is undefined when 2x + 4 = 0 or when x = – 2.

2x − A
47. If f (4) = 0 then x = 4, y = 0 must satisfy the equation y = . We substitute for x and
x−3
y and solve for A.
2 ⋅ 4− A
0= =8− A
4−3
A=8

The function f is undefined when x – 3 = 0 or when x = 3 because division by zero is

undefined.

49. G(x) = 10x dollars where $10 is the hourly wage and x is the number of hours worked.
The domain of G is {x | x ≥ 0} since a person cannot work a negative number of hours.

51. Revenue R = R(x) = xp.

⎛ 1 ⎞
R ( x ) = x ⎜ − x + 100 ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
1
= − x 2 + 100 x 0 ≤ x ≤ 500
5

53. Revenue R = R(x) = xp. Here the demand equation is expressed in terms of p, so we first
solve for p.
x = − 20 p + 100 0≤ p≤5
x − 100 = − 20 p
x − 100 1
p= =− x+5 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
− 20 20
We then construct the revenue function R.
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2
R ( x) = x ⎜ − x + 5⎟ = − x + 5x 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
⎝ 20 ⎠ 20
 SECTION 1.2 73

55. If 1990 is represented by t = 0, then 2010, (1990 + 20 = 2010), will be represented

by t = 20, (0 + 20 = 20). To project the number (in thousands) of acres of wheat that will
be planted in 2010 we evaluate the function A at t = 20.
A ( 20 ) = −119 ( 20 2 ) + 113 ( 20 ) + 73,367 = 28, 027
In 2010, it is projected that 28,027,000 acres of wheat will be planted.

57. 2010 is 16 years after 1994. The expected SAT mathematics score will be
A (16 ) = − 0.04 (16 3 ) + 0.43 (16 2 ) + 0.24 (16 ) + 506 = 456

59. (a) With no wind, x = 500 miles per hour, the cost per passenger is
500 36, 000
C ( 500 ) = 100 + + = 222 dollars.
10 500

(b) With a head wind of 50 miles per hour, x = 500 – 50 = 450 miles per hour, and the
cost per passenger is
450 36, 000
C ( 450 ) = 100 + + = 225 dollars.
10 450
(c) With a tail wind of 100 miles per hour, x = 500 + 100 = 600 miles per hour and the
cost per passenger is
600 36, 000
C ( 600 ) = 100 + + = 220 dollars.
10 600

(d) With a head wind of 100 miles per hour, x = 500 – 100 = 400 miles per hour, and the
cost per passenger is
400 36, 000
C ( 400 ) = 100 + + = 230 dollars.
10 400

61. (a) h ( x ) = 2 x (b) g ( x ) = x 2

h (a + b) = 2 (a + b) g (a + b) = (a + b)
2

= 2a + 2b
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2
= h ( a ) + h (b )
= g ( a ) + g ( b ) + 2ab
≠ g ( a ) + g (b )

(c) F ( x ) = 5 x − 2 1
(d) G ( x ) =
F ( a + b ) = 5(a + b) − 2 x
1
= 5a + 5b − 2 G (a + b) =
= 5a − 2 + 2 + 5b − 2 a+b
= F ( a ) + F (b) + 2 1 1 b+a
≠ G (a) + G ( B) = + =
≠ F ( a ) + F (b ) a b ab

Only (a) has the property, f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b).

63. Research sources and explanations may vary.

74 SECTION 1.3

1.3 Graphs of Functions; Properties of Functions

1. The graph fails the vertical line test. It is not the graph of a function.

3. This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is the set {x | – π ≤ x ≤ π} or the interval [– π, π] ; the range is the
set {y | – 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} or the interval [– 1, 1].

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(b) The x-intercepts are ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ and ⎜ , 0 ⎟ ; the y-intercept is the point (0, 1).
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

(c) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

5. The graph fails the vertical line test. It is not the graph of a function.

7. This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is the set {x | x > 0} or the interval (0, ∞); the range is all real numbers.

(b) There is no y-intercept; the x-intercept is the point (1, 0).

(c) The graph has no symmetries with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, or the origin.

9. This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is all real numbers; the range is the set {y | y ≤ 2} or the
interval (– ∞, 2].

(b) The x-intercepts are the points (– 3, 0) and (3, 0); the y-intercept is the point (0, 2).

(c) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

11. This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is the set of all real numbers; the range is the set {y | y ≥ – 3} or the
interval [– 3, ∞).

(b) The x-intercepts are the points (1, 0) and (3, 0); the y-intercept is the point (0, 9).

(c) The graph has no symmetries with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, or the origin.

13. (a) f (0) = 3; f (– 6) = – 3

(b) f (6) = 0; f (11) = 1

(c) f (3) is above the x-axis so it is positive.

(d) f (– 4) = – 1 is below the x-axis so it is negative.

(e) f (x) = 0 whenever the graph crosses or touches the x-axis. So f (x) = 0 when x = – 3,
when x = 6, and when x = 10.
 SECTION 1.3 75

(f) f (x) > 0 whenever the graph of f is above the x-axis. f (x) > 0 on the intervals [– 3, 6]
and [10, 11].

(g) The domain of f is the set {x | – 6 ≤ x ≤ 11} or the interval [– 6, 11].

(h) The range of f is the set {y | – 3 ≤ y ≤ 4} or the interval [– 3, 4].

(i) The x-intercepts are the points (– 3, 0), (6, 0), and (10, 0).

(j) The y-intercept is the point (0, 3).

1
(k) Draw the horizontal line y = on the same axes as the graph. Count the number of
2
times the two graphs intersect. They intersect 3 times.

(l) Draw the vertical line x = 5 on the same axes as the graph of f. Count the number of
times the two graphs intersect. They intersect once.

(m) f (x) = 3 whenever the y-value equals 3. This occurs when x = 0 and when x = 4.

(n) f (x) = – 2 whenever the y-value equals – 2. This occurs when x = – 5 and when
x = 8.

15. (a) The point (– 1, 2) is on the graph of f if x = – 1, y = 2 satisfies the equation.

f ( x) = 2x 2 − x −1
2 ( −1) − ( −1) − 1 = 2
2

So the point (– 1, 2) is on the graph of f.

(b) If x = – 2, f (– 2) = 2 ( − 2 ) − ( −2 ) − 1 = 9 . The point (– 2, 9) is on the graph of f.

2

(c) If f (x) = – 1, then

2 x 2 − x − 1 = −1
2x 2 − x = 0
x ( 2 x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0
1
x = 0 or x =
2
⎛1 ⎞
The points (0, – 1) and ⎜ , −1⎟ are on the graph of f.
⎝2 ⎠
(d) The domain of f is all real numbers.

(e) To find the x-intercepts, we let f (x) = y = 0 and solve for x.

2x 2 − x −1 = 0
( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) = 0
76 SECTION 1.3

1
x=– or x = 1
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
The x-intercepts are ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ and (1, 0).
⎝ 2 ⎠

(f) To find the y-intercept, we let x = 0 and solve for y.

f ( 0 ) = 2 ( 0 2 ) − 0 − 1 = −1
The y-intercept is (0, – 1).

17. (a) The point (3, 14) is on the graph of f if x = 3, y = 14 satisfies the equation.
x+2
f ( x) =
x−6
3+ 2 5 5
= =−
3 − 6 −3 3
⎛ 5⎞
The point ⎜ 3, − ⎟ is on the graph of f, but the point (3, 14) is not.
⎝ 3⎠
4+2 6
(b) If x = 4, f (4) = = = − 3 . The point ( 4, − 3) is on the graph of f.
4−6 −2

(c) If f (x) = 2, then

x+2
=2
x−6
x + 2 = 2 ( x − 6)
x + 2 = 2 x − 12
x = 14
The point (14, 2) is on the graph of f.

(d) The function f is a rational function. Rational functions are not defined at values of x
that would cause the denominator to equal zero. So the domain of f is the set {x | x ≠ 6}.

(e) To find the x-intercepts, we let f (x) = y = 0 and solve for x.

x+2
=0
x−6
x+2=0
x=–2
The x-intercept is (– 2, 0).

(f) To find the y-intercept, we let x = 0 and solve for y.

0+2 1
f (0) = =−
0−6 3
⎛ 1 ⎞
The y-intercept is ⎜ 0, − ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠
 SECTION 1.3 77

19. (a) The point (– 1, 1) is on the graph of f if x = – 1, y = 1 satisfies the equation.

2x 2
f ( x) = 4
x +1
2 ( −1)
2
2
= =1
( −1) + 1 2
4

The point (– 1, 1) is on the graph of f.

2 ⋅ 22 8 ⎛ 8⎞
(b) If x = 2, f (2) = = . The point ⎜ 2, ⎟ is on the graph of f.
2 4 + 1 17 ⎝ 17 ⎠

(c) If f (x) = 1, then

2x 2
=1
x 4 +1
2x 2 = x 4 + 1
x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 = 0
( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 1) = 0
( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 1 or x=–1
The points (1, 1) and (– 1, 1) are on the graph of f.

(d) The function f is a rational function. Rational functions are not defined at values of x
that would cause the denominator to equal zero, but this denominator can never equal
zero. So the domain of f is the set of all real numbers.

(e) To find the x-intercepts, we let f (x) = y = 0 and solve for x. The x-intercept is (0, 0).

(f) To find the y-intercept, we let x = 0 and solve for y.

( ) 2 ⋅ 02
f 0 = 4 =0
0 +1
The y-intercept is also (0, 0).

21. Yes, the function is increasing when – 8 < x < – 2.

23. No, the function is decreasing on the interval (2, 5) and then it increases on the interval
(5, 10).

25. The function f is increasing on the intervals (– 8, – 2); (0, 2); and (5, ∞) or
for – 8 < x < – 2; 0 < x < 2; and x > 5.

27. There is a local maximum at x = 2. The maximum value is f (2) = 10.

29. The function f has local maxima at x = – 2 and at x = 2. The local maxima are f (– 2) = 6
and f (2) = 10.

31. (a) The x-intercepts of the graph are (– 2, 0) and (2, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 3).
78 SECTION 1.3

(b) The domain of f is the set {x | – 4 ≤ x ≤ 4} or the interval [– 4, 4].

The range of f is the set {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 3} or the interval [0, 3].

(c) The function is increasing on the intervals (– 2, 0) and (2, 4) or when – 2 < x < 0
and 2 < x < 4. The function is decreasing on the intervals (– 4, – 2) and (0, 2) or when
– 4 < x < – 2 and 0 < x < 2.

(d) The graph of the function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the function is
even.

33. (a) There is no x-intercept of the graph. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

(b) The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.

The range of f is the set {y | y > 0} or the interval (0, ∞).
(c) The function is always increasing.

(d) The graph of the function is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis or the origin, so
the function is neither even nor odd.

35. (a) The x-intercepts of the graph are (– π, 0), (0, 0), and (π, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 0).

(b) The domain of f is the set {x | – π ≤ x ≤ π} or the interval [– π, π]. The range of f is
the set {y | – 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} or the interval [– 1, 1].

⎛ π π⎞ π π
(c) The function is increasing on the interval ⎜ − , ⎟ or for – < x < . The
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π ⎞ π
function is decreasing on the intervals ⎜ − π , − ⎟ and ⎜ , π ⎟ or for –π < x < – and
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2
π
< x < π.
2

(d) The graph of the function is symmetric with respect to the origin, so the function is
odd.

⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
37. (a) The x-intercepts of the graph are ⎜ , 0 ⎟ and ⎜ , 0 ⎟ . The y-intercept is ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

(b) The domain of f is the set {x | – 3 ≤ x ≤ 3} or the interval [– 3, 3]. The range of f is
the set {y | – 1 ≤ y ≤ 2} or the interval [– 1, 2].

(c) The function is increasing on the interval (2, 3) or 2 < x < 3; it is decreasing on the
interval (– 1, 1) or – 1 < x < 1; and it is constant on the intervals (– 3, – 1) and (1, 2) or
when –3 < x < – 1 and 1 < x < 2.
 SECTION 1.3 79

(d) The graph of the function is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis or the origin, so
the function is neither even nor odd.

39. (a) f has a local maximum at 0 since for all x close to 0, x ≠ 0, f (x) < f (0). The local
maximum is f (0) = 3.

(b) f has local minima at – 2 and at 2. The local minima are f (– 2) = 0 and f (2) = 0.

π π π ⎛π ⎞
41. (a) f has a local maximum at since for all x close to ,x≠ , f (x) < f ⎜ ⎟ . The
2 2 2 ⎝2⎠
⎛π ⎞
local maximum is f ⎜ ⎟ = 1.
⎝2⎠
π π π ⎛ π⎞
(b) f has local minimum at – since for all x close to – ,x≠– , f (x) > f ⎜ − ⎟ .
2 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞
The local minimum is f ⎜ − ⎟ = −1 .
⎝ 2⎠

43. (a) The average rate of change from 0 to 2 is

∆y f ( 2 ) − f ( 0 ) ⎡⎣ −2 ⋅ 2 + 4 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ −2 ⋅ 0 + 4 ⎤⎦ − 4 − 4
2 2
= = = = −4
∆x 2−0 2 2

(b) The average rate of change from 1 to 3 is

∆y f ( 3) − f (1) ⎡⎣ −2 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ −2 ⋅ 1 + 4 ⎤⎦ −16
2 2
= = = =−8
∆x 3 −1 2 2

(c) The average rate of change from 1 to 4 is

∆y f ( 4 ) − f (1) ⎡⎣ −2 ⋅ 4 + 4 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ −2 ⋅ 1 + 4 ⎤⎦ − 30
2 2
= = = = − 10
∆x 4 −1 3 3

f ( x ) − f (1) 5 x − 5 (1) 5 ( x − 1)
45. (a) = = =5
x −1 x −1 x −1

(b) Using x = 2 in part (a), we get 5. This is the slope of the secant line containing the
points (1, f (1)) and (2, f (2)).

(c) msec = 5. Using the point-slope form of the line and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 5), we
get
y – y1 = msec(x – x1)
y − 5 = 5 ( x − 1)
y = 5x – 5 + 5
y = 5x

f ( x ) − f (1) [1 − 3 x ] − [1 − 3] 3 − 3 x 3 (1 − x )
47. (a) = = = = −3
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
80 SECTION 1.3

(b) Using x = 2 in part (a), we get – 3. This is the slope of the secant line containing the
points (1, f (1)) and (2, f (2)).

(c) msec = – 3. Using the point-slope form of the line and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, – 2),
we get
y – y1 = msec(x – x1)
y − ( − 2 ) = − 3 ( x − 1)
y = − 3x + 3 − 2
y = − 3x + 1

( ) ( ) [ 2 ] [ 2 ( )] [ 2 ] [ ] 2
49. (a) f x − f 1 = x − 2 x − 1 − 2 1 = x − 2 x − −1 = x − 2 x + 1
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
( x − 1) 2

= = x −1
x −1

(b) Using x = 2 in part (a), we get 1. This is the slope of the secant line containing the
points (1, f (1)) and (2, f (2)).

(c) msec = 1. Using the point-slope form of the line and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, – 1), we
get
y – y1 = msec(x – x1)
y − ( −1) = 1( x − 1)
y = x −1−1
y = x−2

( ) ( ) [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ 3 ] [ ] ( 2 )
51. (a) f x − f 1 = x − x − 1 − 1 = x − x − 0 = x x − 1
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
x ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
= = x2 + x
x −1

(b) Using x = 2 in part (a), we get 2 2 + 2 = 6. This is the slope of the secant line
containing the points (1, f (1)) and (2, f (2)).

(c) msec = 6. Using the point-slope form of the line and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 0), we
get
y – y1 = msec(x – x1)
y − 0 = 6 ( x − 1)
y = 6x − 6

⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤ []
− −1
f ( x ) − f (1) ⎢⎣ x + 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 + 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x + 1 ⎥⎦ 2 − (1) ( x + 1) 2 − x −1
53. (a) = = = =
x −1 x −1 x −1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
−1
−x +1 1
= =−
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x +1
 SECTION 1.3 81

1 1
(b) Using x = 2 in part (a), we get − = − . This is the slope of the secant line
2 +1 3
containing the points (1, f (1)) and (2, f (2)).

1
(c) msec = − . Using the point-slope form of the line and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 1), we
3
get
y – y1 = msec(x – x1)
1
y − 1 = − ( x − 1)
3
1 1
y = − x + +1
3 3
1 4
y =− x+
3 3

f ( x ) − f (1) x− 1 x −1 1
55. (a) = = =
x −1 x −1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x +1

1
(b) Using x = 2 in part (a), we get . This is the slope of the secant line containing
2 +1
the points (1, f (1)) and (2, f (2)).

1
(c) msec =
2 +1
Using the point-slope form of the line and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 1), we get
y – y1 = msec(x – x1)
1 (
y −1 = x − 1)
2 +1
y ≈ 0.414 x − 0.414 + 1
y ≈ 0.414 x + 0.586

57. To determine algebraically whether a function is even, odd, or neither we replace x

with – x and simplify.
f ( − x ) = 4 ( − x ) = 4 ⋅ ( − x3 ) = − 4 x 3 = − f ( x )
3

Since f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) , the function is odd.

59. To determine algebraically whether a function is even, odd, or neither we replace x

with – x and simplify.
g ( − x ) = − 3 ( − x ) − 5 = −3 x 2 − 5 = g ( x )
2

Since g ( − x ) = g ( x ) , the function is even.

61. To determine algebraically whether a function is even, odd, or neither we replace x

with – x and simplify.
82 SECTION 1.3

F (−x) = 3 −x = − 3 x = − F ( x)
Since F ( − x ) = − F ( x ) , the function is odd.

63. To determine algebraically whether a function is even, odd, or neither we replace x

with – x and simplify.
f (− x) = − x + − x = − x + x
Since f (– x) equals neither f(x) nor – f(x), the function is neither even nor odd.

65. To determine algebraically whether a function is even, odd, or neither we replace x

with – x and simplify.
1 1
g (− x) = = 2 = g ( x)
(− x) x
2

Since g ( − x ) = g ( x ) , the function is even.

67. To determine algebraically whether a function is even, odd, or neither we replace x

with – x and simplify.
− (− x)
3
x3 ⎛ −x 3 ⎞
h (− x) = = 2 = −⎜ 2 ⎟ = − h ( x)
3 ( − x ) − 9 3x − 9 ⎝ 3x − 9 ⎠
2

Since h ( − x ) = − h ( x ) , the function is odd.

69. Using 2nd, calculate, we find there is a local maximum

at – 1. The local maximum is f (– 1) = 4.
There is a local minimum at 1. The local minimum is
f (1) = 0.

The function is increasing on the intervals (–2, – 1) and

(1, 2).

The function is decreasing on the interval (– 1, 1).

71. Using 2nd, CALCULATE, we find there is a local

maximum at – 0.77. The local maximum is
f (– 0,77) = 0.19.
There is a local minimum at 0.77. The local minimum
is f (0.77) = – 0.19.

The function is increasing on the intervals (–2, – 0.77)

and (0.77, 2).

The function is decreasing on the interval

(– 0.77, 0.77).

73. Using 2nd, calculate, we find there is a local maximum

at 1.77. The local maximum is f (1.77) = – 1.91.
There is a local minimum at – 3.77. The local minimum
is f (– 3.77) = –18.89.
 SECTION 1.3 83

The function is increasing on the interval (– 3.77, 1.77).

The function is decreasing on the intervals (– 6, – 3.77)

and (1.77, 4).

75. Using 2nd, calculate, we find there is a local maximum

at 0. The local maximum is f (0) = 3.
There is a local minimum at – 1.87. The local minimum
is f (– 1.87) = 0.95.
There is another local minimum at 0.97. The local
minimum is f (0.97) = 2.65.

The function is increasing on the intervals (– 1.87, 0)

and (0.97, 2).

The function is decreasing on the intervals (– 3, – 1.87)

and (0, 0.97).

77. The average rate of change of f from 0 to x is (f)

∆y f ( x ) − f ( 0 ) x 2 − 0
= = =x x≠0
∆x x−0 x
(a) The average rate of change from 0 to 1 is 1.
(b) The average rate of change from 0 to 0.5 is 0.5.
(c) The average rate of change from 0 to 0.1 is 0.1.
(d) The average rate of change from 0 to 0.01 is 0.01.
(e) The average rate of change from 0 to 0.001 is
0.001.

(g) and (h) Answers will vary.

84 SECTION 1.3

79. −32 (100 )

2

(a) h (100 ) = + 100 = 81.07 feet high

1302
−32 ( 300 )
2

(b) h ( 300 ) = + 300 = 129.59 feet high

1302
−32 ( 500 )2
(c) h ( 500 ) = + 500 = 26.63 feet high
1302
(d) To determine how far the ball was hit, we find h(x) = 0.
−32 x 2
+x=0
130 2
−32 x 2 + 130 2 x = 0
x ( −32 x + 130 2 ) = 0
x = 0 or −32 x + 130 2 = 0
x = 0 or x = 528.125
The ball traveled 528.125 feet.

(e)

(f)
The golf ball is 90 feet high
after it has traveled about 115
feet and again when it has
traveled about 413 feet.

(g) (h) The ball travels about 275

feet when it reaches its
maximum height of about 131.8
feet.
 SECTION 1.3 85

(i) The ball actually travels only 264 feet before

reaching its maximum height of 132.03 feet.

81. (a) Volume of a box is the product of its length, width, and height. The box has height x
inches and length and width equal to 24 – 2x inches.
V = V(x) = x(24 -2x) 2 cubic inches

(b) If x = 3 inches, then V = 3(24 – 2 · 3) 2 = 972 cubic inches.

(c) If x = 10 inches, then V = 10(24 – 2 · 10) 2 = 10(4) 2 = 160 cubic inches.

(d)

83. (a)

(b) The average cost is minimized when 10 riding mowers are produced.
(c) The average cost of producing each of the 10 mowers is $239.

85. Best matches are are (a) graph (II), (b) graph (V), (c) graph (IV), (d) graph (III),
(e) graph (I). Reasons may vary.

87. Graphs will vary.

89. Explanations and graphs will vary.

91. Descriptions will vary.

93. Functions will vary.

86 SECTION 1.4

1.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-defined Functions

1. (C) Graphs of square functions are 3. (E) Graphs of square root functions are
parabolas. defined for x ≥ 0 and are increasing.

5. (B) Graphs of linear functions are 7. (F) Graph of a reciprocal function is

straight lines. not defined at zero.

9. 11.

13. 15.

17. (a) When x = – 2, the equation for f is f (x) = x 2, so f (– 2) = (– 2) 2 = 4

(b) When x = 0, the equation for f is f (x) = 2, so f (0) = 2

(c) When x = 2, the equation for f is f (x) = 2x + 1, so f (2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5

19. (a) f (1.2) = int (2 · 1.2) = int (2.4) = 2

(b) f (1.6) = int (2 · 1.6) = int (3.2) = 3

(c) f (– 1.8) = int (2 · (– 1.8)) = int (– 3.6) = – 4

21. (a) The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞).

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (0) = 1. So the y-intercept is (0, 1).

To find the x-intercept, we let y = 0 and solve for x. f (x) never equals zero, so there is no
x-intercept.
 SECTION 1.4 87

(c) (d) The range of f is the set {y | y ≠ 0}.

23. (a) The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞).

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f is
f (x) = – 2x + 3 and f (0) = 3. So the y-intercept is (0, 3).

To find the x-intercept, we let y = 0 and solve. If x < 1, then y = – 2x + 3 = 0 or

3
x = = 1.5 .
2
Since x = 1.5 is not less than 1, we ignore this solution. If x ≥ 1, then y = 3x – 2 = 0
2
or x = .
3
2
Since x = < 1, we ignore this solution and conclude f (x) never equals zero and there
3
is no x-intercept.
(c) (d) The range of f is the set {y | y ≥ 1} or [1, ∞).

25. (a) The domain of f is the set {x | x ≥ – 2} or the interval [– 2, ∞).

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (x) = x + 3, and f (0) = 3. So the y-intercept is (0, 3).

To find the x-intercept(s), we let y = 0 and solve.

If – 2 ≤ x < 1, y = f (x) = x + 3 = 0 or x = – 3. Since x = – 3 is not in the interval [– 2, 1),
we ignore this solution.
If x > 1, y = – x + 2 = 0 or x = 2. So there is an x-intercept at (2, 0).
88 SECTION 1.4

(c) (d) The range of f is the set {y | y = 5; y < 4}.

27. (a) The domain of f is all real numbers.

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (x) = x 2 , and f (0) = 0. So the y-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the x-intercept(s), we let y = 0 and solve.

If x < 0, y = f (x) = 1 + x = 0 or x = – 1. So there is an x-intercept at (– 1, 0).
If x > 0, y = f (x) = x 2 = 0 or x = 0. So there is an x-intercept at (0, 0).

(c) (d) The range of f is the set of all real numbers.

29. (a) The domain of f is the set {x | x ≥ – 2} or the interval [– 2, ∞).

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (x) = 1, and f (0) = 1. So the y-intercept is (0, 1).

To find the x-intercept(s), we let y = 0 and solve. If – 2 ≤ x < 0, y = f (x) = |x| = 0 or x = 0.

Since x = 0 is not in the interval [– 2, 0), we ignore this solution.
If x > 0, y = x 3 = 0 or x = 0. Since x = 0 is not in the interval (0, ∞), we also ignore this
solution, and conclude there is no x-intercept.

(c) (d) The range of f is the set {y | y > 0} or the interval (0, ∞).
 SECTION 1.4 89

31. (a) The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (x) = 2 int (x), and f (0) = 0. So the y-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the x-intercept(s), we let y = 0 and solve. y = f (x) = 2 int (x) = 0 for all x in the
set {x | 0 ≤ x < 1} or the interval [0, 1). So there are x-intercepts at all points in the
interval.

(c) (d) The range of f is the set of even integers.

33. This graph is made of two line segments. We find each.

For – 1 ≤ x ≤ 0, we have two points (– 1, 1) and (0, 0). The slope of the line between the
points is
y −y 1− 0
m= 2 1 = = −1
x2 − x1 −1 − 0
Using the point-slope form of an equation of a line and the point (0, 0), we get
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
y – 0 = – 1(x – 0)
y=–x

For 0 < x ≤ 2, we have two points (0, 0) and (2, 1). The slope of the line between the
points is
y −y 1− 0 1
m= 2 1 = =
x2 − x1 2−0 2

Using the point-slope form of an equation of a line and the point (0, 0), we get
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
1
y–0= (x – 0)
2
1
y= x
2
The piecewise function is
⎧− x −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
⎪
f (x) = ⎨ 1
⎪⎩ 2 x 0< x≤2
90 SECTION 1.4

35. This graph is made of two line segments. We find each.

For x ≤ 0, we have two points (– 1, 1) and (0, 0). The slope of the line between the points
is
y −y 1− 0
m= 2 1 = = −1
x2 − x1 −1 − 0
Using the point-slope form of an equation of a line and the point (0, 0), we get
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
y – 0 = – 1(x – 0)
y=–x

For 0 < x ≤ 2, we have two points (0, 2) and (2, 0). The slope of the line between the
points is
y −y 2−0
m= 2 1 = = −1
x2 − x1 0−2
Using the point-slope form of an equation of a line and the point (0, 2), we get

y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
y – 2 = – 1(x – 0)
y=–x+2
The piecewise function is
⎧− x x≤0
f (x) = ⎨
⎩− x + 2 0< x≤2

37. (a) If x = 200 minutes are used, the equation for C is C(x) = 39.99. So C(200) = $39.99.

(b) If x = 365 minutes are used, the equation for C is C(x) = 0.25x – 47.51. So
C(365) = 0.25(365) – 47.51 = $43.74.

(c) If x = 351 minutes are used, the equation for C is C(x) = 0.25x – 47.51. So
C(351) = 0.25(351) – 47.51 = $40.24.

39. (a) If 50 therms are used, the charge C will be

C(50) = 9.45 + 0.36375(50) + 0.6338(50) = $59.33

(b) If 500 therms are used the charge will be

C(500) = 9.45 + 0.36375(50) + 0.11445(500 – 50) + 0.6338(500) = $396.04

(c) When 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 the equation that relates the monthly charge for using x therms of
gas is
C(x) = 9.45 + 0.36375x + 0.6338x = 0.99755x + 9.45
When x > 50 the equation that relates the monthly charge for using x therms of gas is
C(x) = 9.45 + 0.36375(50) + 0.11445(x – 50) + 0.6338x
= 21.915 + 0.74825 x
The function that relates the monthly charge C for x therms of gas is
⎧9.45 + 0.99755 x 0 ≤ x ≤ 50
C(x) = ⎨
⎩21.915 + 0.74825 x x > 50
 SECTION 1.4 91

(d)

41. (a) When v = 1 meter per second and t = 10º, the equation representing the wind chill is
W = t = 10º.

(b) When v = 5 m/sec. and t = 10º, the equation representing the wind chill is
(10.45 + 10 v − v ) ( 33 − t ) (10.45 + 10 5 − 5) ( 33 − 10 )
W = 33 − = 33 −
22.04 22.04
( 5.45 + 10 5 ) ( 23)
= 33 − = 3.98 º
22.04

(c) When v = 15 m/sec. and t = 10º, the equation representing the wind chill is
(10.45 + 10 v − v ) ( 33 − t ) (10.45 + 10 15 − 15) ( 33 − 10 )
W = 33 − = 33 −
22.04 22.04
(10 15 − 4.55) ( 23)
= 33 − = − 2.67 º
22.04

(d) When v = 25 m/sec. and t = 10º, the equation representing the wind chill is
W = 33 – 1.5958(33 – t) = 33 – 1.5958(33 – 10) = 33 – 1.5958(23) = – 3.70º

(e) Answers may vary.

(f) Answers may vary.

43. ⎧ 0.10 x 0 < x < 7000

⎪ 700 + 0.15 x − 7000
⎪ ( ) 7000 ≤ x < 28, 400
⎪⎪ 3910 + 0.25 ( x − 28, 400 ) 28, 400 ≤ x < 68,800
y = f ( x) = ⎨
⎪ 14, 010 + 0.28 ( x − 68,800 ) 68,800 ≤ x < 143,500
⎪34,926 + 0.33 ( x − 143,500 ) 143,500 ≤ x < 311,950
⎪
⎪⎩90,514 + 0.35 ( x − 311,950 ) x ≥ 311,950
92 SECTION 1.4

45.

Answers may vary.

47.

Answers may vary.

49.

Answers may vary.

51.

Answers may vary.

 SECTION 1.5 93

1.5 Graphing Techniques: Shifts and Reflections

1. (B) This is the graph of a square function reflected around the x-axis and shifted up two
units.

3. (H) This is the graph of an absolute value function shifted to the left two units and then
reflected over the x-axis.

5. (A) This is the graph of a square function shifted up two units.

7. (F) This is the graph of a square function shifted to the left two units and then reflected
over the x-axis.

9. y = (x – 4) 3 11. y = x 3 + 4

13. y = (– x) 3 = – x 3

15. (1) Shift up 2 units. Add 2. y= x +2

(2) Reflect about the x-axis. Multiply y by – 1. y=– ( x + 2) = − x − 2
(3) Reflect about the y-axis. Replace x by – x. y = − −x −2

17. (1) Reflect about the x-axis. Multiply y by – 1. y= – x

(2) Shift up 2 units. Add 2. y= – x +2
(3) Shift left 3 units. Replace x by x + 3. y= – x+3 + 2

19. Ans: (c) –f (x) changes the sign of y. So if (3, 0) is a point on f, (3, 0) is a point on – f(x).

21.

→
(a) y = x 2
Subtract 1; vertical (b) y = x 2 − 1
shift down 1 unit.
94 SECTION 1.5

23.

→
(a) y = x 3
Add 1; vertical (b) y = x 3 + 1
shift up 1 unit.

25.

→
(a) y = x Replace x by x – 2; (b) y = x−2
horizontal shift right 2 units.

27.

→
y = ( x − 1)
3
(a) y = x 3
Replace x by x – 1; (b)
horizontal shift right
1 unit.
 SECTION 1.5 95

→
(c) y = ( x − 1) + 2
3
Add 2: vertical shift
up 2 units.

29.

→
(a) y= x3
Multiply f (x) by – 1; (b) y=−3 x
reflect about the x-axis.

31.

→
(a) y= x Replace x by – x; (b) y= − x
reflect about y-axis.
96 SECTION 1.5

33.

→
(a) y = x 3
Multiply f(x) by – x; (b) y = − x3
reflect about y-axis.

→
Add 2; vertical (c) y = − x3 + 2
shift 2 units.

35.

→
(a) y= x Replace x by x – 2; (b) y = x−2
horizontal shift right 2 units.
 SECTION 1.5 97

→
Add 1; vertical shift (c) y = x − 2 +1
up 1 unit.

37.

→
(a) y= x Replace x by – x; (b) y = −x
reflect about y-axis.

→
Subtract 2; vertical (c) y = −x −2
down 2 units.

39.

(a) F ( x ) = f ( x ) + 3 (b) G ( x ) = f ( x + 2)
98 SECTION 1.5

(c) P ( x) = − f ( x) (d) H ( x ) = f ( x + 1) − 2

(e) g ( x) = f (− x)

41. (a) (b)

(c) (d) Answers may vary.

43.

(a) y = f ( x) (b) y= f (x)

 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 99

Chapter 1 Review
TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. False 3. False

5. True

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. independent; dependent 3. 5; – 3

5. (– 5, 0), (– 2, 0), (2, 0)

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. x x2 + 4 ( x, y )
−2 ( −2 )2 + 4 = 8 ( − 2, 8)
( −1) ( −1, 5)
2
−1 +4=5
0 0 +4=4
2
( 0, 4 )
1 12 + 4 = 5 (1, 5)
2 22 + 4 = 8 ( 2, 8)
3. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation
2x = 3 ⋅ 0 2
x=0
So the x-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

2 ⋅ 0 = 3y 2
y=0
So the y-intercept is (0, 0).

To test the graph of the equation 2x = 3y 2 for symmetry with respect to the x-axis, we
replace y by – y in the equation.
2x = 3y 2
2x = 3(– y) 2
2x = 3y 2
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation 2x = 3y 2 for symmetry with respect to the y-axis, we
replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
100 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

2x = 3y 2
2(– x) = 3y 2
– 2x = 3y 2

Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation 2x = 3y 2 for symmetry with respect to the origin, we
replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
2(– x) = 3(– y) 2
– 2x = 3y 2
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

5. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

x 2 + 4 · 0 2 = 16
x 2 = 16
x = – 4 or x = 4
So the x-intercepts are (– 4, 0) and (4, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

0 2 + 4y 2 = 16
4y 2 = 16
y2 = 4
y = – 2 or y = 2
So the y-intercepts are (0, – 2) and (0, 2).

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + 4y 2 = 16 for symmetry with respect to the x-axis,
we replace y by – y in the equation.
x 2 + 4y 2 = 16
x + 4(– y) 2 = 16
2

x 2 + 4y 2 = 16

Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + 4y 2 = 16 for symmetry with respect to the y-axis,
we replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
x 2 + 4y 2 = 16
(– x) 2 + 4y 2 = 16
x 2 + 4y 2 = 16
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + 4y 2 = 16 for symmetry with respect to the origin,
we replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
x 2 + 4y 2 = 16
(– x) + 4(– y) 2 = 16
2

x 2 + 4y 2 = 16
 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 101

Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the origin.

7. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = 0
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0
x2 + 1 = 0
has no real solution. So there is no x-intercept.

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

04 + 2 ⋅ 02 +1 = y
y=1
So the y-intercept is (0, 1).

To test the graph of the equation x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 = y for symmetry with respect to

the x-axis, we replace y by – y in the equation.
x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = − y
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 = y for symmetry with respect to the
y-axis, we replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
(− x) + 2 (− x) +1 = y
4 2

x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = y
Since the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation, the graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 = y for symmetry with respect to the
origin, we replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
(− x) + 2 (− x) +1 = − y
4 2

x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 = − y
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

9. To find the x-intercept(s) we let y = 0 and solve the equation

x2 + x + 02 + 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
x 2 + x = x ( x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x=–1
So the x-intercepts are (– 1, 0) and (0, 0).

To find the y-intercept(s) we let x = 0 and solve the equation

02 + 0 + y 2 + 2y = 0
y 2 + 2 y = y ( y + 2) = 0
102 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

y = 0 or y + 2 = 0
y=–2
So the y-intercepts are (0, – 2) and (0, 0).

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + x + y 2 + 2 y = 0 for symmetry with respect to the
x-axis, we replace y by – y in the equation.
x 2 + x + (− y) + 2(− y) = 0
2

x2 + x + y 2 − 2y = 0
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + x + y 2 + 2 y = 0 for symmetry with respect to the
y-axis, we replace x by – x in the equation and simplify.
(− x) + (− x) + y 2 + 2 y = 0
2

x2 − x + y 2 + 2y = 0
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

To test the graph of the equation x 2 + x + y 2 + 2 y = 0 for symmetry with respect to the
origin, we replace x by – x and y by – y in the equation and simplify.
(− x) + (− x) + (− y) + 2 (− y) = 0
2 2

x2 − x + y 2 − 2y = 0
Since the resulting equation is not equivalent to the original equation, the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the origin.

11. (a) We substitute 2 for x in the equation for f to get

3( 2) 6
f ( 2) = 2 = =2
2 −1 3

(b) We substitute – 2 for x in the equation for f to get

3( − 2) −6
f ( − 2) = = = −2
( − 2) − 1 3
2

(c) We substitute (– x) for x in the equation for f to get

3( − x) − 3x
f (− x) = = 2
(− x) −1 x −1
2

3x
(d) – f (x) = −
x 2 −1

(e) We substitute (x – 2) for x in the equation for f to get

3( x − 2) 3x − 6 3x − 6
f ( x − 2) = = 2 = 2
( x − 2) − 1 x − 4 x + 4 − 1 x − 4x + 3
2
 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 103

(f) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

3( 2x) 6x
f (2x) = = 2
( 2x) −1 4x −1
2

13. (a) We substitute 2 for x in the equation for f to get

f ( 2) = 2 2 − 4 = 0

(b) We substitute – 2 for x in the equation for f to get

f ( − 2) = ( − 2)
2
−4 =0

(c) We substitute (– x) for x in the equation for f to get

f (− x) = (− x) − 4 = x 2 − 4 = f ( x)
2

(d) – f (x) = − x 2 − 4

(e) We substitute (x – 2) for x in the equation for f to get

f ( x − 2) = ( x − 2)
2
− 4 = x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4 = x 2 − 4x

(f) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

f (2x) = ( 2x) − 4 = 4x 2 − 4 = 2 x 2 −1
2

15. (a) We substitute 2 for x in the equation for f to get

( ) 22 − 4
f 2 = =0
22

(b) We substitute – 2 for x in the equation for f to get

( − 2) − 4
2

f ( − 2) = =0
( − 2)
2

(c) We substitute (– x) for x in the equation for f to get

( − x) − 4 x 2 − 4
2

f (− x) = = = f ( x)
(− x)
2
x2

x2 − 4
(d) – f (x) = −
x2

(e) We substitute (x – 2) for x in the equation for f to get

( x − 2) − 4 x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 4
2
x 2 − 4x
f ( x − 2) = = = 2
( x − 2) x 2 − 4x + 4 x − 4x + 4
2

(f) We substitute 2x for x in the equation for f to get

104 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

( 2x) 2 − 4 4x 2 − 4 x 2 −1
f (2x) = = =
( 2x) 2 4x 2 x2

17. The denominator of the f cannot equal 0, so x 2 – 9 ≠ 0 or x ≠ 3 and x ≠ – 3.

The domain is the set {x | x ≠ 3 and x ≠ – 3}.

19. The radicand must be nonnegative, so 2 – x ≥ 0 or x ≤ 2.

The domain is the set {x | x ≤ 2} or the interval (– ∞, – 2].

21. The radicand must be nonnegative and the denominator cannot equal 0.
The domain is the set {x | x > 0} or the interval (0, ∞).

23. The denominator of the function f cannot equal 0, so x 2 + 2x – 3 ≠ 0.

x 2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x – 1)(x + 3) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 1 or x = – 3
The domain is the set {x | x ≠ 1 and x ≠ – 3}.

f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) − 2 ( x + h ) + ( x + h ) + 1 − [−2 x 2 + x + 1]
2
25. =
h h
− 2 x − 4 xh − 2h + x + h + 1 + 2 x 2 − x − 1
2 2
=
h
−4 xh − 2h + h
2
=
h
h ( −4 x − 2h + 1)
=
h
= −4 x − 2 h + 1

27. (a) The domain of f is the set {x | – 4 ≤ x ≤ 3} or the interval [– 4, 3].

The range of f is the set {y | – 3 ≤ y ≤ 3} or the interval [– 3, 3].

(b) The x-intercept is (0, 0), and the y-intercept is (0, 0).

(c) f (– 2) = – 1

(d) f (x) = – 3 when x = – 4.

(e) f (x) > 0 on the interval (0, 3].

29. (a) The domain of f is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞).
The range of f is the set {y | y ≤ 1} or the interval (– ∞, 1].

(b) f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 1) and (3, 4); f is decreasing on the intervals
(– 1, 3) and (4, ∞).
 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 105

(c) The local maxima are 1 at f (– 1) = 1 and 0 at f (4) = 0. There is a local minimum
of – 3 at f (3) = – 3.

(d) The graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis, or the origin.

(e) Since the graph of the function has no symmetry, the function is neither even nor
odd.

(f) The x-intercepts are (– 2, 0), (0, 0) and (4, 0); the y-intercept is (0, 0).

31. f ( − x ) = (− x) 3 − 4 ( − x ) = − x 3 + 4 x = − f ( x ) Since f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) , the function is

odd.

33. 1 1 1 1
h (− x) = + +1 = + 2 + 1 = h ( x ) Since h ( − x ) = h ( x ) , the function is
(− x) (− x)
4 2 4
x x
even.

35. G ( − x ) = 1 − ( − x ) + ( − x ) = 1 + x − x 3 Since G(– x) is not equal to G(x) or to – G(x), the

3

function is neither even nor odd.

37.
f (− x) =
(− x) = − x = − f ( x)
1+ (− x) 1+ x 2
2

Since f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) , the function is odd.

39. There is a local maximum of 4.043 at

x = – 0.913, and a local minimum of – 2.043 at
x = 0.913.

The function is increasing on the intervals

(– 3, – 0.913) and (0.913, 3). The function is
decreasing on the interval (– 0.913, 0.913).

41. There is a local maximum of 1.532 at

x = 0.414, and local minima of 0.543 at
x = – 0.336 and of – 3.565 at x = 1.798.

The function is increasing on the intervals

(– 0.336, 0.414) and (1.798, 3). The function
is decreasing on the intervals (– 2, – 0.336)
and (0.414, 1.798).

43. ∆y f ( 2 ) − f (1) [8 ⋅ 2 − 2] − ⎡⎣8 ⋅ 1 − 1⎤⎦

2 2
(a) = = = 30 − 7 = 23
∆x 2 −1 1
106 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

∆y f (1) − f ( 0 ) [8 ⋅ 1 − 1] − ⎡⎣8 ⋅ 0 − 0 ⎤⎦
2 2
(b) = = = 7−0 = 7
∆x 1− 0 1

∆y f ( 4 ) − f ( 2 ) [8 ⋅ 4 − 4] − ⎡⎣8 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⎤⎦ 124 − 30
2 2
(c) = = = = 47
∆x 4−2 2 2

45. ∆y f ( x ) − f ( 2 ) [ 2 − 5 x ] − [ 2 − 5 ⋅ 2] 2 − 5 x − 2 + 10
= = =
∆x x−2 x−2 x−2
− 5 x + 10 − 5 ( x − 2 )
= = = −5
x−2 x−2

47. ∆y f ( x ) − f ( 2 ) [3x − 4 x ] − ⎡⎣3 ⋅ 2 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⎤⎦ 3x − 4 x 2 − 6 + 16

2 2
= = =
∆x x−2 x−2 x−2
− 4 x + 3x + 10 − ( 4 x + 5 ) ( x − 2 )
2
= = = − 4x − 5
x−2 x−2

49. (b), (c), (d), and (e) are graphs of functions because they pass the vertical line test.

51.

53. (a) The domain of f is the set {x | x > – 2} or the interval (– 2, ∞).

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (x) = 3x, and f (0) = 0. So the y-intercept is (0, 0).

To find the x-intercept(s), we let y = 0 and solve.

If – 2 ≤ x < 1, y = f (x) = 3x = 0 or x = 0. So there is an x-intercept at (0, 0)
If x > 1, y = x + 1 = 0 or x = – 1. Since x = – 1 is not in the interval (1, ∞), we ignore this
solution.
 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 107

(c) (d) The range of f is the set {y | y > – 6}.

55. (a) The domain of f is the set {x | x ≥ – 4} or the interval [– 4, ∞).

(b) To find the y-intercept we let x = 0 and solve. When x = 0, the equation for f
is f (x) = 1. So the y-intercept is (0, 1).

To find the x-intercept(s), we let y = 0 and solve.

If – 4 ≤ x < 0, y = f (x) = x = 0. Since x = 0 is not in the interval [– 4, 0), we ignore this
solution.
If x > 0, y = 3x = 0 or x = 0. Since x = 0 is not in the interval (0, ∞), we ignore this
solution and we conclude that there is no x-intercept on this graph.

(c) (d) The range of f is the set {y | y ≥ – 4, but y ≠ 0} or

the interval [– 4, 0) and (0, ∞).

57.

→
(a) F ( y ) = x Subtract 4; vertical (b) F ( x) = x − 4
shift down 4 units.

The x-intercepts of F are (−4, 0) and (4, 0); the y-intercept is (0, −4). The domain is all
real numbers and the range is {y | y ≥ −4}.
108 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

59.

→
(a) y = x Replace x with x – 1; (b) F ( x ) = x − 1
horizontal shift right 1 unit.

The x-intercept of F is (1, 0); there is no y-intercept. The domain of F is the interval
[1, ∞) and the range is [0, ∞).

61.

→
(a) y = x Replace x with x – 1; (b) f ( x) = x −1
horizontal shift right 1 unit.

→
Replace x – 1 by – (x – 1); (c) f ( x) = 1 − x
reflect about the y-axis.

The x-intercept of f is (1, 0); the y-intercept is (0, 1). The domain of f is the set {x | x ≤ 1}
or the interval [−∞, 1). The range is the set {y | y ≥ 0} or the interval [0, ∞).
 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 109

63.

→
(a) y = x2 Replace x with x − 1; (b) y = (x − 1)2
horizontal shift right 1 unit.

→
f ( x ) = ( x − 1) + 2
2
Add – 2; vertical (c)
shift up 2 units.

The y-intercept is (0, 3); there is no x-intercept. The domain of f is all real numbers. The
range is the set {y | y ≥ 2} or the interval [2, ∞).

65. (a) y = f (– x) (b) y = – f (x)

110 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

(c) y = f (x + 2) (d) y = f (x) + 2

67. Since f is linear, we first find the slope of the function using the 2 given points (4, – 5)
and (0, 3).
y − y1 − 5 − 3 − 8
m= 2 = = = −2
x2 − x1 4−0 4
Then we get the point-slope form of a line by using m and the point (0, 3).
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 3 = – 2(x – 0)
y = – 2x + 3
So the linear function is f (x) = – 2x + 3.

69. f (1) = 4 means the point (1, 4) satisfies the equation for f. So
A (1) + 5 A + 5
4= =
6 (1) − 2 4
16 = A + 5
A = 11

71. Since the height is twice the radius, we can write h = 2r. Then the volume of the
cylinder can be expressed as V = π r 2 ( 2r ) = 2π r 3 .

73. (a) R = R(x) = xp

⎛ 1 ⎞
R(x) = x ⎜ − x + 100 ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
1 2
= − x + 100 x 0 ≤ x ≤ 600
6

(b) If 200 units are sold, x = 200 and the revenue is

1
R ( 200 ) = − ( 200 ) + 100 ( 200 ) = $13,333.33
2

75. (a) To find the revenue function R = R(x), we first solve the demand equation for p.
x = −5 p + 100 (1)
5 p = 100 − x
1
p = 20 − x 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
5
We find the domain by using equation (1) and solving
 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 111

when p = 0, x = – 5(0) + 100 = 100

when p = 20, x = – 5(20) + 100 = 0

So the revenue R can be expressed as

⎛ 1 ⎞
R ( x ) = x ⎜ 20 − x ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
1
R ( x ) = 20 x − x 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
5

(b) If 15 units are sold, x = 15, and the revenue is

1
R (15 ) = 20 (15 ) − (15 ) = $255.00
2

77. (a) The cost of making the drum is the sum of the costs of making the top and bottom
and the side.
The amount of material used in the top and bottom is the area of the two circles,
Atop + Abottom = π r 2 + π r 2 = 2π r 2 square centimeters.
At $0.06 per square centimeter, the cost of the top and the bottom of the drum is
C = 0.06(2π r 2) = 0.12π r 2 dollars.

The amount of material used in the side of the drum is the area of the rectangle of
material measured by the circumference of the top and the height of the drum.
Aside = 2π r h square centimeters.
To express the area of the side as a function of r, we use the fact that we are told the
volume of the drum is 500 cubic centimeters.
V =π r 2h = 500
500
h=
πr 2
⎛ 500 ⎞ 1000
So Aside = 2π r h = 2π r ⎜ 2 ⎟ = square centimeters.
⎝πr ⎠ r
At $0.04 per square centimeter, the cost of making the side of the drum is
⎛ 1000 ⎞ 40
C = 0.04 ⎜ ⎟= dollars.
⎝ r ⎠ r
40
The total cost of making the drum is C = C(r) = 0.12π r 2 + dollars.
r

(b) If the radius is 4 cm, the cost of making the drum is

40
C(4) = 0.12π (4) 2 + = $16.03
4

(c) If the radius is 8 cm, the cost of making the drum is

40
C(8) = 0.12π (8) 2 + = $29.13
8
112 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

(d)

Making the can with a radius of 3.758 centimeters minimizes the cost of making the
drum. The minimum cost is $15.97.

Chapter 1 Project
1. Since Avis has unlimited mileage, the cost of driving an Avis car x miles is
A = A(x) = 64.99
A is a constant function.

3.

If you drive more than 226 miles, Avis becomes the better choice.

5. If driving fewer than 130 miles, SaveALot Car Rental costs the least.
If driving between 130 and 227 miles Enterprise is the most economical.
If driving more than 227 miles Avis is the best buy.

7. If driving fewer than 53 miles, USave Car Rental is the cheapest.

If driving between 53 and 130 miles, SaveALot Car Rental costs the least.
If driving between 130 and 227 miles Enterprise is the most economical.
If driving more than 227 miles Avis is the best buy.
 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS 113

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1. (d) On the open interval (–1, 2), The minimum value of f is 0, and the maximum value
of f approaches 4. So the range of f is 0 ≤ y < 4.

3. (c) The domain of f is nonnegative. That is,

x3 − x ≥ 0
x ( x 2 − 1) ≥ 0
x ( x − 1)( x + 1) ≥ 0
Solving the related equation for 0 and testing a point in each interval gives
x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x = – 1

When x = – 2, (– 2) 3 – (– 2) = – 6 < 0, so the interval (– ∞, – 1) is not part of the

domain.
When x = – 0.5, (– 0.5) 3 – (– 0.5) = 0.375 ≥ 0, so the interval [– 1, 0] is part of the
domain.
When x = 0.5, (0.5) 3 – ( 0.5) = – 0.375 < 0, so the interval (0, 1) is not part of the
domain.
When x = 2, (2) 3 – (2) = 6 ≥ 0, so the interval [1, ∞) is part of the domain.
Return to the function editor and enter y = x 3 + x into y1 and graph the equation.

(d) What do you conclude about the relationship between the graphs of
y = f ( x ) and y = f ( x ) ?

The graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = f ( x ) are identical on the x-intervals where f ( x ) ≥ 0 .

However, for any x-interval where f ( x ) < 0 , the graph of y = f ( x ) is a reflection of
the graph of y = f ( x ) about the x-axis.

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1 Review

In Problems 39–42, use a graphing utility to graph each function over the indicated
interval. Approximate any local maxima and local minima. Determine where the function
is increasing and where it is decreasing.

39. f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 5 x + 1 ( −3, 3)

49
Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine the limits for y so let’s try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we
can go back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

Graph the function.

This window is suitable.

Use maximum to find the local maximum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
maximum is between x = −2 and x = 0 .

50
The local maximum is approximately ( −0.913, 4.043) .

Use minimum to find the local minimum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
minimum is between x = 0 and x = 2 .

The local minimum is approximately ( 0.913, − 2.043) .

Thus, f is increasing on the intervals ( −3, − 0.913) and ( 0.913, 3) , and f is decreasing on
the interval ( −0.913, 0.913) .

41. f ( x ) = 2 x 4 − 5 x3 + 2 x + 1 ( −2, 3)
Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

51
Graph the function.

This window is suitable.

Use maximum to find the local maximum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
maximum is between x = 0 and x = 1 .

The local maximum is approximately ( 0.414, 1.532 ) .

Use minimum to find both local minima. Note that the x-coordinate of the first local
minimum is between x = −1 and x = 0 .

52
The first local minimum is approximately ( −0.336, 0.543) .

The x-coordinate of the second local minimum is between x = 1 and x = 3 .

The second local minimum is approximately (1.798, − 3.565 ) .

Thus, f is increasing on the intervals ( −0.336, 0.414 ) and (1.798, 3) , and f is decreasing
on the intervals ( −2, − 0.336 ) and ( 0.414,1.798 ) .

77. Cost of a Drum A drum in the shape of a right circular cylinder is required to
have a volume of 500 cubic centimeters. The top and bottom are made of material
that costs 6¢ per square centimeter; the sides are made of material that costs 4¢
per square centimeter. Hint: The volume V of a right circular cylinder of height h
and radius r is V = π r 2 h .

(d) Graph C = C ( r ) . For what value of r is the cost C least?

53
 40
The cost function is given by C ( r ) = 0.12π r 2 + . Enter the formula for C in the
r
function editor. Be sure to use X for r when you enter the equation. Go to WINDOW and
enter limits for x and y. We are not given any limits for either variable, although for this
problem to make sense we must have x > 0 . Let’s try the following window.

Graph C.

Find the local minimum. Notice that the minimum is between x = 1 and x = 10 .

54
The local minimum is approximately ( 3.76, 15.97 ) . If r is approximately 3.76
centimeters, then the cost C will be minimized.

55
Summary
The commands introduced in this chapter are:

abs(value)

intersect

maximum

minimum

Table

56
Chapter 1 – Functions and
Their Graphs
Section 1.1 Graphs of Equations

In Problems 11–22, the graph of an equation is given. (a) List the intercepts of the graph.
(b) Based on the graph, tell whether the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the
y-axis, and/or the origin.

19.

(a) The x-intercepts are (1, 0 ) and ( −1, 0 ) , and the y-intercept is ( 0, − 1) .

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

21.

17
 (a) This graph does not have any x-intercepts or y-intercepts.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 1.3 Graph of a Function; Properties of Functions

In Problems 69–76, use a graphing utility to graph each function over the indicated
interval and approximate any local maxima and local minima. Determine where the
function is increasing and where it is decreasing. Round answers to two decimal places.

69. f ( x ) = x3 − 3x + 2 ( −2, 2 )
Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

Graph the function.

This window is suitable.

18
 (a) This graph does not have any x-intercepts or y-intercepts.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 1.3 Graph of a Function; Properties of Functions

In Problems 69–76, use a graphing utility to graph each function over the indicated
interval and approximate any local maxima and local minima. Determine where the
function is increasing and where it is decreasing. Round answers to two decimal places.

69. f ( x ) = x3 − 3x + 2 ( −2, 2 )
Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

Graph the function.

This window is suitable.

18
You can use your TI-83 Plus to find the x- and y-coordinates of any local maxima and/or
local minima using the maximum or minimum functions respectively. Both the maximum
and minimum functions require three inputs: an x-value to the left of the maxima or
minima; an x-value to the right of the maxima or minima; and an estimate of the x-value
of the maxima or minima. Both maximum and minimum can be found under the [CALC]
menu.

Find the local maximum.

y r

Select maximum. Enter a value for x that is less than (to the left of) the x–coordinate of
the local maximum. Notice that the local maximum is between x = −2 and x = 0 , so we
can use x = −2 as a left bound.

¶ Ì Á

Input x = 0 as a right bound.

Í Ê

19
Input x = −1 as a guess.

Í Ì À

Press Í to find the local maximum.

Thus the local maximum is ( −1, 4 ) .

Find the local minimum.

y r

Select minimum. Enter a value for x that is less than (to the left of) the x–coordinate of
the local minimum. Notice that the local minimum is between x = 0 and x = 2 , so we
can use x = 0 as a left bound.

 Ê

20
Input x = 2 as a right bound.

Í Á

Input x = 1 as a guess.

Í À

Press Í to find the local minimum.

Thus the local minimum is (1, 0 ) .

Thus, f is increasing on the intervals ( −2, − 1) and (1, 2 ) , and f is decreasing on the
interval ( −1,1) .

71. f ( x ) = x5 − x3 ( −2, 2 )
Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

21
Graph the function.

This window is not suitable; we cannot see the portion of the graph between x = −1 and
x = 1 . We need to reduce the limits for y so let’s try −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 .

This window is much better.

Use maximum to find the local maximum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
maximum is between x = −1 and x = 0 .

22
The local maximum is approximately ( −0.77, 0.19 ) .

Use minimum to find the local minimum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
minimum is between x = 0 and x = 1 .

The local minimum is approximately ( 0.77, − 0.19 ) .

Thus, f is increasing on the intervals ( −2, − 0.77 ) and ( 0.77, 2 ) , and f is decreasing on the
interval ( −0.77, 0.77 ) .

73. f ( x ) = −0.2 x3 − 0.6 x 2 + 4 x − 6 ( −6, 4 )

Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

23
Graph the function.

This window is not suitable, part of the graph goes below the bottom of the screen. We
need to change the limits for y so let’s try −20 ≤ y ≤ 2 .

This window is much better.

Use maximum to find the local maximum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
maximum is between x = 1 and x = 3 .

24
The local maximum is approximately (1.77, − 1.91) .

Use minimum to find the local minimum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
minimum is between x = −5 and x = −3 .

The local minimum is approximately ( −3.77, − 18.89 ) .

Thus, f is increasing on the interval ( −3.77,1.77 ) , and f is decreasing on the

intervals ( −6, − 3.77 ) and (1.77, 4 ) .

75. f ( x ) = 0.25 x 4 + 0.3 x3 − 0.9 x 2 + 3 ( −3, 2 )

Enter the formula for f in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

25
Graph the function.

This window may be suitable, but we can obtain a better graph if we use 0 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

This window is much better.

Use maximum to find the local maximum. Note that the x-coordinate of the local
maximum is between x = −1 and x = 1 .

26
The local maximum is ( 0, 3) .

Use minimum to find both local minima. Note that the x-coordinate of the first local
minimum is between x = −3 and x = −1 .

The first local minimum is approximately ( −1.87, 0.95 ) .

The x-coordinate of the second local minimum is between x = 0 and x = 2 .

27
The second local minimum is approximately ( 0.97, 2.65 ) .

Thus, f is increasing on the intervals ( −1.87, 0 ) and ( 0.97, 2 ) , and f is decreasing on the
intervals ( −3, − 1.87 ) and ( 0, 0.97 ) .

77. For the function f ( x ) = x 2 , compute each average rate of change:

(f) Graph each of the secant lines. Set the viewing rectangle to: Xmin = −0.2 ,
Xmax = 1.2 , Xscl = 0.1 , Ymin = −0.2 , Ymax = 1.2 , and Yscl = 0.1 .

From parts (a) through (e), the average rates of change are 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001,
respectively. Each average rate of change is a slope of a secant lines through the points
given in each of parts (a) through (e). In each case, one of the two points was ( 0, 0 ) .
Using this point and each of the slopes, we can find the equations of the five secant lines.

Using m = 1 and ( 0, 0 ) with the point-slope form of the line we obtain

y − 0 = 1( x − 0 )
which simplifies to y = x .

Using m = 0.5 and ( 0, 0 ) with the point-slope form of the line we obtain
y − 0 = 0.5 ( x − 0 )
which simplifies to y = 0.5 x .

Using m = 0.1 and ( 0, 0 ) with the point-slope form of the line we obtain
y − 0 = 0.1( x − 0 )
which simplifies to y = 0.1x .

28
Using m = 0.01 and ( 0, 0 ) with the point-slope form of the line we obtain
y − 0 = 0.01( x − 0 )
which simplifies to y = 0.01x .

Using m = 0.001 and ( 0, 0 ) with the point-slope form of the line we obtain
y − 0 = 0.001( x − 0 )
which simplifies to y = 0.001x .

Enter f ( x ) = x 2 and the equation of the secant line, y = x in the function editor. Go to
WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Graph the two equations.

Graph f ( x ) = x 2 and the secant line y = x .

Replace the equation of the secant line y = x with the next secant line, y = 0.5 x , in the
function editor. Graph the two equations.

29
Replace the equation of the secant line y = 0.5 x with the next secant line, y = 0.1x , in
the function editor. Graph the two equations.

Replace the equation of the secant line y = 0.1x with the next secant line, y = 0.01x , in
the function editor. Graph the two equations.

It looks as though the calculator only graphed f ( x ) = x 2 . The calculator did graph the
line, but we cannot distinguish the line from the x-axis. To see the line, you must turn the
axes “off.”

yq†††~Í

Regraph the two equations.

30
Replace the equation of the secant line y = 0.01x with the secant line y = 0.001x in the
function editor. Graph the two equations.

Turn the axes “on” when you are done.

yq†††Í

79. Motion of a Golf Ball A golf ball is hit with an initial velocity of 130 feet per
second at an inclination of 45
to the horizontal. In physics, it is established that
the height h of the golf ball is given by the function
−32 x 2
h ( x) = +x
1302
where x is the horizontal distance that the golf ball has traveled.

(e) Graph the function h = h ( x ) .

Enter the formula for h in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
We are not given any limits for either variable. For this problem to make sense, we must
have x ≥ 0 . Let’s try the following window.

31
Graph the function.

(f) Use a graphing utility to determine the distance that the ball has traveled when the
height of the ball is 90 feet.

One way to solve this problem is to graph the horizontal line g ( x ) = 90 on the same
graph as h ( x ) , and use intersect to find the point(s) where the two functions
intersect. The intersect function requires three inputs: the equation corresponding to
the first curve; the equation corresponding to the second curve; and a guess for the x-
coordinate of the point of intersection. The intersect function can be found under the
[CALC] menu.

Enter the function g ( x ) = 90 in the function editor and graph both functions.

There are two points where the two functions intersect. Notice that the x-coordinate of the
first (or left) point is close to x = 100 , while the x-coordinate of the second (or right)
point is close to x = 450 .

Find the first point of intersection.

y r

32
Select intersect.

Since the cursor is on first curve (the parabola) we can just press Í to select that
curve.

The cursor is now on the second curve (the line), so press Í to select that curve.

Now, input a guess for the x-coordinate of the first intersection point. Let’s use x = 100 .

ÀÊÊ

33
Press Í to find the first intersection point.

The coordinates of the point are approximately (115.07, 90 ) , thus the golf ball has
traveled a horizontal distance of approximately 115.07 feet when it first reaches a height
of 90 feet.

Now, find the second point of intersection.

y r

Select intersect.

Since the cursor is on the first intersection point, it is hard to tell which curve it is on.
Notice the equation of h ( x ) at the top of the screen, this tells us the cursor is on the
parabola, so press Í to select h ( x ) .

34
 Í

Again, the cursor is on the first intersection point, but we know that it is on the horizontal
line by looking at the equation listed at the top of the screen. Press Í to select that
curve.

Now, input a guess for the x-coordinate of the second intersection point. Let’s use
x = 450 .

¶·Ê

Press Í to find the second intersection point.

35
The coordinates of the point are approximately ( 413.05, 90 ) , thus the golf ball has
traveled a horizontal distance of approximately 413.05 feet when it next reaches a height
of 90 feet.

NOTE: If you have more than two curves graphed, use the } or † keys to move
the cursor to curve you wish to mark.

(g) Create a TABLE with TblStart = 0 and ∆ Tbl = 25.

This problem is asking us to generate a table of values for our function h ( x ) . The values
for x start with x = 0 , and the rest of the values of x are obtained by adding the increment
25 to the previous x.

First, be sure that h ( x ) is the only function in the function editor (so if g ( x ) = 90 is still
there from part (f), remove it), or, alternatively, deselect all other functions in the
function editor.

Go to TBLSET to set up the table.

yp

Set TblStart to zero.

ÊÍ

36
Set ∆ Tbl to 25.

Á·Í

Set Indpnt to Auto.

Generate the table of values.

ys

To scroll through the table, use the † or } keys.

†††††††††††††

(h) To the nearest 25 feet, how far does the ball travel before it reaches a maximum
height? What is the maximum height?

37
Continue to scroll through the table generated in part (g).

†††††††

††

Looking at the table we see that the largest value for h is approximately 132, which
occurs when x is 275. In other words, the golf ball reaches a maximum height of
approximately 132 feet after it has traveled a horizontal distance of approximately 275
feet.

(i) Adjust the value of ∆ Tbl until you determine the distance, to within 1 foot, that
the ball travels before it reaches a maximum height.

Return to TBLSET and set ∆ Tbl to 1 and set TblStart to 250.

38
Return to the table and find the maximum.

Notice that the height h appears to be the same when x is 263, 264, and 265. In order to
see a more accurate value for h, move the cursor over to the second column and scroll
through the values for h until you find the largest value.

Looking at the table we see that the largest value for h is 132.031, which occurs when x is
264. In other words, the golf ball reaches a maximum height of approximately 132.031
feet after it has traveled a horizontal distance of approximately 264 feet.

81. Constructing an Open Box An open box with a square base is to be made from a
square piece of cardboard 24 inches on a side by cutting our a square from each
corner and turning up the sides (see the figure on Page 135).

(d) Graph V = V ( x ) . For what value of x is V largest?

The function for V is given by V ( x ) = x ( 24 − 2 x ) . Enter the formula for V in the

2

function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. We are not given any limits
for either variable, although for this problem to make sense, we must have 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 .
Let’s try the following window.

39
Graph V ( x ) .

Find the local maximum. Notice that the maximum is between x = 3 and x = 6 .

The local maximum is ( 4, 1024 ) . Thus, for a maximum volume of 1,024 square inches,
cut out squares whose sides are 4 inches.

40
83. Minimum Average Cost The average cost of producing x riding lawn mowers
per hour is given by
2500
C ( x ) = 0.3 x 2 + 21x − 251 +
x

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph C .

Enter the formula for C in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
We are not given any limits for either variable, although for this problem to make sense,
we must have x > 0 . Let’s try the following window.

Graph C .

(b) Determine the number of riding lawn mowers to produce in order to minimize the
average cost.

Find the local minimum. Notice that the minimum is between x = 5 and x = 15 .

41
The local minimum is approximately ( 9.66, 238.65 ) . Since they cannot produce 9.66
riding mowers, they should produce either 9 or 10 riding mowers.

(c) What is the minimum average cost?

If they produce 9 riding mowers, the average cost is $240.08, but if they produce 10
riding mowers the average cost is $239.00. They should produce 10 riding mowers for an
average cost of $239.00.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 1.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-Defined Functions

45. Exploration Graph y = x 2 . Then on the same screen graph y = x 2 + 2 , followed

by y = x 2 + 4 , followed by y = x 2 − 2 . What pattern do you observe? Can you
predict the graph of y = x 2 − 4 ? Of y = x 2 + 58 .

Enter y = x 2 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s use
the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

42
The local minimum is approximately ( 9.66, 238.65 ) . Since they cannot produce 9.66
riding mowers, they should produce either 9 or 10 riding mowers.

(c) What is the minimum average cost?

If they produce 9 riding mowers, the average cost is $240.08, but if they produce 10
riding mowers the average cost is $239.00. They should produce 10 riding mowers for an
average cost of $239.00.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 1.4 Library of Functions; Piecewise-Defined Functions

45. Exploration Graph y = x 2 . Then on the same screen graph y = x 2 + 2 , followed

by y = x 2 + 4 , followed by y = x 2 − 2 . What pattern do you observe? Can you
predict the graph of y = x 2 − 4 ? Of y = x 2 + 58 .

Enter y = x 2 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s use
the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

42
Return to the function editor and enter y = x 2 + 2 into y2 and graph the two equations.

Notice that the new graph is another parabola. The only difference is its position on the y-
axis. The graph of y = x 2 + 2 is obtained by shifting the graph of y = x 2 up two units.

Return to the function editor and enter y = x 2 + 4 into y2 and graph the two equations.

Notice that the new graph is another parabola. The only difference is its position on the y-
axis. The graph of y = x 2 + 4 is obtained by shifting the graph of y = x 2 up four units.

Return to the function editor and enter y = x 2 − 2 into y2 and graph the two equations.

Notice that the new graph is another parabola. Again, the only difference is its position
on the y-axis. The graph of y = x 2 − 2 is obtained by shifting the graph of y = x 2 down
two units.

43
It appears that the graph of y = x 2 + k , k > 0 , is obtained by shifting the graph of y = x 2
up k units, and that the graph of y = x 2 − k , k > 0 , is obtained by shifting the graph of
y = x 2 down k units

Based on these observations, we predict that the graph of y = x 2 − 4 is obtained by

shifting the graph of y = x 2 down four units, while the graph of y = x 2 + 58 is obtained
by shifting the graph of y = x 2 up fifty-eight units.

47. Exploration Graph y = x 2 . Then on the same screen graph y = − x 2 . What

pattern do you observe? Now try y = x and y = − x . What do you conclude?

Enter y = x 2 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s use
the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

Return to the function editor and enter y = − x 2 into y2 and graph the two equations.

Notice that the new graph is another parabola. The only difference is the parabola is on
the opposite side of the x-axis, and it opens down. In other words, the graph of y = − x 2 is
obtained by reflecting the graph of y = x 2 about the x-axis.

The absolute value function, abs(, is found in the NUM submenu of
.

44
Enter the equation y = x into the function editor.

o‘
~À„¤Í‘

Graph y = x .

Return to the function editor and enter y = − x into y2 and graph the two equations.

o†Ì
~À„¤Í

Graph the two equations.

45
Notice that the new graph is another v shaped graph, the only difference is that the v
shape is on the opposite side of the x-axis, and it opens down. In other words, the graph
of y = − x is obtained by reflecting the graph of y = x about the x-axis.

If we multiply the formula for a function by −1 , the resulting graph is a reflection of the
graph of the given function about the x-axis.

Exploration Graph y = x3 . Then on the same screen graph y = ( x − 1) + 2 .

3
49.
Could you have predicted the result?

Enter y = x3 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s use
the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

Return to the function editor and enter y = ( x − 1) + 2 into y2 and graph the two
3

equations.

Yes, based on the results of Problems 45 and 46, we could determine that the graph of
y = ( x − 1) + 2 is obtained from the graph of y = x3 by shifting it to the right one unit
3

and up two units.

46
51. Exploration Graph y = x3 , y = x5 , and y = x 7 on the same screen. What do you
notice is the same about each graph? What do you notice that is different?

Enter y = x3 , y = x5 , and y = x 7 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits

for x and y. Let’s use the window −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 .

All three graphs have the same general shape and all three graphs pass through ( 0, 0 ) ,
(1,1) , and ( −1, −1) .
As the degree increases, the graph rises faster for values of x that are greater than 1, and
falls faster for values of x that are less than −1 . Also, as the degree increases, the graph is
closer to the x-axis for values of x that are between −1 and 1.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 1.5 Graphing Techniques: Shifts and Reflections

41. Exploration
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph y = x + 1 and y = x + 1 .

Enter y = x + 1 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s
use the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

47
51. Exploration Graph y = x3 , y = x5 , and y = x 7 on the same screen. What do you
notice is the same about each graph? What do you notice that is different?

Enter y = x3 , y = x5 , and y = x 7 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits

for x and y. Let’s use the window −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 .

All three graphs have the same general shape and all three graphs pass through ( 0, 0 ) ,
(1,1) , and ( −1, −1) .
As the degree increases, the graph rises faster for values of x that are greater than 1, and
falls faster for values of x that are less than −1 . Also, as the degree increases, the graph is
closer to the x-axis for values of x that are between −1 and 1.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 1.5 Graphing Techniques: Shifts and Reflections

41. Exploration
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph y = x + 1 and y = x + 1 .

Enter y = x + 1 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s
use the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

47
Return to the function editor and enter y = x + 1 into y1 and graph the equation.

(b) Graph y = 4 − x 2 and y = 4 − x 2 .

Enter y = 4 − x 2 in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s
use the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

Return to the function editor and enter y = 4 − x 2 into y1 and graph the equation.

(c) Graph y = x3 + x and y = x3 + x .

Enter y = x3 + x in the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Let’s
use the standard window −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

48
Return to the function editor and enter y = x 3 + x into y1 and graph the equation.

(d) What do you conclude about the relationship between the graphs of
y = f ( x ) and y = f ( x ) ?

The graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = f ( x ) are identical on the x-intervals where f ( x ) ≥ 0 .

However, for any x-interval where f ( x ) < 0 , the graph of y = f ( x ) is a reflection of
the graph of y = f ( x ) about the x-axis.

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1 Review

In Problems 39–42, use a graphing utility to graph each function over the indicated
interval. Approximate any local maxima and local minima. Determine where the function
is increasing and where it is decreasing.

39. f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 5 x + 1 ( −3, 3)

49
 Chapter 2
Classes of Functions

2.1 Quadratic Functions

1. (C) f is a quadratic function whose graph opens up, and whose vertex is
⎛ b ⎛ b ⎞⎞
⎜ − , f ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = (0, – 1).
⎝ 2a ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎠
b 0
− = − = 0; f ( 0 ) = 0 2 − 1 = −1
2a 2

3. (F) f is a quadratic function whose graph opens up, and whose vertex is
⎛ b ⎛ b ⎞⎞
⎜ − , f ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = (1, 0).
⎝ 2a ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎠
b 2
− = =1 ; f (1) = 1 2 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 = 0
2a 2

5. (G) f is a quadratic function whose graph opens up, and whose vertex is
⎛ b ⎛ b ⎞⎞
⎜ − , f ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = (1, 1).
⎝ 2a ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎠
b 2
− = = 1; f (1) = 1 2 − 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 = 1
2a 2

7. (H) f is a quadratic function whose graph opens up, and whose vertex is
⎛ b ⎛ b ⎞⎞
⎜ − , f ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = (1, – 1).
⎝ 2a ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎠
b 2
− = =1 ; f ( 1) = 1 2 − 2 ⋅ 1 = −1
2a 2

9. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up.

b 2
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = −1 .
2a 2 (1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ( −1) = ( −1) + 2 ( −1) = − 1 .
2

So the vertex is (– 1, – 1) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = – 1.

Since f (0) = c = 0, the y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
x 2 + 2x = 0
x ( x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = – 2
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (– 2, 0).
The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set {y |
 SECTION 2.1 115

y ≥ – 1} or the interval [– 1, ∞).

The function is increasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (– 1, ∞), and it is
decreasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, – 1).

11. a = – 1, b = – 6, c = 0. Since a < 0, the parabola opens down.

b −6
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = −3 .
2a 2 ( −1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ( − 3) = − ( − 3) − 6 ( − 3) = 9 .
2

So the vertex is (– 3, 9) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = – 3.

Since f (0) = c = 0, the y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
− x 2 − 6x = 0
– x ( x + 6) = 0
x = 0 or x = – 6
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (– 6, 0).
The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set {y |
y ≤ 9} or the interval (– ∞, 9].
The function is increasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, – 3), and it is
decreasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (– 3, ∞).

13. a = 2, b = – 8, c = 0. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up.

b −8
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− =2.
2a 2 ( 2)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) − 8 ( 2 ) = − 8 .
2

So the vertex is (2, – 8) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = 2.

Since f (0) = c = 0, the y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
2 x 2 − 8x = 0
2x ( x − 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (4, 0).
The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y ≥ – 8} or the interval [– 8, ∞).
116 SECTION 2.1

The function is increasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (2, ∞), and it is
decreasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, 2).

15. a = 1, b = 2, c = – 8. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up.

b 2
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = −1 .
2a 2 (1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ( −1) = ( −1) + 2 ( −1) − 8 = − 9 .
2

So the vertex is (– 1, – 9) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = – 1.

Since f (0) = c = – 8, the y-intercept is (0, – 8).
The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0
( x − 2 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x = 2 or x = – 4
The x-intercepts are (2, 0) and (– 4, 0).
The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y ≥ – 9} or the interval [– 9, ∞).
The function is increasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (– 1, ∞), and it is
decreasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, – 1).

17. a = 1, b = 2, c = 1. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up.

b 2
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = −1 .
2a 2 (1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ( −1) = ( −1) + 2 ( −1) + 1 = 0 .
2

So the vertex is (– 1, 0) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = – 1.

Since f (0) = c = 1, the y-intercept is (0, 1).
The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0
( x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
x=–1
The x-intercept is (– 1, 0).
The vertex and the x-intercept are the same, so we use symmetry and the y-intercept to
obtain a third point (– 2, 1) on the graph.
The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
 SECTION 2.1 117

{y | y ≥ 0} or the interval [0, ∞).

The function is increasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (– 1, ∞), and it is
decreasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, – 1).

19. a = 2, b = – 1, c = 2. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up.

b −1 1
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = .
2a 2 ( 2) 4
2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 15
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ⎜ ⎟ = 2 ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ + 2 = .
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 8
⎛ 1 15 ⎞
So the vertex is ⎜ , ⎟ = (0.25, 1.875) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = 0.25.
⎝4 8 ⎠
Since f (0) = c = 2, the y-intercept is (0, 2).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0. Since the discriminant

b 2 – 4ac = (– 1) 2 – 4(2)(2) = – 15 is negative, the equation f (x) = 0 has no real solution,
and therefore, the parabola has no x-intercept.

To graph the function, we choose a point and use symmetry. If we choose x = 1,

f (1) = 2 (1) − (1) + 2 = 3 . Using symmetry, we obtain the point (– 0.5, 3).
2

The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y ≥ 1.875} or the interval [1.875, ∞).
The function is increasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (0.25, ∞), and it is
decreasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, 0.25).

21. a = – 2, b = 2, c = – 3. Since a < 0, the parabola opens down.

b 2 1
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = = 0.5.
2a 2 ( −2 ) 2
2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 5
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 3 = − = – 2.5.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2
⎛1 5⎞
So the vertex is ⎜ , − ⎟ = (0.5, – 2.5), and the axis of symmetry is the line x = 0.5.
⎝2 2⎠

Since f (0) = c = – 3, the y-intercept is (0, – 3).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0. Since the discriminant

118 SECTION 2.1

b 2 – 4ac = 2 2 – 4(– 2)( – 3) = – 20

is less than zero, the equation f (x) = 0 has no real solution, and therefore, the parabola
has no x-intercept.

To graph the function, we choose an additional point and use symmetry. If we choose
x = 2, f ( 2 ) = − 2 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) − 3 = − 7 . Using symmetry, we obtain the point (– 1, – 7).
2

The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y ≤ – 2.5} or the interval (– ∞, – 2.5].

The function is increasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, 0.5), and it is
decreasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (0.5, ∞).

23. a = 3, b = 6, c = 2. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up.

b 6
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = −1 .
2a 2 ( 3)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ( −1) = 3 ( −1) + 6 ( −1) + 2 = − 1 .
2

So the vertex is (– 1, – 1) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = – 1.

Since f (0) = c = 2, the y-intercept is (0, 2).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0. Using the quadratic formula, we obtain
− 6 ± 6 2 − 4 ( 3) ( 2 ) − 6 ± 36 − 24 − 6 ± 12 − 3 ± 3
x= = = =
2 ( 3) 6 6 3
x ≈ – 1.58 or x ≈ – 0.42
The x-intercepts are approximately (– 1.58, 0) and (– 0.42, 0).

The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y ≥ – 1} or the interval [– 1, ∞).

The function is increasing to the right of the vertex or on the interval (– 1, ∞), and it is
decreasing to the left of the vertex or on the interval (– ∞, – 1).

25. a = – 4, b = – 6, c = 2. Since a < 0, the parabola opens down.

b −6 3
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = − = – 0.75.
2a 2 ( − 4) 4
 SECTION 2.1 119

2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 17
The y-coordinate of the vertex is f ⎜ − ⎟ = − 4 ⎜ − ⎟ − 6 ⎜ − ⎟ + 2 = .
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 4
⎛ 3 17 ⎞
So the vertex is ⎜ − , ⎟ = (– 0.75, 4.25), and the axis of symmetry is the line
⎝ 4 4⎠
x = – 0.75.

Since f (0) = c = 2, the y-intercept is (0, 2).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0. Using the quadratic formula, we obtain
6 ± ( −6 ) − 4 ( − 4 ) ( 2 )
2
6 ± 36 + 32 6 ± 68 3 ± 17
x= = = =
2 ( − 4) −8 −8 −4
x ≈ – 1.78 or x ≈ 0.28

The x-intercepts are approximately (– 1.78, 0) and (0.28, 0).

The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y ≤ 4.25} or the interval (– ∞, 4.25].

The function is increasing to the left of the axis or on the interval (– ∞, – 0.75), and it is
decreasing to the right of the axis or on the interval (– 0.75, ∞).

27. a = 2, b = 12, c = 0. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up, and the function has a minimum
value. The minimum value occurs at
b 12
x= − =− = −3
2a 2 ( 2)
The minimum value is f ( − 3) = 2 ( − 3) + 12 ( − 3) = − 18 .
2

29. a = 2, b = 12, c = – 3. Since a > 0, the parabola opens up, and the function has a
minimum value. The minimum value occurs at
b 12
x= − =− = −3
2a 2 ( 2)
The minimum value is f ( − 3) = 2 ( − 3) + 12 ( − 3) − 3 = − 21 .
2

31. a = – 1, b = 10, c = – 4. Since a < 0, the parabola opens down, and the function has a
maximum value. The maximum value occurs at
b 10
x= − =− =5
2a 2 ( −1)
The maximum value is f ( 5 ) = − ( 5 ) + 10 ( 5 ) − 4 = 21 .
2
120 SECTION 2.1

33. a = – 3, b = 12, c = 1. Since a < 0, the parabola opens down and the function has a
maximum value. The maximum value occurs at
b 12
x= − =− =2
2a 2 ( −3)
The maximum value is f ( 2 ) = − 3 ( 2 ) + 12 ( 2 ) + 1 = 13 .
2

35. If r1 = – 3, and r2 = 1, and f (x) = a(x – r1)(x – r2)

(a) Then if a = 1, f (x) = 1(x – (– 3))(x – 1) = (x + 3)(x – 1).
If a = 2, f (x) = 2(x – (– 3))(x – 1) = 2(x + 3)(x – 1).
If a = – 2, f (x) = – 2(x – (– 3))(x – 1) = – 2(x + 3)(x – 1).
If a = 5, f (x) = 5(x – (– 3))(x – 1) = 5(x + 3)(x – 1).

(b) The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.

a(x – r1)(x – r2) = 0
(x – r1)(x – r2) = 0
So the value of a, a ≠ 0, has no affect on the x-intercept.

The y-intercept is found by letting x = 0 and simplifying.

f (x) = a(x – r1)(x – r2)
f (0) = a(0 – r1)(0 – r2)
f (0) = ar1r2
So the y-intercept is (0, ar1r2) is the product of the a and the x-intercepts.

b
(c) The axis of symmetry is the line x = − . To determine b, we multiply out the
2a
factors of f.
f (x) = a(x – r1)(x – r2)
= a(x 2 – r2 x – r1 x + r1r2)
= a[x 2 – (r1 + r2) x + r1r2]
= ax 2 – a(r1 + r2) x + ar1r2

We find b = – a(r1 + r2). The line of symmetry is

b − a ( r1 + r2 ) r1 + r2
x =− =− =
2a 2a 2
which does not involve a. So the value of a does not affect the axis of symmetry.
⎛r +r ⎛ r + r ⎞⎞ r +r
(d) The vertex is the point ⎜ 1 2 . f ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ ⎟ . If we evaluate f at 1 2 , we get
⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ 2
⎛r +r ⎞ ⎛r +r ⎞⎛ r + r ⎞
f ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ = a ⎜ 1 2 − r1 ⎟⎜ 1 2 − r2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡⎛ r + r ⎞⎛ r + r ⎞⎤
= a ⎢⎜ 1 2 − r1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 − r2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
We see the y-value of the vertex is changed by a factor of a.

r1 + r2
(e) The x-coordinate of the vertex is x = . The midpoint of the x-intercepts is
2
 SECTION 2.1 121

⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞
midpoint = ⎜ 1 2 , 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ r + r 0 + 0 ⎞ ⎛ r1 + r2 ⎞
= ⎜ 1 2, ⎟=⎜ , 0⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The x-coordinate of the vertex and the midpoint of the x-intercepts is the same.

37. Since R is a quadratic function with a = – 4 < 0, the vertex will give the maximum
revenue.
b 4000
The unit price to be charged should be p = − =− = 500 dollars.
2a 2 ( − 4)
If the dryers cost $500, the revenue R will be maximized. The maximum revenue will be
R(500) = − 4(500) 2 + 4000 ( 500 ) = −1, 000, 000 + 2, 000, 000 = $1,000,000

39. (a) R(x) = xp

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
R(x) = x ⎜ − x + 100 ⎟ = − x 2 + 100 x 0 ≤ x ≤ 600
⎝ 6 ⎠ 6

(b) If 200 units are sold, x = 200, and the revenue R is

1 − 40, 000 + 120, 000 80, 000
R(200) = − ( 200 ) + 100 ( 200 ) =
2
= = $13,333.33
6 6 6

1
< 0, the vertex will give the maximum
(c) Since R is a quadratic function with a = –
6
b 100
revenue. Revenue is maximized when x = − =− = 300 units are sold. The
2a ⎛ 1⎞
2⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 6⎠
1(
maximum revenue is R(300) = − 300 ) + 100 ( 300 ) = −15, 000 + 30, 000 = $15, 000
2

1
(d) The company should charge p = − ( 300 ) + 100 = − 50 + 100 = $50.00 per unit to
6
maximize revenue.

41. (a) We first solve the demand equation for x.

x = − 5 p + 100 0 ≤ p ≤ 20,
5 p = 100 − x
100 − x 1
p= = 20 − x
5 5
Since when p = 0, x = 100 and when p = 20, x = 0, the domain of the function p is
0 ≤ x ≤ 100.

The revenue function R is

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
R ( x ) = x ⎜ 20 − x ⎟ = 20 x − x 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
122 SECTION 2.1

(b) If 15 units are sold, x = 15, and the revenue R is

1
R(15) = 20 (15) − (15) = 300 − 45 = $255
2

1
(c) Since R is a quadratic function with a = – < 0, the vertex will give the maximum
5
b 20
revenue. Revenue is maximized when x = − =− = 50 units are sold. The
2a ⎛ 1⎞
2⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
1
maximum revenue is R(50) = 20 ( 50 ) − ( 50 ) = 1000 − 500 = $500
2

1
(d) The company should charge p = 20 − ( 50 ) = 20 − 10 = $10 per unit to maximize
5
revenue.

43. If the rectangle is shown at right and we are told the

width is x and the perimeter, or the distance around
the edge of the rectangle, is 400 yards, then we can
find the length of the rectangle.
P = 2l + 2w
400 = 2l + 2x
400 − 2 x
l= = 200 − x yards
2
(a) A(x) = lw = (200 – x)x = 200x – x 2 square yards.

(b) A is a quadratic function with a = – 1, b = 200, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the vertex
b 200
gives the maximum area. The area is maximum when x = − =− = 100 yards.
2a 2(−1)

(c) The maximum area is A(100) = 200(100) – 100 2 = 10,000 square yards.

45. From the figure we see that the width of the plot measures x meters and the length of the
plot measures 4000 – 2x meters. The area of the plot is

A(x) = lw = (4000 – 2x)x = 4000x – 2x2 meters squared.

A is a quadratic function with a = – 2, b = 4000, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the vertex gives
b 4000
the maximum area. The area is maximum when x = − =− = 1000 meters. The
2a 2 ( − 2)
maximum area is A(1000) = 4000(1000) – 2(1000) 2 = 2,000,000 meters squared.

47. 32
(a) h is a quadratic function with a = − , b = 1, and c = 200. Since a < 0, the vertex
50 2
gives the maximum height.
 SECTION 2.1 123

b 1 2500
The height is maximum when x = − =− = = 39.06 feet from the cliff.
2a ⎛ −32 ⎞ 64
2⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 50 ⎠

(b) The maximum height of the projectile is

− 32(39.06) 2
h(39.06) = + 39.06 + 200 = 219.53 feet above the water.
50 2

(c) The projectile will hit the water when h(x) = 0.

32 2
− x + x + 200 = 0
502
x = 170.02 feet from the cliff.

(d)

(e)

When the projectile is 100 feet above the water, it is 135.70 feet from the base of the
cliff.

49. If we denote the depth of the rain gutter by x, then the area A of the cross-section is
given by
A = lw
A(x) = (12 – 2x)x
= 12x – 2x 2
The function A is quadratic, with a = – 2 < 0, so the vertex is the maximum point.
The cross-sectional area is maximum when
b 12
x= − =− = 3 inches.
2a 2( − 2)

51. If x denotes the width of the rectangle (and the

diameter of the circle), then the perimeter of the
track is 1
πx
⎛1 ⎞ 2
P = 2l + 2 ⎜ π x ⎟ = 2l + π x = 400
⎝2 ⎠
124 SECTION 2.1

We can express l in terms of x by solving the equation for l.

400 − π x
l=
2
The area of the rectangle is
⎛ 400 − π x ⎞ π 2
A= ⎜ ⎟ x = 200 x − x
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
A is a maximum when
b 200 200
x= − =− = ≈ 63.66 meters, and
2a ⎛ π⎞ π
2 ⋅⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
1⎡ ⎛ 200 ⎞ ⎤ 1
l = ⎢ 400 − π ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ( 200 ) = 100 meters.
2⎣ ⎝ π ⎠⎦ 2

53. (a) Since H(x) is a quadratic function, the income level for which there are the most
hunters is given by x-value of the vertex. For this function a = – 1.01, b = 114.3, and c =
451.
b 114.3
x= − =− = 56.584
2a 2 ( −1.01)
The most hunters have an income level of approximately $56,584.
There are about
H(56.584) = – 1.01(56.584) 2 + 114.3(56.584) + 451 =3684.785
About 3685 hunters have an annual income of $56,584.

(b)

The number of hunters earning between $20,000 and $40,000 is increasing.

55. (a) M ( 23) = 0.76 ( 23) 2 − 107.00 ( 23) + 3854.18 = 1795.2

Approximately 1795 males who are 23 years old are murdered.

(b) Using a graphing utility, and finding the intersection of M(x) and the line y = 1456,
we find that 1456 males age 28 are murdered.
2500

20 90
 SECTION 2.1 125

(c)

(d) The number of male murder victims decreases with age until age 70, and then it
begins to increase.

57. The reaction rate is modeled by the quadratic function V.

V = V(x) = akx − kx 2
where a = −k, b = ak, and c = 0. The reaction rate is maximum at the vertex of V.
b ak a
x= − =− =
2a 2(− k ) 2
The reaction rate is maximum when half the initial amount of the compound is present.

59. y = f ( x ) = − 5x 2 + 8 61. y = f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + 5
y0 = f ( −1) = − 5 ( −1) + 8 = 3 y0 = f ( − 4 ) = ( − 4 ) + 3 ( − 4 ) + 5 = 9
2 2

y1 = f ( 0 ) = − 5 ( 0 ) + 8 = 8 y1 = f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) + 5 = 5
2 2

y2 = f ( 1) = − 5 ( 1) + 8 = 3 y2 = f ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) + 3 ( 4 ) + 5 = 33
2 2

h h
Area = ( y0 + 4 y1 + y2 ) Area = ( y0 + 4 y1 + y2 )
3 3
1 4
= ( 3 + 4 ( 8 ) + 3) = ( 9 + 4 ( 5 ) + 33)
3 3
38 248
= square units = square units
3 3

63. The rectangle is drawn on the right. The width of the

rectangle is x units, and the length is y = 10 – x
units.

The area A of the rectangle is

A = lw
A(x) = (10 – x)x
= 10x – x 2
A is a quadratic function with a = – 1, b = 10, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the maximum area
occurs at the vertex of A. That is, when the width of the rectangle is
b 10
x= − =− =5
2a 2 ( −1)
126 SECTION 2.2

The largest area enclosed by the rectangle is

A = 10(5) – 52 = 25 square units.

65. Functions will vary. All answers should have a < 0 and be perfect squares.

67.

Descriptions may vary.

69. Answers will vary.

2.2 Power Functions; Polynomial Functions; Rational Functions

1. Answers will vary.

3. origin

5.

→
y=x Add 2; vertical f (x) = y + 2 = x 6 + 2
shift up 2 units.
126 SECTION 2.2

The largest area enclosed by the rectangle is

A = 10(5) – 52 = 25 square units.

65. Functions will vary. All answers should have a < 0 and be perfect squares.

67.

Descriptions may vary.

69. Answers will vary.

2.2 Power Functions; Polynomial Functions; Rational Functions

1. Answers will vary.

3. origin

5.

→
y=x Add 2; vertical f (x) = y + 2 = x 6 + 2
shift up 2 units.
 SECTION 2.2 127

7.

→
5
y=x Replace y by – y; – y = – x5

→
Add 2; vertical f (x) = – y + 2 = – x 5 + 2
shift up 2 units.

9.

→
y = x4 Replace x with x – 2; f (x) = (x – 2) 4
horizontal shift to the
right 2 units.

11. f is a polynomial. Its degree is 3.

13. g is a polynomial. Its degree is 2.

15. f is not a polynomial. The exponent of x is – 1.

17. g is not a polynomial. One of the exponents is not an integer.

19. F is a polynomial. Its degree is 4.

21. G is a polynomial. Its degree is 4.

128 SECTION 2.2

23. y = 3x 4

25. y = – 2x 5

Multiply the function out. 5 ( x + 1) ( x − 2 ) = 5 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ( x − 2 )

2
27.
= ( 5 x 2 + 10 x + 5 ) ( x − 2 )
= 5 x 3 − 10 x 2 + 10 x 2 − 20 x + 5 x − 10
= 5 x 3 − 15 x − 10
So the power function is y = 5x 3.

29. R is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
x – 3 ≠ 0 or x ≠ 3
The domain of R is the set {x | x ≠ 3}.

31. H is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
(x – 2)(x + 4) ≠ 0
x – 2 ≠ 0 or x + 4 ≠ 0
x ≠ 2 or x ≠ – 4

The domain of H is the set {x | x ≠ 2 and x ≠ – 4}.

33. F is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
2 x 2 − 5x − 3 ≠ 0
( 2 x + 1)( x − 3) ≠ 0
2 x + 1 ≠ 0 or x – 3 ≠ 0
1
x≠− or x ≠ 3
2

{ 1
The domain of F is the set x | x ≠ − and x ≠ 3 .
2 }
35. R is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
x3 – 8 ≠ 0
2
(x – 2)(x + 2x + 4) ≠ 0
x–2≠0 x 2 + 2x + 4 = 0 has a negative discriminant,
and so has no real solutions.
x≠2

The domain of R is the set {x | x ≠ 2}.

37. H is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
x2 + 4 ≠ 0
 SECTION 2.3 129

x 2 + 4 = 0 has a negative discriminant, and so has no real solutions. The denominator

never equals 0.

The domain of H is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞).

39. R is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
4(x 2 – 9) ≠ 0
4(x – 3)(x + 3) ≠ 0
x – 3 ≠ 0 or x + 3 ≠ 0 .
x ≠ 3 or x ≠ – 3

The domain of R is the set {x | x ≠ 3 and x ≠ – 3}.

41. (a) The year 2000 is 70 years since the year 1930. (2000 – 1930 = 70)
The percentage of union membership in 2000 is u(70).
u(70) = 11.93 + 1.9 ( 70 ) − 0.052(70 2 ) + 0.00037 ( 70 3 )
= 17.04%
(b) u(75) = 11.93 + 1.9 ( 75) − 0.052(75 2 ) + 0.00037 ( 75 3 ) = 18.02%
Answers will vary.

2.3 Exponential Functions

1. (a) 3 2.2 = 11.2116 (b) 3 2.23 = 11.5873

(c) 3 2.236 = 11.6639 (d) 3 5 = 11.6648

3. (a) 2 3.14 = 8.8152 (b) 2 3.141 = 8.8214

(c) 2 3.1415 = 8.8244 (d) 2 π = 8.8250

5. (a) 3.1 2.7 = 21.2166 (b) 3.14 2.71 = 22.2167

(c) 3.1412.718 = 22.4404 (d) π e = 22.4592

7. e 1.2 = 3.3201

9. e – 0.85 = 0.4274
 SECTION 2.3 129

x 2 + 4 = 0 has a negative discriminant, and so has no real solutions. The denominator

never equals 0.

The domain of H is the set of all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞).

39. R is a rational function. The domain is all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is 0.
4(x 2 – 9) ≠ 0
4(x – 3)(x + 3) ≠ 0
x – 3 ≠ 0 or x + 3 ≠ 0 .
x ≠ 3 or x ≠ – 3

The domain of R is the set {x | x ≠ 3 and x ≠ – 3}.

41. (a) The year 2000 is 70 years since the year 1930. (2000 – 1930 = 70)
The percentage of union membership in 2000 is u(70).
u(70) = 11.93 + 1.9 ( 70 ) − 0.052(70 2 ) + 0.00037 ( 70 3 )
= 17.04%
(b) u(75) = 11.93 + 1.9 ( 75) − 0.052(75 2 ) + 0.00037 ( 75 3 ) = 18.02%
Answers will vary.

2.3 Exponential Functions

1. (a) 3 2.2 = 11.2116 (b) 3 2.23 = 11.5873

(c) 3 2.236 = 11.6639 (d) 3 5 = 11.6648

3. (a) 2 3.14 = 8.8152 (b) 2 3.141 = 8.8214

(c) 2 3.1415 = 8.8244 (d) 2 π = 8.8250

5. (a) 3.1 2.7 = 21.2166 (b) 3.14 2.71 = 22.2167

(c) 3.1412.718 = 22.4404 (d) π e = 22.4592

7. e 1.2 = 3.3201

9. e – 0.85 = 0.4274
130 SECTION 2.3

11. f ( x) The ratio of consecutive outputs is not constant for

x f ( x) unit increases in inputs. So the function f is not
f ( x − 1)
exponential.
−1 3
6
0 6 =2
3
12
1 12 =2
6
18 3
2 18 =
12 2
30 5
3 30 =
18 3

13. H ( x) The ratio of consecutive outputs is constant for unit

x H ( x) increases in inputs. So the function H is exponential.
H ( x − 1)
The base a = 4.
1
−1
4
1
0 1 =4
1
4
4
1 4 =4
1
16
2 16 =4
4
64
3 64 =4
16

15. f ( x) The ratio of consecutive outputs is constant for unit

x f ( x) increases in inputs. So the function f is exponential.
f ( x − 1)
The base a = 2.
3
−1
2
3
0 3 =2
3
2
6
1 6 =2
3
12
2 12 =2
6
24
3 24 =2
12
 SECTION 2.3 131

17. H ( x) The ratio of consecutive outputs is not constant for

x H ( x) unit increases in inputs. So the function H is not
H ( x − 1)
exponential.
−1 2
4
0 4 =2
2
6 3
1 6 =
4 2
8 4
2 8 =
6 3
10 5
3 10 =
8 4
x –x
19. B. This is the graph of y = 3 reflected about the y-axis. It is the graph of y = 3 .
x
21. D. This is the graph of y = 3 reflected over both the x- and the y-axes. It is the graph
–x
of y = – 3 .
x
23. A. This is the graph of y = 3 .
x
25. E. This is the graph of y = 3 vertically shifted down one unit. It is the graph
x
of y = 3 – 1.

27.

→
x
y=2 Add 1; vertical f (x) = 2x + 1
shift up 1 unit.

The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set {y | y > 1}
or the interval (1, ∞). The horizontal asymptote is the line y = 1.
132 SECTION 2.3

29.

→
y = 3x Replace x by – x; y = 3–x
reflect about the y-axis.

→
Subtract 2; vertical f (x) = 3 – x – 2
shift down 2 units.

The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y > –2} or the interval (– 2, ∞). The horizontal asymptote is the line y = – 2.

31.

→
y = ex Replace x by – x; y = e–x
reflect about the y-axis.

The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y > 0} or the interval (0, ∞). The horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0.
 SECTION 2.3 133

33.

→
y = ex Replace x by x – 2; y = ex-2
horizontal shift 2 units to the right.

→
Subtract 1; vertical y = ex-2 – 1
shift 1 unit down.

The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (– ∞, ∞); the range is the set
{y | y > – 1} or the interval (– 1, ∞). The horizontal asymptote is the line y = – 1.

35. 2 2x+ 1 = 4 = 2 2 37. 3 x = 9 x = (3 2 ) = 3 2x

3 x

Since the bases are the same, we obtain Since the bases are the same, we obtain
2x + 1 = 2 x 3 = 2x
2x = 1 x 3 – 2x = 0
1 x(x 2 – 2) = 0
x=
2 x = 0 or x 2 – 2 = 0

{}
1
2
{− 2, 0, 2}
x= ± 2

39. 2 1 41. 2 x ⋅ 8 − x = 4x
8x −2x
=
2
2 x ⋅ (23 ) = (2 2 )
−x x
2
(2 )
3 x −2x
= 2 −1 2 x ⋅ 2 −3x = 2 2 x
2 3( x − 2 x)
2
= 2 −1 2 x −3 x = 2 2 x

Since the bases are the same, we obtain Since the bases are the same, we obtain
3(x 2 – 2x) = – 1 x – 3x = 2x
3x 2 – 6x + 1 = 0, where a = 3, b = – – 4x = 0
6, c = 1 x=0
{0}
134 SECTION 2.3

Using the quadratic formula we find

6 ± (−6) 2 − 4 ( 3) (1) 6 ± 36 − 12
x= =
2 ( 3) 6
6 ± 24 6 ± 2 6 3 ± 6
= = =
6 6 3

⎧3 − 6 3 + 6 ⎫
⎨ , ⎬
⎩ 3 3 ⎭

x
43. ⎛1⎞
2− x 45. 4 =8
⎜ ⎟ = 25
⎝5⎠ 2 2x = 2 3
5 − ( 2 − x) = 5 2
Since the bases are the same, we obtain
2x = 3
Since the bases are the same, we obtain
3
– (2 – x) = 2 x=
x=4 2
{4}
{}3
2

47. 1 49. 4 – 2x = (4 x) – 2
e x = (e 3x ) ⋅
2

e2 1 1
So if 4 x = 7, 4 – 2x = 7 – 2 = 2
=
e x = e 3x − 2
2
7 49

Since the bases are the same, we obtain

x 2 = 3x – 2
x 2 – 3x + 2 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 1) = 0
x – 2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
x = 2 or x=1

{2, 1}

51. If 3 – x = 2, then 3 x = 2 – 1, and

3 2x = (2 – 1) 2
1
= 2–2 =
4

53. The graph is increasing and ⎛⎜ −1,

1⎞
⎟ , (0, 1), and (1, 3) are points on the graph. So the
⎝ 3⎠
x
function f (x) = 3 .
 SECTION 2.3 135

55. The graph is decreasing, negative, and ⎛⎜ −1, − ⎞⎟ , (0, – 1), and (1, – 6) are points on the
1
⎝ 6⎠
x
graph. So the function f (x) = – 6 .

57. (a) The percent of light passing through 10 panes of glass is

p(10) = 100e – 0.03(10) = 74.08%

(b) The percent of light passing through 25 panes of glass is

p(25) = 100e – 0.03(25) = 47.24%

59. (a) After 30 days there will be

w(30) = 50e – 0.004(30) = 44.35 watts of power.

(b) After 365 days there will be

w(365) = 50e – 0.004(365) = 11.61 watts of power.

61. After 1 hour, there will be

D(1) = 5e – 0.4(1) = 3.35 milligrams of drug will be in the patient’s bloodstream.

After 6 hours, there will be

D(6) = 5e – 0.4(6) = 0.45 milligrams of drug will be in the patient’s bloodstream.

63. (a) The probability that a car will arrive within 10 minutes of 12:00 PM is
F(10) = 1 – e – 0.1(10) = 0.632

(b) The probability that a car will arrive within 40 minutes of 12:00 PM is
F(40) = 1 – e – 0.1(40) = 0.982

1
(c) As t becomes unbounded in the positive direction, e – 0.1t = − 0.1t
approaches 0. So F
e
approaches 1.

(d)
136 SECTION 2.3

(e) 1.2

0 60
0

It takes 6.9 minutes for the probability to reach 50%.

65. (a) If 15 cars arrive, then x = 15 and

20 15 e − 20
P ( x ) = P (15 ) = = 0.0516
15!
The probability that 15 cars arrive between 5:00 PM and 6:00 PM is 0.0516.

(b) The probability that 20 cars arrive between 5:00 PM and 6:00 PM is given by
20 20 e − 20
P ( x ) = P ( 20 ) = = 0.0888
20!

67. (a) If the Civic is 3 years old x = 3, and its cost is

p ( x ) = p ( 3) = 16,630 ( 0.90 ) = $12,123.27
3

(b) If the Civic is 9 years old x = 9, and its cost is

p ( x ) = p ( 9 ) = 16,630 ( 0.90 ) = $6442.80
9

69. (a) If E = 120 volts, R = 10 ohms, and L = 5 henrys, then the amperage is given by the
function
120
I (t ) = ⎡1 − e − (10 / 5) t ⎤⎦ = 12 ⎡⎣1 − e − 2t ⎤⎦
10 ⎣

After 0.3 second t = 0.3 and I ( t ) = I ( 0.3) = 12 ⎡⎣1 − e − 2(0.3) ⎤⎦ = 5.414 amps.

After 0.5 second t = 0.5 and I ( t ) = I ( 0.5 ) = 12 ⎡⎣1 − e − 2(0.5) ⎤⎦ = 7.585 amps.

After 1 second t = 1 and I ( t ) = I (1) = 12 ⎡⎣1 − e − 2 ⎤⎦ = 10.375 amps.

(b)
 SECTION 2.3 137

(c) The maximum current of I 1(t) approaches 12 amps as t becomes unbounded in the
positive direction.

(d) If E = 120 volts, R = 5 ohms, and L = 10 henrys, then the amperage is given by the
function
120
I (t ) = ⎡⎣1 − e − (5 /10) t ⎤⎦ = 24 ⎡1 − e − (1/ 2) t ⎤
5 ⎣ ⎦

After 0.3 second t = 0.3 and I ( t ) = I ( 0.3) = 24 ⎡1 − e

− (1/ 2 )( 0.3)
⎤ = 3.343 amps.
⎣ ⎦

After 0.5 second t = 0.5 and I ( t ) = I ( 0.5 ) = 24 ⎡1 − e

− (1/ 2 )( 0.5)
⎤ = 5.309 amps.
⎣ ⎦

After 1 second t = 1 and I ( t ) = I (1) = 24 ⎡⎣1 − e − 1/ 2 ⎤⎦ = 9.443 amps.

(e)

(f) The maximum current of I 2(t) approaches 24 amps as t becomes unbounded in the
positive direction.

71. Using a calculator, we get

1 1 1
n = 4, 2 + + + = 2.70833333
2! 3! 4!
1 1 1 1 1
n = 6, 2 + + + + + = 2.71805556
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
n = 8, 2+ + + + + + + = 2.71827877
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8!

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
n = 10 2+ + + + + + + + + = 2.718281801
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9! 10!

and e = 2.718281828

Comparisons might differ.

138 SECTION 2.3

73. f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) a ( x + h) − a x
=
h h
a a −ax
x h
= Use the exponential property a r · a s = a r + s.
h

=
a a h −1
x
( )
⎛ a h −1⎞
=ax⎜ ⎟ Factor.
h ⎝ h ⎠

75. If f ( x ) = a x , then f ( − x ) = a − x
1 1
= Use the exponential property a – r = .
ax a
r

1
= Substitute.
f ( x)

77. (a) If F = 50° and D = 41°, then

4221 4221 4221 4221
− +2 − +2
R = 10 T + 459.4 D + 459.4
= 10 50 + 459.4 41+ 459.4

4221 4221
− +2
= 10 509.4 500.4

= 70.95
The relative humidity is 70.95%.

(b) If F = 68° and D = 59°, then

4221 4221 4221 4221
− +2 − +2
R = 10 T + 459.4 D + 459.4
= 10 68 + 459.4 59 + 459.4

4221 4221
− +2
= 10 527.4 518.4

= 72.62
The relative humidity is 72.62%.

4221 4221 4221 4221

(c) If F = D, then = . So − = 0 , and
T + 459.4 D + 459.4 T + 459.4 D + 459.4

R = 10 0 + 2 = 100
When the temperature and the dew point are equal, the relative humidity is 100%.

79. (a) To show f (x) = sinh x is an odd function, we evaluate f (– x) and simplify.
1
f (− x) = e − x − e ( )
2
(
− −x
)
1
= (e − x − e x ) Simplify.
2
1
= ( −e x + e − x ) Rearrange the terms.
2
1
= − (e x − e − x ) Factor out – 1.
2
= – f (x)
 SECTION 2.4 139

So f is an odd function.

(b)

81. It takes 59 minutes. Explanations will vary.

83. There is no power function that increases more rapidly than an exponential function
whose base is greater than 1. Explanations will vary.

85. Answers will vary.

2.4 Logarithmic Functions

1. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If 9 = 32, then log 3 9 = 2.

3. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If a2 = 1.6, then log a 1.6 = 2.

5. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If 1.12 = M, then log 1.1 M = 2.

7. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If 2x = 7.2, then log 2 7.2 = x.

9. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If x 2 = π , then log x π = 2 .

11. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.
If e x = 8, then log e 8 = x or ln 8 = x.
 SECTION 2.4 139

So f is an odd function.

(b)

81. It takes 59 minutes. Explanations will vary.

83. There is no power function that increases more rapidly than an exponential function
whose base is greater than 1. Explanations will vary.

85. Answers will vary.

2.4 Logarithmic Functions

1. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If 9 = 32, then log 3 9 = 2.

3. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If a2 = 1.6, then log a 1.6 = 2.

5. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If 1.12 = M, then log 1.1 M = 2.

7. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If 2x = 7.2, then log 2 7.2 = x.

9. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.

If x 2 = π , then log x π = 2 .

11. We use the fact that y = log a x and x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 are equivalent.
If e x = 8, then log e 8 = x or ln 8 = x.
140 SECTION 2.4

13. We use the fact that x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and y = log a x are equivalent.
If log 2 8 = 3, then 23 = 8.

15. We use the fact that x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and y = log a x are equivalent.
If log a 3 = 6, then a 6 = 3.

17. We use the fact that x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and y = log a x are equivalent.
If log 3 2 = x, then 3 x = 2.

19. We use the fact that x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and y = log a x are equivalent.
If log 2 M = 1.3, then 21.3 = M.

21. We use the fact that x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and y = log a x are equivalent.
( 2)
x
If log 2 π = x , then =π .

23. We use the fact that x = a y, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and y = log a x are equivalent.
If ln 4 = x, then e x = 4.

25. To find the exact value of the logarithm, we change the expression to its equivalent
exponential expression and simplify.
y = log 2 1
2 y =1 Write in exponential form.
2 y = 20 1 = 20
y=0 Equate exponents.
Therefore, log 2 1 = 0

27. To find the exact value of the logarithm, we change the expression to its equivalent
exponential expression and simplify.
y = log 5 25
5 y = 25 Write in exponential form.
5 y = 52 25 = 5 2
y=2 Equate exponents.
Therefore, log 5 25 = 2 .

29. To find the exact value of the logarithm, we change the expression to its equivalent
exponential expression and simplify.
y = log 1/ 2 16
y
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 16 Write in exponential form.
⎝2⎠
y −4 −4
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 16 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
y=–4 Equate exponents.
Therefore, log 1/ 2 16 = − 4 .
 SECTION 2.4 141

31. To find the exact value of the logarithm, we change the expression to its equivalent
exponential expression and simplify.
y = log 10 10
10 y = 10 Write in exponential form.
y
10 = 10 1/ 2
10 = 10
1/ 2

1
y= Equate exponents.
2
1
Therefore, log 10 10 = .
2

33. To find the exact value of the logarithm, we change the expression to its equivalent
exponential expression and simplify.
y = log 2 4

( 2) = 4
y
Write in exponential form.

( 2) = ( 2) ( ) ( 2)
y 4 2

4=2 =
2 ⎡ 2
2
⎤ = 4

⎣ ⎦
y=4 Equate exponents.
Therefore, log 2
4 = 4.

35. To find the exact value of the logarithm, we change the expression to its equivalent
exponential expression and simplify.
y = ln e
ey = e Write in exponential form.
y
e =e 1/ 2
e =e
1/ 2

1
y= Equate exponents.
2
1
Therefore, ln e = .
2

37. The domain of a logarithmic function is limited to all positive real numbers, so for
f ( x ) = ln ( x − 3) , x – 3 > 0. The domain is all x > 3, or using interval notation (3, ∞).

39. The domain of a logarithmic function is limited to all positive real numbers, so for
F ( x ) = log 2 x 2 , x 2 > 0. x 2 is positive except when x = 0, meaning the domain is the
set {x | x ≠ 0}.

41. x x
The domain of f (x) = 3 − 2log 4 is restricted by log 4 which is defined only when
2 2
x
is positive. So the domain of f is all x > 0, or using interval notation (0, ∞).
2

43. There are two restrictions on the domain of f ( x ) = ln x .

142 SECTION 2.4

First, y = x is defined only when x is nonnegative, that is when x ≥ 0.

Second, y = ln x is defined only when x is positive, that is when x > 0. However, on the
interval (0, 1), ln x < 0, so f ( x ) = ln x is not defined.
So the domain of f is all x ≥ 1, or using interval notation [1, ∞).

45. 5 47. 10
ln = 0.511 ln
3 3 = 30.099
0.04

49. If the graph of f contains the point (2, 2), then x = 2 and y = 2 must satisfy the equation
y = f ( x ) = log a x
2 = log a 2
a2 = 2
a= 2

51. The graph of y = log 3 x has the properties:

The domain is (0, ∞). The range is (–∞, ∞).
The x-intercept is (1, 0).
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote.
The graph is increasing since a = 3 > 1.
⎛1 ⎞
The graph contains the points (3, 1) and ⎜ , − 1⎟ .
⎝3 ⎠
The graph is continuous.

53. The graph of y = log 1/ 5 x has the properties:

The domain is (0, ∞). The range is (– ∞, ∞).
The x-intercept is (1, 0).
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote.
1
The graph is decreasing since a = < 1.
5
⎛1 ⎞
The graph contains the points (5, – 1) and ⎜ , 1⎟ .
⎝5 ⎠
The graph is continuous.

55. B. This graph is reflected over the y-axis.

57. D. This graph was reflected about both the x- and y-axes.

59. A. This graph has not been shifted or reflected.

61. E. This graph was shifted vertically down 1 unit.

 SECTION 2.4 143

63.

→
y = ln x Replace x by x + 4; f (x) = ln(x + 4)
horizontal shift 4 units
to the left.

The domain of f is all x > – 4, or in interval notation, (– 4, ∞). The range is all real
numbers or (– ∞, ∞). The vertical asymptote is the line x = – 4.

65.

→
y = ln x Add 2; vertical f (x) = 2 + ln x
shift up 2 units.

The domain of f is all x > 0, or in interval notation, (0, ∞). The range is all real numbers
or (– ∞, ∞). The vertical asymptote is the y-axis, that is the line x = 0.

67.

→
y = log x Replace x with x − 4; f (x) = log (x − 4)
horizontal shift right 4 units.

The domain of f is all x > 4, or in interval notation, (4, ∞). The range is all real numbers
or (– ∞, ∞). The vertical asymptote is the line x = 4.
144 SECTION 2.4

69.

→
y = log x Add 2; vertical f (x) = log x + 2
shift up 2 units.

The domain of f is all x > 0, or in interval notation, (0, ∞). The range is all real numbers
or (– ∞, ∞). The vertical asymptote is the y-axis, that is the line x = 0.

71. log 3 x = 2
x = 32 = 9 Change to exponential form and simplify.

73. log 2 ( 2 x + 1) = 3
2x + 1 = 2 3 Change to exponential form.
2x + 1 = 8 Solve the linear equation.
2x = 7
7
x=
2

75. log x 4 = 2
4 = x2 Change to exponential form.
x=2 Solve using the Square Root Method. (x ≠ – 2, the base is positive.)

77. ln e x = 5
ex= e5 Change to exponential form.
x=5 Since the bases are equal, the exponents are equal.

79. log 4 64 = x
64 = 4 x Change to exponential form.
43 = 4x
3=x Since the bases are equal, the exponents are equal.

81. log 3 243 = 2 x + 1

3 2x + 1 = 243 Change to exponential form.
3 2x + 1 = 3 5
2x + 1 = 5 Since the bases are equal, the exponents are equal.
2x = 4 Solve the linear equation.
x=2
 SECTION 2.4 145

83. e 3 x = 10
ln 10 = 3x Change to a logarithmic expression.
ln 10
x= Exact solution.
3
≈ 0.768 Approximate solution.

85. e 2 x +5 = 8
ln 8 = 2x + 5 Change to a logarithmic expression.
2x = – 5 + ln 8
− 5 + ln 8
x= Exact solution.
2
≈ – 1.460 Approximate solution.

87. log 3 ( x 2 + 1) = 2
x2 + 1 = 32 Change to an exponential expression.
x2 + 1 = 9
x2 = 8
x=± 8 Use the Square Root Method.
=±2 2 Simplify.

89. log 2 8 x = − 3
8x= 2–3 Change to an exponential expression.
(2 3) x = 2 – 3
2 3x = 2 – 3
3x = – 3 Since the bases are equal, the exponents are equal.
x=–1

91. (a) When H + = 0.1, pH = – log (0.1) = 1.

(b) When H + = 0.01, pH = – log (0.01) = 2.
(c) When H + = 0.001, pH = – log (0.001) = 3.

(d) As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, pH increases.

(e) If pH = 3.5, then 3.5 = – log x

log x = – 3.5
10 – 3.5 = x
x = 0.000316

(f) If pH = 7.4, then 7.4 = – log x

log x = – 7.4
10 – 7.4 = x
x = 3.981 × 10 – 8

93. (a) If p = 320 mm,

320 = 760 e − 0.145 h
146 SECTION 2.4

320 8
e − 0.145 h = = Divide both sides by 760.
760 19
⎛ 8⎞
– 0.145h = ln ⎜ ⎟ Change to a logarithmic expression.
⎝ 19 ⎠
1000 ⎛ 8 ⎞ 145
h= − ln ⎜ ⎟ 0.145 =
145 ⎝ 19 ⎠ 1000
≈ 5.965

The aircraft is at an altitude of approximately 5.965 kilometers above sea level.

(b) If p = 667 mm,

667 = 760 e − 0.145 h
667
e − 0.145 h = Divide both sides by 760.
760
⎛ 667 ⎞
– 0.145h = ln ⎜ ⎟ Change to a logarithmic expression.
⎝ 760 ⎠
1000 ⎛ 667 ⎞ 145
h= − ln ⎜ ⎟ 0.145 =
145 ⎝ 760 ⎠ 1000
≈ 0.900

The mountain is approximately 0.9 kilometer above sea level.

95. (a) We want F(t) = 0.50.

0.50 = 1 − e − 0.1t
e − 0.1t = 0.50
– 0.1t = ln 0.5
t = – 10 ln 0.5
≈ 6.93
After approximately 6.9 minutes the probability that a car arrives at the drive-thru
reaches 50%.

(b) We want F(t) = 0.80.

0.80 = 1 − e − 0.1t
e − 0.1t = 0.20
– 0.1t = ln 0.2
t = – 10 ln 0.2
≈ 16.09
After approximately 16.1 minutes the probability that a car arrives at the drive-thru
reaches 80%.

97. We want D = 2.
2 = 5 e − 0.4 h
2
e − 0.4 h = = 0.4
5
– 0.4h = ln 0.4
 SECTION 2.4 147

5
h=– ln 0.4
2
≈ 2.29
The drug should be administered every 2.3 hours (about 2 hours 17 minutes).

99. We want I = 0.5

12 ⎡
1 − e ( ) ⎤ = 1.2 (1 − e − 2t )
− 10 / 5 t
0.5 =
10 ⎣ ⎦
0.5 5
1 − e − 2t = =
1.2 12
7
e − 2t =
12
⎛ 7⎞
– 2t = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
1 ⎛7⎞
t = − ln ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 12 ⎠
≈ 0.269
It takes about 0.27 seconds to obtain a current of 0.5 ampere.

Next we want I = 1.0

1.0 = 1.2 (1 − e − 2t )
1.0 5
1 − e − 2t = =
1.2 6
1
e − 2t =
6
⎛1⎞
– 2t = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝6⎠
1 ⎛1⎞
t = − ln ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝6⎠
≈ 0.896
It takes about 0.9 seconds to obtain a current of 1ampere.

101. We are interested in the population when t = 11, so we want P(11).

P(10) = 298,710,000 + 10,000,000 log 11
= 309,123,926.9
On January 1, 2020 the population (to the nearest thousand) will be 309,124,000.

103. Normal conversation: x = 10 – 7 watt per square meter,

10 − 7
L (10 − 7 ) = 10 log − 12 = 50 decibels
10

105. Amplified rock music: x = 10 – 1 watt per square meter,

10 − 1
L (10 − 1 ) = 10 log − 12 = 110 decibels
10
148 SECTION 2.5

107. Mexico City, 1985: x = 125,892 mm.

⎛ 125,892 ⎞
M(125,892) = log ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 8.1 = 8.1
⎝ 10 ⎠

109. (a) Since R = 10 when x = 0.06, we can find k.

10 = 3 e 0.06k
⎛ 10 ⎞
0.06k = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
100 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞
k= ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 20.066
6 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠

(b) If x = 0.17, then the risk of having a car accident is

⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ( 0.17 )
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
R = 3e = 90.91%
(c) If the risk is 100%, then R = 100.
⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
3e ⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
= 100
⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ 100
ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
e ⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
=
3
50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 100
ln ⎜ ⎟ x = ln
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3
x ≈ 0.1747

⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
(d) R = 15 = 3 e
⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
e =5

50 ⎛ 10 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ x = ln 5
3 ⎝ 3⎠
x ≈ 0.080

A driver with a blood alcohol concentration greater than or equal to 0.08 should be
arrested and charged with DUI.

(e) Answers will vary.

111. Answers may vary.

2.5 Properties of Logarithms

1. log 3 371 = 71 log a a r = r 3. ln e – 4 = – 4 log a a r = r

5. 2 log 2 7 = 7 a
log a M
=M
148 SECTION 2.5

107. Mexico City, 1985: x = 125,892 mm.

⎛ 125,892 ⎞
M(125,892) = log ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 8.1 = 8.1
⎝ 10 ⎠

109. (a) Since R = 10 when x = 0.06, we can find k.

10 = 3 e 0.06k
⎛ 10 ⎞
0.06k = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
100 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞
k= ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 20.066
6 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠

(b) If x = 0.17, then the risk of having a car accident is

⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ( 0.17 )
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
R = 3e = 90.91%
(c) If the risk is 100%, then R = 100.
⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
3e ⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
= 100
⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ 100
ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
e ⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
=
3
50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 100
ln ⎜ ⎟ x = ln
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3
x ≈ 0.1747

⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
(d) R = 15 = 3 e
⎛ 50 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ x
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
e =5

50 ⎛ 10 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ x = ln 5
3 ⎝ 3⎠
x ≈ 0.080

A driver with a blood alcohol concentration greater than or equal to 0.08 should be
arrested and charged with DUI.

(e) Answers will vary.

111. Answers may vary.

2.5 Properties of Logarithms

1. log 3 371 = 71 log a a r = r 3. ln e – 4 = – 4 log a a r = r

5. 2 log 2 7 = 7 a
log a M
=M
 SECTION 2.5 149

7. log 8 2 + log 8 4 = log 8 ( 2 ⋅ 4 ) = log 8 8 = 1

9. ⎛ 18 ⎞
log 6 18 − log 6 3 = log 6 ⎜ ⎟ = log 6 6 = 1
⎝ 3⎠

11. Use a change of base formula,

ln 6 ln 4 ln 4
log 2 6 ⋅ log 6 4 = ⋅ =
ln 2 ln 6 ln 2
Next simplify ln 4,
ln 4 ln 2 2 2 ln 2
= = =2
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
So, log 2 6 ⋅ log 6 4 = 2

13. log 3 5 − log 3 4

5
log 3 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ 5
3 =3 ⎝4⎠
=
4

15. First we write the exponent as y = log e 2 16 , and express it as an exponential.

y = log e 2 16
e 2y = 16 or e y = 4. So y = ln 4.
log 16
Then, e e2
= e y = e ln 4 = 4.

17. ln 6 = ln (2 · 3) = ln 2 + ln 3 = a + b 19. 3
ln 1.5 = ln = ln 3 – ln 2 = b – a
2

21. ln 8 = ln 23 = 3 ln 2 = 3a

23. 5 1 1 1 1
ln 6= ln 6 = ln (2 · 3) = (ln 2 + ln 3) = (a + b)
5 5 5 5

25. log 5 ( 25 x ) = log 5 ( 5 2 x ) = log 5 52 + log 5 x = 2log 5 5 + log 5 x

27. log 2 z 3 = 3log 2 z

29. ln (ex) = ln e + ln x = 1 + ln x

31. ln (xe x) = ln x + ln e x = ln x + x ln e = ln x + x

33. log a ( u 2v 3 ) = log a u 2 + log a v 3 = 2log a u + 3log a v

35.
( )
ln x 2 1 − x = ln x 2 + ln (1 − x )
1/ 2 1
= 2ln x + ln (1 − x )
2
150 SECTION 2.5

37. ⎛ x3 ⎞
⎟ = log 2 x − log 2 ( x − 3) = 3log 2 x − log 2 ( x − 3)
3
log 2 ⎜
⎝ x − 3 ⎠

39. ⎡ x ( x + 2) ⎤
= log ⎡⎣ x ( x + 2 ) ⎤⎦ − log ( x + 3) = log x + log ( x + 2 ) − 2log ( x + 3)
2
log ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣⎢ ( x + 3) ⎦⎥

41. ⎡ x 2 − x − 2⎤
1/ 3
1 ⎡ x 2 − x − 2⎤ 1 ⎡
= ln ( x 2 − x − 2) − ln ( x + 4 ) ⎤
2
ln ⎢ 2 ⎥
= ln ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ ( x + 4 ) ⎦⎥ 3 ⎢⎣ ( x + 4 ) ⎦⎥ 3
1
= ⎡ ln ⎡⎣ ( x − 2 )( x + 1) ⎤⎦ − ln ( x + 4 ) ⎤
2

3⎣ ⎦
1
= ⎡⎣ ln ( x − 2 ) + ln ( x + 1) − 2 ln ( x + 4 ) ⎤⎦
3
1 1 2
= ln ( x − 2 ) + ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x + 4 )
3 3 3

43. 5 x 1 + 3x 1
= ln ⎡⎣5 x 1 + 3x ⎤⎦ − ln ( x − 4 ) = ln 5 + ln x + ln (1 + 3x ) − 3ln ( x − 4 )
3
ln
( x − 4)
3
2

45. 3 log 5 u + 4 log 5 v = log 5 u 3 + log 5 v 4 = log 5 ( u 3 v 4 )

47. ⎛ x⎞ 5
log 3 x − log 3 x 3 = log 3 ⎜ 3 ⎟ = log 3 x − 5 / 2 = − log 3 x 5 / 2 or − log 3 x
⎝x ⎠ 2

49. ⎡ x 2 −1 ⎤
log 4 ( x 2 − 1) − 5 log 4 ( x + 1) = log 4 ( x 2 − 1) − log 4 ( x + 1) = log 4 ⎢
5
5⎥
⎢⎣ ( x + 1) ⎥⎦
⎡ ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ⎤ ⎡ x −1 ⎤
= log 4 ⎢ ⎥ = log ⎢ 4⎥
( )
4
⎢ ( x + 1) 5 4 ⎥ ⎢
⎣ x + 1 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

51. ⎡ x ⎤
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x +1⎞ x +1 1
ln ⎜ ⎟ + ln ⎜ ⎟ − ln ( x 2
− 1) ⎢ x − 1 x x − 1 x + 1 ⎥⎥
= ln ⎢ ⋅ ⋅
⎝ x −1⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
⎣ ( )( )⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
= ln ( x − 1) = − 2 ln ( x − 1)
−2
= ln ⎢ 2⎥
⎣⎢ ( x − 1) ⎦⎥

( )
53. ⎛4⎞ 8 ⎛4⎞
8log 2 3x − 2 − log 2 ⎜ ⎟ + log 2 4 = log 2 3x − 2 − log 2 ⎜ ⎟ + log 2 4
⎝x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
⎛4⎞
= log 2 ( 3 x − 2 )
4
− log 2 ⎜ ⎟ + log 2 4
⎝ x⎠
 SECTION 2.5 151

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ( 3x − 2 ) 4 ⋅ 4 ⎥
⎥ = log 2 ⎡⎣ x ( 3x − 2 ) ⎤⎦
4
= log 2 ⎢
⎢ 4 ⎥
⎢⎣ x ⎥⎦

55. 1
2log a ( 5 x 3 ) − log a ( 2 x + 3) = log a ( 5 x 3 ) − log a 2 x + 3
2

2
(5x )
3 2
25 x 6
= log a = log a
2x + 3 2x + 3

57. 2log 2 ( x + 1) − log 2 ( x + 3) − log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x + 1) − log 2 ( x + 3) − log 2 ( x − 1)

2

( x + 1) = log ( x + 1)
2 2

= log 2
( x + 3)( x − 1) 2
x 2 + 2x − 3

59. ln 21 61. ln 71
log 3 21 = = 2.771 log 1/ 3 71 = = − 3.880
ln 3 1
ln
3

63. ln 7 65. ln e
log 7= = 5.615 log π e = = 0.874
2
ln 2 ln π

67. ln x 69. ln ( x + 2 )
y = log 4 x = y = log 2 ( x + 2 ) =
ln 4 ln 2

71. ln ( x + 1) 73. ln y = ln x + ln C
y = log x −1 ( x + 1) =
ln ( x − 1) ln y = ln ( Cx )
y = Cx
152 SECTION 2.5

75. ln y = ln x + ln ( x + 1) + ln C 77. ln y = 3x + ln C
ln y = ln ⎡⎣ x ( x + 1) C ⎤⎦ ln y = ln e 3 x + ln C
ln y = ln Ce 3 x
y = x ( x + 1) C
y = Ce 3 x

79. ln ( y − 3) = − 4 x + ln C
ln ( y − 3) = ln e − 4 x + ln C
ln ( y − 3) = ln ( Ce − 4 x )
y − 3 = Ce − 4 x
y = Ce − 4 x + 3

81. 1 1
3 ln y = ln ( 2 x + 1) − ln ( x + 4 ) + ln C
2 3
ln y 3 = ln ( 2 x + 1) − ln ( x + 4 ) + ln C
1/ 2 1/ 3

ln y 3 = ln ⎡C ( 2 x + 1) ⎤ − ln ( x + 4 )
1/ 2 1/ 3

⎣ ⎦
⎡ C ( 2 x + 1) 1/ 2 ⎤
ln y = ln ⎢
3
1/ 3 ⎥
⎢⎣ ( x + 4 ) ⎥⎦
C ( 2 x + 1)
1/ 2

y =
3

( x + 4)
1/ 3

1/ 3
⎡ C ( 2 x + 1) 1/ 2 ⎤ C ( 2 x + 1)
1/ 6

y =⎢ 1/ 3 ⎥
= C 1/ 3 is still a positive constant. We write C.
⎢⎣ ( x + 4 ) ( x + 4)
1/ 9
⎥⎦

83. We use the change of base formula and simplify.

log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
log 2 log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7
log 8 log 23
= =
log 2 log 2
 SECTION 2.5 153

3 log 2
= =3
log 2

85. We use the change of base formula and simplify.

log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 ⋅ … ⋅ log n ( n + 1) ⋅ log n +1 2

Noticing that the first n – 1 factors follow the pattern of problem 83, we get
⎡⎣ log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 ⋅ … ⋅ log n ( n + 1) ⎤⎦ ⋅ log n +1 2
⎡ log 3 log 4 log 5 log ( n + 1) ⎤ log 2
=⎢ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ... ⋅ ⎥⋅
⎣⎢ log 2 log 3 log 4 log n ⎦⎥ log ( n + 1)
=1

87.
( ) ( )
log a x + x 2 − 1 + log a x − x 2 − 1 = log a ⎡ x + x 2 − 1
⎢⎣ ( )( x − )
x 2 −1 ⎤
⎥⎦
⎛
( ) ⎞⎟⎠
2
= log a ⎜ x 2 − x 2 − 1
⎝
(
= log a x 2 − x 2 − 1 )
= log a ( x 2 − x 2 + 1)
= log a 1 = 0

89. ln (1 + e 2 x ) = 2 x + ln (1 + e − 2 x )

We work from the complicated side (the right) and simplify to get to the left side of the
equation.
2 x + ln (1 + e − 2 x ) = ln e 2 x + ln (1 + e − 2 x )
= ln ⎡⎣e 2 x ⋅ (1 + e − 2 x ) ⎤⎦
= ln ⎡⎣e 2 x + e 2 x ⋅ e − 2 x ⎤⎦
= ln ⎡⎣e 2 x + 1⎤⎦ = ln (1 + e 2 x )

91. We show that − f ( x ) = log 1/ a x by using the Change of Base Formula.

ln x
f ( x ) = log a x so − f ( x ) = − log a x = −
ln a
ln x
=
− ln a
ln x ln x
= =
ln a −1
1
ln
a
154 SECTION 2.6

Using the Change of base formula in reverse, the last expression becomes ln 1/ a x . So
− f ( x ) = log 1/ a x

93. If f ( x ) = log a x , then

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a x −1 = − log a x = − f ( x)
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠

95. If A = log a M and B = log a N , then (writing each expression as an exponential) we get
a A = M and a B = N .
⎛M ⎞ ⎛aA⎞
log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a ⎜ B ⎟
⎝N⎠ ⎝a ⎠
= log a a A − B
= A− B
= log a M − log a N

97. 5 5

–6 6 –6 6

–5 –5
Y1 = log ( x 2
) Y2 = 2log ( x )

Explanations may vary.

2.6 Continuously Compounded Interest

1. If $1000 is invested at 4% compounded continuously, the amount A after 3 years is

A = Pe rt = 1000e ( )( ) = 1000e 0.12 = $1127.50
0.04 3

3. If $500 is invested at 5% compounded continuously, the amount A after 3 years is

A = Pe rt = 500e ( )( ) = 500e 0.15 = $580.92
0.05 3

5. The present value of $100 that will be invested at 4% compounded continuously for 6
months is
P = Ae – rt = 100e ( )( ) = 100e − 0.02 = $98.02
− 0.04 0.5

7. The present value of $500 that will be invested at 7% compounded continuously for 1
year is
P = Ae – rt = 500e ( )( ) = 500e − 0.07 = $466.20
− 0.07 1
154 SECTION 2.6

Using the Change of base formula in reverse, the last expression becomes ln 1/ a x . So
− f ( x ) = log 1/ a x

93. If f ( x ) = log a x , then

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a x −1 = − log a x = − f ( x)
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠

95. If A = log a M and B = log a N , then (writing each expression as an exponential) we get
a A = M and a B = N .
⎛M ⎞ ⎛aA⎞
log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a ⎜ B ⎟
⎝N⎠ ⎝a ⎠
= log a a A − B
= A− B
= log a M − log a N

97. 5 5

–6 6 –6 6

–5 –5
Y1 = log ( x 2
) Y2 = 2log ( x )

Explanations may vary.

2.6 Continuously Compounded Interest

1. If $1000 is invested at 4% compounded continuously, the amount A after 3 years is

A = Pe rt = 1000e ( )( ) = 1000e 0.12 = $1127.50
0.04 3

3. If $500 is invested at 5% compounded continuously, the amount A after 3 years is

A = Pe rt = 500e ( )( ) = 500e 0.15 = $580.92
0.05 3

5. The present value of $100 that will be invested at 4% compounded continuously for 6
months is
P = Ae – rt = 100e ( )( ) = 100e − 0.02 = $98.02
− 0.04 0.5

7. The present value of $500 that will be invested at 7% compounded continuously for 1
year is
P = Ae – rt = 500e ( )( ) = 500e − 0.07 = $466.20
− 0.07 1
 SECTION 2.6 155

9. If $1000 is invested at 2% compounded continuously, the amount A after 1 year is

A = Pe rt = 1000e ( )( ) = 1000e 0.02 = $1020.20
0.02 1

A – P = $20.20 interest was earned.

11. We need to deposit the present value of $5000 that will be invested at 3% compounded
continuously for 4 years.
P = Ae – rt = 5000e ( )( ) = 5000e − 0.12 = $4434.60
− 0.03 4

We need to deposit the present value of $5000 that will be invested at 3% compounded
continuously for 8 years.
P = Ae – rt = 5000e ( )( ) = 5000e − 0.24 = $3933.14
− 0.03 8

13. If P is invested, it will double when amount A = 2P.

A = 2 P = Pe rt
2 = e 3r
3r = ln 2
ln 2
r= ≈ 0.2310
3
It will require an interest rate of about 23.1% compounded continuously to double an
investment in 3 years.

15. If P is invested, it will triple when amount A = 3P.

A = 3P = Pe rt
3 = e 0.10t
0.10t = ln 3
ln 3
t= ≈ 10.986
0.10
It will take about 11 years for an investment to triple at 10 % compounded continuously.

17. We need the present value of $1000 that will be invested at 9% compounded
continuously for 1 year.
P = Ae – rt = 1000e ( )( ) = 1000e − 0.09 = $913.93
− 0.09 1

We need the present value of $1000 that will be invested at 9% compounded

continuously for 2 years.
P = Ae – rt = 1000e ( )( ) = 1000e − 0.18 = $835.27
− 0.09 2

19. Tami and Todd need to invest the present value of $40,000 that will earn 3%
compounded continuously for 4 years.
P = Ae – rt = 40,000e ( )( ) = 40,000e − 0.12 = $35,476.82
− 0.03 4

21. If P is invested, it will triple when amount A = 3P.

A = 3P = Pe rt
3 = e 5r
156 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

5r = ln 3
ln 3
r= ≈ 0.2197
5

It will require an interest rate of about 22% compounded continuously to triple an

investment in 5 years.

23. The rule of 70:

(a) The actual time it takes to double an investment if r = 1% is
ln 2
t= = 69.3147 years.
0.01
The estimated time it takes to double an investment using the Rule of 70 if r = 1% is
0.70
t= = 70.0 years.
0.01
The Rule of 70 overestimates the time to double money by 0.6853 year, about 8 months.

(b) The actual time it takes to double an investment if r = 5% is

ln 2
t= = 13.8629 years.
0.05
The estimated time it takes to double an investment using the Rule of 70 if r = 5% is
0.70
t= = 14 years.
0.05

The Rule of 70 overestimates the time to double money by 0.1371 year, about 1.6
months.

(c) The actual time it takes to double an investment if r = 10% is

ln 2
t= = 6.9315 years.
0.10
The estimated time it takes to double an investment using the Rule of 70 if r = 10% is
0.70
t= = 7.0 years.
0.10

The Rule of 70 overestimates the time to double money by 0.0685 year, almost 1 month.

Chapter 2 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. True 5. False

7. False 9. False
156 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

5r = ln 3
ln 3
r= ≈ 0.2197
5

It will require an interest rate of about 22% compounded continuously to triple an

investment in 5 years.

23. The rule of 70:

(a) The actual time it takes to double an investment if r = 1% is
ln 2
t= = 69.3147 years.
0.01
The estimated time it takes to double an investment using the Rule of 70 if r = 1% is
0.70
t= = 70.0 years.
0.01
The Rule of 70 overestimates the time to double money by 0.6853 year, about 8 months.

(b) The actual time it takes to double an investment if r = 5% is

ln 2
t= = 13.8629 years.
0.05
The estimated time it takes to double an investment using the Rule of 70 if r = 5% is
0.70
t= = 14 years.
0.05

The Rule of 70 overestimates the time to double money by 0.1371 year, about 1.6
months.

(c) The actual time it takes to double an investment if r = 10% is

ln 2
t= = 6.9315 years.
0.10
The estimated time it takes to double an investment using the Rule of 70 if r = 10% is
0.70
t= = 7.0 years.
0.10

The Rule of 70 overestimates the time to double money by 0.0685 year, almost 1 month.

Chapter 2 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. True 5. False

7. False 9. False
 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 157

FILL IN THE BLANKS

b
1. parabola 3. x = − 5. one
2a

7. (0, ∞) 9. one

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. First we expand the function.

f ( x ) = ( x − 2) + 2 = x 2 − 4x + 4 + 2 = x 2 − 4 x + 6
2

and find that a = 1, b = – 4, c = 6.

a > 0; the parabola opens up.

The x-coordinate of the vertex is −
b
=−
( − 4 ) = 2 , and the y-coordinate is
2a 2 (1)
f ( 2) = ( 2) − 4 ( 2) + 6 = 2 .
2

So the vertex is (2, 2) and the axis of symmetry is the line x = 2.

Since f (0) = c = 6, the y-intercept is (0, 6).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0. Since the discriminant of f
b 2 – 4ac = (– 4) 2 – 4(1)(6) = – 8
is negative, the equation f (x) = 0 has no real solution, and therefore, the parabola has no
x-intercept.

To graph the function, we use symmetry. If we choose the y-intercept, we obtain its
symmetric point (4, 6).

3. 1
a= , b = 0, c = – 16
4
a > 0, the parabola opens up.
b
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − = 0, and the y-coordinate is
2a
1
f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) − 16 = −16 .
2

4
So the vertex is (0, – 16), and the axis of symmetry is the line x = 0.

Since f (0) = c = – 16, the y-intercept is also (0, – 16)

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
158 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

1 2
x − 16 = 0
4
x 2 − 64 = 0
x 2 = 64
x=±8
The x-intercepts are (8, 0) and (– 8, 0).

5. a = – 4, b = 4, c = 0
a < 0, the parabola opens down.
b 4 1
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = , and the y-coordinate is
2a 2 ( − 4) 2
2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = − 4⎜ ⎟ + 4x = 1
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛1 ⎞ 1
So the vertex is ⎜ , 1⎟ , and the axis of symmetry is the line x = .
⎝2 ⎠ 2
Since f (0) = c = 0, the y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
− 4 x 2 + 4x = 0
− 4 x ( x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1

The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (1, 0).

7. 9
a= , b = 3, c = 1
2

a > 0; the parabola opens up.

b 3 1
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = − , and the y-coordinate is
2a ⎛9⎞ 3
2⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
2
⎛ 1⎞ 9⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 1
f ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ + 3⎜ − ⎟ + 1 =
⎝ 3⎠ 2⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 2
⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
So the vertex is ⎜ − , ⎟ , and the axis of symmetry is the line x = − .
⎝ 3 2⎠ 3
 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 159

Since f (0) = c = 1, the y-intercept is (0, 1).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0. Since the discriminant of f
⎛9⎞
b 2 – 4ac = 3 2 − ( 4 ) ⎜ ⎟ (1) = − 9
⎝2⎠
is negative, the equation f (x) = 0 has no real solution, and therefore, the parabola has no
x-intercept.

To graph the function, we use symmetry. If we choose the y-intercept, we obtain its
⎛ 2 ⎞
symmetric point ⎜ − , 1⎟ . Because this point is so close to the vertex, we also use the
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 5⎞
point ⎜ −1, ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠

9. a = 3, b = 4, c = – 1

a > 0; the parabola opens up.

b 4 2
The x-coordinate of the vertex is − =− = − , and the y-coordinate is
2a 2 ( 3) 3
2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 7
f ⎜ − ⎟ = 3⎜ − ⎟ + 4 ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 = −
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3
⎛ 2 7⎞ 2
So the vertex is ⎜ − , − ⎟ and the axis of symmetry is the line x = − .
⎝ 3 3⎠ 3

Since f (0) = c = – 1, the y-intercept is (0, – 1).

The x-intercepts are found by solving f (x) = 0.
3x 2 + 4 x − 1 = 0
− 4 ± 4 2 − 4 ( 3)( − 1) − 4 ± 28
x= =
2 ( 3) 6
− 4±2 7 − 2± 7
x= =
6 3

The x-intercepts are difficult to graph, so we choose another point and use symmetry.
⎛2 ⎞
We chose (– 2, 3) and by symmetry ⎜ , 3 ⎟ .
⎝3 ⎠
160 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

11. a = 3, b = – 6, c = 4
The quadratic function has a minimum since a = 3 is greater than zero.
b −6
x= − =− =1
2a 2 ( 3)
f (1) = 3 (1) − 6 (1) + 4 = 1
2

The minimum value is 1, and it occurs at x = 1.

13. a = – 1, b = 8, c = – 4
The quadratic function has a maximum since a = – 1 is less than zero.
b 8
x= − =− =4
2a 2 ( −1)
f ( 4 ) = − ( 4 ) + 8 ( 4 ) − 4 = 12
2

The maximum value is 12, and it occurs at x = 4.

15. a = – 3, b = 12, c = 4
The quadratic function has a maximum since a = – 3 is less than zero.
b 12
x= − =− =2
2a 2 ( −3)
f ( 2 ) = − 3 ( 2 ) + 12 ( 2 ) + 4 = 16
2

The maximum value is 16, and it occurs at x = 2.

17. Answers will vary.

19.

→
y = x4 Add 2; vertical shift f ( x) = x 4 + 2
2 units up.
 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 161

21.

→
y = x5 Multiply y by – 1; – y = – x5
reflect about x-axis.

→
Add 1; vertical f ( x) = – x 5 + 1
shift up 1 unit.

23. f is a polynomial function. Its degree is 5.

25. f is not a polynomial function. The exponent on the middle term is not a positive integer.

27. The power function that models the end behavior of the function f is p(x) = – 2x 4.

29. The domain of a rational function is all real numbers except those that make the
denominator zero. The denominator of R(x), x 2 – 9 = 0 when x = – 3 or when x = 3.
The domain of R is {x | x ≠ – 3 or x ≠ 3}.

31. The domain of a rational function is all real numbers except those that make the
denominator zero. The denominator of R(x), (x + 2) 2 = 0, when x = – 2.
The domain of R is {x | x ≠ – 2}.

33. (a) f (4) = 3 4 = 81 (b) g(9) = log 3 9 = log 3 3 2 = 2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
−2 1 g ⎜ ⎟ = log 3 ⎜ ⎟ = log 3 ⎜ 3 ⎟
(c) f (– 2) = 3 = (d) ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
9 −3
= log 3 3 = − 3

35. 52 = z 37. log 5 u = 13

log 5 z = 2 5 13 = u
162 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

39. 2
The domain of f consists of all x for which 3x – 2 > 0, that is for all x > , or using
3
⎛ 2 ⎞
interval notation, ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝3 ⎠

41. 2
The domain of H consists of all x for which – 3x + 2 > 0, that is for all x < , or using
3
⎛ 2⎞
interval notation, ⎜ − ∞, ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠

43. ⎛1⎞
log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = log 2 ( 2 − 3 ) = −3 log 2 2 = – 3
45. log 3 81 = log 3 ( 3 4 ) = 4 log 3 3 = 4
⎝8⎠

47. ln e 2 = 2ln e = 2 49. ln e 2

= 2 ln e = 2

51. 2
log 2 0.4
= 0.4

53. ⎛ uv 2 ⎞
⎟ = log 3 ( uv ) − log 3 w
2
log 3 ⎜
⎝ w ⎠
= log 3 u + log 3 v 2 − log 3 w
= log 3 u + 2 log 3 v − log 3 w

55.
( )
log x 2 x 3 + 1 = log x 2 + log x 3 +1
1
= 2 log x + log ( x 3 + 1)
2

57. ⎛ x 3 x 2 +1 ⎞
ln ⎜
⎜ x−3 ⎟
⎝
⎟ = ln x
⎠
( 3
)
x 2 + 1 − ln ( x − 3)

= ln x + ln 3
x 2 + 1 − ln ( x − 3)
1
= ln x + ln ( x 2 + 1) − ln ( x − 3)
3

59. 1
log 4 x = log 4 ( x 2 ) + log 4 x ( )
3 1/ 2
3 log 4 x 2 +
2
= log 4 x 6 + log 4 x 1/ 4

= log 4 ( x 6 ⋅ x 1/ 4 )
= log 4 x 25 / 4
 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 163

61. ⎛ x −1⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ x − 1 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
⎟ + ln ⎜ ⎟ − ln ( x − 1) = ln ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − ln ( x − 1)
2 2
ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x +1⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ x −1⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜ x +1⎟ ⎥
= ln ⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ( x − 1) ⎥⎦
⎡⎛ x − 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
= ln ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ x + 1 ⎠⎝ x − 1 ⎠ ⎦
⎡⎛ ⎞⎤
x − 1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 1
= ln ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎢⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎜ ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎟ = ln ( x + 1)
−2
= ln ⎜
⎜ ( x + 1) ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
= − 2 ln ( x + 1)

63. 1 1
2 log 2 + 3 log x − ⎡⎣log ( x + 3) + log ( x − 2 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 log 2 + 3 log x − ⎡⎣ log ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ⎤⎦
2 2
= log 2 2 + log x 3 − log ⎡⎣( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ⎤⎦
1/ 2

= log ( 4 x 3 ) − log ⎡⎣( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ⎤⎦

1/ 2

⎛ 4x 3 ⎞
= log ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎡( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ⎤ 1/ 2 ⎟
⎝⎣ ⎦ ⎠
⎛ 4x 3 ⎞
= log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x + x−6 ⎠
2

65. ln 19
log 4 19 = = 2.124
ln 4

67.

→
y= 2 x
Replace x by x – 3; f ( x ) = 2 x −3
horizontal shift right 3 units.
164 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

The domain of the function f is all real numbers, or in interval notation (– ∞, ∞); the
range is all {y | y > 0}. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote as f becomes unbounded in
the negative direction.

69.

→ →
y=e x
Multiply y by – 1; –y=– e x
Add 1; vertical f ( x) = 1 − e x
reflect about the x-axis. shift up 1 unit.

The domain of the function f is all real numbers, or in interval notation (– ∞, ∞); the
range is all {y | y < 1}. The line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote as f becomes unbounded
in the negative direction.

71.

y = ln x Add 3; vertical f (x) = 3 + ln x

shift up 3 units.

The domain of the function f is {x | x > 0}, or in interval notation (0, ∞); the range is all
real numbers. The y-axis is a vertical asymptote.

73. 4 1− 2 x = 2
(2 )
2 1− 2 x
=2
2 (1− 2 x )
2 = 21
2 − 4x = 1 Set exponents equal.
4x = 1
1
x=
4

75. 3x
2
+x
= 3 = 3 1/ 2
1
x2 + x =
2
 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 165

1
x2 + x− =0
2
2x 2 + 2x − 1 = 0

−2 ± 2 2 − 4 ( 2 )( −1) −2 ± 4 + 8 −2 ± 12 − 2 ± 2 3 −1 ± 3
x= = = = =
2 ( 2) 4 4 42 2
⎧⎪ −1 + 3 −1 − 3 ⎫⎪
x=⎨ , ⎬
⎩⎪ 2 2 ⎪⎭

77. log x 64 = −3 79. 9 2 x = 27 3 x − 4

(3 ) = (3 3 )
2x 3x −4
x − 3 = 64 = 4 3 2

3
−3
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ − 1 ⎤ ⎛1⎞
−3
3 4x = 3 ( )
3 3x−4
x = ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎝4⎠ 4 x = 3 ( 3x − 4 )
1 4 x = 9 x − 12
x= 5x = 12
4
12
x=
5

81. log 3 ( x − 2 ) = 2
32 = x − 2
9=x–2
x = 11

83. If $100 is invested at 10% compounded continuously, the amount A after 2.25 years (2
years and 3 months) is
A = Pe rt = 100e ( )( ) = 100e 0.225 = $125.23
0.1 2.25

85. I need to invest the present value of $1000 at 4% compounded continuously for 2 years.
P = Ae – rt = 1000e ( )( ) = 1000e − 0.08 = $923.12
− 0.04 2

87. If P is invested, it will double when amount A = 2P.

A = 2 P = Pe rt
2 ( 220,000 ) = 220,000e 0.06t
2 = e 0.06t
0.06t = ln 2
ln 2
t= ≈ 11.55
0.06
It will take about 11 and one half years for an investment to double at 6 % compounded
continuously.
166 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

89. When T = 0° and P 0 = 760 mm. of mercury,

⎛ 760 ⎞
h ( x ) = 8000log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 760 ⎞
h ( 300 ) = 8000log ⎜ ⎟ = 3229.54
⎝ 300 ⎠
The Piper Cub is flying at an altitude of approximately 3230 meters above sea level.

91. The perimeter of the pond is P = 200 = 2l + 2w

200 − 2w
l= = 100 − w
2

If x denotes the width of the pond, then

A = lw = (100 – x)x =100x – x 2

A = A(x) is a quadratic function with a = – 1, so the

maximum value of A is found at the vertex of A.
b 100
x= − =− = 50
2a 2 ( −1)
A ( 50 ) = 100(50) − 502 = 2500 square feet.

The dimensions should be 50 feet by 50 feet.

93. The perimeter of the window is 100 feet and can be

expressed as
P = 2l + πd = 2l + π x = 100
Solving for l in terms of x, we find
100 − π x πx
l= = 50 −
2 2
The area A of the rectangle is a quadratic function given by
⎛ πx⎞ π x2
A ( x ) = ⎜ 50 − ⎟ x = 50 x −
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
The maximum area is found at the vertex of A. The width of the rectangle with
maximum area is
b 50 50
x=− =− = feet
2a ⎛ π⎞ π
2⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
The length of the rectangle is
⎛ 50 ⎞
π⎜ ⎟
πx π
l = 50 − = 50 − ⎝ ⎠ = 50 − 25 = 25 feet
2 2

95. (a) A 3.5 inch telescope has a limiting magnitude of

L = 9 + 5.1 log 3.5 = 11.77
 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 167

(b) If the star’s magnitude is 14, the telescope must have a lens with a diameter of
9 + 5.1 log d = 14
5.1 log d = 5
5
log d =
5.1
d = 10 5 / 5.1 = 9.56 inches.

97. (a) If $620.17 grows to $5000 in 20 years when interest is compounded continuously,
the interest rate is 10.436%
A = Pe rt
5000 = 620.17 e 20 r
5000
e 20 r =
620.17
⎛ 5000 ⎞
20r = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 620.17 ⎠
1 ⎛ 5000 ⎞
r= ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.10436
20 ⎝ 620.17 ⎠

(b) An investment of $4000 will have a value A in 20 years if it is invested at 10.436%

compounded continuously.
A = Pe rt = 4000 e (0.10436)(20) = $32, 249.24

99. (a) The Calloway Company will minimize marginal cost if it produces
x=−
b
=−
( − 617.4 ) = 63 golf clubs.
2a 2 ( 4.9 )

(b) The marginal cost of making the 64 golf club is

C ( 63) = 4.9 ( 63) − 617.4 ( 63) + 19,600 = $151.90
2
168 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT

1.

3. (a) t = 150 represents the year 2000. The projected population at t = 150 is
P (150 ) = 2.4 ⋅ 1.59 150 /10 = 2.4 ⋅ 1.59 15 = 2518.7 thousand persons.

(b) The projected population overestimates the actual population by 565.1 thousand
persons, or by 28.9%.

(c) Explanations will vary.

(d) t = 160 represents the year 2010. Using the exponential growth function, the
predicted population is
P (160 ) = 2.4 ⋅ 1.59 160 /10 = 2.4 ⋅ 1.59 16 = 4004.7 thousand persons.

(e) t = 200 represents the year 2050. Using the exponential growth function, the
predicted population is
P ( 200 ) = 2.4 ⋅ 1.59 200 /10 = 2.4 ⋅ 1.59 20 = 25,594
The predicted population is 25.594 million people.

5. ln1.59 ( t /10)
The growth rate for Houston is P ( t ) = 2.4 e

7. Answers will vary.

9. Answers will vary.

11. 3. To do this problem with the result from above, use TBLSET Indpnt: Ask, TABLE.
(a) The population of Houston in 2000 (t = 50) is predicted to be 2159.1 thousand.

(b) The prediction overestimates the actual population by 205.5 thousand, or 10.5%.
 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS 169

(c) Answers will vary.

(d) The population of Houston in 2010 (t = 60) is predicted to be 2702.0 thousand.

(e) The population of Houston in 2050 (t = 100) is predicted to be 6627.0 thousand.

4. If P = P0 a t /10 = P0 e k t /10 , where P0 = 703.4597 and a = 1.0227 then
a t /10 = e k t /10
k = ln a = ln 1.0227 = 0.022446

ln1.0227 ( t /10 )
5. The growth rate for Houston is P ( t ) = 703.4597 e

Explanations will vary.

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS FROM PROFESSIONAL EXAMS

1. 62 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 62 ⋅ 6 63
(a) 4 · 27 = 2 2 · 3 3 = 6 2 · 3 = = =
2 2 2
⎛ 63 ⎞
log 6 ( 4 ⋅ 27 ) = log 6 ⎜ ⎟ = log 6 ( 6 3 ) − log 6 ( 2 ) = 3 − b
⎝ 2 ⎠

3. e x − e −x
(c) y=
2
2y = e − e −x
x

2 ye x = e x ⋅ e x − e − x ⋅ e x Multiply both sides by e x.

2 ye x = e 2 x − 1
e 2x − 2 ye x − 1 = 0 a = 1, b = – 2y, c = – 1

x 2y ± 4y 2 + 4
e =
2
2y ±2 y 2 +1
=
2
= y ± y 2 +1
e x − e −x
Since > 0 , y > 0, so e x = y + y 2 + 1 .
2
(
x = ln y + y 2 + 1 )
5.
(b) ( log a b ) ( log b a ) = log
log b log a
⋅
a log b
=1
170 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS

7. (a) 2 ln ( x −1)
e =4
2
ln ( x −1)
e =4
( x − 1) = 4
2

x–1=±2
x=3
Chapter 2 – Classes of
Functions
Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions

47. Analyzing the Motion of a Projectile A projectile is fired from a cliff 200 feet
above the water at an inclination of 45
to the horizontal, with a muzzle velocity
of 50 feet per second. The height h of the projectile above the water is given by
−32 x 2
h ( x) = + x + 200
( 50 )
2

where x is the horizontal distance of the projectile from the base of the cliff.

(d) Using a graphing utility, graph the function h, 0 ≤ x ≤ 200 .

Enter the formula for h into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try 0 ≤ y ≤ 300 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

(e) When the height of he projectile is 100 feet above the water, how far is it from the
cliff?

Return to the function editor, input the equation y = 100 , and graph the two equations.

57
The point where the graph of h and the horizontal line y = 100 intersect represents the
point where the projectile is 100 feet above the water. Recall that you can find the point
of intersection on your calculator using the intersect function, which can be found in
the CALC menu. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection appears to be close to
x = 125 .

Thus, the point of intersection is approximately (135.698,100 ) . When the projectile is

100 feet above the water it is approximately 135.698 feet from the cliff.

58
53. Hunting The function H ( x ) = −1.01x 2 + 114.3 x + 451.0 models the number of
individuals who engage in hunting activities whose annual income is x thousand
dollars.

(b) Using a graphing utility, graph H = H ( x ) . Are the number of hunters

increasing or decreasing for individuals earning between $20,000 and
$40,000?

Enter the formula for H into the function editor. Since x is in thousands, the earnings
range of $20,000 to $40,000 corresponds to 20 ≤ x ≤ 40 . Go to WINDOW and enter limits
20 ≤ x ≤ 40 for x. We must determine limits for y, so try 0 ≤ y ≤ 1000 . If this does not
work, then we can go back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good
window.

There is no graph in our viewing rectangle, so we will need to find a better window. Lets
try 0 ≤ y ≤ 5000 .

59
This time we can see the graph. The graph is increasing on this interval, so the number of
hunters is increasing for individuals earning between $20,000 and $40,000.

55. Male Murder Victims The function M ( x ) = 0.76 x 2 − 107.00 x + 3854.18 models
the number of male murder victims who are x years of age ( 20 ≤ x ≤ 90 ).

(c) Using a graphing utility, graph M = M ( x ) .

Enter the formula for h into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try 0 ≤ y ≤ 4000 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 2.3 Exponential Functions

63. Exponential Probability Between 12:00 PM and 1:00 PM, cars arrive at
Citibank’s drive-thru at the rate of 6 cars per hour (0.1 car per minute). The
following formula from probability can be used to determine the probability that a
car will arrive within t minutes of 12:00 PM:
F ( t ) = 1 − e −0.1t

60
This time we can see the graph. The graph is increasing on this interval, so the number of
hunters is increasing for individuals earning between $20,000 and $40,000.

55. Male Murder Victims The function M ( x ) = 0.76 x 2 − 107.00 x + 3854.18 models
the number of male murder victims who are x years of age ( 20 ≤ x ≤ 90 ).

(c) Using a graphing utility, graph M = M ( x ) .

Enter the formula for h into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x. We
must determine limits for y, so try 0 ≤ y ≤ 4000 . If this does not work, then we can go
back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good window.

________________________________________________________________________

Section 2.3 Exponential Functions

63. Exponential Probability Between 12:00 PM and 1:00 PM, cars arrive at
Citibank’s drive-thru at the rate of 6 cars per hour (0.1 car per minute). The
following formula from probability can be used to determine the probability that a
car will arrive within t minutes of 12:00 PM:
F ( t ) = 1 − e −0.1t

60
 (d) Graph F using your graphing utility.

Enter the formula for F into the function editor using x instead of t. Since x is in minutes,
the time range 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM corresponds to 0 ≤ x ≤ 60 . Go to WINDOW and enter
the limits 0 ≤ x ≤ 60 for x. We must determine limits for y, so try 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 . If this does
not work, then we can go back to WINDOW and adjust the limits on y until we find a good
window.

(e) Using TRACE, determine how many minutes are needed for the
probability to reach 50%.

The TRACE feature uses the points on the curve that the calculator generated to draw the
curve. As you TRACE along the curve, the distance between successive x-coordinates of
points is the same. It is determined by
Xmax − Xmin
∆x =
94
Because of this, as we trace along the curve, we may not get “nice” values for x (with the
window used for the problem we will not get nice values). We must trace until we find
the value of x that corresponds to the value y that is closest to 0.5.

Select the TRACE feature.

61
 r

Note that your cursor may not be in the same spot as shown above. Use the | and ~
keys to move the cursor along the curve. Move the cursor until the value of y changes
from more than 0.5 to less than 0.5.

Since y is less than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.383 , and y is more than 0.5 when x ≈ 7.021 , then y is
equal to 0.5 when 6.383 < x < 7.021 . We can improve our approximation if we TRACE
over a smaller viewing rectangle. We can obtain a smaller viewing window by “zooming
in” on the graph using Zoom In.

Select Zoom In.

62
Be sure the y-value of the cursor is close to 0.5. Zoom in on the graph.

Use TRACE and move the cursor so that the y-value is close 0.5.

Since y is less than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.861 , and y is more than 0.5 when x ≈ 7.021 , then y is
equal to 0.5 when 6.383 < x < 7.021 . We can continue to improve our solution by
zooming in on our graph.

Zoom In again, then TRACE.

Since y is less than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.902 , and y is more than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.914 , then y is
equal to 0.5 when 6.902 < x < 6.914 . We can continue to improve our solution by
zooming in on our graph.

63
Zoom In again, then TRACE.

Since y is less than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.921 , and y is more than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.932 , then y is
equal to 0.5 when 6.921 < x < 6.932 . We can continue to improve our solution by
zooming in on our graph.

Zoom In again, then TRACE.

Since y is less than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.929 , and y is more than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.932 , then y is
equal to 0.5 when 6.929 < x < 6.932 . We can continue to improve our solution by
zooming in on our graph.

Zoom In again, then TRACE.

Since y is less than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.9309 , and y is more than 0.5 when x ≈ 6.9315 , then y
is 0.5 when x is approximately 6.931. Thus, the probability will reach 50% after 6.931
minutes.

64
79. The hyperbolic sine function, designated by sinh x, is defined as
sinh x = ( e x − e − x )
1
2

(b) Graph f ( x ) = sinh x using a graphing utility.

Enter the formula for f into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the standard window, −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and
−10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

________________________________________________________________________

Section 2.5 Properties of Logarithms

In Problems 67–72, graph each function using a graphing utility and the Change-of-Base
formula.

67. y = log 4 x

log b M
Recall that the Change-of-Base formula states that log a M = . Because we will
log b a
use our calculator to graph the equation, we must use 10 or e for the new base b. Use e as
the new base. Thus

65
79. The hyperbolic sine function, designated by sinh x, is defined as
sinh x = ( e x − e − x )
1
2

(b) Graph f ( x ) = sinh x using a graphing utility.

Enter the formula for f into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the standard window, −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and
−10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

________________________________________________________________________

Section 2.5 Properties of Logarithms

In Problems 67–72, graph each function using a graphing utility and the Change-of-Base
formula.

67. y = log 4 x

log b M
Recall that the Change-of-Base formula states that log a M = . Because we will
log b a
use our calculator to graph the equation, we must use 10 or e for the new base b. Use e as
the new base. Thus

65
 log e x ln x
y = log 4 x = =
log e 4 ln 4

ln x
Enter y = into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y. Since
ln 4
we are not given limits for x or y, use the viewing rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 and −10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

69. y = log 2 ( x + 2 )

Using the Change-of-Base formula we obtain

ln ( x + 2 )
y = log 2 ( x + 2 ) =
ln 2

ln ( x + 2 )
Enter y = into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
ln 2
Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the viewing rectangle −3 ≤ x ≤ 10 and
−10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

66
71. y = log x −1 ( x + 1)

Using the Change-of-Base formula we obtain

ln ( x + 1)
y = log x −1 ( x + 1) =
ln ( x − 1)

ln ( x + 1)
Enter y = into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
ln ( x − 1)
Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the viewing rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 and
−10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

67
97. Graph Y1 = log ( x 2 ) and Y2 = 2 log ( x ) on your graphing utility. Are they
equivalent? What might account for any differences in the two functions?

Enter Y1 = log ( x 2 ) into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and y.
Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the viewing rectangle −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 and
−10 ≤ y ≤ 10 .

Return to the function editor, clear the first function, enter Y2 = 2 log ( x ) and graph on
the same view rectangle.

68
No, they are not equivalent, because the graphs are not identical. The difference is due to
the range of x and x 2 . The range of x is all real numbers, but the domain of log ( x ) is
just x > 0 . The range of x 2 is x ≥ 0 , so the domain of log ( x 2 ) is all real numbers
except 0.

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2 Review

99. Minimizing Marginal Cost The marginal cost of a product can be thought of as
the cost of producing one additional unit of output. For example, if the marginal
cost of producing the 50th product is $6.20, then it cost $6.20 to increase
production from 49 to 50 units of output. Callaway Golf Company has determined
that the marginal cost C of manufacturing x Big Bertha golf clubs may be
expressed by the quadratic function
C ( x ) = 4.9 x 2 − 617.4 x + 19, 600

(a) How many golf clubs should be manufactured to minimize the marginal
cost?

Enter the formula for C into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and
y. Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the viewing rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ 150 and
0 ≤ y ≤ 30000 .

69
No, they are not equivalent, because the graphs are not identical. The difference is due to
the range of x and x 2 . The range of x is all real numbers, but the domain of log ( x ) is
just x > 0 . The range of x 2 is x ≥ 0 , so the domain of log ( x 2 ) is all real numbers
except 0.

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2 Review

99. Minimizing Marginal Cost The marginal cost of a product can be thought of as
the cost of producing one additional unit of output. For example, if the marginal
cost of producing the 50th product is $6.20, then it cost $6.20 to increase
production from 49 to 50 units of output. Callaway Golf Company has determined
that the marginal cost C of manufacturing x Big Bertha golf clubs may be
expressed by the quadratic function
C ( x ) = 4.9 x 2 − 617.4 x + 19, 600

(a) How many golf clubs should be manufactured to minimize the marginal
cost?

Enter the formula for C into the function editor. Go to WINDOW and enter limits for x and
y. Since we are not given limits for x or y, use the viewing rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ 150 and
0 ≤ y ≤ 30000 .

69
Recall that we can use the minimum function to find the local minimum. Note that the x-
coordinate of the local minimum is between x = 50 and x = 75 .

The local minimum is approximately ( 63.0, 151.9 ) . Thus, Callaway should produce 63
Big Bertha clubs.

(b) At this level of production, what is the marginal cost?

The marginal cost for producing 63 Big Bertha clubs is $151.90.

70
Summary
The commands introduced in this chapter were:

TRACE

Zoom In

71
72
 Chapter 3
The Limit of a Function

3.1 Finding Limits Using Tables and Graphs

1. Here f (x) = 2x, and c = 1. We complete the table by evaluating the function f at each
value of x.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999
f ( x) = 2x 1.8 1.98 1.998
x 1.1 1.01 1.001
f ( x) = 2x 2.2 2.02 2.002
We infer from the table that lim f ( x ) = lim 2 x = 2 .
x →1 x →1

3. Here f (x) = x 2 + 2, and c = 0. We complete the table by evaluating the function f at each
value of x.
x −0.1 −0.01 −0.001
f ( x ) = x2 + 2 2.01 2.0001 2.0000
x 0.1 0.01 0.001
f ( x) = x + 2
2
2.01 2.0001 2.0000
We infer from the table that lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 + 2 ) = 2.
x →0 x →0

x2 − 4
5. Here f (x) = , and c = – 2. We complete the table by evaluating the function f at
x+2
each value of x.
x −2.1 −2.01 −2.001
x2 − 4
f ( x) = −4.1 −4.01 −4.001
x+2
x −1.9 −1.99 −1.999
x2 − 4
f ( x) = −3.9 −3.99 −3.999
x+2
⎛ x2 − 4 ⎞
We infer from the table that lim f ( x) = lim ⎜ ⎟ = −4 .
x →−2 x →−2
⎝ x+2 ⎠

x3 + 1
7. Here f (x) = , and c = – 1. We complete the table by evaluating the function f at
x +1
each value of x.
172 SECTION 3.1

x −1.1 −1.01 −1.001

3
x +1
f ( x) = 3.31 3.0301 3.0030
x +1
x −0.9 −0.99 −0.999
3
x +1
f ( x) = 2.71 2.9701 2.9970
x +1
⎛ x3 + 1 ⎞
We infer from the table that lim f ( x) = lim ⎜ ⎟ = 3.
x →−1 x →−1
⎝ x +1 ⎠

9. Here f (x) = 4x 3 , and c = 2. We choose values of x close to 2, starting at 1.99. Then we

select additional numbers that get closer to 2, but remain less than 2. Next we choose
values of x greater than 2, starting with 2.01, that get closer to 2. Finally we evaluate the
function f at each choice to obtain the table:
x 1.99 1.999 1.9999 → ← 2.0001 2.001 2.01
f ( x) = 4 x3 31.522 31.952 31.995 → ← 32.005 32.048 32.482
We infer that as x gets closer to 2, f gets closer to 32. That is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4 x3 ) = 32
x →2 x→2

11. Here f (x) = x2 + 1 , and c = 0. We choose values of x close to 0, starting at – 0.01. Then
x +1
we select additional numbers that get closer to 0, but remain less than 0. Next we choose
values of x greater than 0, starting with 0.01, that get closer to 0. Finally we evaluate the
function f at each choice to obtain the table:
x −0.01 −0.001 −0.0001 → ← 0.0001 0.001 0.01
x +1
f ( x) = 2 0.9899 0.9990 0.9999 → ← 1.0001 1.001 1.0099
x +1
We infer that as x gets closer to 0, f gets closer to 1. That is,
⎛ x +1 ⎞
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎜ 2 ⎟ =1
x →0 x →0 x + 1
⎝ ⎠

x2 − 4 x
13. Here f (x) = , and c = 4. We choose values of x close to 4, starting at 3.99. Then
x−4
we select additional numbers that get closer to 4, but remain less than 4. Next we choose
values of x greater than 4, starting with 4.01, that get closer to 4. Finally we evaluate the
function f at each choice to obtain the table:
x 3.99 3.999 3.9999 → ← 4.0001 4.001 4.01
x2 − 4 x
f ( x) = 3.99 3.999 3.9999 → ← 4.0001 4.001 4.01
x−4
 SECTION 3.1 173

We infer that as x gets closer to 4, f gets closer to 4. That is,

⎛ x2 − 4 x ⎞
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎜ ⎟=4
x →4 x→4
⎝ x − 4 ⎠

15. Here f (x) = ex + 1, and c = 0. We choose values of x close to 0, starting at – 0.01. Then we
select additional numbers that get closer to 0, but remain less than 0. Next we choose values
of x greater than 0, starting with 0.01, that get closer to 0. Finally we evaluate the function f
at each choice to obtain the table:
x −0.01 −0.001 −0.0001 → ← 0.0001 0.001 0.01
f ( x) = e x + 1 1.9900 1.9990 1.9999 → ← 2.0001 2.0010 2.0101
We infer that as x gets closer to 0, f gets closer to 2. That is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( e x + 1) = 2
x →0 x →0

17. To determine the lim f ( x ) we observe that as x gets closer to 2, f (x) gets closer to 3. So
x →2
We conclude that
lim f ( x ) = 3
x →2

19. To determine the lim f ( x ) we observe that as x gets closer to 2, f (x) gets closer to 4.
x →2
We conclude that
lim f ( x ) = 4
x →2

21. To determine the lim f ( x ) we observe that as x gets closer to 3, but remains less than 3,
x→ 3
the value of f gets closer to 3. However, we see that as x gets closer to 3, but remains
greater than 3, the value of f gets closer to 6. Since there is no single number that the
values of f are close to when x is close to 3, we conclude that lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x→ 3

23. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) = lim ( 3 x + 1) = 13
x →4 x →4
174 SECTION 3.1

25. We conclude from the graph that

( )
lim f ( x ) = lim 1 − x 2 = – 3
x →2 x →2

27. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 2 ) = 1
x→−3 x→−3

29. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) = lim e x = 1
x→0 x→0

31. We conclude from the graph that

1
lim f ( x ) = lim = −1
x → −1 x → −1 x

33. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) = 0
x→0

Notice that
lim− f ( x ) = lim− x 2 = 0
x→0 x→0
and
lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( 2 x ) = 0
x→0+ x→0

35. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →1

Notice that
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 3 x = 3
x →1 x →1
but
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( x + 1) = 2
x →1 x →1
 SECTION 3.1 175

37. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) = 0
x→0

Notice that
lim− f ( x ) = lim− x = 0
x→0 x→0
and
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( 3 x ) = 0
x→0 x→0

39. We conclude from the graph that

lim f ( x ) = 0
x→0

Notice that
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( e x − 1) = 1 − 1 = 0
x→0 x→0
and
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x 2 = 0
x→0 x→0

41. To find the limit we create the tables shown below and conclude
x 3 − x 2 + x −1 2
lim 4 =
x→ 1 x − x + 2x − 2
3
3

43. To find the limit we create the tables shown below and conclude
x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8
lim = 1.6
x →−2 x2 + x − 6

45. To find the limit we create the tables shown below and conclude
x3 + 2 x 2 + x
lim 4 =0
x →−1 x + x 3 + 2 x + 2
176 SECTION 3.2

3.2 Techniques for Finding Limits of Functions

1. Using formula (1) (p. 243), we find 3. Using formula (2) (p. 243), we find
lim 5 = 5 lim x = 4
x→1 x →4

5. lim ( 3 x + 2 ) = lim ( 3x ) + lim 2 = ⎡⎢ lim 3⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ lim x ⎤⎥ + lim 2

x →2 x →2 x →2 ⎣ x →2 ⎦ ⎣ x →2 ⎦ x →2
= (3) · (2) + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8

7.
( )
lim 3x 2 − 5 x = 3 ⋅ ( −1) − 5 ⋅ ( −1) = 3 ⋅ 1 + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
x → −1
2

9. ( )
lim 5 x 4 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 9 = 5 · 14 – 3 · 12 + 6 · 1 – 9
x →1
=5·1–3·1+6–9
= 5 – 3 – 3 = –1

11.
( ) ( )
3 3
lim x 2 + 1 = ⎡⎢lim x 2 + 1 ⎤⎥ = ( 2 ) = 8
3
x →1 ⎣ x→1 ⎦

13. lim 5 x + 4 = lim ( 5 x + 4 ) = 9 = 3

x →1 x →1

15. The limit we seek is the limit of a rational function whose domain is {x | x ≠ –2, x ≠ 2}.
Since 0 is in the domain, we use formula (12).
x 2 − 4 02 − 4 −4
lim 2 = 2 = = −1
x→ 0 x + 4 0 +4 4

5
5 5
lim ( 3x − 2 ) = ⎡⎢ lim ( 3x − 2 ) ⎤⎥ 2 = ( 4 ) 2 = ( 2 ) = 32
5
17. 2
x →2 ⎣ x →2 ⎦

x2 − 4
19. The domain of the rational function R(x) = is {x | x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2}. Since 2 is not
x2 − 2x
in the domain, we cannot evaluate R(2), but we notice that the function can be
factored as
x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
=
x2 − 2x x ( x − 2)
176 SECTION 3.2

3.2 Techniques for Finding Limits of Functions

1. Using formula (1) (p. 243), we find 3. Using formula (2) (p. 243), we find
lim 5 = 5 lim x = 4
x→1 x →4

5. lim ( 3 x + 2 ) = lim ( 3x ) + lim 2 = ⎡⎢ lim 3⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ lim x ⎤⎥ + lim 2

x →2 x →2 x →2 ⎣ x →2 ⎦ ⎣ x →2 ⎦ x →2
= (3) · (2) + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8

7.
( )
lim 3x 2 − 5 x = 3 ⋅ ( −1) − 5 ⋅ ( −1) = 3 ⋅ 1 + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
x → −1
2

9. ( )
lim 5 x 4 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 9 = 5 · 14 – 3 · 12 + 6 · 1 – 9
x →1
=5·1–3·1+6–9
= 5 – 3 – 3 = –1

11.
( ) ( )
3 3
lim x 2 + 1 = ⎡⎢lim x 2 + 1 ⎤⎥ = ( 2 ) = 8
3
x →1 ⎣ x→1 ⎦

13. lim 5 x + 4 = lim ( 5 x + 4 ) = 9 = 3

x →1 x →1

15. The limit we seek is the limit of a rational function whose domain is {x | x ≠ –2, x ≠ 2}.
Since 0 is in the domain, we use formula (12).
x 2 − 4 02 − 4 −4
lim 2 = 2 = = −1
x→ 0 x + 4 0 +4 4

5
5 5
lim ( 3x − 2 ) = ⎡⎢ lim ( 3x − 2 ) ⎤⎥ 2 = ( 4 ) 2 = ( 2 ) = 32
5
17. 2
x →2 ⎣ x →2 ⎦

x2 − 4
19. The domain of the rational function R(x) = is {x | x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2}. Since 2 is not
x2 − 2x
in the domain, we cannot evaluate R(2), but we notice that the function can be
factored as
x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
=
x2 − 2x x ( x − 2)
 SECTION 3.2 177

Since x is near 2, but x ≠ 2, we can cancel the (x – 2)’s. Formula (11), can then be used
to find the limit of the function as x approaches 2.
x2 − 4 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) lim ( x + 2) 4
lim 2 = lim = x →2 = =2
x →2 x − 2 x x →2 x ( x − 2) lim ( x ) 2
x →2

x 2 − x − 12
21. The domain of the rational function R(x) = is {x | x ≠ –3, x ≠ 3}. Since –3 is
x2 − 9
not in the domain, we cannot evaluate R(–3), but we notice that the function can be
factored as
x 2 − x − 12 ( x − 4 )( x + 3)
=
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
Since x is near –3, but x ≠ –3, we can cancel the (x + 3)’s. Formula (11), can then be
used to find the limit of the function as x approaches –3.
x 2 − x − 12 ( x − 4 ) ( x + 3) xlim→ −3
( x − 4 ) ( −3) − 4 −7 7
lim = lim = = = =
x → −3 x2 − 9 ( ) ( x + 3) lim ( x − 3) ( −3) − 3 −6 6
x → −3 x − 3
x → −3

x3 − 1
23. The domain of the rational function R(x) = is {x | x ≠ 1}. Since 1 is not in the
x −1
domain, we cannot evaluate R(1), but we notice that the function can be factored as
(
x 3 − 1 ( x − 1) x + x + 1
=
2
)
x −1 x −1
Since x is near 1, but x ≠ 1, we can cancel the (x – 1)’s. Formula (11), can then be used
to find the limit of the function as x approaches 1.
x3 − 1 (
( x − 1) x 2 + x + 1 lim
x →1
) (
x 2 + x + 1 12 + 1 + 1 )
lim = lim = = =3
x →1 x − 1 x →1 x −1 lim (1) 1
x →1

( x + 1)
2
25. The domain of the rational function R(x) = is {x | x ≠ –1, x ≠ 1}. Since –1 is not
x2 − 1
in the domain, we cannot evaluate R(–1), but we notice that the function can be factored
as
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2

=
x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
Since x is near –1, but x ≠ –1, we can cancel (x + 1)’s. Formula (11), can then be used to
find the limit of the function as x approaches –1.
( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( −1) + 1 0
2 2

lim = lim = lim = = =0

x → −1 ( x − 1) ( −1) − 1 −2
x → −1 x2 − 1 ( ) ( x + 1)
x → −1 x − 1
178 SECTION 3.2

27. The limit of the denominator of this function as x approaches 1 is zero, so formula (11),
cannot be used directly. We first factor the function by grouping.
x3 − x 2 + x − 1
=
x 2 ( x − 1) + 1 ⋅ ( x − 1) ( x − 1) x + 1
=
2
( )
x 4 − x3 + 2 x − 2 x3 ( x − 1) + 2 ⋅ ( x − 1) ( x − 1) x3 + 2 ( )
Since x is near 1, but x ≠ 1, we can cancel (x – 1)’s. Then using formula (11), we get

x3 − x 2 + x − 1 (
( x − 1) x 2 + 1 lim
x →1 )
x2 + 1
2 ( )
lim 4 = lim = =
3
x →1 x − x + 2 x − 2 x →1 x − 1 3
(
( ) x + 2 lim x + 2 3 3
) x →1
( )
29. The limit of the denominator of this function as x approaches 2 is zero, so formula (11),
cannot be used directly. We first factor the function, using grouping to factor the
numerator.
x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 x ( x − 2 ) + 4 ⋅ ( x − 2 )
=
2
=
(
x2 + 4 ( x − 2) )
x2 + x − 6 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
Since x is near 2, but x ≠ 2, we can cancel (x – 2)’s. Then using formula (11), we get

x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 ( )
x 2 + 4 ( x − 2 ) xlim →2
x2 + 4 (22 + 4 8 )
lim = lim = = =
x→ 2 x2 + x − 6 x → 2 ( x + 3) ( x − 2 ) lim ( x + 3) 2+3 5
x→ 2

31. The limit of the denominator of this function as x approaches –1 is zero, so formula (11),
cannot be used directly. We first factor the function, using grouping to factor the
denominator.
x3 + 2 x 2 + x
= 3
(
x x2 + 2 x + 1
= 3
)
x ( x + 1)( x + 1)
x + x + 2 x + 2 x ( x + 1) + 2 ( x + 1)
4 3
x + 2 ( x + 1) ( )
Since x is near –1, but x ≠ –1, we can cancel (x + 1)’s. Then using formula (11), we get
x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) xlim x ( x + 1) ( −1) ⋅ ⎡( −1) + 1⎤
lim 4
x3 + 2 x 2 + x
= lim =
→ −1
= ⎣ ⎦ = ( −1) ⋅ ( 0 ) = 0
3
x → −1 x + x + 2 x + 2
(
x→ −1 x 3 + 2
)
( x + 1) lim x3 + 1 x → −1
(( −1) + 2
3
) 1

33. The average rate of change of f from 2 to x is

∆y f ( x ) − f ( 2 ) ( 5 x − 3) − ( 5 ⋅ 2 − 3) 5 x − 3 − 7 5 x − 10 5 ( x − 2 )
= = = = =
∆x x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2
The limit of the average rate of change as x approaches 2 is
f ( x ) − f ( 2) ( 5 x − 3) − 7 5 x − 10 5 ( x − 2)
lim = lim = lim = lim =5
x→ 2 x−2 x→ 2 x−2 x→ 2 x − 2 x→ 2 x−2

35. The average rate of change of f from 3 to x is

∆y f ( x ) − f ( 3) x 2 − 32 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= = =
∆x x−3 x−3 x−3
 SECTION 3.2 179

The limit of the average rate of change as x approaches 3 is

f ( x ) − f ( 3) x 2 − 32 ( x + 3) ( x − 3)
lim = lim = lim =6
x→ 3 x −3 x→ 3 x − 3 x→ 3 x−3

37. The average rate of change of f from –1 to x is

∆y f ( x ) − f ( −1) ( ⎣)
x 2 + 2 x − ⎡( −1) + 2 ⋅ ( −1) ⎤
2
⎦ ( )
x 2 + 2 x − ( −1) x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
= = = = =
∆x x − ( −1) x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1
The limit of the average rate of change as x approaches –1 is

lim
f ( x ) − f ( −1)
= lim
( )
x 2 + 2 x − ( −1)
= lim
x2 + 2 x + 1
= lim
( x + 1)
2

= ( −1) + 1 = 0
x→ −1 x − ( −1) x → −1 x +1 x→ −1 x +1 x → −1 x +1

39. The average rate of change of f from 0 to x is

= =
( )
∆y f ( x ) − f ( 0 ) 3 x − 2 x + 4 − ( 4 ) 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 x ( 3 x − 2 )
3 2

= =
2

∆x x−0 x x x
The limit of the average rate of change as x approaches 0 is
f ( x ) − f ( 0) 3x3 − 2 x 2 x 2 ( 3x − 2 )
lim = lim = lim =0
x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x x→ 0 x

41. The average rate of change of f from 1 to x is

1 1 1 x 1− x
− −
∆y f ( x ) − f (1) x 1 x x 1− x ( −1) ⋅ ( x − 1)
= = = = x = =
∆x x −1 x −1 x − 1 x − 1 x ( x − 1) x ( x − 1)
↑ ↑ ↑
Find a common denominator Simplify Factor out (–1)

The limit of the average rate of change as x approaches 1 is

f ( x ) − f (1) 1− x ( −1) ⋅ ( x − 1)
lim = lim = lim = −1
x →1 x −1 x →1 x ( x − 1) x →1 x ( x − 1)

43. The average rate of change of f from 4 to x is

∆y f ( x ) − f ( 4 ) x− 4 x −2
= = =
∆x x−4 x−4 x +2 x −2 ( )( )
↑
Factor the denominator

The limit of the average rate of change as x approaches 4 is

f ( x ) − f ( 4) x− 4 x −2 1 1
lim = lim = lim = =
x→ 4 x−4 x → 4 x−4 x → 4
x +2 (
x −2 4 +2 4 )( )
180 SECTION 3.3

45. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 , lim ⎣⎡ 2 f ( x ) ⎦⎤ = ⎜⎛ lim 2 ⎟⎜

⎞⎛ lim f x ⎞ = 2 ⋅ 5 = 10
( )⎟
x→ c x→ c x→ c ⎝ x → c ⎠⎝ x→ c ⎠

3
47. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 , lim ⎡ g ( x ) ⎤ = ⎡ lim g ( x ) ⎤ = 23 = 8
3

x→ c x→ c x→ c ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ x→ c ⎥⎦

lim 4
4 4
49. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 , lim
x→ c
= =
x→ c x→ c x→ c f ( x ) lim f ( x ) 5
x→ c

51. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 ,

x→ c x→ c

lim ⎡⎣ 4 f ( x ) − 5 g ( x ) ⎤⎦ = lim ⎡⎣ 4 f ( x ) ⎤⎦ − lim ⎡⎣5 g ( x )⎤⎦

x→ c x→ c x→ c

= ⎛⎜ lim 4 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ lim f ( x ) ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ lim 5 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ lim g ( x ) ⎞⎟

⎝ x→ c ⎠ ⎝ x→ c ⎠ ⎝ x→ c ⎠ ⎝ x→ c ⎠
= 4 · 5 – 5 · 2 = 20 – 10 = 10

3.3 One-Sided Limits; Continuous Functions

1. The domain of f is {x | –8 ≤ x < – 3 or – 3 < x < 4 or 4 < x ≤ 6} or the intervals [8, – 3) or

(– 3 , 4) or (4, 6].

3. The x-intercepts of the graph of f are (– 8, 0) and (– 5, 0). At these points the graph of f
either crosses or touches the x-axis.

5. f (– 8) = 0 and f (– 4) = 2

7. To find lim f ( x ) , we look at the values of f when x is close to – 6, but less than – 6.
−
x → −6

Since the graph of f is approaching y = 3 for these values, we have lim − f ( x ) = 3 .

x → −6

9. To find lim f ( x ) , we look at the values of f when x is close to – 4, but less than – 4.
−
x→ −4

Since the graph of f is approaching y = 2 for these values, we have lim − f ( x ) = 2 .

x→ −4

11. To find lim f ( x ) , we look at the values of f when x is close to 2, but less than 2. Since
−
x→ 2

the graph of f is approaching y = 1 for these values, we have lim− f ( x ) = 1 .

x→ 2
180 SECTION 3.3

45. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 , lim ⎣⎡ 2 f ( x ) ⎦⎤ = ⎜⎛ lim 2 ⎟⎜

⎞⎛ lim f x ⎞ = 2 ⋅ 5 = 10
( )⎟
x→ c x→ c x→ c ⎝ x → c ⎠⎝ x→ c ⎠

3
47. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 , lim ⎡ g ( x ) ⎤ = ⎡ lim g ( x ) ⎤ = 23 = 8
3

x→ c x→ c x→ c ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ x→ c ⎥⎦

lim 4
4 4
49. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 , lim
x→ c
= =
x→ c x→ c x→ c f ( x ) lim f ( x ) 5
x→ c

51. Since lim f ( x ) = 5 and lim g ( x ) = 2 ,

x→ c x→ c

lim ⎡⎣ 4 f ( x ) − 5 g ( x ) ⎤⎦ = lim ⎡⎣ 4 f ( x ) ⎤⎦ − lim ⎡⎣5 g ( x )⎤⎦

x→ c x→ c x→ c

= ⎛⎜ lim 4 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ lim f ( x ) ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ lim 5 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ lim g ( x ) ⎞⎟

⎝ x→ c ⎠ ⎝ x→ c ⎠ ⎝ x→ c ⎠ ⎝ x→ c ⎠
= 4 · 5 – 5 · 2 = 20 – 10 = 10

3.3 One-Sided Limits; Continuous Functions

1. The domain of f is {x | –8 ≤ x < – 3 or – 3 < x < 4 or 4 < x ≤ 6} or the intervals [8, – 3) or

(– 3 , 4) or (4, 6].

3. The x-intercepts of the graph of f are (– 8, 0) and (– 5, 0). At these points the graph of f
either crosses or touches the x-axis.

5. f (– 8) = 0 and f (– 4) = 2

7. To find lim f ( x ) , we look at the values of f when x is close to – 6, but less than – 6.
−
x → −6

Since the graph of f is approaching y = 3 for these values, we have lim − f ( x ) = 3 .

x → −6

9. To find lim f ( x ) , we look at the values of f when x is close to – 4, but less than – 4.
−
x→ −4

Since the graph of f is approaching y = 2 for these values, we have lim − f ( x ) = 2 .

x→ −4

11. To find lim f ( x ) , we look at the values of f when x is close to 2, but less than 2. Since
−
x→ 2

the graph of f is approaching y = 1 for these values, we have lim− f ( x ) = 1 .

x→ 2
 SECTION 3.3 181

13. The lim f ( x) exists because both lim− f ( x) = 0 and lim+ f ( x) = 0. Since both one-
x→ 4 x→ 4 x→ 4
sided limits exist and are equal, the limit of f as x approaches 4 exists and is equal to the
one-sided limits. That is, lim f ( x) = 0.
x→ 4

15. The function f is not continuous at x = – 6, because lim f ( x ) does not exist. (The one-
x → −6
sided limits are not equal. See Problems 7 and 8.)

17. The function f is continuous at x = 0. The function is defined at zero, f (0) = 3, and
lim f ( x) = f (0) = 3. (See Problem 14.)
x→ 0

19. The function f is not continuous at x = 4. The function is not defined at 4. That is, 4 is
not part of the domain of f .

21. To find the one-sided limit we look at values of x close to 1, but greater than 1. Since
f (x) = 2x + 3 for such numbers, we conclude that
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( 2 x + 3) = 5
x →1 x →1

23. To find the one-sided limit we look at values of x close to 1, but less than 1. Since
f (x) = 2x 3 + 5x for such numbers, we conclude that
( )
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 2 x3 + 5 x = 7
x →1 x →1

25. To find the one-sided limit we look at values of x close to 0, but less than 0. Since
f (x) = ex for such numbers, we conclude that

x→ 0 x→ 0
( )
lim− f ( x ) = lim− e x = 1

27. To find the one-sided limit we look at values of x close to 2, but greater than 2. Since
x2 − 4
f (x) = for such numbers, we first factor the function.
x−2
x2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
f (x) = =
x−2 x−2
We can then conclude that
x2 − 4 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ = lim+ =4
x→ 2 x→ 2 x − 2 x→ 2 x−2

29. To find the one-sided limit we look at values of x close to –1, but less than –1. Since
x2 −1
f (x) = 3 for such numbers, we first factor the function.
x +1
x2 −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
f (x) = 3 =
(
x + 1 ( x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 )
182 SECTION 3.3

We can then conclude that

x2 − 1 ( x + 1) ( x − 1) −2 2
lim − f ( x ) = lim − = lim = =−
x → −1 x → −1 3
x +1 x → −1 −
( 2
)
( x + 1) x − x + 1 3 3

31. To find the one-sided limit we look at values of x close to –2, but greater than –2. Since
x2 + x − 2
f (x) = 2 for such numbers, we first factor the function.
x + 2x
x 2 + x − 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 1)
f (x) = 2 =
x + 2x x ( x + 2)
We can then conclude that
x2 + x − 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1) x −1 1
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ 2 = lim+ = lim+ =
x→2 x→2 x + 2x x→2 x ( x + 2) x→2 x 2

33. f (x) = x 3 – 3x 2 + 2x – 6 is continuous at c = 2 because f is a polynomial, and

polynomials are continuous at every number.

x2 + 5
35. f (x) = is a rational function whose domain is {x | x ≠ 6}. f is continuous at c = 3
x−6
since f is defined at 3.

x+3
37. f (x) = is a rational function whose domain is {x | x ≠ 3}. f is not continuous at c =
x−3
3 since f is not defined at 3.

x3 + 3x
39. f (x) = 2 is a rational function whose domain is {x | x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3}. f is not
x − 3x
continuous at c = 0 since f is not defined at 0.

⎧ x3 + 3x
⎪ if x ≠ 0
41. To determine whether f ( x ) = ⎨ x 2 − 3x is continuous at c = 0, we investigate
⎪1 if x = 0
⎩
f when x = 0.
f (0) = 1
x3 + 3x
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 2 = lim−
(
x x2 + 3
=
3)= −1
x→ 0 x→ 0 x − 3 x x→ 0 x ( x − 3) −3

x3 + 3x
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 2 = lim+
(
x x2 + 3
=
3)= −1
x→ 0 x→ 0 x − 3 x x→ 0 x ( x − 3) −3
Since lim f ( x ) = −1 ≠ f (0) = 1, the function f is not continuous at c = 0.
x→ 0
 SECTION 3.3 183

⎧ x3 + 3x
⎪ if x ≠ 0
43. To determine whether f ( x ) = ⎨ x 2 − 3x is continuous at c = 0, we investigate
⎪ −1 if x = 0
⎩
f when x = 0.
f (0) = – 1
x3 + 3x
lim f ( x ) = lim− 2 = lim−
(
x x2 + 3
=
3)= −1
x→ 0 − x→ 0 x − 3 x x→ 0 x ( x − 3) −3

x3 + 3x
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 2 = lim+
(
x x2 + 3
=
)
3
= −1
x→ 0 x→ 0 x − 3 x x→ 0 x ( x − 3) −3
Since lim f ( x ) = −1 = f (0), the function f is continuous at c = 0.
x→ 0

⎧ x3 − 1
⎪ 2 if x < 1
⎪⎪ x − 1
45. To determine whether f ( x ) = ⎨2 if x = 1 is continuous at c = 1, we investigate f
⎪ 3
⎪ if x > 1
⎪⎩ x + 1
when x = 1.
f (1) = 2
x3 − 1
lim f ( x ) = lim− 2 = lim−
( )
( x − 1) x 2 + x + 1 1 + 1 + 1 3
= =
x→ 1 − x→ 1 x − 1 x→ 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) 1+1 2
3 3
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ =
x→ 1 x→ 1 x +1 2
3
Since lim f ( x ) = ≠ f (1), the function f is not continuous at c = 1.
x→ 1 2

⎧
⎪2e x if x < 0
⎪⎪
47. To determine whether f ( x ) = ⎨2 if x = 0 is continuous at c = 0, we
⎪ 3 2
⎪ x + 2x if x > 0
⎪⎩ x 2
investigate f when x =0.
f (0) = 2
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 2e x = 2
x→ 0 x→ 0

x3 + 2 x 2 x2 ( x + 2)
lim f ( x ) = lim+ = lim+ =2
x→ 0 + x→ 0 x2 x→ 0
x2
The lim f ( x ) exists, and lim f ( x ) = f (0) = 2. So we conclude that the function f is
x→ 0 x→ 0
continuous at c = 0.
184 SECTION 3.3

49. f (x) = 2x + 3 is a first degree polynomial function. Polynomial functions are continuous
at all real numbers.

51. f (x) = 3x 2 + x is a second degree polynomial function. Polynomial functions are

continuous at all real numbers.

53. f (x) = 4 ln x is the product of a constant function h(x) = 4, which is continuous at every
number, and the logarithmic function g(x) = ln x, which is continuous for every number
in the domain (0, ∞). So f (x) = 4 ln x is continuous for all values x > 0.

55. f (x) = 3e x is the product of a constant function h(x) = 3, which is continuous at every
number, and the exponential function g(x) = e x, which is continuous for every number in
the domain (– ∞, ∞). So f (x) = 3e x is continuous for all real numbers.

2x + 5
57. f (x) = is a rational function. Rational functions are continuous at every number in
x2 − 4
the domain. The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 2, x ≠ 2}, and f is continuous at all those
numbers. f is discontinuous at x = – 2 and x = 2.

x−3
59. f (x) = is the quotient of a polynomial function, which is continuous at all real
ln x
numbers and the logarithmic function, which is continuous at all numbers in the domain
(0, ∞). So f is continuous at all positive numbers or for x > 0.

1
61. The “pieces” of f , that is, y = 3x + 1, y = – x 2, and y = x − 5 , are each continuous for
2
every number since they are polynomials. So we only need to investigate x = 0 and x = 2,
the two points at which the pieces change.
For x = 0: f (0) = 3(0) + 1 = 1
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( 3x + 1) = 1
x→ 0 x→ 0

lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( − x 2 ) = 0
x→ 0 + x→ 0

Since lim+ f ( x ) ≠ f (0), we conclude that the function f is discontinuous at x = 0.

x→ 0

For x = 2: f (2) = – 2 2 = – 4
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( − x 2 ) = −4
x→ 2 x→ 2

⎛1 ⎞
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ⎜ x − 5 ⎟ = −4
x→ 2 x→ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
( ) ( )
Since lim f x = f 2 = −4 , we conclude that f is continuous at x = 2.
x→ 2
 SECTION 3.3 185

⎧39.99 if 0 < x ≤ 350

63. The cost function is C(x) = ⎨ .
⎩0.25 x − 47.51 if x > 350
(a) lim − C ( x ) = lim − ( 39.99 ) = 39.99
x → 350 x → 350

(b) lim C ( x ) = lim + ( 0.25 x − 47.51) = 39.99

x → 350 + x → 350

(c) The left limit equals the right limit, so lim C ( x ) exists. C is continuous at x = 350
x → 350

since lim C ( x ) = C(350) = 39.99.

x → 350
(d) Answers will vary.

⎧10 0 ≤ v < 1.79

⎪
⎪ 23 (10.45 + 10 v − v )
65. (a) If t = 10º then W(v) = ⎨33 − 1.79 ≤ v ≤ 20 .
⎪ 22.04
⎪⎩−3.7034 v > 20
(b) lim+ W ( v ) = lim+ (10 ) = 10
v→ 0 v→ 0

(c) lim W ( v ) = lim − (10 ) = 10

v →1.79 − v →1.79

(d)
⎡
lim + W ( v ) = lim + ⎢33 −
(
23 10.45 + 10 1.79 − 1.79 ) ⎤⎥ = 10.00095
v → 1.79 v → 1.79 ⎢ 22.04 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

(e) W(1.79) = 10.00095

(f) W is not continuous at v = 1.79 since lim − W ( v ) ≠ lim + W ( v ) , and therefore,

v →1.79 v → 1.79

lim W ( v ) does not exist. In order to be continuous at 1.79, lim W ( v ) must exist.
v → 1.79 v → 1.79

(g) Rounded to two decimal places,

lim − W ( v ) = 10.00 lim + W ( v ) = 10.00 W(1.79) = 10.00
v →1.79 v → 1.79

Now the function W is continuous at 1.79.

(h) Answers will vary.

⎡
(i) lim− W ( v ) = lim− ⎢33 −
(
23 10.45 + 10 20 − 20 ) ⎤⎥ = – 3.7033
v → 20 v → 20 ⎢ 22.04 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

(j) lim+ W ( v ) = lim+ ( −3.7034 ) = – 3.7034

v → 20 v → 20

(k) W(20) = – 3.7033

(l) W is not continuous at 20. The right limit is not equal to W(20).
186 SECTION 3.4

(m) Rounded to two decimal places,

lim − W ( v ) = – 3.70 lim+ W ( v ) = – 3.70 W(20) = – 3.70
v → 20 v → 20

Now the function W is continuous at 20.

(n) Answers will vary.

3.4 Limits at Infinity; Infinite Limits; End Behavior; Asymptotes

1. As x→∞, x3 + x 2 + 2 x − 1 = x3 , and x3 + x + 1 = x 3 , so
x3 + x 2 + 2 x − 1 x3
lim = lim =1
x→ ∞ x3 + x + 1 x→ ∞
x3

3. As x→∞, 2x + 4 = 2x, and x – 1 = x, so

2x + 4 2x
lim = lim =2
x→ ∞ x − 1 x→ ∞ x

5. As x→∞, 3x 2 – 1 = 3x 2, and x 2 + 4 = x 2, so
3x 2 − 1 3 x2
lim = lim =3
x→ ∞ x2 + 4 x→ ∞
x2

7. As x→ – ∞, 5x 3 – 1 = 5x 3, and x 4 + 1 = x 4, so
5 x3 − 1 5 x3 5 1
lim = lim = lim = 5 lim =0
x→ − ∞ x + 1
4 x→ − ∞ x 4 x→ − ∞ x x→ − ∞ x

9. As x→ ∞, 5x 3 + 3 = 5x 3, and x 2 + 1 = x 2, so
5 x3 + 3 5x 3
lim 2 = lim 2 = lim 5 x = ∞
x→ ∞ x + 1 x→ ∞ x→ ∞
x

11. As x→ – ∞, 4x 5 = 4x 5, and x 2 + 1 = x 2, so
4 x5 4x 5 3
lim = lim = lim 4 x 3 = 4 ⋅ lim x 3 = −∞
x→ − ∞ x2 + 1 x→ − ∞ 2 x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞
x

1 1
13. Here f (x) = , x ≠ 2. To determine lim+ , we examine the values of f that are
x−2 x→ 2 x − 2

close to 2, but remain greater than 2.

x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001 2.00001

1
f ( x) = 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000
x−2
186 SECTION 3.4

(m) Rounded to two decimal places,

lim − W ( v ) = – 3.70 lim+ W ( v ) = – 3.70 W(20) = – 3.70
v → 20 v → 20

Now the function W is continuous at 20.

(n) Answers will vary.

3.4 Limits at Infinity; Infinite Limits; End Behavior; Asymptotes

1. As x→∞, x3 + x 2 + 2 x − 1 = x3 , and x3 + x + 1 = x 3 , so
x3 + x 2 + 2 x − 1 x3
lim = lim =1
x→ ∞ x3 + x + 1 x→ ∞
x3

3. As x→∞, 2x + 4 = 2x, and x – 1 = x, so

2x + 4 2x
lim = lim =2
x→ ∞ x − 1 x→ ∞ x

5. As x→∞, 3x 2 – 1 = 3x 2, and x 2 + 4 = x 2, so
3x 2 − 1 3 x2
lim = lim =3
x→ ∞ x2 + 4 x→ ∞
x2

7. As x→ – ∞, 5x 3 – 1 = 5x 3, and x 4 + 1 = x 4, so
5 x3 − 1 5 x3 5 1
lim = lim = lim = 5 lim =0
x→ − ∞ x + 1
4 x→ − ∞ x 4 x→ − ∞ x x→ − ∞ x

9. As x→ ∞, 5x 3 + 3 = 5x 3, and x 2 + 1 = x 2, so
5 x3 + 3 5x 3
lim 2 = lim 2 = lim 5 x = ∞
x→ ∞ x + 1 x→ ∞ x→ ∞
x

11. As x→ – ∞, 4x 5 = 4x 5, and x 2 + 1 = x 2, so
4 x5 4x 5 3
lim = lim = lim 4 x 3 = 4 ⋅ lim x 3 = −∞
x→ − ∞ x2 + 1 x→ − ∞ 2 x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞
x

1 1
13. Here f (x) = , x ≠ 2. To determine lim+ , we examine the values of f that are
x−2 x→ 2 x − 2

close to 2, but remain greater than 2.

x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001 2.00001

1
f ( x) = 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000
x−2
 SECTION 3.4 187

1
We see that as x gets closer to 2 from the right, the value of f (x) = becomes
x−2
unbounded in the positive direction, and we write
1
lim = ∞
x→ 2 + x − 2

15. x x
Here f (x) = , x ≠ 1. To determine lim− , we examine the values of f that
( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2
x →1

are close to 1, but remain smaller than 1.

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999

x
f ( x) = 90 9900 999,000 99,990,000
( x − 1)
2

x
We see that as x gets closer to 1 from the left, the value of f (x) = becomes
( x − 1)
2

unbounded in the positive direction, and we write

x
lim = ∞
( )
2
x →1 − x − 1

x2 + 1 x2 + 1
17. Here f (x) = , x ≠ 1 . To determine lim+ 3 , we examine the values of f that
x3 − 1 x→ 1 x − 1

are close to 1, but remain larger than 1.

x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001

x2 + 1
f ( x) = 6.6767 66.66777 666.66678 6666.667 66,666.667
x3 − 1
x2 + 1
We see that as x gets closer to 1 from the right, the value of f (x) = becomes
x3 − 1
unbounded in the positive direction, and we write
x2 + 1
lim 3 =∞
x→ 1+ x − 1

1− x 1− x
19. Here f (x) = , x ≠ 2 . To determine lim− , we examine the values of f that
3x − 6 x → 2 3x − 6

are close to 2, but remain smaller than 2.

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 1.99999

1− x
f ( x) = 3 33 333 3333 33,333
3x − 6
1− x
We see that as x gets closer to 2 from the left, the value of f (x) = becomes
3x − 6
188 SECTION 3.4

unbounded in the positive direction, and we write

1− x
lim− = ∞
x → 2 3x − 6

21. To find horizontal asymptotes, we need to find two limits, lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
x→ ∞ x→ − ∞

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎜ 3 + 2 ⎟ = lim 3 + lim 2 = 3 + 0 = 3
x→ ∞ x→ ∞
⎝ x ⎠ x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x

We conclude that the line y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes
unbounded in the positive direction.

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎜ 3 + 2 ⎟ = lim 3 + lim 2 = 3 + 0 = 3
x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞
⎝ x ⎠ x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞ x

We conclude that the line y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes
unbounded in the negative direction.

To find vertical asymptotes, we need to examine the behavior of the graph of f when x is
near 0, the point where f is not defined. This will require looking at the one-sided limits
of f at 0.
lim− f ( x ) : Since x → 0 − , we know x < 0, but x 2 > 0. It follows that the
x→ 0

1
expression 2
is positive and becomes unbounded as x → 0 − .
x
⎛ 1 ⎞
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ⎜ 3 + 2 ⎟ = ∞
x→ 0 x→ 0 ⎝ x ⎠
lim+ f ( x ) : Since x → 0 , we know x > 0, and x 2 > 0. It follows that the
+
x→ 0

1
expression 2
is positive and becomes unbounded as x → 0 + .
x
⎛ 1 ⎞
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ⎜ 3 + 2 ⎟ = ∞
x→ 0 x→ 0 ⎝ x ⎠
We conclude that the graph of f has a vertical asymptote at x = 0.

23. To find horizontal asymptotes, we need to find two limits, lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
x→ ∞ x→ − ∞

2 x2 2 x2 2 x2
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim =2
( x − 1) x2 − 2 x + 1 x→ ∞ x2
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ 2 x→ ∞

We conclude that the line y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes
unbounded in the positive direction.
2 x2 2 x2 2 x2
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim =2
( x − 1) x2 − 2 x + 1 x→ − ∞ x2
x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞ 2 x→ − ∞

We conclude that the line y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes
unbounded in the negative direction.
 SECTION 3.4 189

To find vertical asymptotes, we need to examine the behavior of the graph of f when x is
near 1, the point where f is not defined. This will require looking at the one-sided limits
of f at 1.
lim− f ( x ) : Since x → 1 − , we know x < 1, so x – 1 < 0, but (x – 1) 2 > 0. It follows
x →1

2 x2
that the expression is positive and becomes unbounded as x → 1 − .
( x − 1)
2

2x2
lim− f ( x ) = lim− =∞
( x − 1)
2
x →1 x →1

lim+ f ( x ) : Since x → 1 + , we know x > 1, so both x – 1 > 0 and (x – 1) 2 > 0. It

x →1

2 x2
follows that the expression is positive and becomes unbounded as x → 1 + .
( x − 1)
2

2x2
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ =∞
( x − 1)
2
x →1 x →1

We conclude that the graph of f has a vertical asymptote at x = 1.

25. To find horizontal asymptotes, we need to find two limits, xlim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
→∞ x→ − ∞

x2 x2
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim 1 = 1
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x2 − 4 x→ ∞ x2 x→ ∞

We conclude that the line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes
unbounded in the positive direction.
x2 x2
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim 1 = 1
x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞ x − 4 x→ − ∞ x x→ − ∞

We conclude that the line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes
unbounded in the negative direction.

To find vertical asymptotes, we need to examine the behavior of the graph of f when x is
near –2 and 2, the points where f is not defined. This will require looking at the one-sided
limits of f .
lim − f ( x ) : Since x → − 2 − , we know x < – 2 and x2 > 4, so x2 – 4 > 0. It follows
x→ − 2

x2
that the expression is positive and becomes unbounded as x → − 2 − .
x2 − 4
x2
lim − f ( x ) = lim − 2 = ∞
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x − 4

lim + f ( x ) : Since x → − 2 + , we know x > – 2 and x2 < 4, so x2 – 4 < 0. It

x→ − 2

x2
follows that the expression 2 is negative and becomes unbounded as x → − 2 + .
x −4
x2
lim + f ( x ) = lim + 2 = –∞
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x − 4
190 SECTION 3.4

We now examine the limits as x → 2.

lim− f ( x ) : Since x → 2 − , we know x < 2 and x2 < 4, so x2 – 4 < 0. It follows that
x→ 2

x2
the expression 2 is negative and becomes unbounded as x → 2 − .
x −4
x2
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 2 = –∞
x→ 2 x→ 2 x − 4

lim+ f ( x ) : Since x → 2 + , we know x > 2 and x2 > 4, so x2 – 4 > 0. It follows that

x→ 2

x2
the expression is positive and becomes unbounded as x → 2 + .
x2 − 4
x2
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 2 =∞
x→ 2 x→ 2 x − 4

We conclude that the graph of f has a vertical asymptotes at x = –2 and at x = 2.

27. (a) We observe from the graph that the domain continues indefinitely toward the
infinities, since there are arrows on both ends. We also observe a vertical asymptote at
x = 6. We conclude that the domain of f is {x | x ≠ 6} or all real numbers except 6.

(b) The arrows pointing upward as x approaches 6 (the vertical asymptote) indicate that
the range of f is the set of positive numbers or {y | y ≥ 0} or the interval [0, ∞).

(c) (-4, 0) and (0, 0) are the x-intercepts; (0, 0) is also the y-intercept.

(d) Since f (x) = y, f (– 2) = 2.

(e) If f (x) = 4, then x = 8 or x = 4.

(f) f is discontinuous at x = 6; 6 is not in the domain of f .

(g) The vertical asymptote is x = 6.

(h) y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x becomes unbounded in the

negative direction.

(i) There is only one local maximum. It occurs at (– 2, 2) where the local maximum is
y = 2.

(j) There are 3 local minima. They occur at (– 4, 0) where the local minimum is y = 0; at
(0, 0) where the local minimum is y = 0; and at (8, 4) where the local minimum is y = 4.

(k) The function f is increasing on the intervals (– 4, – 2), (0, 6), and (8, ∞).
 SECTION 3.4 191

(l) The function f is decreasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 4 ), (– 2, 0), and (6, 8).

(m) As x approaches – ∞, y approaches 4, so lim f ( x ) = 4.

x→ − ∞

(n) As x approaches ∞, y becomes unbounded in the positive direction, so

lim f ( x ) = ∞.
x→ ∞

(o) As x approaches 6 from the left, we see that y becomes unbounded in the positive
direction, so lim− f ( x ) = ∞.
x→ 6

(p) As x approaches 6 from the right, we see that y becomes unbounded in the positive
direction, so lim+ f ( x ) = ∞.
x→ 6

x −1 x −1
29. R ( x) = = . To determine the behavior of the graph near – 1 and 1, we
x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2

look at lim R ( x ) and lim R ( x ) .

x → −1 x→ 1

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x → −1

x −1 x −1 1
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim = lim
x → −1 x→ − 1 x − 1 x → − 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x → − 1 x + 1
2

1
If x < – 1 and x is getting closer to – 1, the value of < 0 and is becoming
x +1
unbounded; that is, lim − R ( x ) = – ∞.
x → −1

1
If x > – 1 and x is getting closer to – 1, the value of > 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x +1
that is, lim + R ( x ) = ∞.
x → −1

The graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at x = – 1.

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 1

x −1 x −1 1 1
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim = lim =
x→ 1 x→ 1 x − 1 x → 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x → 1 x + 1 2
2

1
As x gets closer to 1, the graph of R gets closer to . Since R is not defined at 1, the
2
⎛ 1⎞
graph will have a hole at ⎜1, ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠

x2 + x x ( x + 1)
31. R ( x) = 2 = . To determine the behavior of the graph near – 1 and 1,
x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
look at lim R ( x ) and lim R ( x ) .
x → −1 x→ 1
192 SECTION 3.4

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x → −1

lim R ( x ) = lim
x2 + x
= lim
(
x x +1 ) = lim
x
=
−1 1
=
x → −1 x→ − 1 x −1
2 x → − 1
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x → − 1 x − 1 −2 2
1
As x gets closer to – 1, the graph of R gets closer to . Since R is not defined at – 1, the
2
⎛ 1⎞
graph will have a hole at ⎜ −1, ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 1

lim R ( x ) = lim
x2 + x
= lim
x x +1( ) = lim
x
x→ 1 x→ 1 x −1
2 x → 1
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x → 1 x −1
x
If x < 1 and x is getting closer to 1, the value of < 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x −1
that is, lim− R ( x ) = – ∞.
x→ 1

x
If x > 1 and x is getting closer to 1, the value of > 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x −1
that is, lim+ R ( x ) = ∞.
x→ 1

The graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at x = 1.

33. A rational function is undefined at every number that makes the denominator zero. So
we solve
x 4 − x3 + 8 x − 8 = 0 Set the denominator = 0.
x ( x − 1) + 8 ( x − 1) = 0
3
Factor by grouping.

(x 3
+ 8 ) ( x − 1) = 0
x3 + 8 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x = – 2 or x=1 Solve for x.
To determine the behavior of the graph near – 2 and near 1, we look at lim R ( x ) and
x→ − 2

lim R ( x ) .
x→ 1

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ − 2

x3 − x 2 + x − 1 x 2 ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x 4 − x 3 + 8 x − 8 x → − 2 x 3 ( x − 1) + 8 ( x − 1)

= lim
(x 2
+ 1) ( x − 1)
= lim 3
x2 + 1
x→ − 2
(x3
+ 8 ) ( x − 1) x → − 2 x + 8
Since the limit of the denominator is 0, we use one-sided limits. If x < – 2 and x is
 SECTION 3.4 193

x2 + 1
getting closer to – 2, the value of x 3 + 8 < 0, so the quotient < 0 and is becoming
x3 + 8
unbounded; that is, lim − R ( x ) = – ∞.
x→ − 2

If x > – 2 and x is getting closer to – 2, the value of x 3 + 8 > 0, so the quotient

x2 + 1
> 0 and is becoming unbounded; that is, lim + R ( x ) = ∞.
x3 + 8 x→ − 2

The graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at x = – 2.

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 1

x3 − x 2 + x − 1 x2 + 1 2
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim =
x→ 1 x → 1 x 4 − x3 + 8 x − 8 x → 1 x3 + 8 9
2
As x gets closer to 1, the graph of R gets closer to . Since R is not defined at 1, the
9
⎛ 2⎞
graph will have a hole at ⎜1, ⎟ .
⎝ 9⎠

35. A rational function is undefined at every number that makes the denominator zero. So
we solve
x2 + x − 6 = 0 Set the denominator = 0.
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = 0 Factor.

x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.

x = – 3 or x=2 Solve for x.
To determine the behavior of the graph near – 3 and near 2, we look at lim R ( x ) and
x→ − 3

lim R ( x ) .
x→ 2

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ − 3

x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 x2 ( x − 2) + 4 ( x − 2)
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim
x→ − 3 x→ − 3 x2 + x − 6 x→ − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
= lim
(x 2
+ 4) ( x − 2)
= lim
x2 + 4
x→ − 3
( x + 3) ( x − 2 ) x→ − 3 x + 3

Since the limit of the denominator is 0, we use one-sided limits. If x < – 3 and x is
x2 + 4
getting closer to – 3, the value of x + 3 < 0, so the quotient < 0 and is becoming
x+3
unbounded; that is, lim − R ( x ) = – ∞.
x→ − 3

If x > – 3 and x is getting closer to – 3, the value of x + 3 > 0, so the quotient

x +4
2
> 0 and is becoming unbounded; that is, lim + R ( x ) = ∞.
x+3 x→ − 3

The graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at x = – 3.

194 SECTION 3.4

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 2

x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 x2 + 4 8
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim =
x→ 2 x→ 2 x2 + x − 6 x→ 2 x + 3 5
8
As x gets closer to 2, the graph of R gets closer to . Since R is not defined at 2, the
5
⎛ 8⎞
graph will have a hole at ⎜ 2, ⎟ .
⎝ 5⎠

37. A rational function is undefined at every number that makes the denominator zero. So
we solve
x 4 + x3 + x + 1 = 0 Set the denominator = 0.
x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) = 0
3
Factor by grouping.

(x 3
+ 1) ( x + 1) = 0
x3 + 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x = – 1 or x=–1 Solve for x.
To determine the behavior of the graph near – 1, we look at lim R ( x ) .
x→ − 1

x3 + 2 x 2 + x x ( x + 2 x + 1)
2

lim R ( x ) = lim = lim

x→ − 1 x → −1 x 4 + x3 + x + 1 x → − 1 ( x3 + 1) ( x + 1)
x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) x 1
= lim = lim =–
x → −1
( x + 1) ( x 2
− x + 1) ( x + 1) x → −1 x − x +1
2
3

1
As x gets closer to – 1, the graph of R gets closer to – . Since R is not defined at 1,
3
⎛ 1⎞
the graph will have a hole at ⎜ −1, − ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠

39. (a) Production costs are the sum of fixed costs and variable costs. So the cost function C
of producing x calculators is
C = C(x) = 10x + 79,000
(b) The domain of C is {x | x ≥ 0}.
(c) The average cost per calculator, when x calculators are produced is given by the
C ( x ) 10 x + 79,000 79,000
function C ( x ) = = = 10 + .
x x x
(d) The domain of C is {x | x > 0}.
⎛ 79,000 ⎞
(e) lim+ C = lim+ ⎜ 10 + ⎟=∞
x→ 0 x→ 0 ⎝ x ⎠
The average cost of making nearly 0 calculators becomes unbounded.
10 x + 79,000 10 x
(f) lim C ( x ) = lim = lim = 10
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x
 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 195

The average cost of producing a calculator when a very large number of calculators are
produced is $10.

5x
41. (a) lim − C ( x ) = lim − Since x is approaching 100, but is remaining less than
x → 100 x → 100 100 − x

5x
100, 100 – x > 0, and the quotient > 0 and is becoming unbounded; so
100 − x
lim − C ( x ) = ∞ .
x → 100

(b) It is not possible to remove 100% of the pollutant. Explanations will vary.

43. Graphs will vary.

Chapter 3 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. True

5. True 7. True

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. lim f ( x ) = N 3. not exist

x→ c

5. is not equal to 7. y = 2 … horizontal

REVIEW EXERCISES

x3 − 8
1. Here f (x) = , and c = 2. We find the limit by evaluating the function f at values of
x−2
x close to 2.
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999
x3 − 8
f ( x) = 11.41 11.94 11.9940 11.9994
x−2
x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
x3 − 8
f ( x) = 12.61 12.0601 2.0060 12.0006
x−2
x3 − 8
We infer from the table that lim f ( x ) = lim = 12 .
x→ 2 x→ 2 x−2
 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 195

The average cost of producing a calculator when a very large number of calculators are
produced is $10.

5x
41. (a) lim − C ( x ) = lim − Since x is approaching 100, but is remaining less than
x → 100 x → 100 100 − x

5x
100, 100 – x > 0, and the quotient > 0 and is becoming unbounded; so
100 − x
lim − C ( x ) = ∞ .
x → 100

(b) It is not possible to remove 100% of the pollutant. Explanations will vary.

43. Graphs will vary.

Chapter 3 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. True

5. True 7. True

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. lim f ( x ) = N 3. not exist

x→ c

5. is not equal to 7. y = 2 … horizontal

REVIEW EXERCISES

x3 − 8
1. Here f (x) = , and c = 2. We find the limit by evaluating the function f at values of
x−2
x close to 2.
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999
x3 − 8
f ( x) = 11.41 11.94 11.9940 11.9994
x−2
x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
x3 − 8
f ( x) = 12.61 12.0601 2.0060 12.0006
x−2
x3 − 8
We infer from the table that lim f ( x ) = lim = 12 .
x→ 2 x→ 2 x−2
196 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

3.

lim f ( x) = 0
x→ 0

5. f (x) = 3x 2 – 2x + 1 is a polynomial. We know that for polynomials, lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) .

x→ c

lim ( 3 x − 2 x + 1) = 3 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 1 = 12 − 4 + 1 = 9
2 2
Limit of a polynomial.
x→ 2

7. f (x) = x 2 + 1 is a polynomial. We know that for polynomials, lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) .

x→ c

( )
2
lim ( x 2 + 1) = lim ( x 2 + 1)
2
= ⎡( −2 ) + 1⎤ = ( 5 ) = 25
2 2 2

x→ − 2 x→ − 2 ⎣ ⎦
↑ ↑
Limit of a Power Limit of a polynomial

9. f ( x ) = x 2 + 7 ; its domain is all real numbers.

lim x 2 + 7 = lim ( x 2 + 7 ) = (3 2
+ 7 ) = 16 = 4
x→ 3 x→ 3

↑ ↑
Limit of a Root Limit of a polynomial

11. f ( x ) = 1 − x 2 . Its domain is the set of numbers that keeps 1 – x 2 ≥ 0.

1 – x 2 ≥ 0 or x 2 ≤ 1 or x ≥ – 1 and x ≤ 1
So the domain of f is {x | – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1} or x in the interval [– 1, 1] .
As x → 1 − , x gets closer to 1, but remains less than 1; x is in the domain of f. So we need
only to consider x as it approaches 1.

lim− 1 − x 2 = lim 1 − x 2 = lim− (1 − x 2 ) = 1 − 1 = 0

x→ 1 x→ 1 x→ 1

↑ ↑
Limit of a Root Limit of a Polynomial

13. f (x) = 5x + 6 is a polynomial, so as x approaches c, f (x) approaches f (c).

3/ 2
lim ( 5 x + 6 ) = ⎡lim ( 5 x + 6 ) ⎤ = (5 ⋅ 2 + 6)
3/ 2 3/ 2
= 16 3 / 2 = 64
x→ 2 ⎣⎢ x → 2 ⎦⎥
↑ ↑
Limit of a Power Limit of a Polynomial
 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 197

15. Here f (x) = x 2 + x + 2 and g(x) = x 2 – 9 are both polynomials. So,

lim ( x 2 + x + 2 )( x 2 − 9 ) = ⎡ lim ( x 2 + x + 2 ) ⎤ ⎡ lim ( x 2 − 9 ) ⎤ = ⎡( −1) + ( −1) + 2 ⎤ ⎡( −1) − 9 ⎤ = −16
2 2

x→ −1 ⎣⎢ x → − 1 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ x → − 1 ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
↑ ↑
Limit of a Product Limits of Polynomials

x −1
17. Here f ( x ) = . As x approaches 1, the limit of the denominator equals zero, so
x3 − 1
Formula (11) cannot be used directly. We factor the expression first.
x −1 x −1 1 lim 1 1
x→ 1
lim 3 = lim = lim = =
x→ 1 x − 1 x→ 1
( x − 1) ( x + x + 1)
2 x→ 1 x2 + x + 1 lim x + x + 1 3
2
x→ 1
↑ ↑
Factor. Limit of a Quotient

x2 − 9
19. Here f ( x ) = . As x approaches – 3, the limit of the denominator equals zero,
x 2 − x − 12
so Formula (11) cannot be used directly. We factor the expression first.

lim 2
x2 − 9
= lim
( x − 3) x + 3( = lim
)
x − 3 x→lim ( x − 3) −6 6
= −3 = =
x → − 3 x − x − 12 x→ − 3
( )
( x − 4 ) x + 3 x → − 3 x − 4 lim ( x − 4 ) −7 7 x→ − 3
↑ ↑
Factor. Limit of a Quotient

21. x2 − 1
Here f ( x ) = . As x approaches – 1 from the left, the limit of the denominator
x3 − 1
equals zero, so Formula (11) cannot be used directly. We factor the expression first.

x2 − 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x +1 lim ( x + 1) 0
x →−1−
lim− = lim = lim = = =0
x →−1 − 2
( −
)
x − 1 x →−1 ( x − 1) x + x + 1 x→−1 x + x + 1 lim− x + x + 1 1
3 2 2
x →−1
( )
↑ ↑
Factor. Limit of a Quotient

x3 − 8
23. Here f ( x ) = . As x approaches 2, the limit of the denominator equals
x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8
zero, so Formula (11) cannot be used directly. We factor the expression first.

lim
x3 − 8
= lim 2
( x − 2) ( x2 + 2 x + 4)
= lim
(
x − 2 ( x2 + 2 x + 4) )
x → 2 x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 x→ 2 x ( x − 2) + 4 ( x − 2) x→ 2
( x2 + 4) x − 2 ( )
=
x2 + 2x + 4 lim ( x + 2 x + 4 )
2
22 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 4 12 3
x→ 2
lim = = = =
x→ 2 x2 + 4 lim ( x 2 + 4 ) 22 + 4 8 2
x→ 2
↑
. Limit of a Quotient
198 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

x 4 − 3 x3 + x − 3
25. Here f ( x ) = . As x approaches 3, the limit of the denominator equals
x3 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 6
zero, so Formula (11) cannot be used directly. We factor the expression first.

x 3 ( x − 3) + 1( x − 3) ( x + 1) ( x − 3)
3
x 4 − 3 x3 + x − 3 Factor both the numerator and
= =
x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x − 6 x 2 ( x − 3) + 2 ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x − 3) the denominator by grouping.

x 4 − 3x3 + x − 3 ( (
x3 + 1) x − 3 lim ( x3 + 1) 28
)
lim 3 = lim 2 = x→ 3 2 =
x → 3 x − 3x 2 + 2 x − 6 x→ 3
( )
( x + 2 ) x − 3 lim ( x + 2 ) 11
x→ 3
↑
. Limit of a Quotient

5 x 4 − 8 x3 + x 5x4
27. lim = lim 4 As x → ∞, 5x 4 – 8x 3 + x = 5x 4 and 3x 4 + x 2 + 5 = 3x 4.
x → ∞ 3x 4 + x 2 + 5 x → ∞ 3x

5 5
= lim =
x→ ∞ 3 3

x2
29. f ( x) = is not defined at x = 3. When x → 3 − , x – 3< 0. Since x 2 ≥ 0, it follows
x−3
x2
that the expression is negative and becomes unbounded as x → 3 − .
x−3
x2
lim =−∞
x→ 3 − x − 3

8x 4 − x 2 + 2 8x 4
31. lim = lim As x → ∞, 8x 4 – x 2 + 2 = 8x 4 and – 4x 3 + 1 = – 4x 3.
x→ ∞ − 4x 3 + 1 x→ ∞ − 4x 3

8x
= lim =−∞
x→ ∞ − 4

1 − 9x 2
33. f ( x) = is not defined at x = – 3. When x → − 3 + , x > – 3 and x 2 – 9 < 0. Since
x −9
2

1 − 9x 2
1 – 9x2 < 0, it follows that 2 is positive and as becomes unbounded x → − 3 + .
x −9
1 − 9x 2
lim + 2 =∞
x→ − 3 x − 9

35. f ( x ) = 3 x 4 − x 2 + 2 is a polynomial function, and polynomial functions are continuous

at all values of x. So f (x) is continuous at c = 5.

x4 −4
37. f ( x) = is a rational function which is continuous at all values of x in its domain.
x+2
 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 199

Since x = – 2 is not in the domain of f, the function f is not continuous at c = – 2.

39. The function f is defined at c = – 2; f (– 2) = 4.

x2 −4
The lim f ( x ) = lim = lim ( x − 2 ) = − 4
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x + 2 x→ − 2

Since the limit as x approaches – 2 does not equal f (– 2), the function is not continuous
at c = – 2.

41. The function f is defined at c = – 2; f (– 2) = – 4.

x2 −4
The lim f ( x ) = lim = lim ( x − 2 ) = − 4
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x + 2 x→ − 2

Since the limit as x approaches – 2 equals f (– 2), the function is continuous at c = – 2

43. To find any horizontal asymptotes we need to find lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
x→ ∞ x→ − ∞
3x 3x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim= lim 2 = lim = 0
x →∞ x →∞ x − 1
2 x →∞ x x →∞ x

The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x is sufficiently positive.

3x 3x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim 2 = lim = 0
x→ − ∞ x −1
2
x→ − ∞ x → − ∞ x x → − ∞ x
The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x is sufficiently negative.

The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 1, x ≠ 1}. To locate any vertical asymptotes we look at

lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
x → −1 x→ 1

Looking at one-sided limits of f at – 1, we find

lim − f ( x ) : When x → – 1 from the left, x < – 1 and x 2 > 1 or x 2 – 1 > 0. So, the
x → −1
3x
expression is negative and becomes unbounded.
x 2 −1
3x
lim − f ( x ) = lim − 2 =–∞
x→ − 1 x → −1 x − 1

lim f ( x ) : When x → – 1 from the right, x > – 1 and x 2 < 1 or x 2 – 1 < 0. So, the
x → −1+
3x
expression is positive and becomes unbounded.
x 2 −1
3x
lim + f ( x ) = lim + 2 =∞
x → −1 x → −1 x − 1

We conclude f has a vertical asymptote at x = – 1.

lim f ( x ) : When x → 1 from the left, x < 1 and x 2 < 1 or x 2 – 1 < 0. So, the
x→ 1−
200 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

3x
expression is negative and becomes unbounded.
x 2 −1
3x
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 2 =–∞
x→ 1 x → 1 x −1

lim+ f ( x ) : When x → 1 from the right, x > 1 and x 2 – 1 > 0. So, the expression
x→ 1
3x
is positive and becomes unbounded.
x 2 −1
3x
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 2 =∞
x→ 1 x → 1 x −1

We conclude f has a vertical asymptote at x = 1.

45. To find any horizontal asymptotes we need to find lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
x→ ∞ x→ − ∞
5x 5x 5
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim = 5
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x + 2 x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ 1

The line y = 5 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x is sufficiently positive.

5x 5x 5
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim = 5
x→ − ∞ x→ − ∞ x + 2 x→ − ∞ x x→ − ∞ 1

The line y = 5 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph when x is sufficiently negative.

The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 2}. To locate any vertical asymptotes we look at lim f ( x ) .

x→ − 2

Looking at one-sided limits of f at – 2, we find

lim − f ( x ) : When x → – 2 from the left, x < – 2 and x + 2 < 0. So, the expression
x→ −2
5x
is positive and becomes unbounded.
x+2
5x
lim − f ( x ) = lim − = ∞
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x + 2

lim f ( x ) : When x → – 2 from the right, x > – 2 and x + 2 > 0. So, the expression
x→ −2+
5x
is negative and becomes unbounded.
x+2
5x
lim + f ( x ) = lim + = –∞
x→ − 2 x→ − 2 x + 2

We conclude f has a vertical asymptote at x = – 2.

 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 201

47. (a) There is a vertical asymptote at x = 2 and f is not defined at 2, so the domain of f is
the intervals (– ∞, 2) or (2, 5) or (5, ∞).

(b) The range of f is the set of all real numbers, that is all y in the interval (– ∞, ∞).

(c) The x-intercepts are the points at which the graph crosses or touches the x-axis.
The x-intercepts are (– 2, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), and (6, 0).

(d) The y-intercept is (0, 0).

(e) f (–6) = 2 and f (– 4) =1

(f) f (– 2) = 0 and f (6) = 0

(g) lim f ( x ) = 4 ; lim + f ( x ) = − 2

x→ − 4 − x→ − 4

(h) lim f ( x ) = − 2 ; lim + f ( x ) = 2

x→ − 2 − x→ − 2

(i) lim− f ( x ) = 2 ; lim+ f ( x ) = 2

x →5 x →5

(j) The lim f ( x ) does not exist since lim− f ( x ) = 4 and lim+ f ( x ) = 1 are not equal.
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0

(k) The lim f ( x ) does not exist since lim− f ( x ) = − ∞ and lim+ f ( x ) = ∞ .
x→ 2 x→ 2 x→ 2

(l) f is not continuous at – 2 since lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x→ − 2

(m) f is not continuous at – 4 since lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x→ − 4

(n) f is not continuous at 0 since lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x→ 0

(o) f is not continuous at 2; there is a vertical asymptote at 2.

(p) f is continuous at 4.

(q) f is not continuous at 5 since f is not defined at x = 5.

(r) f is increasing on the open intervals (– 6, – 4), (– 2, 0), and (6, ∞).

(s) f is decreasing on the open intervals (– ∞, – 6), (0, 2), (2, 5), and (5, 6).

(t) lim f ( x ) = ∞ and lim f ( x ) = 2

x→ − ∞ x→ ∞

(u) There are no local maxima. There is a local minimum of 2 at x = – 6, a local

202 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

minimum of 0 at x = 0, and a local minimum of 0 at x = 6.

(v) There is a horizontal asymptote of y = 2 as x becomes unbounded in the positive

direction, and a vertical asymptote at x =2.

49. The average rate of change of f (x) from – 2 to x is

= =
2
(
∆ y f ( x ) − f ( − 2 ) ( 2 x − 3 x ) − 2 ( −2 ) − 3 ( − 2 )
2
)
∆x x − ( − 2) x − ( −2 )
2 x 2 − 3x − 8 − 6
= Remove parentheses.
x+2
=
( 2 x − 7 )( x + 2 ) Factor.
x+2

The limit as x → − 2 is
( 2x − 7) ( x + 2)
lim = lim ( 2 x − 7 ) = −11
x →− 2 x+2 x →− 2

51. The average rate of change of f (x) from 3 to x is

x 3 x 3
− −
∆y f ( x ) − f ( 3) x − 1 3 − 1 x − 1 2
= = =
∆x x−3 x−3 x−3
2 x − 3 ( x − 1)
= Write as a single fraction.
2 ( x − 1)( x − 3)
−x+3
=
2 ( x − 1)( x − 3)
The limit as x → 3 is
−1
−x+3 −1 1
lim = lim =−
x→3 2 ( x − 1) ( x − 3) x→3 2 ( x − 1) 4

x+4
53. R ( x) = . To determine the behavior of the graph near – 4 and 4, we look at
x 2 − 16
lim R ( x ) and lim R ( x ) .
x→ − 4 x→ 4

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ − 4

x+4 x+4 1 1
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim = lim =−
x→ − 4 x→ − 4 x − 16
2 x → − 4
( x + 4) ( x − 4) x → − 4 x−4 8
1
As x gets closer to – 4, the graph of R gets closer to − . Since R is not defined at – 4,
8
⎛ 1⎞
the graph will have a hole at ⎜ − 4, − ⎟ .
⎝ 8⎠
 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 203

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 4

x+4 x+4 1
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim = lim
x→ 4 x→ 4 x − 16
2 x → 4
( x + 4) ( x − 4) x → 4 x−4
1
Since the limit of the denominator is 0, we use one-sided limits to investigate lim .
x→ 4 x−4
1
If x < 4 and x is getting closer to 4, the value of < 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x−4
1
that is, lim− = – ∞.
x→ 4 x−4
1
If x > 4 and x is getting closer to 4, the value of > 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x−4
1
that is, lim+ = ∞.
x→ 4 x − 4
The graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at x = 4.

55. Rational functions are undefined at values of x that would make the denominator of the
function equal zero. Solving x 2 − 11x + 18 = 0 or ( x − 9 )( x − 2 ) = 0 we get x = 9 or x = 2.
So R is undefined at x = 2 and x = 9.

To analyze the behavior of the graph near 2 and 9, we look at lim R ( x ) and lim R ( x ) .
x→ 2 x→ 9

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 2

x 3 − 2x 2 + 4x − 8 x 2 ( x − 2) + 4( x − 2)
lim R ( x ) = lim = lim
x→ 2 x→ 2 x 2 − 11x + 18 x→ 2 ( x − 2 )( x − 9 )

= lim
(x 2
+ 4) ( x − 2)
= lim
x2 + 4
=−
8
x→ 2
( x − 2) ( x − 9) x→ 2 x −9 7
8
As x gets closer to 4, the graph of R gets closer to − . Since R is not defined at 2, the
7
⎛ 8⎞
graph will have a hole at ⎜ 2, − ⎟ .
⎝ 7⎠

For lim R ( x ) , we have

x→ 9

lim R ( x ) = lim
x 3 − 2x 2 + 4x − 8
= lim
( x 2 + 4) ( x − 2)
= lim
x2 + 4
x→ 9 x→ 9 x 2 − 11x + 18 x→9
( x − 2 ) ( x − 9 ) x→9 x − 9

Since the limit of the denominator is 0, we use one-sided limits to investigate

x2 + 4
lim .
x→9 x − 9

x2 + 4
If x < 9 and x is getting closer to 9, the value of < 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x −9
204 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT

x2 + 4
that is, lim− = – ∞.
x→9 x −9
x2 + 4
If x > 9 and x is getting closer to 9, the value of > 0 and is becoming unbounded;
x−9
x2 + 4
that is, lim+ = ∞.
x→9 x −9

The graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at x = 9.

57. Answers will vary.

2000 x 2 2000 x 2 2000

59. (a) lim S ( x ) = lim = lim = lim = 571.43
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ 3.5 x + 1000
2 x → ∞ 3.5 x 2 x → ∞ 3.5

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT

⎧0.10 0 < x ≤ 7000

1. ⎪0.15
⎪ 7000 < x ≤ 28, 400
⎪0.25 28, 400 < x ≤ 68,800
R ( x) = ⎨
⎪0.28 68,800 < x ≤ 143,500
⎪0.33 143,500 < x ≤ 311,950
⎪
⎩0.35 x > 311,950

3. The function R is not continuous. It is discontinuous at the endpoints of each tax bracket.

⎧ 0.10 x 1 < x ≤ 7000

5. ⎪ 700 + 0.15 x − 7000
⎪ ( ) 7000 < x ≤ 28, 400
⎪⎪ 3910 + 0.25 ( x − 28, 400 ) 28, 400 < x ≤ 68,800
A( x) = ⎨
⎪ 14, 010 + 0.28 ( x − 68,800 ) 68,800 < x ≤ 143,500
⎪34,926 + 0.33 ( x − 143,500 ) 143,500 < x ≤ 311,950
⎪
⎪⎩90,514 + 0.35 ( x − 311,950 ) x > 311,950

7. The function A is not continuous if your income is $311,950.

9. To compute column 3, we find the amount of tax paid if a person earns the highest dollar
amount allowable in the previous row. That is

Row 2, Column 3: A couple earning $14,000 pays

0.10(14, 000) = $1400
So the entry will be $1400.

Row 3, Column 3: We calculate the taxes paid by a couple earning $56,800.

 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS 205

$1400 + 0.15($56,800 − $14, 000) = $9710

So the entry will be $9710.

Row 4, Column 3: We calculate the taxes paid by a couple earning $114,650.

$9710 + 0.25($114,650 – $56,800) = $24,172.50
So the entry will be $24,172.50.

Row 5, Column 3: We calculate the taxes paid by a couple earning $174,700.

$24,172.50 + 0.28($174,700 – $114,650) = $40,986.50
So the entry will be $40,986.50.

Row 6, Column 3: We calculate the taxes paid by a couple earning $311,950.

$40,986.50 + 0.33($311,950 – $174,700) = $86,279.00
So the entry will be $86,279.00.

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS FROM PROFESSIONAL EXAMS

1. (b) 5 x2 − x−6 ( x − 3) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2) = 5
lim = lim = lim
6 x →3 x2 −9 x →3
( x − 3) ( x + 3) x → 3 ( x + 3) 6

2 2+h − 2 ⎛ 2+h − 2 2+h + 2 ⎞

3. (d) lim = lim ⎜ ⋅ ⎟
4 h→0 h h→0
⎝ h 2+h + 2 ⎠

(
⎛ 2+h 2 −
) ( ) 2 ⎟⎞
2
⎛ ⎞
2+h−2
= lim ⎜ = lim ⎜ ⎟
h→0 ⎜
⎜ h 2+h +
⎝
( ) ( )
2 ⎟⎟ h → 0 ⎜ h 2 + h + 2 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
h 1
= lim = lim
h→0
h 2+h + 2 ( ) h→0
( 2+h + 2 )
1 2
= =
2 2 4
Chapter 3 – The Limit of a
Function
Section 3.1 Finding Limits Using Tables and Graphs
In Problems 41–46, use a graphing utility to find the indicated limit rounded to two
decimal places.

x3 − x 2 + x − 1
41. lim
x →1 x 4 − x3 + 2 x − 2

We will determine the limit using a table of values, which we can create using our
graphing calculator. There are two options when creating a table using the calculator. We
can have the calculator automatically generate a table given a starting value and an
increment for x, or we can create a table by picking values for x ourselves. We will use
the second option. We must first set the TABLE feature in the correct mode so we can
enter values for x.

yp††~Í

Enter the expression into Y1 in the function editor.

73
Go to TABLE and enter values for x that are close to 1, but less than 1.
.

ysÊÍË·ÍË®ÍË®

® Í Ë ® ® ® Í Ë ® ® ® ® ÍË ®

®®®®Í

Use the } key to move the cursor to the top of the x column and now enter values for x
that are close to 1 but greater than 1.

Note that the last entry in the x column appears to be 1. However, since that entry is
highlighted, its value is displayed at the bottom of the screen. The entry is really 1.00001.
The reason that the calculator displays a 1 in the table is that it only shows entries to five
significant digits and 1.00001 rounded to five significant digits is 1.

Thus, rounding to two decimal places,

x3 − x 2 + x − 1
lim ≈ 0.67
x →1 x 4 − x3 + 2 x − 2

x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8
43. lim
x→2 x2 + x − 6

Enter the expression into Y1 in the function editor.

74
Go to TABLE and enter values for x that are close to 2, but less than 2.

Note that the last entry in the x column appears to be 2. However, since that entry is
highlighted, its value is displayed at the bottom of the screen. The entry is really 1.99999.
The reason that the calculator displays a 2 in the table is that it only shows entries to five
significant digits and 1.99999 rounded to five significant digits is 2.

Use the } key to move the cursor to the top of the x column and now enter values for x
that are close to 2 but greater than 2.

Thus,

x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8
lim = 1.6
x→2 x2 + x − 6

x3 + 2 x 2 + x
45. lim
x →−1 x 4 + x 3 + 2 x + 2

75
Enter the expression into Y1 in the function editor.

Go to TABLE and enter values for x that are close to −1 , but less than −1 .

Note that the last two entries in the x column appears to be −1 . However, since the last
entry is highlighted, its value is displayed at the bottom. The entry is really −1.00001 .
The reason that the calculator displays a −1 in the table is that it only shows entries to
five significant digits and −1.00001 rounded to five significant digits is −1 . The same
idea is true for the previous entry.

The outputs 1E-4 and 1E-5 represent numbers in scientific notation. The output 1E-4
represents the number 1×10−4 = 0.0001 and the 1E-5 represents the number
−5
1×10 = 0.00001 .

Use the } key to move the cursor to the top of the x column and now enter values for x
that are close to −1 but greater than −1 .

The output -1E-4 represents the number −1× 10−4 = −0.0001 and the -1E-5 represents
the number −1×10−5 = −0.00001 .

76
Thus,

x3 + 2 x 2 + x
lim =0
x →−1 x 4 + x 3 + 2 x + 2

________________________________________________________________________

77
Summary
The command introduced in this chapter was:

TABLE

78
 Chapter 4
The Derivative of a Function

4.1 The Definition of a Derivative

1. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = 3x + 5 at the point (1, 8) is
f ( x ) − f (1) ( 3x + 5) − 8 3x − 3 3 ( x − 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim = lim 3 = 3
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 x →1 x − 1 x →1 x −1 x→1

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 8 = 3(x – 1) y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
y = 3x + 5 Simplify.

3. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = x 2 + 2 at the point (– 1, 3) is
f ( x ) − f ( −1) ( x 2 + 2 ) − ( 3) x2 − 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim
x→ − 1 x − ( −1) x → −1 x − ( −1) x→ − 1 x + 1 x→ − 1 ( x + 1)
= lim ( x − 1) = −2
x → −1

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 3 = (– 2)[x – (– 1)] y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
y – 3 = – 2x – 2 Simplify.
y = – 2x + 1 Add 3 to both sides.

5. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = 3x 2 at the point (2, 12) is
f ( x ) − f ( 2) 3 x 2 − 12 3( x2 − 4 ) 3 ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim
x→ 2 x−2 x→ 2 x−2 x→ 2 x−2 x→ 2 x−2
= lim [3 ( x + 2 )] = 12
x→ 2
An equation of the tangent line is
y – 12 = 12(x – 2) y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
 SECTION 4.1 207

y – 12 = 12x – 24 Simplify.
y = 12x – 12 Add 12 to both sides.

7. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = 2x 2 + x at the point (1, 3) is
f ( x ) − f (1) ( 2x2 + x ) − 3 ( 2 x + 3) ( x − 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim ( 2 x + 3) = 5
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 3 = 5(x – 1) y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
y = 5x – 2 Simplify.

9. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = x 2 – 2x + 3 at the point (– 1, 6) is
f ( x ) − f ( −1) ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) − 6 x2 − 2 x − 3
mtan = lim = lim = lim
x→ − 1 x − ( −1) x→ − 1 x +1 x→ − 1 x +1
( x − 3) ( x + 1)
= lim = lim ( x − 3) = −4
x→ − 1 x +1 x→ − 1

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 6 = (– 4)[x – (– 1)] y – f (c) = mtan (x – c)

y – 6 = – 4x – 4 Simplify.
y = – 4x + 2 Add 6 to both sides.

11. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = x 3 + x 2 at the point (–1, 0) is
( x3 + x 2 ) − 0 x 2 ( x + 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim x 2 = 1
x → −1 x − ( −1) x → −1 ( x + 1) x → −1
208 SECTION 4.1

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 0 = 1[x – (– 1)] y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
y=x+1 Simplify.

13. To find f ′(3), we follow the three steps outlined in the text.
Step 1: f (3) = – 4(3) + 5 = – 12 + 5 = – 7
f ( x ) − f ( 3) ( −4 x + 5 ) − ( −7 ) −4 x + 12 ( −4 ) ( x − 3)
Step 2: = = =
x−3 x−3 x−3 x−3
Step 3: The derivative of f at 3 is
f ( x ) − f ( 3) ( −4 ) ( x − 3)
f ' ( 3) = lim = lim = −4
x→ 3 x−3 x→ 3 x−3

15. To find f ′(0), we follow the three steps outlined in the text.
Step 1: f (0) = (0) 2 – 3 = – 3
f ( x ) − f ( 0 ) ( x 2 − 3) − ( −3) x 2
Step 2: = =
x−0 x x
Step 3: The derivative of f at 0 is
f ( x ) − f ( 0) x2
( )
f ' 0 = lim = lim = lim x = 0
x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x x→ 0

17. To find f ′(1), we follow the three steps outlined in the text.
Step 1: f (1) = 2 · 12 + 3 · 1 = 5
f ( x ) − f (1) ( 2 x 2 + 3 x ) − ( 5 ) 2 x 2 + 3 x − 5 ( 2 x + 5 )( x − 1)
Step 2: = = =
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
Step 3: The derivative of f at 1 is
f ( x ) − f (1) ( 2 x + 5 ) ( x − 1)
f ' (1) = lim = lim = lim ( 2 x + 5 ) = 7
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1

19. To find f ′(0), we follow the three steps outlined in the text.
Step 1: f (0) = 03 + 4 · 0 = 0
f ( x ) − f ( 0 ) ( x3 + 4 x ) − ( 0 ) x ( x 2 + 4 )
Step 2: = =
x−0 x x
Step 3: The derivative of f at 0 is
f ( x ) − f (0) x ( x2 + 4)
f ' ( 0 ) = lim = lim = lim ( x 2 + 4 ) = 4
x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x x→ 0
 SECTION 4.1 209

21. To find f ′(1), we follow the three steps outlined in the text.
Step 1: f (1) = 13 + 12 – 2 · 1 = 0
f ( x ) − f (1) ( x3 + x 2 − 2 x ) − 0 x ( x 2 + x − 2 ) x ( x + 2 )( x − 1)
Step 2: = = =
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
Step 3: The derivative of f at 1 is
f ( x ) − f (1) x ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)
f ' (1) = lim = lim
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1
= lim [ x ( x + 2 )] = lim x ⋅ lim ( x + 2 ) = 1 ⋅ 3 = 3
x→ 1 x→ 1 x→ 1

23. To find f ′(1), we follow the three steps outlined in the text.
1
Step 1: f (1) = = 1
1
⎛ 1 ⎞ ( ) 1− x
− 1
f ( x ) − f 1 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠
( ) ( −1) ( x − 1)
Step 2: = = x =
x −1 x −1 x −1 x ( x − 1)
Step 3: The derivative of f at 1 is
f ( x ) − f (1) ( −1) ( x − 1) −1
f ' (1) = lim = lim = lim = −1
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x ( x − 1) x→ 1 x

25. First we find the difference quotient of f (x) = 2x.

f ( x + h) − f ( x) 2 ( x + h ) − 2 x 2 x + 2h − 2 x 2h
= = = =2
h h h h
↑ ↑
Simplify Cancel the h’s.

The derivative of f is the limit of the difference quotient as h → 0, that is,

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim 2 = 2
h→ 0 h h→ 0

27. First we find the difference quotient of f (x) = 1 – 2x.

f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) [1 − 2 ( x + h )] − [1 − 2 x ] 1 − 2 x − 2h − 1 + 2 x −2h
= = = = −2
h h h h
↑ ↑
Simplify Cancel the h’s.

The derivative of f is the limit of the difference quotient as h → 0, that is,

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim ( −2 ) = −2
h→ 0 h h→ 0

29. First we find the difference quotient of f (x) = x 2 + 2.

f ( x + h) − f ( x) ⎡⎣( x + h )2 + 2 ⎤⎦ − [ x 2 + 2]
=
h h
x + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 − x 2 − 2
2
=
h
210 SECTION 4.1

2 xh + h 2
= Simplify.
h
h 2x + h)
(
= Factor out h.
h
= 2x + h Cancel the h’s.

The derivative of f is the limit of the difference quotient as h → 0, that is,

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim ( 2 x + h ) = 2 x
h→ 0 h h→ 0

31. First we find the difference quotient of f (x) = 3x 2 – 2x + 1.

f ( x + h) − f ( x) ⎡⎣3 ( x + h )2 − 2 ( x + h ) + 1⎤⎦ − [3 x 2 − 2 x + 1]
=
h h
3x + 6 xh + 3h − 2 x − 2h + 1 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 1
2 2
=
h
2
6 xh + 3h − 2h
= Simplify.
h

h ( 6 x + 3h − 2 )
= Factor out h.
h
= 6x + 3h – 2 Cancel the h’s.

The derivative of f is the limit of the difference quotient as h → 0, that is,

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim ( 6 x + 3h − 2 ) = 6 x − 2
h→ 0 h h→ 0

33. First we find the difference quotient of f (x) = x 3.

f ( x + h) − f ( x) ( x + h )3 − x 3
=
h h
x + 3 x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 − x3
3
=
h
3x h + 3 xh + h3
2 2
= Simplify.
h
h 3x + 3 xh + h 2 )
( 2
= Factor out h.
h
= 3x + 3xh + h 2
2
Cancel the h’s.

The derivative of f is the limit of the difference quotient as h → 0, that is,

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim ( 3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 ) = 3 x 2
h→ 0 h h→ 0

35. First we find the difference quotient of f (x) = mx + b.

f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) [ m ( x + h ) + b ] − [ mx + b ]
=
h h
 SECTION 4.1 211

mx + mh + b − mx − b
=
h
mh
= Simplify
h
=m Cancel the h’s.

The derivative of f is the limit of the difference quotient as h → 0, that is,

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim m = m
h→ 0 h h→ 0

37. (a) The average rate of change of f (x) = 3x + 4 as x changes from 1 to 3 is

∆f f ( 3) − f (1) ( 3 i 3 + 4 ) − ( 3 i 1 + 4 ) 13 − 7 6
= = = = =3
∆x 3 −1 3 −1 2 2

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is the derivative of f at 1.

f ( x ) − f (1) ( 3x + 4 ) − 7 3x − 3 3 ( x − 1)
f ' (1) = lim = lim = lim = lim =3
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x − 1 x→ 1 x −1
The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 is 3.

39. (a) The average rate of change of f (x) = 3x 2 + 1 as x changes from 1 to 3 is

∆f
=
f ( 3) − f (1)
=
( 3 i 32 + 1) − ( 3 i 12 + 1) = 28 − 4 = 24 = 12
∆x 3 −1 2 2 2

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is the derivative of f at 1.

f ( x ) − f (1) ( 3x 2 + 1) − ( 4 ) 3x2 − 3
f ' (1) = lim = lim = lim
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x − 1

3 ( x 2 − 1) 3 ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
= lim = lim = lim 3 ( x + 1) = 6
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1

The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 is 6.

41. (a) The average rate of change of f (x) = x 2 + 2x as x changes from 1 to 3 is

∆f
=
f ( 3) − f (1)
=
( 32 + 2 ⋅ 3) − (12 + 2 ⋅ 1) = 15 − 3 = 12 = 6
∆x 3 −1 2 2 2

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is the derivative of f at 1.

f ( x ) − f (1) ( x 2 + 2 x ) − ( 3) x2 + 2x − 3
f ' (1) = lim = lim = lim
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1
( x + 3) ( x − 1)
= lim = lim ( x + 3) = 4
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1

The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 is 4.

212 SECTION 4.1

43. (a) The average rate of change of f (x) = 2x 2 – x + 1 as x changes from 1 to 3 is

∆f
=
f ( 3) − f (1)
=
( 2 ⋅ 32 − 3 + 1) − ( 2 ⋅ 12 − 1 + 1) 16 − 2 14
= = =7
∆x 3 −1 2 2 2

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is the derivative of f at 1.

f ( x ) − f (1) ( 2 x 2 − x + 1) − ( 2 ) 2 x2 − x − 1
f ' (1) = lim = lim = lim
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x −1
( 2 x + 1) ( x − 1)
= lim = lim ( 2 x + 1) = 3
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1

The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 is 3.

45. The display below is from a TI-83 47. The display below is from a TI-83 Plus
Plus graphing calculator. graphing calculator.

So f ′(– 2) = 60. So f ′(8) = – 0.85878.

49. The display below is from a TI-83 51. The display below is from a TI-83 Plus
Plus graphing calculator. graphing calculator.

So f ′(0) = 1. So f ′(1) = 8.15485.

53. The display below is from a TI-83 Plus

graphing calculator.

So f ′(1) = 0.

55. We first find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = x 2 at (1, 1).

The slope of the tangent line at (1, 1) is

 SECTION 4.1 213

f ( x ) − f (1) x2 −1 ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim ( x + 1) = 2
x→ 1 x −1 x→ 1 x − 1 x→ 1 ( x − 1) x→ 1

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 1 = 2(x – 1) y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
y – 1 = 2x – 2 Simplify.
y = 2x – 1 Add 1 to both sides.

Now we see if the point (2, 5) satisfies the equation of the tangent line.
2·2–1=3 y = 2x – 1; x = 2, y = 5.
5≠3
So the graph of the tangent line does not pass through the point (2, 5).

57. For the rocket bomb to hit its target, the point (1, 0) must be on the graph of the
tangent line to the graph of y = x 2 at some point (c, c 2).
The slope of the tangent line at (c, c 2) is
x2 − c2 ( x − c) ( x + c)
lim = lim = lim ( x + c ) = 2c
x→ c x − c x→ c x−c x→ c

An equation of the tangent line is

y – c 2 = 2c(x – c) y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
2 2
y – c = 2cx – 2c Simplify.
y = 2cx – c 2 Add c 2 to both sides.
The point (1, 0) satisfies the equation of the tangent line, so
0 = 2c(1) – c 2 y = 2cx – c 2; x = 1; y = 0
2
c – 2c = 0 Simplify.
c(c – 2) = 0 Factor.
c=0 c=2 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
Since the dive bomber is flying from right to left, the bomber reaches c = 2 first and
should release the bomb at point (2, 4).

59. (a) The average rate of change in sales S from day x = 1 to day x = 5 is
∆S S ( 5 ) − S (1) ( 4 ( 5 ) + 50 ( 5 ) + 5000 ) − ( 4 (1) + 50 (1) + 5000 )
2 2
= =
∆x 5 −1 4
5350 − 5054 296
= = = 74 tickets per day.
4 4

(b) The average rate of change in sales S from day x = 1 to day x = 10 is

∆S S (10 ) − S (1) ( 4 (10 ) + 50 (10 ) + 5000 ) − ( 4 (1) + 50 (1) + 5000 )
2 2
= =
∆x 10 − 1 9
5900 − 5054 846
= = = 94 tickets per day.
9 9

(c) The average rate of change in sales S from day x = 5 to day x = 10 is

∆S S (10 ) − S ( 5 ) ( 4 (10 ) + 50 (10 ) + 5000 ) − ( 4 ( 5 ) + 50 ( 5 ) + 5000 )
2 2
= =
∆x 10 − 5 5
214 SECTION 4.1

5900 − 5350 550

= = = 110 tickets per day.
5 5

(d) The instantaneous rate of change in sales on day 5 is the derivative of S at x = 5.

S ( x ) − S ( 5) (4 x 2 + 50 x + 5000) − ( 5350 ) 4 x 2 + 50 x − 350
S ′(5) = lim = lim = lim
x→ 5 x −5 x→ 5 x−5 x→ 5 x−5
2 ( 2 x + 35 ) ( x − 5 )
= lim = lim [ 2 ( 2 x + 35 )] = 2 lim ( 2 x + 35 ) = 2 ⋅ (10 + 35 ) = 90
x→ 5 x−5 x→ 5 x→ 5

The instantaneous rate of change of S on day 5 is 90 ticket sales per day.

(e) The instantaneous rate of change in sales on day 10 is the derivative of S at x = 10.
S ( x ) − S (10 ) (4 x 2 + 50 x + 5000) − ( 5900 ) 4 x 2 + 50 x − 900
S ′(10) = lim = lim = lim
x → 10 x − 10 x → 10 x − 10 x → 10 x − 10

2 ( 2 x + 45 ) ( x − 10 )
= lim = lim [ 2 ( 2 x + 45 )] = 2 lim ( 2 x + 45 ) = 2 ⋅ 65 = 130
x → 10 x − 10 x → 10 x → 10

The instantaneous rate of change of S on day 10 is 130 ticket sales per day.

61. (a) At x = $10 per crate, the farmer is willing to supply

S(10) = 50 · 10 2 – 50 · 10 = 4500 crates of grapefruits.
↑
S(x) = 50x 2 – 50x

(b) At x = $13 per crate, the farmer is willing to supply

S(13) = 50 · 13 2 – 50 · 13 = 7800 crates of grapefruits.

(c) The average rate of change in supply from $10 to $13 is

∆S S (13) − S (10 ) 7800 − 4500 3300
= = = = 1100
∆x 13 − 10 3 3

The average rate of change in crates of grapefruit supplied is 1100 crates per dollar
increase in price.

(d) The instantaneous rate of change in supply at x = 10 is the derivative S′(10).

S ( x ) − S (10 ) [50 x 2 − 50 x ] − [ 4500] 50 ( x 2 − x − 90 )
S ′(10) = lim = lim = lim
x →10 x − 10 x→10 x − 10 x →10 x − 10
50 ( x − 10 ) ( x + 9 )
= lim = lim [50 ( x + 9 )] = 50 lim ( x + 9 ) = 50 ⋅ 19 = 950
x →10 x − 10 x →10 x →10

The instantaneous rate of change in supply at x = $10 is 950 crates.

(e) The average rate of change in supply over the price interval from $10 to $13 is
1100 crates of grapefruit per $1.00 change in price.
The instantaneous rate of change in supply of 950 crates is the increase in supply
of grapefruit as the price changes from $10 to $11.
 SECTION 4.1 215

63. (a) The marginal revenue is the derivative R′(x).

R ( x + h) − R ( x) ⎡⎣8 ( x + h ) − ( x + h )2 ⎤⎦ − [8 x − x 2 ]
R′(x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 2 2
8 x + 8h − x − 2 xh − h − 8 x + x
= lim Simplify.
h→0 h
8h − 2 xh − h 2
= lim Simplify.
h→0 h
h ( 8 − 2x − h )
= lim Factor out the h.
h→0 h
= lim ( 8 − 2 x − h ) = 8 − 2 x Cancel the h’s. Go to the limit.
h→0
The marginal revenue is R′(x) = 8 – 2x.

(b) The marginal cost is the derivative C′(x).

C ( x + h) − C ( x) [ 2 ( x + h ) + 5] − [ 2 x + 5]
C′(x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 x + 2h + 5 − 2 x − 5 2h
= lim = lim = lim 2 = 2
h→0 h h → 0 h h→0

(c) To find the break-even point we solve the equation R(x) = C(x).
8x – x 2 = 2x + 5
x 2 – 6x + 5 = 0 Put the quadratic equation in standard form.
(x – 5)(x – 1) = 0 Factor.
x–5=0 x–1=0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x=5 x=1 Solve.
There are two break-even points. One is when 1000 units are produced, and the other
is when 5000 units are produced.

(d) To find the number x for which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, we solve
the equation R′(x) = C′(x).
8 – 2x = 2
2x = 6
x=3
Marginal revenue equals marginal cost when 3000 units are produced and sold.

(e)
216 SECTION 4.1

65. (a) The revenue function R(x) = xp = x(–10x + 2000) = –10x 2 + 2000x.

(b) The marginal revenue is the derivative R′(x).

R ( x + h) − R ( x) ⎡⎣ −10 ( x + h )2 + 2000 ( x + h ) ⎤⎦ − [ −10 x 2 + 2000 x ]
R′(x) = lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
2 2 2
−10 x − 20 xh − 10h + 2000 x + 2000h + 10 x − 2000 x
= lim Simplify.
h→ 0 h
−20 xh − 10h 2 + 2000h
= lim Simplify.
h→ 0 h
h ( −20 x − 10h + 2000 )
= lim Factor out an h.
h→ 0 h
= lim ( −20 x − 10h + 2000 ) Cancel out the h’s.
h→ 0
= −20 x + 2000 Go to the limit.

(c) The marginal revenue at x = 100 tons is R′(100) = (–20) · 100 + 2000 = 0 dollars.
(d) The average rate in change in revenue from x = 100 to x = 101 tons is
∆R R (101) − R (100 ) ⎡⎣( −10 ) (1012 ) + 2000 (101) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣( −10 ) (1002 ) + 2000 (1000 ) ⎤⎦
= =
∆x 101 − 100 1
= 99,990 − 100,000 = −10

(e) R′(100) = 0 indicates that there is no additional revenue gained by selling the 101st
ton of cement.
The average rate of change in revenue from selling the 101st ton of cement
represents a decrease in revenue of $10.

67. (a) The revenue function R(x) = xp, where p is the unit price and x is the number of
units sold. R(x) = xp = x(90 – 0.02x) = 90x – 0.02x 2

(b) The marginal revenue is the derivative R′(x).

R ( x + h) − R ( x) ⎡⎣90 ( x + h ) − 0.02 ( x + h )2 ⎤⎦ − [90 x − 0.02 x 2 ]
R′(x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
90 x + 90h − 0.02 x − 0.04 xh − 0.02h − 90 x + 0.02 x 2
2 2
= lim Simplify.
h→0 h
90h − 0.04 xh − 0.02h 2
= lim Simplify.
h→0 h
h ( 90 − 0.04 x − 0.02h )
= lim Factor out an h.
h→0 h
= lim ( 90 − 0.04 x − 0.02h ) = 90 − 0.04 x Cancel the h’s; take the limit.
h→0

(c) It costs $10 per unit to produce the product, so the cost function C = C(x) = 10x.
The marginal cost is the derivative C′(x).
C ( x + h) − C ( x) [10 ( x + h )] − [10 x ]
C′(x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
 SECTION 4.2 217

10 x + 10h − 10 x 10 h
= lim = lim = lim 10 = 10
h→0 h h→0 h h→0

(d) A break-even point is a number x for which R(x) = C(x). We solve the equation
R(x) = C(x)
90x – 0.02x 2 = 10x
0.02x 2 – 80x = 0 Put the quadratic equation in standard form.
2
x – 4000x = 0 Multiply both sides by 50.
x(x – 4000) = 0 Factor.
x = 0 x – 4000 = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x=0 x = 4000 Solve for x.
There are two break-even points. One is when no units are produced and sold; the
other is when x = 4000 units are produced and sold.

(e) The marginal revenue equals marginal cost when R′(x) = C′(x).
R′(x) = C′(x)
90 – 0.04x = 10
80 = 0.04x
x = 2000
The marginal revenue equals marginal cost when 2000 units are produced and sold.

69. The instantaneous rate of change of the volume of the cylinder with respect to the
radius r at r = 3 is the derivative V′(3).
V ( r ) − V ( 3) 3π r 2 − 3π ( 32 ) 3π r 2 − 27π 3π ( r 2 − 9 )
V′(3) = lim = lim = lim = lim
r →3 r −3 r→3 r −3 r→3 r −3 r →3 r −3
3π ( r − 3) ( r + 3)
= lim = lim [3π ( r + 3)] = 18π ≈ 56.55
r →3 r −3 r →3

4.2 The Derivative of a Power Function; Sum and Difference Formulas

1. The function f (x) = 4 is a constant. f ′(x) = 0

3. The function f (x) = x 5 is a power function. f ′(x) = 5x 5 – 1 = 5x 4

d ( 2) d
5. f ′(x) = 6 x = 6 x 2 = 6 ⋅ 2 x = 12 x
dx dx

d ⎛ t4 ⎞ 1 d 4 1
7. f ′(t) = ⎜ ⎟= t = ⋅ 4t 4−1 = t 3
dt ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 dt 4

d ( 2 d 2 d
9. f ′(x) = x + x) = x + x Use the derivative of a sum formula (Formula (5)).
dx dx dx
d
= 2x +1 x =1
dx
 SECTION 4.2 217

10 x + 10h − 10 x 10 h
= lim = lim = lim 10 = 10
h→0 h h→0 h h→0

(d) A break-even point is a number x for which R(x) = C(x). We solve the equation
R(x) = C(x)
90x – 0.02x 2 = 10x
0.02x 2 – 80x = 0 Put the quadratic equation in standard form.
2
x – 4000x = 0 Multiply both sides by 50.
x(x – 4000) = 0 Factor.
x = 0 x – 4000 = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x=0 x = 4000 Solve for x.
There are two break-even points. One is when no units are produced and sold; the
other is when x = 4000 units are produced and sold.

(e) The marginal revenue equals marginal cost when R′(x) = C′(x).
R′(x) = C′(x)
90 – 0.04x = 10
80 = 0.04x
x = 2000
The marginal revenue equals marginal cost when 2000 units are produced and sold.

69. The instantaneous rate of change of the volume of the cylinder with respect to the
radius r at r = 3 is the derivative V′(3).
V ( r ) − V ( 3) 3π r 2 − 3π ( 32 ) 3π r 2 − 27π 3π ( r 2 − 9 )
V′(3) = lim = lim = lim = lim
r →3 r −3 r→3 r −3 r→3 r −3 r →3 r −3
3π ( r − 3) ( r + 3)
= lim = lim [3π ( r + 3)] = 18π ≈ 56.55
r →3 r −3 r →3

4.2 The Derivative of a Power Function; Sum and Difference Formulas

1. The function f (x) = 4 is a constant. f ′(x) = 0

3. The function f (x) = x 5 is a power function. f ′(x) = 5x 5 – 1 = 5x 4

d ( 2) d
5. f ′(x) = 6 x = 6 x 2 = 6 ⋅ 2 x = 12 x
dx dx

d ⎛ t4 ⎞ 1 d 4 1
7. f ′(t) = ⎜ ⎟= t = ⋅ 4t 4−1 = t 3
dt ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 dt 4

d ( 2 d 2 d
9. f ′(x) = x + x) = x + x Use the derivative of a sum formula (Formula (5)).
dx dx dx
d
= 2x +1 x =1
dx
218 SECTION 4.2

d ( 3 d 3 d 2 d
11. f ′(x) = x − x 2 + 1) = x − x + 1 Use Formulas (6) and (5).
dx dx dx dx
d
= 3x 2 − 2 x 1= 0
dx

d( 2 d d d
13. f ′(t) = 2t − t + 4 ) = ( 2t 2 ) − t + 4 Use Formulas (5) and (6).
dt dt dt dt
d 2 d
= 2 t − t +0 Use Formulas(4) and (2).
dt dt
= 4t − 1 Differentiate.

15. d ⎛1 8 2⎞ d ⎛1 8⎞ d d 2
f ′(x) = ⎜ x + 3x + ⎟ = ⎜ x ⎟ + ( 3x ) + Use Formula (5).
dx ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ dx dx 3
1 d 8 d d 2
= x +3 x+0 Use Formula (4); = 0.
2 dx dx dx 3
1
= ⋅ 8x7 + 3 = 4 x7 + 3 Differentiate and simplify.
2

d ⎡ 1 ( 5 )⎤ 1 d ( 5 ) 1 ⎡ d 5 d ⎤ 1 [ 4 5
17. f ′(x) = ⎢ x −8 ⎥ = x − 8 = ⎢ x − 8⎥ = 5 x − 0] = x 4
dx ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3 dx 3 ⎣ dx dx ⎦ 3 3
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Use Formula (4). Use Formula (6). Differentiate. Simplify.

d [ 2 d d d d d
19. f ′(x) = ax + bx + c ] = ( ax 2 ) + ( bx ) + c = a x 2 + b x + 0
dx dx dx dx dx dx
↑ ↑
d
Use Formula (5). Use Formula (4); c=0
dx
= a ⋅ 2 x + b ⋅ 1 = 2ax + b
↑ ↑
Differentiate. Simplify.

d ( d d d d
21. −6 x 2 + x + 4 ) = ( −6 x 2 ) + x + 4 = ( −6 ) x 2 + 1 + 0 = ( −6 ) ⋅ 2 x + 1 = −12 x + 1
dx dx dx dx dx

d( d d d d
23. −16t 2 + 80t ) = ( −16t 2 ) + ( 80t ) = ( −16 ) t 2 + 80 t = ( −16 ) ⋅ 2t + 80 ⋅ 1 = −32t + 80
dt dt dt dt dt

dA d ( 2 ) d
25. = π r = π r 2 = π ⋅ 2r = 2π r
dr dr dr

dV d ⎛ 4 3 ⎞ 4 d 3 4
27. = ⎜ π r ⎟ = π r = π ⋅ 3r 2 = 4π r 2
dr dr ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 dr 3
 SECTION 4.2 219

29. To find f ′(– 3), first we find the derivative of the function f.
d ( 2)
f ′(x) = 4 x = 8x
dx
Then we substitute – 3 for x.
f ′(– 3) = 8 · (– 3) = – 24

31. To find f ′(4), first we find the derivative of the function f.

d ( 2 d d d
f ′(x) = 2 x − x ) = ( 2 x2 ) − x = 2 x2 − 1 = 4 x − 1
dx dx dx dx
Then we substitute 4 for x.
f ′(4) = 4 · 4 – 1 = 15

33. To find f ′(3), first we find the derivative of the function f.

d⎛ 1 ⎞ d⎛ 1 ⎞ d 1d 3 d 1
f ′(x) = ⎜ − t 3 + 5t ⎟ = ⎜ − t 3 ⎟ + ( 5t ) = − t + 5 t = − ⋅ 3t 2 + 5 = −t 2 + 5
dt ⎝ 3 ⎠ dt ⎝ 3 ⎠ dt 3 dt dt 3
Then we substitute 3 for t.
f ′(3) = – 32 + 5 = – 4

35. To find f ′(1), first we find the derivative of the function f.

d ⎡1 ⎤ 1 d ( 6 1⎡ d d ⎤
f ′(x) = ⎢ ( x 6 − x 4 ) ⎥ = x − x4 ) = ⎢ x6 − x4 ⎥
dx ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 dx 2 ⎣ dx dx ⎦
1
= ( 6 x5 − 4 x3 ) = 3x5 − 2 x3
2
Then we substitute 1 for x.
f ′(1) = 3 · 15 – 2 · 13 = 1

37. First we find the derivative of the function f. In Problem 19 we found f ′(x) = 2ax + b.
b
So we now substitute − for x.
2a
⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞
f ′ ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 a ⎜ − ⎟ + b = −b + b = 0
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ 2a ⎠

dy
39. First we find the derivative = 4x 3
dx
Then we evaluate the derivative at the point (1, 1) by substituting 1 for x.
dy
= 4 · 13 = 4
dx

dy
41. First we find the derivative = 2x – 0 = 2x
dx
Then we evaluate the derivative at the point (4, 2) by substituting 4 for x.
dy
=2·4=8
dx
220 SECTION 4.2

dy
43. First we find the derivative = 6x – 1
dx
Then we evaluate the derivative at the point (–1, 4) by substituting –1 for x.
dy
= 6 · (–1) – 1 = – 7
dx

dy 1
45. First we find the derivative = ⋅ 2x = x
dx 2
⎛ 1⎞
Then we evaluate the derivative at the point ⎜1, ⎟ by substituting 1 for x.
⎝ 2⎠
dy
=1
dx

dy
47. First we find the derivative = 0 – 2 + 3x 2 = – 2 + 3x 2
dx
Then we evaluate the derivative at the point (2, 6) by substituting 2 for x.
dy
= – 2 + 3 · 22 = 10
dx

49. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = x 3 + 3x – 1 at the point (0, – 1) is
the derivative of the function f evaluated at the point (0, – 1). The derivative of f is
f ′(x) = 3x 2 + 3
mtan = f ′(0) = 3 · (0) 2 + 3 = 3

An equation of the tangent line is

y – (–1)= 3(x – 0) y – f(c) = mtan (x – c)
y + 1 = 3x Simplify.
y = 3x – 1 Subtract 1 from both sides.

51. We first find the derivative f ′(x).

f ′(x) = 6x – 12 + 0 = 6x – 12

We then solve the equation f ′(x) = 0.

6x – 12 = 0
6x = 12
x=2

53. We first find the derivative f ′(x).

f ′(x) = 3x 2 – 3 + 0 = 3x 2 – 3

We then solve the equation f ′(x) = 0.

3x 2 – 3 = 0 f ′(x) = 3x 2 – 3
3( x 2 – 1) = 0 Factor out the 3.
x2 – 1 = 0 Divide both sides by 3.
x=1 x=–1 Solve using the Square Root Method.
 SECTION 4.2 221

55. We first find the derivative f ′(x).

f ′(x) = 3x2 + 1

We then solve the equation f ′(x) = 0.

3x2 + 1 = 0 f ′(x) = 3x2 + 1
has no solutions.

57. The slope of the tangent line to the function f (x) = 9x3 is the derivative of f .
f ′(x) = 27x 2
To find the slope of the line 3x – y + 2 = 0, we put the equation in slope-intercept form.
y = 3x + 2
The slope of the line is m = 3. For the tangent line to the graph of f to be parallel to the
line y, mtan = 3. We solve the equation f ′(x) = 3.
27x 2 = 3 f ′(x) = 27x 2
1
x2 = Divide both sides by 27.
9
1 1
x= x=– Solve using the Square Root Method.
3 3
There are two points on the graph of the function y = 9x3 for which the slope of the
tangent line is parallel to the graph of the line 3x – y + 2 = 0. They are
⎛ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜ , f ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ and ⎜ − , f ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ − , − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠

59. If (x, y) = (x, 2x 2 – 4x + 1) is a point on the graph of the function y = 2x 2 – 4x + 1 for

which the tangent line to the graph of y passes through the point (1, – 3), then the slope
of the tangent line is given by
∆y y2 − y1 ( 2 x 2 − 4 x + 1) − ( −3) 2 x 2 − 4 x + 4
mtan = = = =
∆x x2 − x1 x −1 x −1
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function y is also given by the
derivative of y.
d ( 2
mtan = 2 x − 4 x + 1) = 4 x − 4
dx
Since both these expressions for the slope must be same, we will set them equal to
each other and solve for x.
2x2 − 4x + 4
= 4x – 4 Set the slope equal to the derivative.
x −1
2x 2 – 4x + 4 = (4x – 4)(x – 1) Multiply both sides by x – 1.
2x 2 – 4x + 4 = 4x 2 – 8x + 4 Multiply out the right side.
2x 2 – 4x = 0 Put the quadratic equation in standard form.
2x(x – 2) = 0 Factor.
2x = 0 x – 2 = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x=0 x=2 Solve for x.

We evaluate the tangent lines to the graph of y using each of these two values of x.
If x = 0 then y = f (0) = 1. The point on the graph of y is (0, 1). The slope of the
tangent line to the graph of y at (0, 1) is f ′(0) = 4 · 0 – 4 = – 4. The equation of the
tangent line through (0, 1) and (1, –3) is
222 SECTION 4.2

y – 1 = – 4(x – 0)
y = – 4x + 1
If x = 2 then y = f (2) = 2 · 22 – 4 · 2 + 1 = 1. The point on the graph of y is (2, 1).
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of y at (2, 1) is f ′(2) = 4 · 2 – 4 = 4. The
equation of the tangent line through (2, 1) and (1, –3) is
y – 1 = 4(x – 2)

y – 1 = 4x – 8
y = 4x – 7

61. (a) The average cost of producing 10 additional pairs of eyeglasses is

∆y C (110) − C (100 ) ⎡⎣0.2 ⋅ 110 + 3 ⋅ 110 + 1000 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 0.2 ⋅ 100 + 3 ⋅ 100 + 1000 ⎤⎦
2 2
= =
∆x 110 − 100 10
3750 − 3300 450
= = = 45 dollars per pair.
10 10

(b) The marginal cost of producing an additional pair of eyeglasses is

C′(x) = 0.4x + 3

(c) The marginal cost at x = 100 is C′(100) = 0.4(100) + 3 = 43 dollars.

(d) The marginal cost at x = 100 is the cost of producing one additional pair of
eyeglasses when 100 pairs have already been produced.

63. (a) The derivative V′(R) = 4kR 3.

(b) V′(0.3) = 4k · 0.33 = 0.108k centimeters cubed

(c) V′(0.4) = 4k · 0.43 = 0.256k centimeters cubed

65. (a) It costs C(40) = 2000 + 50 · 40 – 0.05 · 402 = 3920 dollars to produce 40
microwave ovens.

(b) The marginal cost function is the derivative of C(x).

C′(x) = 50 – 0.10x

(c) C′(40) = 50 – 0.10 · 40 = 46. The marginal cost at x = 40 indicates that the cost of
producing the 41st microwave oven is $46.00.

(d) An estimate of the cost of producing 41 microwave ovens can be obtained by

adding C(40) and C′(40).
C(40) + C′(40) = 3920 + 46 = 3966 dollars to produce 41 microwaves.

(e) The actual cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is

C(41) = 2000 + 50 · 41 – 0.05 · 412 = 3965.95 dollars.
The actual cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is $0.05 less than the estimated cost.
 SECTION 4.2 223

(f) The actual cost of producing the 41st microwave oven is $45.95.
C(41) – C(40) = 3965.95 – 3920 = $45.95

(g) The average cost function for producing x microwave ovens is

2000 + 50 x − 0.05 x 2 2000
C ( x) = = + 50 − 0.05 x
x x

(h) The average cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is C ( 41) = $96.73

2000 + 50 ⋅ 41 − 0.05 ⋅ 412
C ( 41) = = 96.73
41

67. The marginal price of beans in year t is the derivative of p(t).

p′(t) = 0.021t 2 – 1.26t + 0.005
(a) The marginal price of beans in 1995 is p′(2), since t = 0 represents 1993, t = 2
represents 1995.
p′(2) = 0.021 · 2 2 – 1.26 · 2 + 0.005 = – 2.431

(b) The marginal price of beans in 2002 is p′(9), since t = 0 represents 1993, t = 9
represents 2002.
p′(9) = 0.021 · 9 2 – 1.26 · 9 + 0.005 = – 9.634

(c) Answers will vary.

69. The instantaneous rate of change of the volume V of a sphere with respect to its radius
r when r = 2 feet is V′(2).
4
V (r) = π r 3
3
V′(r) = 4 πr 2
V′(2) = 4 π · 2 2 = 16 π feet cubed

71. The instantaneous rate of change of work output at time t is the derivative of A(t).
A′(t) = 3a3 t 2 + 2a2 t + a1

d n
73. Formula (3) from Section 2 of the text is x = nx n−1
dx
To prove this formula we begin with the difference quotient.
d n f ( x + h) − f ( x)
x = f ′ ( x ) = lim
dx h→0 h
( x + h) − x
n n
= lim Use the difference quotient.
h→0 h

⎡ n n ( n − 1) n−2 2 ⎤
n −1
⎢⎣ x + nx h + x h + … + hn ⎥ − [ xn ]
= lim 2 ⎦ Use the hint provided.
h→0 h
224 SECTION 4.3

n ( n − 1) n−2 2
nx n−1h + x h + … + hn
= lim 2 Simplify.
h→0 h
⎛ n ( n − 1) n−2 ⎞
h ⎜ nx n−1 + x h + … + h n−1 ⎟
= lim ⎝ 2 ⎠ Factor out an h.
h→0 h
⎛ n ( n − 1) n−2 ⎞
= lim ⎜ nx n−1 + x h + … + h n−1 ⎟ Cancel the h’s.
h→0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
= nx n – 1 Find the limit.

4.3 Product and Quotient Formulas

1. The function f is the product of two functions g(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 4x – 3 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1) ⎢ ( 4 x − 3) ⎥ + ( 4 x − 3) ⎢ ( 2 x + 1) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dx ⎦ ⎣ dx ⎦
= (2x + 1)(4) + (4x – 3)(2) Differentiate.
= 8x + 4 + 8x – 6 Simplify.
= 16x – 2 Simplify.

3. The function f is the product of two functions g(t) = t 2 + 1 and h(t) = t 2 – 4 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( t ) = ( t 2 + 1) ⎢ ( t 2 − 4 ) ⎥ + ( t 2 − 4 ) ⎢ ( t 2 + 1) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dt ⎦ ⎣ dt ⎦
= (t 2 + 1)(2t) + (t 2 – 4)(2t) Differentiate.
= 2t 3 + 2t + 2t 3 – 8t Simplify.
3
= 4t – 6t Simplify.

5. The function f is the product of two functions g(x) = 3x – 5 and h(x) = 2x 2 + 1 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( x ) = ( 3 x − 5 ) ⎢ ( 2 x 2 + 1) ⎥ + ( 2 x 2 + 1) ⎢ ( 3 x − 5 ) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dx ⎦ ⎣ dx ⎦
2
= (3x – 5)(4x) + (2x + 1)(3) Differentiate.
= 12x 2 – 20x + 6x 2 + 3 Simplify.
2
= 18x – 20x + 3 Simplify.

7. The function f is the product of two functions g(x) = x 5 + 1 and h(x) = 3x 3 + 8 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( x ) = ( x5 + 1) ⎢ ( 3 x 3 + 8 ) ⎥ + ( 3 x3 + 8 ) ⎢ ( x5 + 1) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dx ⎦ ⎣ dx ⎦
5 2 3 4
= (x + 1)(9x ) + (3x + 8)(5x ) Differentiate.
= 9x 7 + 9x 2 + 15x 7 + 40x 4 Simplify.
7 4 2
= 24x + 40x + 9x Simplify.
224 SECTION 4.3

n ( n − 1) n−2 2
nx n−1h + x h + … + hn
= lim 2 Simplify.
h→0 h
⎛ n ( n − 1) n−2 ⎞
h ⎜ nx n−1 + x h + … + h n−1 ⎟
= lim ⎝ 2 ⎠ Factor out an h.
h→0 h
⎛ n ( n − 1) n−2 ⎞
= lim ⎜ nx n−1 + x h + … + h n−1 ⎟ Cancel the h’s.
h→0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
= nx n – 1 Find the limit.

4.3 Product and Quotient Formulas

1. The function f is the product of two functions g(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 4x – 3 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1) ⎢ ( 4 x − 3) ⎥ + ( 4 x − 3) ⎢ ( 2 x + 1) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dx ⎦ ⎣ dx ⎦
= (2x + 1)(4) + (4x – 3)(2) Differentiate.
= 8x + 4 + 8x – 6 Simplify.
= 16x – 2 Simplify.

3. The function f is the product of two functions g(t) = t 2 + 1 and h(t) = t 2 – 4 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( t ) = ( t 2 + 1) ⎢ ( t 2 − 4 ) ⎥ + ( t 2 − 4 ) ⎢ ( t 2 + 1) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dt ⎦ ⎣ dt ⎦
= (t 2 + 1)(2t) + (t 2 – 4)(2t) Differentiate.
= 2t 3 + 2t + 2t 3 – 8t Simplify.
3
= 4t – 6t Simplify.

5. The function f is the product of two functions g(x) = 3x – 5 and h(x) = 2x 2 + 1 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( x ) = ( 3 x − 5 ) ⎢ ( 2 x 2 + 1) ⎥ + ( 2 x 2 + 1) ⎢ ( 3 x − 5 ) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dx ⎦ ⎣ dx ⎦
2
= (3x – 5)(4x) + (2x + 1)(3) Differentiate.
= 12x 2 – 20x + 6x 2 + 3 Simplify.
2
= 18x – 20x + 3 Simplify.

7. The function f is the product of two functions g(x) = x 5 + 1 and h(x) = 3x 3 + 8 so that
using the formula for the derivative of a product, we have
⎡d ⎤ ⎡d ⎤
f ′ ( x ) = ( x5 + 1) ⎢ ( 3 x 3 + 8 ) ⎥ + ( 3 x3 + 8 ) ⎢ ( x5 + 1) ⎥ Derivative of a product formula.
⎣ dx ⎦ ⎣ dx ⎦
5 2 3 4
= (x + 1)(9x ) + (3x + 8)(5x ) Differentiate.
= 9x 7 + 9x 2 + 15x 7 + 40x 4 Simplify.
7 4 2
= 24x + 40x + 9x Simplify.
 SECTION 4.3 225

9. The function f is the quotient of two functions g(x) = x and h(x) = x + 1. We use the
formula for the derivative of a quotient to get
( x + 1) d x − x d ( x + 1)
d ⎛ x ⎞ dx dx
⎜ ⎟= Derivative of a quotient formula.
dx ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ( x + 1) 2

( x + 1) (1) − x (1)
= Differentiate.
( x + 1)2
x +1− x
= Simplify.
( x + 1)2
1
= Simplify.
( x + 1)2

11. The function f is the quotient of two functions g(x) = 3x + 4 and h(x) = 2x – 1. We use
the formula for the derivative of a quotient to get
( 2 x − 1) d ( 3x + 4 ) − ( 3x + 4 ) d ( 2 x − 1)
d ⎛ 3x + 4 ⎞ dx dx
⎜ ⎟= Derivative of a quotient formula.
dx ⎝ 2 x − 1 ⎠ ( 2 x − 1)2
( 2 x − 1)( 3) − ( 3x + 4 ) ( 2 )
= Differentiate.
( 2 x − 1)2
6x − 3 − 6x − 8
= Simplify.
( 2 x − 1)2
11
= − Simplify.
( 2 x − 1)2

13. The function f is the quotient of two functions g(x) = x 2 and h(x) = x – 4. We use the
formula for the derivative of a quotient to get
( x − 4) d x2 − x2 d ( x − 4)
d ⎛ x ⎞ 2
dx dx
⎜ ⎟= Derivative of a quotient formula.
dx ⎝ x − 4 ⎠ ( x − 4 )2
( x − 4 )( 2 x ) − x 2 (1)
= Differentiate.
( x − 4 )2
2x2 − 8x − x2
= Simplify.
( x − 4 )2
x2 − 8x
= Simplify.
( x − 4 )2

15. The function f is the quotient of two functions g(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 3x 2 + 4. We use
the formula for the derivative of a quotient to get
( 3x 2 + 4 ) d ( 2 x + 1) − ( 2 x + 1) d ( 3x 2 + 4 )
d ⎛ 2x +1 ⎞ dx dx
⎜ 2 ⎟= Derivative of a quotient formula.
dx ⎝ 3 x + 4 ⎠ ( 3x + 4 )
2 2
226 SECTION 4.3

( 3x 2 + 4 ) ( 2 ) − ( 2 x + 1)( 6 x )
= Differentiate.
( 3x 2 + 4 )2
6 x 2 + 8 − 12 x 2 − 6 x
= Simplify.
( 3 x 2 + 4 )2
6x2 + 6x − 8
= − Simplify.
( 3 x 2 + 4 )2

d −2 d ( −2 ) d 4
17.
2
= −2t = −2 t −2 = −2 ( −2t −3 ) = 3
dx t dx dx t

d ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ d ( d d d 1 2
19. ⎜1 + + 2 ⎟ = 1 + x −1 + x −2 ) = 1 + x −1 + x −2 = 0 − 1x −2 − 2 x −3 = − 2 − 3
dx ⎝ x x ⎠ dx dx dx dx x x

21. The slope of the tangent line to the function f at (1, 2) is the derivative of f at x = 1.
d
f ′ ( x ) = ( x 3 − 2 x + 2 ) ( x + 1)
dx
d d
= ( x3 − 2 x + 2 ) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x3 − 2 x + 2 ) Derivative of a product.
dx dx
= ( x − 2 x + 2 ) (1) + ( x + 1) ( 3x − 2 )
3 2
Differentiate.
3 3 2
= x − 2 x + 2 + 3x + 3x − 2 x − 2 Simplify.
3 2
= 4 x + 3x − 4 x Simplify.
mtan = f ′(1) = 3

An equation of the tangent line is

y – 2 = 3(x – 1) y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 2 = 3x – 3 Simplify.
y = 3x – 1 Add 2 to both sides.

⎛ 1⎞
23. The slope of the tangent line to the function f at ⎜1, ⎟ is the derivative of f at x = 1.
⎝ 2⎠
3 ( x + 1) d x3 − x3 d ( x + 1)
d x dx dx
f ′( x ) = = Derivative of a quotient.
dx x + 1 ( x + 1) 2

( x + 1) ( 3x 2 ) − x3 (1)
= Differentiate.
( x + 1)2
3x3 + 3x 2 − x3
= Simplify.
( x + 1)2
2 x3 + 3x 2
= Simplify.
( x + 1)2
2 (13 ) + 3 (12 ) 5
mtan = f ′(1) = =
(1 + 1)2 4
 SECTION 4.3 227

An equation of the tangent line is

1 5
y − = ( x − 1) y – y1 = m(x – x1)
2 4
1 5 5
y− = x− Simplify.
2 4 4
5 3 1
y = x− Add to both sides.
4 4 2

25. We first find the derivative f ′(x).

d ⎡( 2 d d 2
⎣ x − 2 ) ( 2 x − 1) ⎤⎦ = ( x − 2 ) ( 2 x − 1) + ( 2 x − 1) ( x − 2 )
2
f ′(x) =
dx dx dx
= ( x − 2 ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x )
2

= 2 x2 − 4 + 4 x2 − 2 x = 6x2 − 2 x − 4
We then solve the equation f ′(x) = 0.
6x 2 – 2x – 4 = 0 f ′(x) = 6x 2 – 2x – 4
3x 2 – 1x – 2 = 0
(3x +2)(x – 1) = 0 Factor.
2
x= x=1 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
3

27. We first find the derivative f ′(x).

( x + 1) d x 2 − x 2 d ( x + 1)
d x2 dx dx
f ′(x) = =
dx x + 1 ( x + 1) 2

( x + 1)( 2 x ) − x 2 (1)
=
( x + 1)2
2 x2 + 2 x − x2 x2 + 2 x
= =
( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2
We then solve the equation f ′(x) = 0.
x2 + 2 x 2
x + 2x
= 0 f ′(x) =
( x + 1)2 ( x + 1) 2
x 2 + 2x = 0 Multiply both sides by (x + 2)2; x ≠ – 2.
x(x + 2) = 0 Factor.
x=0 x+2=0 Apply the Zero-Product Property.
x=–2 Solve for x.

29. y is the product of two functions, we will use the formula for the derivative of a
product.
d 2(
y′ = [ x 3x − 2 )] = x 2 d ( 3x − 2 ) + ( 3x − 2 ) d x 2
dx dx dx
= x ( 3) + ( 3x − 2 )( 2 x )
2
Differentiate.
2 2
= 3x + 6 x − 4 x Simplify.
2
= 9x – 4x Simplify.
228 SECTION 4.3

31. y is the product of two functions, we will use the formula for the derivative of a
product.
d ⎡( 2 d d 2
⎣ x + 4 )( 4 x + 3) ⎦⎤ = ( x + 4 ) ( 4 x + 3) + ( 4 x + 3) ( x + 4 )
2 2 2 2
y′ =
dx dx dx
= ( x 2 + 4 ) ( 8 x ) + ( 4 x 2 + 3) ( 2 x ) Differentiate.
= 8x 3 + 32x + 8x 3 + 6x Simplify.
= 16x 3 + 38x Simplify.

33. y is the quotient of two functions, we will use the formula for the derivative of a
quotient.
( 3x + 5 ) d ( 2 x + 3) − ( 2 x + 3) d ( 3x + 5 )
d 2x + 3 dx dx
y′ = =
dx 3x + 5 ( 3x + 5) 2

( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 ) − ( 2 x + 3)( 3)
= Differentiate.
( 3x + 5 )2
6 x + 10 − 6 x − 9
= Simplify.
( 3x + 5)2
1
= Simplify.
( 3x + 5)2

35. y is the quotient of two functions, so we will use the formula for the derivative of a
quotient.
2 ( x2 − 4) d x2 − x2 d ( x2 − 4)
d x dx dx
y′ = =
2
dx x − 4 ( x2 − 4) 2

( x2 − 4) ( 2x ) − x2 ( 2x )
= Differentiate.
( x 2 − 4 )2
2 x3 − 8 x − 2 x3
= Simplify.
( x 2 − 4 )2
8x
=− Simplify.
( x 2 − 4 )2

37. y is the quotient of two functions, but its numerator is the product of two more functions.
So we will use the formula for the derivative of a quotient and when differentiating the
numerator the formula for the derivative of a product.
( 2 x + 1) d [( 3x + 4 )( 2 x − 3)] − [( 3x + 4 )( 2 x − 3)] d ( 2 x + 1)
d ( 3 x + 4 )( 2 x − 3) dx dx
y′ = =
dx 2x +1 ( 2 x + 1) 2

( 2 x + 1) ⎡( 3x + 4 ) d ( 2 x − 3) + ( 2 x − 3) d ( 3x + 4 ) ⎤ − ( 3x + 4 )( 2 x − 3) d ( 2 x + 1)
⎢⎣ dx dx ⎥⎦ dx
=
( 2 x + 1) 2
 SECTION 4.3 229

( 2 x + 1) [( 3x + 4 ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 x − 3)( 3)] − ( 3x + 4 )( 2 x − 3) ( 2 )
= Differentiate.
( 2 x + 1)2
( 2 x + 1) [ 6 x + 8 + 6 x − 9] − ( 6 x 2 + 8 x − 9 x − 12 ) ( 2 )
= Simplify.
( 2 x + 1)2
( 2 x + 1)(12 x − 1) − ( 6 x 2 − x − 12 ) ( 2 )
= Add like terms.
( 2 x + 1)2
24 x 2 − 2 x + 12 x − 1 − 12 x 2 + 2 x + 24
= Multiply.
( 2 x + 1)2
12 x 2 + 12 x + 23
= Simplify.
( 2 x + 1)2

39. y is the quotient of two functions, so we will use the formula for the derivative of a
quotient.
3 ( x 2 + 4 ) d ( 4 x3 ) − 4 x3 d ( x 2 + 4 )
d 4x dx dx
y′ = =
dx x + 4 ( x + 4)
2 2 2

( x 2 + 4 )(12 x 2 ) − 4 x3 ( 2 x )
= Differentiate.
( x2 + 4)
2

12 x 4 + 48 x 2 − 8 x 4
= Simplify.
( x2 + 4)
2

4 x 4 + 48 x 2
= Simplify.
( x2 + 4)
2

41. (a) The average change in value from t = 2 to t = 5 is

⎡10,000 ⎤ ⎡10,000 ⎤
+ 6000 ⎥ − ⎢ + 6000 ⎥
∆V V ( 5 ) − V ( 2 ) ⎢⎣ 5 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
= =
∆t 5−2 3
2000 − 5000 −3000
== = = −1000
3 3

(b) The instantaneous rate of change in value is the derivative of function V.

10,000
V(t) = + 6000 = 10,000t – 1 + 6000
t
10,000
V′(t) = – 10,000t – 2 = −
t2

(c) The instantaneous rate of change after 2 years is V′(2).

10,000 10,000
V′(2) = − 2
=− = −2500
2 4
230 SECTION 4.3

(d) The instantaneous rate of change after 5 years is V′(5).

10,000 10,000
V′(5) = − 2
=− = −400
5 25

(e) Answers will vary.

43. (a) The revenue function R is the product of the unit price and the number of units sold.
⎛ 40 ⎞
R = R(x) = px = ⎜10 + ⎟ x = 10 x + 40
⎝ x ⎠
(b) The marginal revenue is the derivative of the revenue function R.
R′(x) = 10
(c) The marginal revenue when x = 4, is R′(4) = 10.
(d) The marginal revenue when x = 6, is R′(6) = 10

( p 2 + 10 p + 50 ) d (100,000 ) − 100,000 d ( p 2 + 10 p + 50 )
d 100,000 dp dp
45. (a) D′ ( p ) = =
dp p + 10 p + 50 ( p 2 + 10 p + 50 )
2 2

=
( p 2 + 10 p + 50 ) ( 0 ) − 100,000 ( 2 p + 10 ) d
100, 000 = 0
( p 2 + 10 p + 50 )
2
dp

−200,000 p − 1,000,000
=
( p 2 + 10 p + 50 )
2

−200,000(5) − 1,000,000
(b) D′(5) = = – 128
(5 + 10(5) + 50 )
2 2

−200,000(10) − 1,000,000
D′(10) = = – 48
(102 + 10(10) + 50 )
2

−200, 000(15) − 1, 000, 000

D′(15) = = – 22.145
(152 + 10(15) + 50 )
2

47. The rate at which the population is growing is given by the derivative of the population
function P.
d d
( cf ( x ) ) = c
f ( x );
d ⎛ 4t ⎞ ⎡d d 4t ⎤ dx dx
P′(t) = 1000 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
= 1000 ⎢ 1 + The derivative of a sum is
dt ⎝ 100 + t ⎠ ⎣ dt dt 100 + t 2 ⎦⎥ the sum of the derivatives

⎡( 2 d
) ( ) d( 2 ⎤
)
⎢ 100 + t dt 4t − 4t dt 100 + t ⎥
= 1000 ⎢ ⎥ Derivative of a quotient formula.
(100 + t 2 )
2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ (100 + t 2 ) ( 4 ) − 4t ( 2t ) ⎤
= 1000 ⎢ ⎥ Differentiate.
(100 + t 2 )
2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
 SECTION 4.3 231

⎡ 400 + 4t 2 − 8t 2 ⎤ 4000 (100 − t 2 )

= 1000 ⎢ ⎥= Simplify.
⎣ (100 + t )
2 2
⎦ (100 + t 2 )2

In Parts (a) – (d), we evaluate the derivative P′(t) at the indicated time.
4000 (100 − 12 )
(a) t = 1 hour, P′(1) = = 38.820
(100 + 12 )
2

4000 (100 − 22 )
(b) t = 2 hours, P′(2) = = 35.503
(100 + 22 )
2

4000 (100 − 32 )
(c) t = 3 hours, P′(3) = = 30.637
(100 + 32 )
2

4000 (100 − 42 )
(d) t = 4 hours, P′(4) = = 24.970
(100 + 42 )
2

49. First we must find the function I that describes the intensity of light with respect to the
distance r of the object from the source of the light. Since I is inversely related to the
square of distance, and we are told that I = 1000 units when r = 1 meter, we solve for the
constant of proportionality k.

k k
I (1) = = 1000 I (r) =
12 r
2

k = 1000 Solve for k.

So, we have
1000
I = I (r) =
r2
The rate of change of intensity with respect to distance r is the derivative I ′(r) of the
function I.
dI d 1000 d ( d −2 2000
I ′(r) = = 2
= 1000r −2 ) = 1000 r = 1000(−2r −3 ) = − 3
dr dr r dr dr r
When r = 10 meters the rate of change of the intensity of the light is
2000 2000
I ′(10) = − 3 = − = −2 units per meter.
10 1000

51. (a) The marginal cost is the derivative of the cost function C.
d ⎛ x 36,000 ⎞ d ⎛ x −1 ⎞
C′(x) = ⎜ 100 + + ⎟ = ⎜100 + + 36,000 x ⎟
dx ⎝ 10 x ⎠ dx ⎝ 10 ⎠
d 1 d d −1 The derivative of a sum is
= 100 + ⋅ x + 36,000 x the sum of the derivatives;
dx 10 dx dx d d
( cf ( x ) ) = c f ( x )
dx dx
232 SECTION 4.4

1
= 0+ + 36,000 ( −1x −2 ) Differentiate.
10
1 36,000
= −
10 x2

In Parts (b) – (d), the derivative C′(x) is evaluated at the indicated ground speeds.
1 36,000
(b) ground speed x = 500 mph C′(500) = − = – 0.044
10 5002
1 36,000
(c) ground speed x = 550 mph C′(550) = − = – 0.019
10 5502
1 36,000
(d) ground speed x = 450 mph C′(450) = − = – 0.078
10 4502

53. (a) First we find the derivative of the function S with respect to reward r.
d d
d ar
( g − r ) ( ar ) − ar ( g − r )
S′(r) = = dr dr Use the derivative of a quotient formula.
dr g − r (g − r)
2

( g − r ) ( a ) − ar ( −1)
= Differentiate.
(g − r)
2

ag − ar + ar ag
= = Simplify.
(g − r) (g − r)
2 2

Since both a and g are constants for a given individual k = ag, and S′(r) is of the form,
k
S′(r) = which is inversely proportional to the square of the difference between
(g − r)
2

the personal goal of the individual and the amount of reward received.

(b) Answers may vary.

4.4 The Power Rule

d ( ) d ( 3 d
2 x − 3) = 4 ( 2 x − 3) ( 2 x − 3 ) = 4 ( 2 x − 3 )3 ( 2 ) = 8 ( 2 x − 3 ) 3
4
1. f ′(x) = f x =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

d ( ) d ( 2 2 d
x + 4) = 3( x2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4 ) = 3( x 2 + 4 ) ( 2 x ) = 6 x ( x2 + 4 )
3 2 2
3. f ′(x) = f x =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

d d ( 2 d
3x + 4 ) = 2 ( 3x 2 + 4 ) ( 3x 2 + 4 ) = 2 ( 3x 2 + 4 ) ( 6 x )
2
5. f ′(x) = f ( x) =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate.
232 SECTION 4.4

1
= 0+ + 36,000 ( −1x −2 ) Differentiate.
10
1 36,000
= −
10 x2

In Parts (b) – (d), the derivative C′(x) is evaluated at the indicated ground speeds.
1 36,000
(b) ground speed x = 500 mph C′(500) = − = – 0.044
10 5002
1 36,000
(c) ground speed x = 550 mph C′(550) = − = – 0.019
10 5502
1 36,000
(d) ground speed x = 450 mph C′(450) = − = – 0.078
10 4502

53. (a) First we find the derivative of the function S with respect to reward r.
d d
d ar
( g − r ) ( ar ) − ar ( g − r )
S′(r) = = dr dr Use the derivative of a quotient formula.
dr g − r (g − r)
2

( g − r ) ( a ) − ar ( −1)
= Differentiate.
(g − r)
2

ag − ar + ar ag
= = Simplify.
(g − r) (g − r)
2 2

Since both a and g are constants for a given individual k = ag, and S′(r) is of the form,
k
S′(r) = which is inversely proportional to the square of the difference between
(g − r)
2

the personal goal of the individual and the amount of reward received.

(b) Answers may vary.

4.4 The Power Rule

d ( ) d ( 3 d
2 x − 3) = 4 ( 2 x − 3) ( 2 x − 3 ) = 4 ( 2 x − 3 )3 ( 2 ) = 8 ( 2 x − 3 ) 3
4
1. f ′(x) = f x =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

d ( ) d ( 2 2 d
x + 4) = 3( x2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4 ) = 3( x 2 + 4 ) ( 2 x ) = 6 x ( x2 + 4 )
3 2 2
3. f ′(x) = f x =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

d d ( 2 d
3x + 4 ) = 2 ( 3x 2 + 4 ) ( 3x 2 + 4 ) = 2 ( 3x 2 + 4 ) ( 6 x )
2
5. f ′(x) = f ( x) =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate.
 SECTION 4.4 233

= 12 x ( 3 x 2 + 4 ) = 36 x 3 + 48 x
↑ ↑
Simplify. Simplify.

7. The function f is the product of x and (x + 1)3. We begin by using the formula for the
derivative of a product. That is,
d d 3 d
f ( x ) = x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
3
f ′(x) = x
dx dx dx
We continue by using the Power Rule:
⎡ 2 d
( x + 1) ⎤ + ( x + 1)3 d x
f ′(x) = x ⎢3 ( x + 1) ⎥⎦
⎣ dx dx
= x ⎡⎣3 ( x + 1) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ( x + 1) ⋅ 1
2 3
Differentiate.

= 3x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
2 3
Simplify.
= ( x + 1) [3 x + ( x + 1)]
2
Factor.
= (x + 1) 2 (4x + 1) Simplify.

9. The function f is the product of 4x 2 and (2x + 1) 4. We begin by using the formula for the
derivative of a product. That is,
d 4 d
( 4 x 2 ) = 4 x 2 d ( 2 x + 1)4 + ( 2 x + 1)4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ d x 2
f ′(x) = 4 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1)
4

dx dx dx dx
We continue by using the Power Rule:
⎡ 3 d
( 2 x + 1) ⎤ + ( 2 x + 1)4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ d x 2
f ′(x) = 4 x 2 ⎢ 4 ( 2 x + 1) ⎥⎦
⎣ dx dx
= 4 x 2 ⎡⎣ 4 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 ) ⎤⎦ + ( 2 x + 1) ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 x
3 4
Differentiate.
= 32 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) + 8 x ( 2 x + 1)
3 4
Simplify.
= 8 x ( 2 x + 1) [ 4 x + ( 2 x + 1)]
3
Factor.
= 8 x ( 2 x + 1) ( 6 x + 1)
3
Simplify.

11. Before differentiating the function f , we simplify it, then we use the Power Rule.
f (x) = [x(x – 1)] 3 = (x 2 – x)3
d ( 2 2 d
x − x ) = 3( x2 − x ) ( x2 − x )
3
f ′(x) = Use the Power Rule.
dx dx
= 3 ( x 2 − x ) ( 2 x − 1)
2
Differentiate.
= 3x 2 ( x − 1) ( 2 x − 1)
2
Factor.

d
13. f ′(x) = ( 3x − 1)−2 = −2 ( 3x − 1)−3 d ( 3 x − 1) Use the Power Rule.
dx dx
−3
= −2 ( 3x − 1) ( 3) Differentiate.
6
=− Simplify.
( 3x − 1)3
234 SECTION 4.4

15. We rewrite f (x) as f (x) = 4(x 2 + 4) – 1. Then we use the Power Rule.
d ⎡ ( 2 d 2 −2 d
⎣ 4 x + 4 ) ⎤⎦ = 4 ( x + 4 ) = 4 ⋅ ( −1) ( x + 4 ) ( x2 + 4)
−1 −1
2
f ′(x) =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
f ′(cx) = cf ′(x) Use the Power Rule.

8x
= −4 ( x 2 + 4 ) ( 2 x ) = −
−2

( x2 + 4)
2

↑ ↑
Differentiate. Simplify.

17. We rewrite f (x) as f (x) = – 4(x 2 – 9) – 3. Then we use the Power Rule.
d ⎡ ( 2 ⎤ d 2 −4 d
⎣ − 4 x − 9 ) ⎦ = − 4 ⋅ ( x − 9 ) = − 4 ⋅ ( −3 ) ( x − 9 ) ( x2 − 9)
−3 −3
2
f ′(x) =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
f ′(cx) = cf ′(x) Use the Power Rule.

24 x
= 12 ( x 2 − 9 ) ( 2 x ) =
−4

( x2 − 9)
4

↑ ↑
Differentiate. Simplify.

19. In this problem the function f is a quotient raised to the power 3. We begin with the
Power Rule and then use the formula for the derivative of a quotient.
3 2
d ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎡ d ⎛ x ⎞⎤
f ′(x) = ⎜ ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ The Power Rule.
dx ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎢⎣ dx ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ d
( x ) − x dy ( x + 1) ⎤
2 ( x + 1)
⎛ x ⎞ ⎢ dx dx ⎥
= 3⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ The derivative of a quotient.
⎝ x +1⎠ ⎣ ( x + 1)2 ⎦
⎛ x ⎞ ⎡ ( x + 1) (1) − x (1) ⎤
2

= 3⎜ ⎟ Differentiate.
⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎣⎢ ( x + 1)2 ⎥
⎦
2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 3x 2
= 3⎜ ⎟ = Simplify.
⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎣⎢ ( x + 1)2 ⎦⎥ ( x + 1)4

21. Here the function f is the quotient of two functions, the numerator of which is raised to a
power. We will first use the formula for the derivative of a quotient and then use the
power rule when differentiating the numerator.
d 4 d
( 3x 2 )
3 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) − ( 2 x + 1)
4

d ⎡ ( 2 x + 1) ⎤
4
dx dx
f ′(x) = ⎢ ⎥=
dx ⎣ 3 x ⎦ ( 3x )
2 2 2

⎡ 3 d
( 2 x + 1) ⎤ − ( 2 x + 1)4 d ( 3x 2 )
3x 2 ⎢ 4 ( 2 x + 1) ⎥⎦
= ⎣ dx dx The Power Rule.
( 3x 2 )2
 SECTION 4.4 235

3 x 2 ⎡⎣ 4 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 ) ⎤⎦ − ( 2 x + 1) ( 6 x )
3 4

= Differentiate.
( 3x 2 )
2

24 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) − 6 x ( 2 x + 1)
3 4

= Simplify.
9x4
6 x ( 2 x + 1) [ 4 x − ( 2 x + 1)]
3

= Factor.
9x4
2
6 x ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x − 1)
3

= 3
Simplify.
9 x43
2 ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x − 1)
3

= Cancel.
3 x3

23. Here the function f is the quotient of two functions, the numerator of which is raised to a
power. We will first use the formula for the derivative of a quotient and then use the
power rule when differentiating the numerator.
d 3 d
x ( x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 + 1)
3
x
d ⎡ ( x 2 + 1) ⎤
3

f ′(x) = ⎢ ⎥ = dx dx
dx ⎣ x ⎦ x2

⎡ 2 d
( x 2 + 1) ⎤⎥ − ( x 2 + 1) d x
x ⎢3 ( x 2 + 1)
3

= ⎣ dx
2
⎦ dx The Power Rule.
x
x ⎡⎣3 ( x + 1) ( 2 x ) ⎤⎦ − ( x 2 + 1) (1)
2 3
2
= Differentiate.
x2
6 x 2 ( x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 + 1)
2 3

= Simplify.
x2
( x 2 + 1) ⎡⎣6 x 2 − ( x 2 + 1)⎤⎦
2

= Factor.
x2
( x 2 + 1) ( 5 x 2 − 1)
2

= Simplify.
x2

25. We rewrite f as f (x) = (x + x – 1) 3 and use the Power Rule.

d ( ) d ( 2 d
x + x − 1 ) = 3( x + x − 1 ) ( x + x − 1 ) = 3 ( x + x − 1 ) (1 − x − 2 )
3 2
f ′(x) = f x =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate.

1 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 + 1 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 − 1 ⎞ 3 ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 − 1)
2 2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛
= 3⎜ x + ⎟ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x2 ⎠ x4
↑ ↑ ↑
Rewrite with positive Write with a single Simplify.
exponents. denominator.
236 SECTION 4.4

27. Here the function f is the quotient of two functions, the denominator of which is raised to
a power. We will first use the formula for the derivative of a quotient and then use the
Power Rule when differentiating the denominator.

( x 2 + 1) d ( 3x 2 ) − 3x 2 d ( x 2 + 1)
2 2
2
d 3x dx dx
f ′(x) = = The derivative of a quotient.
dx ( x 2 + 1)2 ⎡⎣( x 2 + 1) ⎤⎦
2 2

( x 2 + 1) d ( 3 x 2 ) − 3 x 2 ⋅ 2 ( x 2 + 1) d ( x 2 + 1)
2

= dx dx Use the Power Rule.

( x + 1)
2 4

( x 2 + 1) ( 6 x ) − 3 x 2 ⋅ 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x )
2

= Differentiate.
( x 2 + 1)
4

( x 2 + 1) ( 6 x ) − 12 x3 ( x 2 + 1)
2

= Simplify.
( x 2 + 1)
4

6 x ( x 2 + 1) ⎡⎣( x 2 + 1) − 2 x 2 ⎤⎦
= Factor.
( x 2 + 1)
43

6 x (1 − x 2 )
= Simplify.
( x 2 + 1)
3

29. The rate at which the car is depreciating is the derivative V′(t).
(1 + 0.4t + 0.1t 2 ) d 29,000 − 29,000 d (1 + 0.4t + 0.1t 2 )
d 29,000 dt dt
V′(t) = =
dt 1 + 0.4t + 0.1t 2 (1 + 0.4t + 0.1t )
2
2

−29,000 ( 0.4 + 0.2t )

=
(1 + 0.4t + 0.1t 2 )
2

(a) The rate of depreciation 1 year after purchase is V′(1)

−29,000 ( 0.4 + 0.2 ) −29,000 ( 0.6 )
V′(1) = = = − 7733.33
(1 + 0.4 + 0.1)2 1.5 2
The car is depreciating at a rate of $7733.33 per year when it is one year old.

(b) The rate of depreciation 2 years after purchase is V′(2)

−29,000 ( 0.4 + 0.2 ⋅ 2 ) −29,000 ( 0.8 )
V′(2) = = = − 4793.39
(1 + 0.4 ⋅ 2 + 0.1 ⋅ 22 )
2
2.22
The car is depreciating at a rate of $4793.39 per year when it is two years old.

(c) The rate of depreciation 3 years after purchase is V′(3)

 SECTION 4.4 237

−29,000 ( 0.4 + 0.2 ⋅ 3) −29,000 (1.0 )

V′(3) = = = − 3017.69
(1 + 0.4 ⋅ 3 + 0.1 ⋅ 3 ) 2 2 3.12
The car is depreciating at a rate of $3017.69 per year when it is three years old.

(d) The rate of depreciation 4 years after purchase is V′(4)

−29,000 ( 0.4 + 0.2 ⋅ 4 ) −29,000 (1.2 )
V′(4) = = = − 1972.79
(1 + 0.4 ⋅ 4 + 0.1 ⋅ 42 )
2
4.22
The car is depreciating at a rate of $1972.79 per year when it is four years old.

31. (a) The rate of change is given by the derivative.

dp d ⎛ 10,000 ⎞ d 10,000 d d
5 = ⎡⎣10,000 ( 5 x + 100 ) ⎤⎦
−1
= ⎜ − 5⎟ = −
dx dx ⎝ 5 x + 100 ⎠ dx 5 x + 100 dx dx
↑ ↑
d
Derivative of a difference. 5=0
dx

d ( −1 −2 50,000 2000
= 10,000 ⋅ 5 x + 100 ) = 10,000 ⋅ ( −1) ( 5 x + 100 ) ( 5 ) = − =−
( 5 x + 100 ) ( x + 20 )
2 2
dx
↑ ↑ ↑
f ′(cx) = cf ′(x) Differentiate. Simplify.

(b) The revenue function R = px.

⎛ 10,000 ⎞ 10,000 x
R = R(x) = ⎜ − 5⎟ x = − 5x
⎝ 5 x + 100 ⎠ 5 x + 100

(c) The marginal revenue is the derivative R′(x).

d ⎛ 10,000 x ⎞ d 10,000 x d ( )
R′(x) = ⎜ − 5x ⎟ = − 5x
dx ⎝ 5 x + 100 ⎠ dx 5 x + 100 dx
( 5 x + 100 ) (10,000 ) − 10,000 x ( 5 ) 1,000,000 40,000
= −5 = −5 = −5
( 5 x + 100 ) ( 5 x + 100 ) ( x + 20 )
2 2 2

1,000,000 1,000,000
(d) R′(10) = −5 = − 5 = 39.44 dollars
( 5 ⋅ 10 + 100 )
2
1502

1,000,000 1,000,000
R′(40) = −5 = − 5 = 6.11 dollars
( 5 ⋅ 40 + 100 )
2
3002

33. (a) The average rate of change in the mass of the protein is
28 28
−
∆M M ( 2 ) − M ( 0 ) 2 + 2 0 + 2 7 − 14 7
= = = =−
∆t 2−0 2 2 2
grams per hour.
238 SECTION 4.5

d 28 d 28
(b) M ′ ( t ) = = 28 ( t + 2 ) = 28 ⋅ ( −1)( t + 2 ) ⋅ 1 = −
−1 −2

dt t + 2 (t + 2)
2
dt
28 28
M ′( 0) = − =− = −7
( 0 + 2)
2
4

4.5 The Derivatives of the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions;

The Chain Rule

d ( 3 x) d 3 d x
1. f ′(x) = x −e = x − e = 3x 2 − e x
dx dx dx

3. Using the formula for the derivative of a product,

d ( 2 x) d d 2
f ′(x) = x e = x2 ex + ex x = x 2 e x + 2 xe x = x ( x + 2 ) e x
dx dx dx

5. Using the formula for the derivative of a quotient,

d d 2
x2 ex − ex x
d e x
dx dx x2ex − ex ⋅ 2 x x ( x − 2) ex ( x − 2) ex
f ′(x) = = = = =
( x2 )
2
dx x 2 x4 x4 x3
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor. Simplify.

7. Using the formula for the derivative of a quotient,

d d
ex ( 4 x2 ) − 4 x2 ex
d 4 x2 dx = e ⋅ 8 x − 4 x e = 4 x ( 2 − x ) e = 4 x ( 2 − x )
x 2 x x
f ′(x) = = dx
dx e x (ex )
2
e2 x e2 x ex
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor. Simplify.
8x − 4 x 2
=
ex

9. y = f (u) = u 5 = (x 3 + 1) 5 = f (x)
dy d ( 3 )5 4 d
x + 1 = 5 ( x 3 + 1) ( x3 + 1) = 5 ( x3 + 1) ( 3x 2 ) = 15 x 2 ( x3 + 1)
4 4
=
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Chain Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

u x2 + 1 x2 + 1
11. y = f (u) = = 2 = 2 = f (x)
u + 1 ( x + 1) + 1 x + 2
238 SECTION 4.5

d 28 d 28
(b) M ′ ( t ) = = 28 ( t + 2 ) = 28 ⋅ ( −1)( t + 2 ) ⋅ 1 = −
−1 −2

dt t + 2 (t + 2)
2
dt
28 28
M ′( 0) = − =− = −7
( 0 + 2)
2
4

4.5 The Derivatives of the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions;

The Chain Rule

d ( 3 x) d 3 d x
1. f ′(x) = x −e = x − e = 3x 2 − e x
dx dx dx

3. Using the formula for the derivative of a product,

d ( 2 x) d d 2
f ′(x) = x e = x2 ex + ex x = x 2 e x + 2 xe x = x ( x + 2 ) e x
dx dx dx

5. Using the formula for the derivative of a quotient,

d d 2
x2 ex − ex x
d e x
dx dx x2ex − ex ⋅ 2 x x ( x − 2) ex ( x − 2) ex
f ′(x) = = = = =
( x2 )
2
dx x 2 x4 x4 x3
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor. Simplify.

7. Using the formula for the derivative of a quotient,

d d
ex ( 4 x2 ) − 4 x2 ex
d 4 x2 dx = e ⋅ 8 x − 4 x e = 4 x ( 2 − x ) e = 4 x ( 2 − x )
x 2 x x
f ′(x) = = dx
dx e x (ex )
2
e2 x e2 x ex
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor. Simplify.
8x − 4 x 2
=
ex

9. y = f (u) = u 5 = (x 3 + 1) 5 = f (x)
dy d ( 3 )5 4 d
x + 1 = 5 ( x 3 + 1) ( x3 + 1) = 5 ( x3 + 1) ( 3x 2 ) = 15 x 2 ( x3 + 1)
4 4
=
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Chain Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

u x2 + 1 x2 + 1
11. y = f (u) = = 2 = 2 = f (x)
u + 1 ( x + 1) + 1 x + 2
 SECTION 4.5 239

( x 2 + 2 ) d ( x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 + 1) d ( x 2 + 2 )
dy d x + 1 2
dx dx
= =
dx dx x 2 + 2 ( x2 + 2)
2

↑
Derivative of a quotient

( x 2 + 2 ) ( 2 x ) − ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x ) 2 x ⎡⎣( x 2 + 2 ) − ( x 2 + 1)⎤⎦ 2x
= = =
( x2 + 2) 2
( x2 + 2) 2
( x 2 + 2 )2
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor. Simplify.

2
⎛1 ⎞
y = f (u) = ( u + 1) = ⎜ + 1⎟ = ( x −1 + 1) = f (x)
2 2
13.
⎝x ⎠
⎛1 ⎞
−2 ⎜ + 1⎟
dy d ( −1 ) d 2 (1 + x )
x + 1 = 2 ( x −1 + 1) ( x −1 + 1) = 2 ( x −1 + 1) ⋅ ( −1) x − 2 = ⎝ x2 ⎠ = −
2
=
dx dx dx x x3
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Chain Rule. Differentiate. Write with positive Simplify.
exponents.

5
15. y = f (u) = ( u 3 − 1) = ⎡⎣( x − 2 ) − 1⎤⎦ = ( x − 6 − 1) = f (x)
5 3 5

dy d ( − 6 )5 4 d
= x − 1 = 5 ( x − 6 − 1) ( x − 6 − 1) = 5 ( x − 6 − 1)4 ⋅ ( − 6 ) x − 7
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
Use the Chain Rule. Differentiate.
4 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − x6 ⎞
30 ⎜ 6 ⎟ − 1 30 ⎜ 6 ⎟
−30 ( x − 6 − 1) 30 (1 − x 6 ) 30 (1 − x 6 )
4 4 4

= =− ⎝ x ⎠ =− ⎝ x ⎠ =− =−
( x6 ) x7
4
x7 x7 x7 x 31
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Simplify. Write with positive Write the numerator Simplify.
exponent. as a single quotient.

17. y = f (u) = u = ( e ) = e = f (x)

3
3 x 3x

dy d 3 x d
= e = e3 x ⋅ ( 3 x ) = e3 x ⋅ 3 = 3e3 x
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Chain Rule Differentiate. Simplify.

3
u x
19. y = f (u) = e = e = f (x)
dy d x3 3 d 3 3 3
= e = ex ⋅ x = e x ⋅ 3x 2 = 3x 2 e x
dx dx dx
↑ ↑
Chain Rule Differentiate.
240 SECTION 4.5

21. (a) Using the Chain Rule, y = (x 3 + 1)2 is thought of as y = u 2 and u = x 3 + 1.

dy du
= 2u and = 3x 2
du dx
dy dy du
= ⋅ = 2u ⋅ 3x 2 = 2 ( x 3 + 1) ⋅ 3x 2 = 6 x 2 ( x 3 + 1) = 6 x 5 + 6 x 2
dx du dx
↑ ↑
Substitute u = x 3 + 1 Simplify.

(b) Using the Power Rule,

dy d ( 3 )2 d ( 3 )
= x + 1 = 2 ( x 3 + 1) ⋅ x + 1 = 2 ( x 3 + 1) ⋅ ( 3 x 2 ) = 6 x 2 ( x 3 + 1) = 6 x5 + 6 x 2
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Power Rule Differentiate. Simplify.

(c) Expanding, y = (x 3 + 1)2 = x 6 + 2x3 + 1, and

dy d ( 6 d 6 d d
= x + 2 x 3 + 1) = x + 2 x 3 + 1 = 6 x 5 + 6 x 2 = 6 x 2 ( x3 + 1)
dx dx dx dx dx
↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor.

d 5x d
23. f ′(x) = e = e5 x ⋅ ( 5 x ) = e5 x ⋅ 5 = 5e5 x
dx dx

d − x2 d − x2 2 d
( − x 2 ) = 8e − x ⋅ ( −2 x ) = − 16 xe − x
2 2
25. f ′(x) = 8e = 8 ⋅ e = 8e− x
dx dx dx

d 2 x2 d 2 2 d ⎛ 2 d 2⎞ 2
27. f ′(x) = x e = x2 e x + e x x2 = x2 ⎜ e x x ⎟ + e x ⋅ 2x
dx dx dx ⎝ dx ⎠
↑ ↑
The derivative of a product The Chain Rule
= x 2 e x ⋅ 2 x + e x ⋅ 2 x = e x ( 2 x 3 + 2 x ) = 2 x e x ( x 2 + 1)
2 2 2 2

↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor.

d ⎡ ( x )3 ⎤ d x 3 x 2 d x
⎣5 e ⎦ = 5 ( e ) = 5 ⋅ 3 ( e ) ⋅ e = 15 ( e x ) e x = 15 e3 x
2
29. f ′(x) =
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

x2 2 −x
x = x e
31. f (x) =
e

f ′(x) = ( x e ) = x2 d e− x + e− x d x 2 = x 2 ⎛⎜ e− x ⋅ d ( − x ) ⎞⎟ + e− x ⋅ 2 x
d 2 −x
dx dx dx ⎝ dx ⎠
↑ ↑
Derivative of a product Chain Rule
 SECTION 4.5 241

2x − x 2
= x 2 ⋅ e − x ⋅ ( −1) + 2 x e− x = − x 2 e− x + 2 x e− x = x e− x ( 2 − x ) =
ex
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Simplify. Factor.

( e x )2
33. f (x) = = x −1 e 2 x
x
f ′(x) = ( x e ) = x −1 d e2 x + e2 x d x −1 = x −1 ⎛⎜ e2 x d ( 2 x ) ⎞⎟ + e2 x ⋅ ( −1) x− 2
d −1 2 x
dx dx dx ⎝ dx ⎠
↑ ↑
The derivative of a product Apply the Chain Rule.
e 2 x ( 2 x − 1)
= 2 x −1 e2 x − x −2 e 2 x = e 2 x ( 2 x −1 − x − 2 ) =
x2
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Factor. Simplify.

d ( 2 d 2 d 1 3
35. f ′(x) = x − 3ln x ) = x − 3 ln x = 2 x − 3 ⋅ = 2 x −
dx dx dx x x
↑ ↑ ↑
The derivative of a difference Differentiate. Simplify.

37. d ( 2 d d 2 1
f ′(x) = x ln x ) = x 2 ln x + ln x ⋅ x = x 2 ⋅ + ln x ⋅ 2 x
dx dx dx x
↑ ↑
The derivative of a product Differentiate.

= x + 2 x ln x = x (1 + 2 ln x ) = x (1 + ln x 2 )
↑ ↑ ↑
Simplify. Factor. Alternate form of the answer

d ( )
5x
d d 5 3
39. f ′(x) = [3ln ( 5 x )] = 3 ln ( 5 x ) = 3 ⋅ dx =3⋅ =
dx dx 5x 5x x
↑
Derivative of ln g(x)

41. Here the f is the product of two functions, we use the product rule first and then the
Chain Rule when differentiating ln (x 2 + 1).

d ⎡ d ( 2 ) d
⎣ x ln ( x + 1) ⎤⎦ = x ⋅ ln x + 1 + ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅
2
f ′(x) = x The derivative of a product.
dx dx dx
d ( 2 )
x +1
d
=x⋅ dx + ln ( x 2 + 1) ⋅ 1 Use the Chain Rule; x = 1.
x +1
2
dx
2x
=x⋅ 2 + ln ( x 2 + 1) Differentiate.
x +1
242 SECTION 4.5

2 x2
= + ln ( x 2 + 1) Simplify.
x +1
2

d ( )
3x
d d d ( ) d
43. f ′(x) = [ x + 8ln ( 3 x ) ] = x + 8 ln 3 x = x + 8 ⋅ dx
dx dx dx dx 3x
↑ ↑
The derivative of a sum The Chain Rule

3 8 x+8
=1+ 8 ⋅ =1+ =
3x x x
↑ ↑ ↑
Differentiate. Simplify. Alternate form of the answer.

45. f ′(x) = d ⎡8 ( ln x )3 ⎤ = 8 d ( ln x )3 = 8 ⋅ 3 ( ln x ) 2 ⋅ d ln x = 24 ( ln x ) 2 ⋅ 1 = 24 ( ln x )
2

dx ⎣ ⎦ dx dx x x
↑ ↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Differentiate. Simplify.

47. d 1 d 1
f ′(x) = log 3 x = log a x =
dx x ln 3 dx x ln a

d 2
49. f ′(x) = ( x log 2 x ) = x 2 ⋅ d log 2 x + log 2 x ⋅ d x 2
dx dx dx
1
= x2 ⋅ + log 2 x ⋅ 2 x
x ln 2
x x ln x
= + 2 x log 2 x = + 2x Use the Change of Base Formula.
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
x + 2 x ln x
=
ln 2

51. d x d
f ′(x) = 3 = 3x ln 3 x
a = a ln a
x

dx dx

d 2 x
53. f ′(x) = ( x ⋅ 2 ) = x 2 ⋅ d 2 x + 2 x ⋅ d x 2 = x 2 ⋅ 2 x ln 2 + 2 x ⋅ 2 x = 2 x ( x 2 ln 2 + 2 x )
dx dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
d x x
The derivative of a product Differentiate; a = a ln a . Factor.
dx

55. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = e 3x at the point (0, 1) is the derivative
of the function f evaluated at the point (0, 1). The derivative of f is
f ′(x) = 3e 3x
The slope of the tangent line is mtan = f ′(0) = 3 · e 0 = 3.
 SECTION 4.5 243

An equation of the tangent line is y − 1 = 3 ( x − 0 ) or y = 3x + 1 .

57. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = ln x at the point (1, 0) is the
derivative of the function f evaluated at the point (1, 0). The derivative of f is
1
f ′(x) =
x
The slope of the tangent line is mtan = f ′(1) = 1.

An equation of the tangent line is y – 0 = 1(x – 1) or y = x – 1.

⎛2 ⎞
59. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = e 3x – 2 at the point ⎜ , 1⎟ is the
⎝3 ⎠
⎛2 ⎞
derivative of the function f evaluated at the point ⎜ , 1⎟ . The derivative of f is
⎝3 ⎠
3x – 2
f ′(x) = 3e

The slope of the tangent line is mtan = 3e3 ⋅ 2 3 − 2 = 3e0 = 3

⎛ 2⎞
An equation of the tangent line is y – 1 = 3 ⎜ x − ⎟ or y = 3x – 1.
⎝ 3⎠

61. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = x ln x at the point (1, 0) is the
derivative of the function f evaluated at the point (1, 0). The derivative of f is
d d 1
f ′( x) = x ⋅ ln x + ln x ⋅ x = x ⋅ + ln x ⋅ 1 = 1 + ln x
dx dx x
↑ ↑ ↑
The derivative of a product Differentiate. Simplify.

The slope of the tangent line is mtan = f ′(1) = 1 + ln 1 = 1 + 0 = 1

An equation of the tangent line is y – 0 = 1(x – 1) or y = x – 1.

63. Parallel lines have the same slope. Since the slope of the line y = x is 1, the slope of the
tangent line we seek is also 1. Moreover, the slope of a tangent line is given by the
derivative of the function. So we need mtan = f ′(x) = 1.
f ′(x) = e x = 1 when x = 0, and
f (0) = e 0 = 1
which means an equation of a tangent line to the function is y – 1 = 1(x – 0) or y = x + 1.

65. (a) The reaction rate for a dose of 5 units is given by the derivative of R, R′(x) evaluated
at x = 5 units.
d 5.5
R′ ( x ) = ( 5.5ln x + 10 ) =
dx x
5.5
R′ ( 5 ) = = 1.1
5
244 SECTION 4.5

(b) The reaction rate for a dose of 10 units is given by R′(10).

5.5
R′ (10 ) = = 0.55
10

67. The rate of change in atmospheric pressure is given by the derivative of the atmospheric
pressure P.
d d
P′ ( x ) = (104 e − 0.00012 x ) = 104 e− 0.00012 x = 104 ⋅ ( −0.00012 ) e− 0.00012 x = −1.2e− 0.00012 x
dx dx
The rate of change of atmospheric pressure at x = 500 meters is
P′ ( 500 ) = −1.2e( − 0.00012) 500 = −1.2e − 0.060 = −1.130 kilograms per square meter.
( )

The rate of change of atmospheric pressure at x = 700 meters is

P′ ( 700 ) = −1.2e( − 0.00012) 700 = −1.2e − 0.060 = −1.103 kilograms per square meter.
( )

69. (a) The rate of change of A with respect to time is the derivative A′( t).
d d d
A′( t) =
dx
(102 − 90e − 0.21t ) = 102 − 90 ⋅ e − 0.21t = − 90 ⋅ ( − 0.21) e − 0.21t = 18.9e − 0.21t
dx dx

(b) At t = 5, A′( t ) = A′(5) = 18.9e – 0.21(5) = 18.9e – 1.05 = 6.614

(c) At t = 10, A′( t) = A′(10) = 18.9e – 0.21(10) = 18.9e – 2.1 = 2.314

(d) At t = 30, A′( t) = A′(30) = 18.9e – 0.21(30) = 18.9e – 6.3 = 0.035

71. (a) The rate of change of S with respect to x is the derivative S ′(x).
d d d
S ′(x) = (100,000 + 400,000ln x ) = 100,000 + 400,000 ln x
dx dx dx
1 400,000
= 400,000 ⋅ =
x x
400,000
(b) S ′(10) = = 40,000
10

400,000
(c) S ′(20) = = 20,000
20

73. (a) For x = 1000, the price p is

⎛ 1000 ⎞
p = 50 − 4ln ⎜ + 1⎟ = 50 − 4ln11 = $40.41
⎝ 100 ⎠

(b) For x = 5000, the price p is

⎛ 5000 ⎞
p = 50 − 4ln ⎜ + 1⎟ = 50 − 4ln 51 = $34.27
⎝ 100 ⎠

(c) The marginal demand is the derivative of the function p.

 SECTION 4.5 245

d d ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ d d ⎛ x ⎞
p = ⎢50 − 4ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ = 50 − 4 ln ⎜ + 1⎟
dx dx ⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ dx dx ⎝ 100 ⎠
↑
The derivative of a difference.

d d ⎛ x + 100 ⎞ d
= 50 − 4 ln ⎜ ⎟ = − 4 ⎡⎣ ln ( x + 100 ) − ln100 ⎤⎦
dx dx ⎝ 100 ⎠ dx
↑ ↑
x
Write + 1 as a single fraction. The logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms.
100

⎡d d ⎤ 1 4
= − 4 ⎢ ln ( x + 100 ) − ln100 ⎥ = − 4 ⋅ =−
⎣ dx dx ⎦ x + 100 x + 100
↑ ↑ ↑
The derivative of a difference. Differentiate. Simplify.

The marginal demand for 1000 t-shirts is

4 4
p′(1000) = − =− = – 0.0036
1000 + 100 1100

(d) The marginal demand for 5000 t-shirts is

4 4
p′(5000) = − =− = – 0.00078
5000 + 100 5100

⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎛ x ⎞
(e) The revenue function R(x) = p · x = ⎢50 − 4ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ ⋅ x = 50 x − 4 x ln ⎜ + 1⎟ .
⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 100 ⎠

(f) The marginal revenue is the derivative of the function R.

d ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ d d ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
R′ ( x ) = ⎢50 x − 4 x ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ = ( 50 x ) − ⎢ 4 x ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥
dx ⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ dx dx ⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
d ⎡ d ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞d ⎤
= 50 x − 4 ⎢ x ln ⎜ + 1⎟ + ln ⎜ + 1⎟ x ⎥
dx ⎣ dx ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ dx ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡ x ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= 50 − 4 ⎢ x ⋅ + ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ = 50 − 4 ⎢ + ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥
⎣ x + 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ x + 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
When x = 1000 t-shirts are sold the marginal revenue is
⎡ 1000 ⎛ 1000 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡10 ⎤
R′ (1000 ) = 50 − 4 ⎢ + ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ = 50 − 4 ⎢ + ln11⎥ = $36.77
⎣1000 + 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠⎦ ⎣ 11 ⎦

(g) When x = 5000 t-shirts are sold the marginal revenue is

⎡ 5000 ⎛ 5000 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ 50 ⎤
R′ ( 5000 ) = 50 − 4 ⎢ + ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ = 50 − 4 ⎢ + ln 51⎥ = $30.35
⎣ 5000 + 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠⎦ ⎣ 51 ⎦

(h) Profit is the difference between revenue and cost.

P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
246 SECTION 4.5

⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎛ x ⎞
= ⎢50 x − 4 x ln ⎜ + 1⎟ ⎥ − [ 4 x ] = 46 x − 4 x ln ⎜ + 1⎟
⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 100 ⎠

(i) If 1000 t-shirts are sold the profit is

⎛ 1000 ⎞
P(1000) = 46 (1000 ) − 4 (1000 ) ln ⎜ + 1⎟ = 46,000 − 4000ln11 = $36,408.42
⎝ 100 ⎠

(j) If 5000 t-shirts are sold the profit is

⎛ 5000 ⎞
P(5000) = 46 ( 5000 ) − 4 ( 5000 ) ln ⎜ + 1⎟ = 230,000 − 20,000 ln 51 = $151,363.49
⎝ 100 ⎠

(k) To use TABLE to find the quantity x that maximizes profit, we enter the profit
function into Y1, then in TBLSET we select a large value for x, choose ∆Tbl, and select
the Auto option.

We chose x = 3,000,000 and ∆Tbl = 1000. Then using TABLE, we increased x until the
profit function stopped increasing and began decreasing in magnitude. The quantity (to
the nearest thousand) that maximizes profit is 3,632,000 t-shirts.
The maximum profit is $14,525,251.

⎛ 3,632,000 ⎞
(l) p(3,632,000) = p = 50 − 4ln ⎜ + 1⎟ = 50 − 4ln ( 36,321) = 8.00
⎝ 100 ⎠
To maximize profit, the t-shirts should be sold for $8.00 each.

75. (a) The rate of change of p with respect to t is the derivative of p.

d d d d 1 0.026
p = ( 0.470 + 0.026 ln t ) = 0.470 + 0.026 ln t = 0.026 ⋅ =
dt dt dt dt t t

(b) In 2002 the rate of change of p was

0.026
p′(5) = = 0.052
5

(c) In 2007 the rate of change of p was

0.026
p′(10) = = 0.026
10

d
g ( x ) g′ x
77. Prove: d
ln g ( x ) = dx =
( )
dx g ( x) g ( x)

Proof: Let y = f (u) = ln u and u = g(x).

 SECTION 4.6 247

dy d 1 du
Then y′ = f ′(u) =
= ln u = and u′ = = g′(x)
du du u dx
According to the Chain Rule if both f and g are differentiable functions, then
dy dy du 1 1 g′( x )
= ⋅ = g′(x) = ⋅ g′( x ) =
dx du dx u g ( x) g ( x)

4.6 Higher-Order Derivatives

1. f (x) = 2x + 5 3. f (x) = 3x 2 + x – 2
f ′(x) = 2 f ′(x) = 6x + 1
f ′′(x) = 0 f ′′(x) = 6

5. f (x) = – 3x 4 + 2x 2 7. 1
f ( x) = = x–1
f ′(x) = – 12x 3 + 4x x
f ′′(x) = – 36x 2 + 4 1
f ′(x) = – x – 2 = −
x2
2
f ′′(x) = 2x – 3 = 3
x

9. 1
f ( x) = x + = x + x −1
x
1
f ′(x) = 1 − x − 2 = 1 − 2
x
2
f ′′(x) = 2 x − 3 = 3
x

x
11. f ( x) =
x +1
d d
d ⎛ x ⎞ (
x + 1) x − x ( x + 1)
dx dx ( x + 1) ⋅ 1 − x ⋅ 1 = 1 = x + 1 − 2
f ′(x) = ⎜ ⎟= = ( )
dx ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2 2

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
The derivative of a quotient. Differentiate. Simplify. Write with a
negative exponent.
d 2
f ′′(x) = − 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) = − 2 ( x + 1) ⋅ 1 = −
−3 −3

( x + 1)
3
dx
↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Simplify.

13. f ( x) = e x
f ′(x) = e x
f ′′(x) = e x
 SECTION 4.6 247

dy d 1 du
Then y′ = f ′(u) =
= ln u = and u′ = = g′(x)
du du u dx
According to the Chain Rule if both f and g are differentiable functions, then
dy dy du 1 1 g′( x )
= ⋅ = g′(x) = ⋅ g′( x ) =
dx du dx u g ( x) g ( x)

4.6 Higher-Order Derivatives

1. f (x) = 2x + 5 3. f (x) = 3x 2 + x – 2
f ′(x) = 2 f ′(x) = 6x + 1
f ′′(x) = 0 f ′′(x) = 6

5. f (x) = – 3x 4 + 2x 2 7. 1
f ( x) = = x–1
f ′(x) = – 12x 3 + 4x x
f ′′(x) = – 36x 2 + 4 1
f ′(x) = – x – 2 = −
x2
2
f ′′(x) = 2x – 3 = 3
x

9. 1
f ( x) = x + = x + x −1
x
1
f ′(x) = 1 − x − 2 = 1 − 2
x
2
f ′′(x) = 2 x − 3 = 3
x

x
11. f ( x) =
x +1
d d
d ⎛ x ⎞ (
x + 1) x − x ( x + 1)
dx dx ( x + 1) ⋅ 1 − x ⋅ 1 = 1 = x + 1 − 2
f ′(x) = ⎜ ⎟= = ( )
dx ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2 2

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
The derivative of a quotient. Differentiate. Simplify. Write with a
negative exponent.
d 2
f ′′(x) = − 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) = − 2 ( x + 1) ⋅ 1 = −
−3 −3

( x + 1)
3
dx
↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Simplify.

13. f ( x) = e x
f ′(x) = e x
f ′′(x) = e x
248 SECTION 4.6

15. f ( x) = ( x 2 + 4 )
3

d
f ′(x) = 3 ( x 2 + 4 ) ( x 2 + 4) = 3( x 2 + 4) ⋅ 2 x = 6 x ( x 2 + 4)
2 2 2

dx
↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Simplify.

d ⎡ d 2 d
6x ( x 2 + 4) ⎤ = 6 x ( x 2 + 4) + ( x 2 + 4) ( 6 x ) Derivative of a product.
2 2
f ′′(x) =
dx ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ dx dx
d
= 6 x ⋅ 2 ( x 2 + 4 ) ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( x 2 + 4 ) ⋅ 6 Use the Power Rule.
2

dx
= 6x ⋅ 2 ( x 2 + 4) ⋅ 2x + ( x 2 + 4) ⋅ 6
2
Differentiate.

= 24 x 2 ( x 2 + 4 ) + 6 ( x 2 + 4 )
2
Simplify.

= 6 ( x 2 + 4 )( 4 x 2 + x 2 + 4 ) Factor.

= 6 ( x 2 + 4 )( 5 x 2 + 4 ) Simplify.

17. f (x) = ln x
1
f ′(x) = = x − 1
x
1
f ′′(x) = − x − 2 = −
x2

19. f (x) = xe x
d d
f ′(x) = x e x + e x x = xe x + e x = e x ( x + 1)
dx dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Derivative of a product. Differentiate. Factor.

d d d
f ′′(x) =
dx
( xe x + e x ) =
dx
xe x + e x = xe x + e x + e x = e x ( x + 2 )
dx
↑ ↑ ↑
Derivative of a sum. Differentiate; use f ′(x). Factor.

21. f (x) = (e x) 2
d x
f ′(x) = 2 ( e x ) e = 2 ( e x ) = 2e 2 x
2
Use the Chain Rule.
dx
d
f ′′(x) = 4 ( e x ) e x = 4 ( e x ) = 4e 2 x
2
Use the Chain Rule.
dx

1
23. f (x) = = (ln x) – 1
ln x
 SECTION 4.6 249

d −2 1 1
f ′(x) = − ( ln x ) ln x = − ( ln x ) ⋅ = −
−2

x ( ln x )
2
dx x
↑ ↑
Use the Chain Rule. Simplify.

d d d 2 d
x ( ln x ) 1 − ⎡ x ( ln x ) ⎤ x ( ln x ) + ( ln x )
2 2 2
x
dx dx ⎣ ⎦ dx dx
f ′′(x) = − =
x 2 ( ln x )
2 4
⎡ x ( ln x ) 2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
↑ ↑
d
The derivative of a quotient. 1 = 0 ; the derivative of a product.
dx
1
+ ( ln x )
2
2 x ln x ⋅
x 2 + ln x
= = 2
x ( ln x ) x ( ln x )
2 4 3

↑ ↑
Use the Power Rule. Simplify.

25. (a) The function f is a polynomial, so the domain of f is all real numbers.

(b) f ′(x) = 2x

(c) f ′(x) is a monomial, so the domain of f ′ is all real numbers.

(d) f ′(x) = 0 when 2x = 0, or when x = 0.

(e) There are no numbers in the domain of f for which f ′(x) does not exist.

(f) f ′′(x) = 2

(g) The domain of f ′′ is all real numbers.

27. (a) The function f is a polynomial, so the domain of f is all real numbers.

(b) f ′(x) = 3x 2 – 18x + 27

(c) f ′(x) is a polynomial, so the domain of f ′ is all real numbers.

(d) f ′(x) = 0 when 3x 2 – 18x + 27 = 0, or when x = 3.

3x 2 – 18x + 27 = 0 f ′(x) = 0
x 2 – 6x + 9 = 0 Divide both sides by 3.
(x – 3) 2 = 0 Factor.
x =3 Use the square root method.

(e) There are no numbers in the domain of f for which f ′(x) does not exist.
250 SECTION 4.6

(f) f ′′(x) = 6x – 18

(g) The domain of f ′′ is all real numbers.

29. (a) The function f is a polynomial, so the domain of f is all real numbers.

(b) f ′(x) = 12x 3 – 36x 2

(c) f ′(x) is a polynomial, so the domain of f ′ is all real numbers.

(d) f ′(x) = 0 when 12x 3 – 36x 2 = 0, or when x = 0 or x = 3.

12x 3 – 36x 2 = 0 f ′(x) = 0

x 3 – 3x 2 = 0 Divide both sides by 12.
x 2 (x – 3) 2 = 0 Factor.
x = 0 or x = 3 Use the square root method.

(e) There are no numbers in the domain of f for which f ′(x) does not exist.

(f) f ′′(x) = 36x 2 – 72x

(g) f ′′ is a polynomial, so the domain of f ′′ is all real numbers.

31. (a) The domain of the function f is all real numbers except x = 2 and x = – 2.

d d
(x 2
− 4)
dx
x − x ( x 2 − 4) ( x 2 − 4) − x ⋅ 2 x
dx x2 +4
(b) f ′(x) = = = −
( x 2 − 4) ( x 2 − 4) ( x 2 − 4)
2 2 2

(c) The domain of the function f ′(x) is all real numbers except x = 2 and x = – 2.

(d) f ′(x) is never equal to zero.

(e) There are no numbers in the domain of f for which f ′(x) does not exist.

⎡ 2 2 d d 2⎤
⎢ ( x − 4 ) dx ( x + 4 ) − ( x + 4 ) dx ( x − 4 ) ⎥
2 2 2

(f) f ′′(x) = − ⎢ ⎥
( x2 − 4)
4
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ( x 2 − 4) ⋅ ( 2 x ) − ( x 2 + 4) ⋅ 2 ( x 2 − 4) ( 2 x ) ⎤
2

= −⎢ ⎥
⎢ ( x − 4) ⎥
2 4

⎣ ⎦
( ) ( )( )⎥
⎡ 2x x 2 − 4 2 − 4x x 2 + 4 x 2 − 4 ⎤
= − ⎢⎢ ⎥
( x2 − 4)
43
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
 SECTION 4.6 251

⎡ 3 ⎤
2 x − 8 x − 4 x 3 − 16 x ⎥
= −⎢
⎢ ( ) ⎥
3

⎣ x 2
− 4 ⎦
⎡ ⎤
− 2 x 3 − 24 x ⎥ 2 x 3 + 24 x
= −⎢ =
⎢ ( x2 − 4) 3 ⎥ ( x2 − 4) 3
⎣ ⎦

(g) The domain of the function f ′′(x) is all real numbers except x = 2 and x = – 2.

33. The function f is a polynomial of degree 3, so the fourth derivative is zero.

35. The function f is a polynomial of degree 19, so the twentieth derivative is zero.

37. The function f is a polynomial of degree 8, so the eighth derivative is equal to the
constant
1
8! · = 7! = 5040
8

39. v = s′( t ) = 32t + 20 41. v = s′( t ) = 9.8 t + 4

a = v′( t ) = s′′( t ) = 32 a = v′( t ) = s′′( t ) = 9.8

43. To find a formula for the nth derivative, we take successive derivatives until we see a
pattern.
f ( x) = e x
f ′( x ) = e x
f ′′ ( x ) = e x

We see that each order derivative is e x, so we conclude that a formula for f (n) is
f ( ) ( x) = e x
n

45. To find a formula for the nth derivative, we take successive derivatives until we see a
pattern.
f ( x ) = ln x
1
f ′( x ) = = x −1
x
1
f ′′ ( x ) = − x − 2 = −
x2
2
f ′′′ ( x ) = 2 x − 3 =
x3
3!
f ( 4)
( x) = − 3 ⋅ 2x − 4 = −
x4
4!
f ( 5)
( x ) = ( − 4 ) ⋅ ( − 3! x − 5 ) =
x5
252 SECTION 4.6

5!
f ( 6)
( x ) = ( − 5 ) ⋅ ( 4! x − 5 ) = −
x6

We see a pattern, noticing that the sign of the derivative alternates from positive to
negative and conclude the formula for f (n) is
f ( ) ( x ) = ( −1) ( ) ⋅
n n −1 ( n − 1)!
xn

47. To find a formula for the nth derivative, we take successive derivatives until we see a
pattern.
f ( x ) = x ln x
d d 1
f ′( x ) = x ⋅ ln x + ln x ⋅ x = x ⋅ + ln x ⋅ 1
dx dx x
= 1 + ln x
1 1
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 + = = x − 1
x x
1
f ′′′ ( x ) = − x − 2 = − 2
x
2
f ( ) ( x) = 2x − 3 = 3
4

x
3!
f ( ) ( x) = − 3 ⋅ 2x − 4 = − 4
5

x
4!
f ( ) ( x ) = ( − 4 ) ⋅ ( − 3! x − 5 ) = 5
6

x
5!
f ( ) ( x ) = ( − 5 ) ⋅ ( 4! x − 5 ) = − 6
7

We see a pattern, noticing that the sign of the derivative alternates from positive to
negative and conclude the formula for f (n) is
f ( ) ( x ) = ( −1) ( ) ⋅
n n ( n − 2 )! provided n > 1.
x n −1

49. To find a formula for the nth derivative, we take successive derivatives until we see a
pattern.
f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3)
n

n −1d n −1
f ′ ( x ) = n ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3 ) = 2n ( 2 x + 3 ) Use the Power Rule.
dx
n −2 d n −2
f ′′ ( x ) = 2n ⋅ ( n − 1)( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3) = 4n ( n − 1)( 2 x + 3) Use the Power Rule.
dx
n −2
= 22 n ( n − 1)( 2 x + 3)

n −3 d
f ′′′ ( x ) = 22 n ( n − 1) ⋅ ( n − 2 )( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3)
dx
 SECTION 4.6 253

n −3
= 23 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )( 2 x + 3)
n −4
f ( 4)
( x ) = 24 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )( n − 3)( 2 x + 3)
We see a pattern and conclude the formula for f (n) is
f ( ) ( x ) = 2 n ⋅ n!
n

51. To find a formula for the nth derivative, we take successive derivatives until we see a
pattern.
f ( x ) = e ax
d
f ′ ( x ) = e ax
( ax ) = ae ax
dx
d
f ′′ ( x ) = ae ax ( ax ) = a 2 e ax
dx
d
f ′′′ ( x ) = a 2 e ax ( ax ) = a 3 e ax
dx
We see a pattern and conclude the formula for f (n) is
f ( ) ( x ) = a n ⋅ e ax
n

53. To find a formula for the nth derivative, we take successive derivatives until we see a
pattern.
f ( x ) = ln(ax)
a 1 0!
f ′( x) =
= =
ax x x1
1 1!
f ′′ ( x ) = − 2 = − 2
x x
2 2!
f ′′′ ( x ) = 3 = 3
x x
6 3!
f (4) ( x ) = − 4 = − 4
x x
24 4!
f (5) ( x ) = 5 = 5
x x
(n)
We see a pattern and conclude the formula for f is
f ( ) ( x ) = (−1) n −1 ⋅
n ( n − 1)!
xn

55. y = e 2x
d d
y′ = e 2 x = e 2 x ( 2 x ) = e 2 x ⋅ 2 = 2e 2 x
dx dx
d d d
y′′ = y′ = ( 2e 2 x ) = 2e 2 x ( 2 x ) = 2e 2 x ⋅ 2 = 4e 2 x
dx dx dx
So, y′′ − 4 y = 4e − 4e = 0
2x 2x
254 SECTION 4.6

57. f ( x) = x 2g ( x)
d d
f ′( x ) = x 2 g ( x ) + g ( x ) x 2 = x 2 g′( x ) + 2x g ( x )
dx dx
↑ ↑
Derivative of a product Differentiate.

d 2 d
f ′′ ( x ) = x g′( x ) + 2x g ( x )
dx dx
⎡ d ′ d ⎤ ⎡ d d ⎤
= ⎢x 2 g ( x ) + g ′ ( x ) x 2 ⎥ + ⎢ 2 x g ( x ) + g ( x ) ( 2 x )⎥
⎣ dx dx ⎦ ⎣ dx dx ⎦
= ⎡⎣ x g ′′ ( x ) + 2 x g ′ ( x ) ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ 2 x g ′ ( x ) + 2 g ( x ) ⎤⎦
2

= x 2 g ′′ ( x ) + 4 x g ′ ( x ) + 2 g ( x )

59. (a) The velocity is

d
( 6 + 80t − 16t 2 ) = 80 − 32t
v = s′ ( t ) =
dx
At t = 2 seconds the velocity is v(2) = 80 – 32(2) = 16 feet per second.

(b) The ball reaches its maximum height when v = 0.

80
v = 80 – 32t = 0 when t = = 2.5 seconds
32
The ball reaches its maximum height 2.5 seconds after it is thrown.

(c) At t = 2.5, s(2.5) = 6 + 80(2.5) – 16(2.5.2) = 106 feet. The ball reaches a maximum
height of 106 feet.

(d) The acceleration is a = v′( t ) = – 32 feet per second per second.

(e) The ball strikes the ground when s(t ) = 0. That is when
6 + 80t − 16t 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula to solve for t, we find
(80 ) − 4 ( −16 )( 6 )
2
− 80 ±
t=
2 ( −16 )
80 ± 6784
t=
32
We need only the positive answer, since t represents time, and we get t = 5.0739.
So the ball is in the air for 5.0739 seconds.

(f) The ball hits the ground at t = 5.0739 seconds, the velocity is
v(5.0739) = 80 – 32(5.0739) = – 82.365 feet per second.
The ball is moving at a speed of 82.365 feet per second in a downward direction.

(g) The total distance traveled by the ball is the distance up plus the distance down or
(106 – 6) + 106 = 206 feet.
 SECTION 4.7 255

61. The velocity of the bullet is

d ⎡ d d 2 d
8 − ( 2 − t ) ⎤ = 8 − ( 2 − t ) = −3 ( 2 − t ) ( 2 − t ) = 3( 2 − t )
3 3 2
v = s′ ( t ) =
dx ⎣ ⎦ dx dx dx
meters per second. After 1 second, the bullet is traveling at a velocity
v(1) = 3(2 – 1) 2 = 3 · 1 2 = 3 meters per second.

The acceleration is a = v′ ( t ) = – 6(2 – t ) = 6t – 12 meters per second per second.

63. (a) The rock hits the ground when its height is zero. Since the rock started from a height
of 88.2 meters, when it hits the ground the rock has traveled 88.2 meters.
4.9t 2 = 88.2
88.2
t2 = = 18
4.9
t = 3 2 ≈ 4.24
It takes the rock approximately 4.24 seconds to hit the ground.

(b) The average velocity is

ds
=
( )
s 3 2 − s ( 0)
=
( 88.2 − 4.9 ⋅ 3 2
2
)
− ( 88.2 − 4.9 ⋅ 0 2 ) − 20.8
= = 4.9
dt 3 2 −0 3 2 3 2
meters per second. That is, the rock is moving at an average speed of 4.9 meters per
second in the downward direction.

(c) The average velocity in the first 3 seconds is 4.9 meters per second in a downward
direction. (See part (b).)

(d) The velocity of the rock is v = s′ ( t ) = – 9.8t meters per second.

The rock hits the ground at t = 4.24 seconds. The velocity is v(4.24) = – 9.8(4.24) =
– 41.6 meters per second.

4.7 Implicit Differentiation

d d
1.
dx
( x2 + y2) = 4
dx
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
2y = − 2x
dx
dy −2 x x
= =− provided y ≠ 0.
dx 2 y y
 SECTION 4.7 255

61. The velocity of the bullet is

d ⎡ d d 2 d
8 − ( 2 − t ) ⎤ = 8 − ( 2 − t ) = −3 ( 2 − t ) ( 2 − t ) = 3( 2 − t )
3 3 2
v = s′ ( t ) =
dx ⎣ ⎦ dx dx dx
meters per second. After 1 second, the bullet is traveling at a velocity
v(1) = 3(2 – 1) 2 = 3 · 1 2 = 3 meters per second.

The acceleration is a = v′ ( t ) = – 6(2 – t ) = 6t – 12 meters per second per second.

63. (a) The rock hits the ground when its height is zero. Since the rock started from a height
of 88.2 meters, when it hits the ground the rock has traveled 88.2 meters.
4.9t 2 = 88.2
88.2
t2 = = 18
4.9
t = 3 2 ≈ 4.24
It takes the rock approximately 4.24 seconds to hit the ground.

(b) The average velocity is

ds
=
( )
s 3 2 − s ( 0)
=
( 88.2 − 4.9 ⋅ 3 2
2
)
− ( 88.2 − 4.9 ⋅ 0 2 ) − 20.8
= = 4.9
dt 3 2 −0 3 2 3 2
meters per second. That is, the rock is moving at an average speed of 4.9 meters per
second in the downward direction.

(c) The average velocity in the first 3 seconds is 4.9 meters per second in a downward
direction. (See part (b).)

(d) The velocity of the rock is v = s′ ( t ) = – 9.8t meters per second.

The rock hits the ground at t = 4.24 seconds. The velocity is v(4.24) = – 9.8(4.24) =
– 41.6 meters per second.

4.7 Implicit Differentiation

d d
1.
dx
( x2 + y2) = 4
dx
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
2y = − 2x
dx
dy −2 x x
= =− provided y ≠ 0.
dx 2 y y
256 SECTION 4.7

d d
3.
dx
( x 2 y) = 8
dx
d d
x2 y+ y x2 = 0
dx dx
dy
x2 + y ⋅ 2x = 0
dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
x2 = − 2 xy
dx
dy − 2 xy 2y
= 2
=− provided x ≠ 0.
dx x x

d d
5.
dx
( x 2 + y 2 − xy ) = 2
dx
dy ⎛ d d ⎞
2x + 2 y − ⎜ x y + y x ⎟ = 0
dx ⎝ dx dx ⎠
dy dy
2x + 2 y − x − y = 0
dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
2x + (2 y − x) − y = 0
dx
dy
( 2 y − x) = y − 2x
dx
dy y − 2 x
= provided 2 y − x ≠ 0.
dx 2 y − x

d d
7.
dx
( x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 ) =
dx
y
d 2 d d d 2 d
x + 4x y + y ( 4x) + y = y
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2x + 4x + y ⋅ 4 + 2 y =
dx dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy dy
2x + 4 y + ( 4x + 2 y ) =
dx dx
dy dy
(4x + 2 y ) − = − 2x − 4 y
dx dx
 SECTION 4.7 257

dy
( 4 x + 2 y − 1) = − 2x − 4 y
dx
dy − 2x − 4 y
= provided 4 x + 2 y − 1 ≠ 0.
dx 4 x + 2 y − 1

d d
9.
dx
( 3x 2 + y 3 ) = 1
dx
dy
6x + 3y 2 =0
dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
3y 2 = − 6x
dx
dy − 6 x 2x
= 2
=− 2 provided y ≠ 0.
dx 3 y y

d d 2
11.
dx
( 4x 3 + 2 y 3 ) =
dx
x
dy
12 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 2x
dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
6y 2 = 2 x − 12 x 2
dx
dy 2 x − 12 x 2 x − 6 x 2
= = provided y ≠ 0.
dx 6y 2 3y 2

d ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ d d
⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ = (x − y ) = 4
13. −2 −2

dx ⎝ x y ⎠ dx dx
dy
− 2x − 3 + 2 y − 3 =0
dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
2 y −3 = 2x − 3
dx
dy 2 x − 3 y 3
= = provided x ≠ 0.
dx 2 y − 3 x 3
258 SECTION 4.7

d ⎛1 1⎞ d d
⎜ + ⎟ = (x + y ) = 2
−1 −1
15.
dx ⎝ x y ⎠ dx dx
dy
− x −2 − y −2 =0
dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
− y −2 = x −2
dx
dy x −2 y2
= = − provided x ≠ 0.
dx − y − 2 x2

d d
17.
dx
( x 2 + y 2 ) = ( ye x )
dx
d 2 d 2 d d
x + y = y ex +ex y
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x + 2 y = ye x + e x
dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy dy
2y −ex = y e x − 2x
dx dx
( 2 y − e x ) dy
dx
= y e x − 2x

dy y e x − 2 x
= provided 2 y − e x ≠ 0.
dx 2y − e x

d ⎛ x y⎞ d
⎜ + ⎟ = ( 6e )
x
19.
dx ⎝ y x ⎠ dx
⎡ d d ⎤ ⎡ d d ⎤
⎢ y dx x − x dx y ⎥ ⎢ x dx y − y dx x ⎥ x
⎢ 2 ⎥+⎢ 2 ⎥ = 6e
⎢ y ⎥ ⎢ x ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ dy ⎤ ⎡ dy ⎤
⎢ y − x dx ⎥ ⎢ x dx − y ⎥ x
⎢ 2 ⎥+⎢ 2 ⎥ = 6e
⎢ y ⎥ ⎢ x ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
dy dy
x 2y − x3 + xy 2 − y3
dx dx = 6e x
x2y 2
dy dy
x2y − x3 + xy 2 − y 3 = 6 x 2 y 2e x
dx dx
 SECTION 4.7 259

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy
− ( x 3 − xy 2 ) = 6 x 2 y 2e x − x 2 y + y 3
dx
dy 6 x 2 y 2e x − x 2 y + y 3
= provided − x 3 + xy 2 ≠ 0.
dx − x + xy
3 2

d 2 d
21. x = ( y 2 ln x )
dx dx
d d
2 x = y 2 ln x + ln x y 2
dx dx
1 dy
2 x = y 2 ⋅ + ln x ⋅ 2 y
x dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
y2 dy
2x = + 2 y ln x
x dx
2
y dy
2x − = 2 y ln x
x dx
2
y
2x −
x = 2 x − y provided 2 xy ln x ≠ 0.
2 2
dy
=
dx 2 y ln x 2 xy ln x

d d
(2x + 3y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
23.
dx dx
d dy
2 ( 2x + 3 y ) ( 2x + 3 y ) = 2x + 2 y
dx dx
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
2 (2x + 3y ) ⎜ 2 + 3 ⎟ = 2x + 2 y
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
2 ( 2x + 3 y ) ⎜ 2 + 3 ⎟ = 2 x + 2 y
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
dy dy dy
4x + 6x + 6 y + 9 y = x+ y
dx dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy dy dy
6x + 9y − y = x − 4x − 6 y
dx dx dx
dy
(6x + 9 y − y ) = x − 4x − 6 y
dx
dy −3x − 6 y
= provided 6 x + 8 y ≠ 0.
dx 6 x + 8 y
260 SECTION 4.7

d 2 d
( x + y2 ) = ( x − y )
2 3
25.
dx dx
d 2 d
2 ( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 ) = 3 ( x − y ) ( x − y)
dx dx
⎛ dy ⎞ 2⎛ dy ⎞
2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ⎜ 2 x + 2 y ⎟ = 3 ( x − y ) ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠
dy dy dy
4 x3 + 4 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 + 4 y 3 = 3 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 − ( 3 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 )
dx dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy dy dy
4 x2 y + 4 y3 + ( 3 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 ) = 3 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 − 4 x3 − 4 xy 2
dx dx dx
dy
( 4 x 2 y + 4 y3 + 3x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 ) dx = 3x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 − 4 x3 − 4 xy 2
dy 3 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 − 4 x 3 − 4 xy 2
=
dx 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 3 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2
provided 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 3x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2 ≠ 0.

d 3 d
( x + y3 ) = ( x2 y 2 )
2
27.
dx dx
d d 2 d
2 ( x3 + y 3 ) ( x3 + y 3 ) = x 2 y + y 2 x2
dx dx dx
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
2 ( x3 + y 3 ) ⎜ 3x 2 + 3 y 2 ⎟ = x 2 ⋅ 2 y + y 2 ⋅ 2 x
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
2 ( x3 + y 3 ) ⎜ 3x 2 + 3 y 2 ⎟ = 2 x 2 y + 2 xy 2
⎝ dx ⎠ dx
dy dy dy
3x5 + 3x3 y 2 + 3x 2 y 3 + 3 y 5 = x 2 y + xy 2
dx dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy dy dy
3x3 y 2 + 3 y5 − x2 y = xy 2 − 3x5 − 3x 2 y 3
dx dx dx
( 3x3 y 2 + 3 y5 − x 2 y ) dy
dx
= xy 2 − 3x5 − 3 x 2 y 3

dy xy 2 − 3 x 5 − 3 x 2 y 3
= provided 3x3 y 2 + 3 y 5 − x 2 y ≠ 0.
dx 3 x y + 3 y − x y
3 2 5 2

d d 2 2
29. y = e x +y
dx dx
dy 2 d
( x2 + y 2 )
2
= e x +y
dx dx
 SECTION 4.7 261

dy 2 2 ⎛ dy ⎞
= e x + y ⎜ 2x + 2 y ⎟
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
dy 2 2 2 2 dy
= 2 xe x + y + 2 ye x + y
dx dx

dy dy
This is a linear equation in . Solving for , we have
dx dx
dy 2 2 dy 2 2
− 2 ye x + y = 2 xe x + y
dx dx

( 2
1 − 2 ye x + y )
2 dy

dx
2
= 2 xe x + y
2

2 2
dy 2 xe x + y 2
+ y2
= 2 2 provided 1 − 2 ye x ≠ 0.
dx 1 − 2 ye x + y

x
31. The first derivative is y′ = − , provided y ≠ 0 (from Problem 1).
y

The second derivative is

d ⎛ dy ⎞ d
⎜ 2x + 2 y ⎟ = 0
dx ⎝ dx ⎠ dx
d dy
2 x + 2 ( yy′ ) = 0
dx dx
⎡ d d ⎤
2 + 2 ⎢ y y′ + y′ y ⎥ = 0
⎣ dx dx ⎦
2 + 2 [ yy′′ + y′y′] = 0
1 + yy′′ + ( y′ ) = 0
2

2
⎛ x⎞ x2
− ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 +1
− ( y′ ) − 1
2
⎝ y⎠ y2 x2 + y2
′′
y = = =− =−
y y y y3
provided y ≠ 0.

33. The first derivative is

d d
dx
( xy + yx 2 ) = 2
dx
⎡ d d ⎤ ⎡ d 2 2 d ⎤
⎢⎣ x dx y + y dx x ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣ y dx x + x dx y ⎥⎦ = 0

[ xy′ + y ] + ⎡⎣ y ⋅ 2 x + x 2 y′⎤⎦ = 0
xy′ + y + 2 xy + x 2 y′ = 0
( x + x ) y′ + (1 + 2 x ) y = 0
2

( x + x ) y′ = − (1 + 2 x ) y
2
262 SECTION 4.7

y′ = −
(1 + 2 x ) y provided x ≠ 0, x ≠ – 1.
x2 + x

Using the fifth line from above, we find the second derivative is
d ⎡ d
dx ⎣ ( x + x 2 ) y′ + (1 + 2 x ) y ⎤⎦ = 0
dx
⎡ 2 d d 2 ⎤ ⎡ d d ⎤
⎢⎣( x + x ) dx y′ + y′ dx ( x + x ) ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣(1 + 2 x ) dx y + y dx (1 + 2 x )⎥⎦ = 0

⎡( x + x 2 ) y′′ + y′ (1 + 2 x ) ⎤ + ⎡⎣(1 + 2 x ) y′ + y ⋅ 2 ⎤⎦ = 0
⎣ ⎦
( x + x ) y′′ + y′ (1 + 2 x ) + (1 + 2 x ) y′ + 2 y = 0
2

( x + x ) y′′ + 2 (1 + 2 x ) y′ + 2 y = 0
2

( x + x ) y′′ = − 2 (1 + 2 x ) y′ − 2 y
2

2 (1 + 2 x ) y′ + 2 y
y′′ = −
x2 + x
⎛ y + 2 xy ⎞
2 (1 + 2 x ) ⎜ 2 ⎟ + 2y
⎝ x +x ⎠
y′′ = −
x2 + x
2 (1 + 2 x )( y + 2 xy ) + 2 y ( x 2 + x )
y′′ = −
(x + x)
2 2

2 y + 8 xy + 8 x 2 y + 2 x 2 y + 2 xy
y′′ = −
(x + x)
2 2

2 y + 10 xy + 10 x 2 y
y′′ = −
(x + x)
2 2

provided x ≠ 0, x ≠ – 1.

dy
35. The slope of the tangent line is , which is
dx
d d
dx
( x2 + y2) = 5
dx
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
dy
Solving for , we have
dx
dy
2y = − 2x
dx
dy −2 x x
= =− provided y ≠ 0.
dx 2 y y
 SECTION 4.7 263

1
The slope of the tangent line at the point (1, 2) is mtan = − . The equation of the tangent
2
line is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
1
y−2= − ( x − 1)
2
1 1
y−2= − x+
2 2
1 5
y= − x+
2 2

37. (Note: The problem as printed in the first printing of the text is incorrect. That equation
dy
has no tangent line at (0, 0).) The slope of the tangent line is , which is
dx
d xy d
e = x
dx dx
d
e xy ( xy ) = 1
dx
⎛ d d ⎞
e xy ⎜ x y + y ⎟ = 1
⎝ dx dx ⎠
⎛ dy ⎞
e xy ⎜ x + y ⎟ = 1
⎝ dx ⎠
dy
e xy x + ye xy = 1
dx
dy 1 − ye xy
=
dx xe xy

1− 0 ⋅ e 0
The slope of the tangent line at the point (1, 0) is mtan = = 1 . The equation of
1e 0
the tangent line is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
y − 0 = 1( x − 1)
y=x–1

dy
39. The tangent line is horizontal when the slope is zero, that is when = 0.
dx
d d
dx
( x2 + y2) = 4
dx
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
dy −2 x x
= =− provided y ≠ 0.
dx 2 y y
264 SECTION 4.7

dy
= 0 when x = 0.
dx
When x = 0, y 2 = 4, or y = ± 2. So there are horizontal tangent lines at the points (0, 2)
and (0, – 2).

dy
41. The tangent line is horizontal when the slope is zero, that is when = 0.
dx
d d
dx
( y 2 + 4 x 2 ) = 16
dx
dy
2 y + 8x = 0
dx
dy − 8 x 4x
= =− provided y ≠ 0.
dx 2 y y

dy
= 0 when x = 0.
dx
When x = 0, y 2 = 16, or y = ± 4. So there are horizontal tangent lines at the points (0, 4)
and (0, – 4).

dy
43. (a) The slope of the tangent line is , which is
dx
d d
dx
( x + xy + 2 y 2 ) = 6
dx
d d d d
x + x y + y x + ( 2 y2 ) = 0
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
1+ x + y + 4y =0
dx dx
dy
( x + 4y) = − y −1
dx
dy − y − 1 y +1
= =− provided x + 4 y ≠ 0.
dx x + 4 y x + 4y

1+1 2 1
(b) At the point (2, 1) the slope of the tangent line is mtan = − = − = − , and
2 + 4 ⋅1 6 3
an equation of the tangent line is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
1
y −1 = − ( x − 2)
3
1 5
y=− x+
3 3

(c) To find the coordinates of the points (x, y) at which the slope of the tangent line
equals the slope of the tangent line at (2, 1), we need to solve the system of equations
 SECTION 4.7 265

x + xy + 2 y 2 = 6 (1)
y +1 1
− =− (2)
x + 4y 3
Beginning with equation (2), we get 3y + 3 = x + 4y or 3 = x + y or x = 3 – y.
Substituting x = 3 – y into equation (1), we get
(3 − y ) + (3 − y ) y + 2 y2 = 6
3 − y + 3y − y2 + 2 y2 = 6
3 + 2 y + y2 = 6
y2 + 2 y − 3 = 0
( y − 1)( y + 3) = 0
y =1 y = −3
Back substituting y = 1 into equation (2) we get x = 2.
Back substituting y = – 3 into equation (2) we get x = 6.

So the coordinates of the point which has the same slope as the tangent line at (2, 1) is
(6, – 3).

45. d ⎛ a ⎞ d C
⎜P+ 2 ⎟ =
dP ⎝ V ⎠ dP V − b
d d d
(V − b )
−1
P+ aV − 2 = C
dP dP dP
dV −2 d
1 − 2aV − 3 = − C (V − b ) (V − b )
dP dP
2a dV C dV
1− 3 =−
(V − b ) dP
2
V dP
⎛ 2a C ⎞ dV
1= ⎜ 3 − ⎟
⎜V (V − b )
2
⎟ dP
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2a (V − b ) 2 − CV 3 ⎞ dV
⎜ ⎟ =1
⎜ V 3
(V − b )
2
⎟ dP
⎝ ⎠
V 3 (V − b )
2
dV
=
dP 2a (V − b ) 2 − CV 3

47. d N (t ) d ⎛ 3t ⎞
(a) e = ⎜ 430,163t + 2 ⎟
dt dt ⎝ t +2⎠
d d
N t d d ( t 2 + 2) ( 3t ) − 3t ( t 2 + 2 )
e ( ) N ( t ) = 430,163t + dt dt
(t + 2)
2
dt dt 2

N (t ) dN 3 ( t + 2 ) − 6t
2 2

e = 430,163 +
(t 2 + 2)
2
dt
266 SECTION 4.8

dN 430,163 ( t + 2 ) + 3 ( t + 2 ) − 6t
2 2 2 2
N (t )
e =
(t 2 + 2)
2
dt

dN 430,163 ( t + 2 ) + 3 ( t + 2 ) − 6t 430,163 ( t 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( t 2 + 2 ) − 6t 2
2 2 2 2 2

= =
e ( ) (t 2 + 2) ⎛ 3t ⎞ 2
2

⎟ (t + 2)
dt N t 2
⎜ 430,163t + 2
⎝ t +2⎠
430,163 ( t 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( t 2 + 2 ) − 6t 2
2

=
430,163t ( t 2 + 2 ) + 3t ( t 2 + 2 )
2

430,163 ( 2 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( 2 2 + 2 ) − 6 ⋅ 2 2
2

(b) N (2) = = 0.500

( 430,163 ⋅ 2 ) ( 2 + 2) + (3 ⋅ 2) ( 2 + 2)
2 2 2

430,163 ( 4 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( 4 2 + 2 ) − 6 ⋅ 4 2
2

N (4) = = 0.250
( 430,163 ⋅ 4 ) ( 4 2 + 2 ) + (3 ⋅ 4) ( 4 2 + 2)
2

4.8 The Derivative of x p/q

1. d 4 / 3 4 ( 4 / 3) − 1 4 1/ 3
f′ (x) = x = x = x
dx 3 3

3. d 2 / 3 2 ( 2 / 3) − 1 2 − 1/ 3 2
f′ (x) = x = x = x = 1/ 3
dx 3 3 3x

5. d 1 d − 1/ 2 1 − 1/ 2 − 1 1 1
f′ (x) = 1/ 2
= x = − x ( ) = − x −3 / 2 = − 3 / 2
dx x dx 2 2 2x

7. d 3 3 / 2 −1 d 3
( 2 x + 3 ) = ( 2 x + 3 )( ) ( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 2 = 3 ( 2 x + 3)
3/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
dx 2 dx 2

9. d 3 (3 / 2) −1 d 3
( x 2 + 4) = ( x 2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4 ) = ( x 2 + 4 ) ⋅ 2 x = 3x ( x 2 + 4 )
3/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
dx 2 dx 2

11. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3)
1/ 2

d 1 1/ 2 −1 d 1 1
( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3) ( ) ( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 2 =
1/ 2 − 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
( 2 x + 3)
1/ 2
dx 2 dx 2
1
=
2x + 3
266 SECTION 4.8

dN 430,163 ( t + 2 ) + 3 ( t + 2 ) − 6t
2 2 2 2
N (t )
e =
(t 2 + 2)
2
dt

dN 430,163 ( t + 2 ) + 3 ( t + 2 ) − 6t 430,163 ( t 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( t 2 + 2 ) − 6t 2
2 2 2 2 2

= =
e ( ) (t 2 + 2) ⎛ 3t ⎞ 2
2

⎟ (t + 2)
dt N t 2
⎜ 430,163t + 2
⎝ t +2⎠
430,163 ( t 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( t 2 + 2 ) − 6t 2
2

=
430,163t ( t 2 + 2 ) + 3t ( t 2 + 2 )
2

430,163 ( 2 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( 2 2 + 2 ) − 6 ⋅ 2 2
2

(b) N (2) = = 0.500

( 430,163 ⋅ 2 ) ( 2 + 2) + (3 ⋅ 2) ( 2 + 2)
2 2 2

430,163 ( 4 2 + 2 ) + 3 ( 4 2 + 2 ) − 6 ⋅ 4 2
2

N (4) = = 0.250
( 430,163 ⋅ 4 ) ( 4 2 + 2 ) + (3 ⋅ 4) ( 4 2 + 2)
2

4.8 The Derivative of x p/q

1. d 4 / 3 4 ( 4 / 3) − 1 4 1/ 3
f′ (x) = x = x = x
dx 3 3

3. d 2 / 3 2 ( 2 / 3) − 1 2 − 1/ 3 2
f′ (x) = x = x = x = 1/ 3
dx 3 3 3x

5. d 1 d − 1/ 2 1 − 1/ 2 − 1 1 1
f′ (x) = 1/ 2
= x = − x ( ) = − x −3 / 2 = − 3 / 2
dx x dx 2 2 2x

7. d 3 3 / 2 −1 d 3
( 2 x + 3 ) = ( 2 x + 3 )( ) ( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 2 = 3 ( 2 x + 3)
3/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
dx 2 dx 2

9. d 3 (3 / 2) −1 d 3
( x 2 + 4) = ( x 2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4 ) = ( x 2 + 4 ) ⋅ 2 x = 3x ( x 2 + 4 )
3/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
dx 2 dx 2

11. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3)
1/ 2

d 1 1/ 2 −1 d 1 1
( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3) ( ) ( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 2 =
1/ 2 − 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
( 2 x + 3)
1/ 2
dx 2 dx 2
1
=
2x + 3
 SECTION 4.8 267

13. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = ( 9 x 2 + 1)
1/ 2

d 1 (1/ 2 ) − 1 d 1
( 9 x 2 + 1) = ( 9 x 2 + 1) ( 9 x 2 + 1) = ( 9 x 2 + 1)
1/ 2 − 1/ 2
f′ (x) = ⋅ 18 x
dx 2 dx 2
9x 9x
= =
( 9 x + 1)
1/ 2
2
9x 2 + 1

15. d d d
f′ (x) =
dx
( 3 x 5 / 3 − 6 x 1/ 3 ) = 3 x 5 / 3 − 6 x 1/ 3
dx dx
5 5 / 3 −1 1 1/ 3 − 1
=3⋅ x( ) −6⋅ x( )
3 3
2
= 5x 2 / 3 − 2x − 2 / 3 = 5x 2 / 3 −
x 2/3

17. To find the derivative of function f we can either use the formula for the derivative of a
product or multiply the factors and find the derivative of the sum. We chose to multiply
first.
f ( x ) = x 1/ 3 ( x 2 − 4 ) = x 7 / 3 − 4 x 1/ 3
d d 7/3 d 7 7 / 3 −1 1 1/ 3 − 1
f′ (x) =
dx
( x 7 / 3 − 4 x 1/ 3 ) =
dx
x − 4 x 1/ 3 = x ( ) − 4 ⋅ x ( )
dx 3 3
7 4/3 4 −2/3 7 4/3 4
= x − x = x −
3 3 3 3x 2 / 3

19. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

x x
f ( x) = =
x − 4 ( x − 4)
2 2 1/ 2

d d
(x − 4) x − x ( x 2 − 4)
2 1/ 2 1/ 2

d x dx dx Use the formula for the

f′ (x) = =
dx ( x 2 − 4 ) 1/ 2 2

⎢⎣(
⎡ x 2 − 4 ) 1/ 2 ⎤ derivative of a quotient.
⎥⎦

( x 2 − 4 ) − x ⋅ 12 ( x 2 − 4 )
(1/ 2 ) − 1 d
( x 2 − 4)
1/ 2

= dx
( x 2
− 4 )
1 2
(x − 4) ( x − 4)
1/ 2 −1/ 2
2
−x⋅ ⋅ 2x
= 2
( x 2 − 4)
(x − 4) − x 2 ( x 2 − 4)
2 1/ 2 −1/ 2

=
(x 2
− 4)

=
( x − 4) − x
2 2

=−
4
Multiply by
(x 2
−4 )
1/ 2

; simplify.
( x − 4) ( x 2 − 4) (x − 4)
2 3/ 2 3/ 2 2
1/ 2
268 SECTION 4.8

21. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x) = e x = (e x )
1/ 2

d x 1/ 2 1 x (1/ 2) − 1 d x 1 x − 1/ 2 x 1 x 1/ 2 ex
f′ (x) =
dx
( e ) = (e )
2 dx
e = (e ) e = (e ) =
2 2 2

23. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = ln x = ( ln x )
1/ 2

d 1 1/ 2 − 1 d 1 − 1/ 2 1 1 1
( ln x ) = ( ln x ) ( ) ln x = ( ln x )
1/ 2
f′ (x) = ⋅ = =
dx 2 dx 2 x 2 x ( ln x ) 1/ 2
2 x ln x

25. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x) = e x = e x
3 1/ 3

1/ 3 3 3
d x 1/ 3 1/ 3 d 1 1/ 3 − 1 1 ex e x e x
x 1/ 3 = e x ⋅ x ( ) = x − 2 / 3 e x = 2 / 3 = 2 / 3 = 3
1/ 3 1/ 3
f′ (x) = e =ex
dx dx 3 3 3x 3x 3 x2

27. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = 3 ln x = ( ln x )
1/ 3

d 1 1/ 3 − 1 d 1 −2/3 1 1 1
( ln x ) = ( ln x ) ( ) ln x = ( ln x )
1/ 3
f′ (x) = ⋅ = =
dx 3 dx 3 x 3 x ( ln x ) 2/3
3x 3 ( ln x )
2

29. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = x e x = x 1/ 2 e x
d 1/ 2 x d d 1/ 2
f′ (x) =
dx
( x e ) = x 1/ 2 e x + e x
dx dx
x Use the formula for the derivative of a product.

1 1/ 2 − 1
= x 1/ 2 e x + e x ⋅ x ( )
2
1
= x 1/ 2 e x + x − 1/ 2 e x
2
ex
= x 1/ 2 e x +
2 x 1/ 2
2 x e x + e x e ( 2 x + 1)
x
= =
2 x 1/ 2 2 x

31. We first change each radical to its fractional exponent equivalent.

f ( x ) = e 2 x x 2 + 1 = e 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
1/ 2

f′ (x) =
dx (
d 2x 2
e ( x + 1)
1/ 2
) d
= e 2 x ( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 1)
dx
1/ 2 1/ 2 d

dx
e 2x
Use the formula for the
derivative of a quotient.
1 (1/ 2 ) − 1 d d
= e 2 x ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 1) e 2 x ( 2 x )
1/ 2
Use the Chain Rule.
2 dx dx
 SECTION 4.8 269

1 2
( x + 1) ⋅ 2 x + ( x 2 + 1) e 2 x ⋅ 2
− 1/ 2 1/ 2
= e 2x Differentiate.
2
= xe 2 x ( x 2 + 1) + 2e 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
− 1/ 2 1/ 2
Simplify.

xe 2 x xe 2 x + 2e 2 x ( x 2 + 1) e 2 x ( 2x 2 + x + 2)
+ 2e 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
1/ 2
= = =
(x + 1) (x + 1)
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2
x 2 +1

33. d
dx
(
x+ y =) d
dx
4
1 1 dy
+ =0
2 x 2 y dx
1 dy 1
=−
2 y dx 2 x
dy 2 y y
=− =−
dx 2 x x

35. x2 + y2 = ( x 2 + y 2 )
1/ 2

d d
( x2 + y2) =
1/ 2
x
dx dx
1 2 (1/ 2 ) − 1 d
2
( x + y2)
dx
( x2 + y 2) =1

1 2 ⎛ dy ⎞
( x + y2)
− 1/ 2
⎜ 2x + 2 y ⎟ = 1
2 ⎝ dx ⎠
dy
= 2 (x2 + y 2)
1/ 2
2x + 2y
dx
dy
=( x 2 + y 2 ) − x
1/ 2
y
dx
dy ( x + y )
1/ 2
2 2
−x x2 + y2 − x
= =
dx y y

37. d 1/ 3 d
dx
( x + y 1/ 3 ) = 1
dx
1 ( 1/ 3) − 1 1 (1/ 3) − 1
x + y =0
3 3
dy
x− 2 / 3 + y − 2 / 3 =0
dx
dy
y −2/3 = − x− 2 / 3
dx
dy y 2/3
= − x− 2 / 3 y 2/3
=−
dx x 2/3
270 SECTION 4.8

39. d
dx
e ( x
+e y
) = dxd 4
x d dy
e x +e y =0 Use the Chain Rule.
dx dx
x 1 y 1 dy
e ⋅ +e ⋅ =0 Differentiate.
2 x 2 y dx
x y
e e dy
+ =0 Simplify.
x y dx
y
e dy e x
=−
y dx x
x x− y
dy e x y ye ye
=− ⋅ y =− y
=−
dx x e xe x

41. (a) The domain of f is {x | x ≥ 0} or on the interval [0, ∞)..

1
(b) f ′ ( x ) =
2 x
(c) The domain of f′ (x) is {x | x > 0} or on the interval (0, ∞).

(d) f′ (x) is never equal to 0.

(e) x = 0 is in the domain of f, but not in the domain of f′ (x).

d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 d − 1/ 2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( − 1/ 2) − 1 1 1
(f) f ′′ ( x ) = ⎜ ⎟= x = ⋅ ⎜− ⎟x = − x −3/ 2 = −
dx ⎝ 2 x ⎠ 2 dx 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 4x 3 / 2
(g) The domain of f′ ′(x) is {x | x > 0} or on the interval (0, ∞).

43. (a) The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

d 2 / 3 2 ( 2 / 3) − 1 2 − 1/ 3 2 2
(b) f ′ ( x ) = x = x = x = 1/ 3 = 3
dx 3 3 3x 3 x

(c) The domain of f′ (x) is all real numbers except x = 0, that is the set {x | x ≠ 0}.

(d) f′ (x) is never equal to 0.

(e) x = 0 is in the domain of f, but not in the domain of f′ (x).

d ⎛ 2 −1/ 3 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( − 1/ 3) − 1 2 2
(f) f ′′ ( x ) = ⎜ x ⎟ = ⋅ ⎜− ⎟x = − x −4/3 = −
dx ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 9 9x 4 / 3

(g) The domain of f′ ′(x) is all real numbers except x = 0, that is the set {x | x ≠ 0}.
 SECTION 4.8 271

45. (a) The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

d 2 2 / 3 −1 1 1/ 3 − 1
(b) f ′ ( x ) =
dx
( x 2 / 3 + 2 x 1/ 3 ) = x ( ) + 2 ⋅ x ( )
3 3
2 − 1/ 3 2 − 2 / 3 2 2
= x + x = 1/ 3
+
3 3 3x 3x 2 / 3

(c) The domain of f′ (x) is all real numbers except x = 0, that is the set {x | x ≠ 0}.

(d) f′ (x) is never equal to zero.

(e) x = 0 is in the domain of f, but not in the domain of f′ (x).

d ⎛ 2 − 1/ 3 2 − 2 / 3 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ( − 1/ 3) − 1 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ( − 2 / 3) − 1
(f) f ′′ ( x ) = ⎜ x + x ⎟ = ⋅ ⎜− ⎟x + ⋅ ⎜− ⎟x
dx ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠
2 4 2 4
= − x −4/3 − x −5/3 = − 4/3 − 5/3
9 9 9x 9x

(g) The domain of f′ ′(x) is all real numbers except x = 0, that is the set {x | x ≠ 0}.

47. (a) The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

d 2 ( 2 / 3) − 1 d 2
( x 2 − 1) = ( x 2 − 1) ( x 2 − 1) = ( x 2 − 1)
− 1/ 3
(b) f ′ ( x ) =
2/3
⋅ 2x
dx 3 dx 3
4x
=
3 ( x 2 − 1)
1/ 3

(c) The domain of f′ (x) is all real numbers except x = 1 and x = – 1, that is the set
{x | x ≠ 1 and x ≠ – 1}.

(d) f′ (x) = 0 when x = 0.

(e) x = 1 and x = – 1are in the domain of f, but not in the domain of f′ (x).

⎡ 2 1/ 3 d d 1/ 3 ⎤

d 4x 4 ⎢ ( x − 1)
dx
x − x ( x 2 − 1) ⎥
dx
(f) f ′′ ( x ) = = ⎢ ⎥
dx 3 ( x − 1)1/ 3
2 3⎢ ( x − 1)
2 2/3
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 1 d 2 ⎤
4 ⎢(
x − 1) − x ⋅ ( x 2 − 1) ( x − 1) ⎥
1/ 3 (1/ 3 ) − 1

= ⎢ 3 dx
⎥
( x − 1)
2/3
3⎢ 2
⎥
⎣ ⎦
272 SECTION 4.8

⎡ 2 x 2 ⎤
( ) ( )
1/ 3 −2/3
x − 1 − x − 1 ⋅ 2x ⎥
4⎢ 3
= ⎢ ⎥
( x − 1)
2/3
3⎢ 2
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 2x 2
⎤
⎢ ( x − 1) −
1/ 3
⎥
3 ( x 2 − 1)
2 / 3
4⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥
( x2 − 1)
2 / 3
3
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 ⎢ 3 ( x − 1) − 2 x ⎥ 4 ( x 2 − 3)
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
= =
3 ⎢ 3 ( x 2 − 1) 4 / 3 ⎥ 9 ( x 2 − 1) 4 / 3
⎣ ⎦

(g) The domain of f′ ′(x) is all real numbers except x = 1 and x = – 1, that is the set
{x | x ≠ 1 and x ≠ – 1}.

49. (a) Since 1 − x 2 ≥ 0 , 1 – x 2 ≥ 0 or x 2 ≤ 1. Solving for x, we get – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, so the

domain of f is the interval [– 1, 1].

(b) f ′ ( x ) =
d
dx
(
x 1− x 2 =
d ⎡
dx ⎣⎢ ) ⎥
⎦
d
x (1 − x 2 ) ⎤ = x (1 − x 2 ) + (1 − x 2 )
1/ 2

dx
1/ 2 1/ 2 d

dx
x
1 (1/ 2 ) −1 d
= x ⋅ (1 − x 2 ) ( 1 − x 2 ) + (1 − x 2 ) ⋅ 1
1/ 2

2 dx
x
= (1 − x 2 ) ( −2 x ) + (1 − x 2 )
− 1/ 2 1/ 2

2
−x 2 − x 2 + (1 − x 2 ) 1 − 2x 2
= + (1 − x )
2 1/ 2
= =
(1 − x 2 ) (1 − x 2 ) (1 − x 2 )
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

(c) Since (1 − x 2 )
1/ 2
> 0, 1 – x 2 > 0 or x 2 < 1. Solving for x, we get – 1 < x < 1, so the
domain of f′ (x) is all real numbers or the interval (– 1, 1).

1 1 1
(d) f′ (x) = 0 when 1 − 2x 2 = 0, or when x 2 = , or x = – or x = .
2 2 2

(e) The points x = – 1 and x = 1 are in the domain of f, but are not part of the domain of
f′ .

d d
(1 − x )2 1/ 2
(1 − 2 x 2 ) − (1 − 2 x 2 ) (1 − x 2 )
1/ 2

d 1 − 2x 2
dx dx
(f) f ′′ ( x ) = =
dx (1 − x 2 ) 1/ 2
((1 − x ) )
2
2 1/ 2
 SECTION 4.8 273

(1 − x ) ( −4 x ) − (1 − 2 x ) 12 (1 − x ) d
(1 − x )
2 1/ 2 ( ) 2 2 1/ 2 − 1 2

= dx
(1 − x ) 2

1
−4 x (1 − x ) − (1 − 2 x ) (1 − x )
− 1/ 2
2 1/ 2 2
( −2 x ) 2

= 2
(1 − x ) 2

−4 x (1 − x ) + ( x − 2 x )(1 − x )
2 1/ 2 3 2 − 1/ 2

=
(1 − x ) 2

−4 x (1 − x ) + ( x − 2 x )
2 3

=
(1 − x ) 2 3/ 2

−4 x + 4 x 3 + x − 2 x 3 2 x 3 − 3x
= =
(1 − x ) (1 − x )
2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2

(g) Since (1 − x 2 )
3/ 2
> 0, 1 – x 2 > 0 or x 2 < 1. Solving for x, we get – 1 < x < 1, so the
domain of f′′ (x) is all real numbers or the interval (– 1, 1).

( )
51. d ⎛ 10,000 ⎞ d
(a) N ′ ( t ) = − 10,000 (1 + 0.1t )
−1/ 2
⎜ − + 11,000 ⎟ = + 11,000
dx ⎝ 1 + 0.1t ⎠ dx
d d
= − 10,000 (1 + 0.1t )
−1/ 2
+ 11,000
dx dx
⎛ 1⎞ ( −1/ 2 ) − 1 d
= − 10,000 ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ (1 + 0.1t ) (1 + 0.1t )
⎝ 2⎠ dx
500
= 5,000 (1 + 0.1t ) ( 0.1) =
−3 / 2

(1 + 0.1t )
3/ 2

(b) In 10 years, t = 10.

500
N ′ (10 ) = = 176.777 = 177 students
(1 + 0.1(10 ) )
3/ 2

53. Since z is a constant, we write z = K. Then the production function becomes

K = x 0.5y 0.4
dy
We will find using implicit differentiation.
dx
d d
K = ( x 0.5 y 0.4 )
dx dx
d 0.4 d
0 = x 0.5 y + y 0.4 x 0.5
dx dx
dy
0 = x 0.5 ⋅ 0.4 y 0.4 − 1 + y 0.4 ⋅ 0.5 x 0.5 − 1
dx
274 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW

dy
0 = 0.4 x 0.5 y − 0.6 + 0.5 y 0.4 x − 0.5
dx
0.4 x 0.5 dy 0.5 y 0.4
0= + 0.5
y 0.6 dx x
0.4 x 0.5 dy 0.5 y 0.4
= −
y 0.6 dx x 0.5
dy 0.5 y 0.4 y 0.6 0.5 y 0.4 +.06 10 5y
=− 0.5
⋅ 0.5
= − 0.5 + 0.5
⋅ =−
dx x 0.4 x 0.4 x 10 4x

55. (a) The instantaneous rate of pollution is the derivative of the function A.
1 (1/ 4) − 1 3 ( t + 3)
1/ 4 2
d 2 d
A′ ( t ) = ( t 1/ 4 + 3) = 3 ( t 1/ 4 + 3) ( ) ( ) 4
3 2
t 1/ 4
+ 3 = 3 t 1/ 4
+ 3 ⋅ t =
dt dt 4t 3 / 4

(b) After 16 years the rate of

3 (16 1/ 4 + 3)
2
3 ⋅ 52
A′(16) = = = 2.344 units per year.
4 ⋅ 16 3 / 4 32

57. (a) Velocity is the derivative of the distance function s.

d 3 / 2 3 ( 3 / 2) −1 3t 1/ 2
v = s′ ( t ) = t = t = feet per second.
dt 2 2
3 ⋅ 11/ 2 3
After 1 second the child has a velocity of v(1) = = = 1.5 feet per second.
2 2
(b) If the slide is 8 feet long, it takes
t 3/ 2 = 8
(t )
3/ 2 2/3
= (8)
2/3
= 4 seconds to get down the slide and strike the ground.

The velocity the child when striking the ground is

3 ⋅ 4 1/ 2
v ( 4) = = 3 feet per second.
2

Chapter 4 Review
TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. True 5. False 7. True

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. tangent 3. Power Rule; Chain Rule 5. zero

274 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW

dy
0 = 0.4 x 0.5 y − 0.6 + 0.5 y 0.4 x − 0.5
dx
0.4 x 0.5 dy 0.5 y 0.4
0= + 0.5
y 0.6 dx x
0.4 x 0.5 dy 0.5 y 0.4
= −
y 0.6 dx x 0.5
dy 0.5 y 0.4 y 0.6 0.5 y 0.4 +.06 10 5y
=− 0.5
⋅ 0.5
= − 0.5 + 0.5
⋅ =−
dx x 0.4 x 0.4 x 10 4x

55. (a) The instantaneous rate of pollution is the derivative of the function A.
1 (1/ 4) − 1 3 ( t + 3)
1/ 4 2
d 2 d
A′ ( t ) = ( t 1/ 4 + 3) = 3 ( t 1/ 4 + 3) ( ) ( ) 4
3 2
t 1/ 4
+ 3 = 3 t 1/ 4
+ 3 ⋅ t =
dt dt 4t 3 / 4

(b) After 16 years the rate of

3 (16 1/ 4 + 3)
2
3 ⋅ 52
A′(16) = = = 2.344 units per year.
4 ⋅ 16 3 / 4 32

57. (a) Velocity is the derivative of the distance function s.

d 3 / 2 3 ( 3 / 2) −1 3t 1/ 2
v = s′ ( t ) = t = t = feet per second.
dt 2 2
3 ⋅ 11/ 2 3
After 1 second the child has a velocity of v(1) = = = 1.5 feet per second.
2 2
(b) If the slide is 8 feet long, it takes
t 3/ 2 = 8
(t )
3/ 2 2/3
= (8)
2/3
= 4 seconds to get down the slide and strike the ground.

The velocity the child when striking the ground is

3 ⋅ 4 1/ 2
v ( 4) = = 3 feet per second.
2

Chapter 4 Review
TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. True 5. False 7. True

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. tangent 3. Power Rule; Chain Rule 5. zero

 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW 275

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. f ′(x) = 2; f ′(2) = 2 3. f ′(x) = 2x; f ′(2) = 2 · 2 = 4

5. f ′(x) = 2x – 2; f ′(1) = 2 · 1 – 2 = 0

7. d
f ′(x) = e 3 x ( 3x ) = 3e 3 x ; f ′(0) = 3e 0 = 3
dx

⎡ 4 ( x + h ) + 3⎤⎦ − [ 4 x + 3] 4 x + 4h + 3 − 4 x − 3 4h
9. f ′ ( x ) = lim ⎣ = lim = lim = lim 4 = 4
h→0 h h → 0 h h → 0 h h→ 0

⎡ 2 ( x + h ) 2 + 1⎤ − ⎡ 2 x 2 + 1⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 2 x 2 − 1
11. f ( x ) = lim
′ = lim
h →0 h h→0 h
h ( 4 x + 2h )
= lim = lim ( 4 x + 2h ) = lim 4 x + lim 2h = 4 x + 0 = 4 x
h →0 h h→0 h→0 h→0

13. f ′(x) = 5x 4 15. 1 d 4 1

f ′(x) = x = ⋅ 4x 3 = x 3
4 dx 4

17. f ′(x) = 2 · 2x – 3 = 4x – 3 19. d

f ′(x) = 7
dx
( x 2 − 4 ) = 7 ⋅ 2 x = 14 x
⎡ d d ⎤
21. f ′(x) = 5 ⎢( x 2 − 3 x ) ( x − 6 ) + ( x − 6 ) ( x 2 − 3 x ) ⎥ = 5 ⎡⎣ x 2 − 3 x + ( x − 6 )( 2 x − 3) ⎤⎦
⎣ dx dx ⎦
= 5 ( x − 3 x + 2 x − 15 x + 18 ) = 5 ( 3x − 18 x + 18 ) = 15 ( x 2 − 6 x + 6 )
2 2 2

d ⎡ d
23. f ′(x) = ⎣12 x ( 8 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2 ) ⎤⎦ = 12 ( 8 x 4 + 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x )
dx dx
= 12 ( 32 x + 6 x − 10 x + 2 ) = 24 (16 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 5 x + 1)
3 2

d d
d 2x + 2 (
5 x − 3) ( 2 x + 2 ) − ( 2 x + 2 ) ( 5 x − 3)
25. f ′(x) = = dx dx
dx 5 x − 3 ( 5 x − 3)
2

=
( 5 x − 3) ⋅ 2 − ( 2 x + 2 ) ⋅ 5 = 10 x − 6 − 10 x − 10 = −16
( 5 x − 3) ( 5 x − 3) ( 5 x − 3)
2 2 2

– 13 24
27. f ′(x) = 2 · (– 12) x = – 24 x – 13 = −
x 13

d ⎛ 3 4 ⎞ d 3 8
⎜ 2 + + 2 ⎟ = ( 2 + 3x + 4 x ) = − 3x − 8 x = − 2 − 3
−1 −2 −2 −3
29. f ′(x) =
dx ⎝ x x ⎠ dx x x
276 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW

d d
( x + 5) ( 3x − 2 ) − ( 3x − 2 ) ( x + 5 )
31. f ′(x) = d ⎛ 3 x − 2 ⎞ = dx dx Derivative of a quotient.
⎜ ⎟
dx ⎝ x + 5 ⎠ ( x + 5)
2

=
( x + 5)( 3) − ( 3x − 2 )(1) = 3x + 15 − 3x + 2 = 17
( x + 5) ( x + 5) ( x + 5)
2 2 2

d 4 d
( 3x 2 − 2 x ) = 5 ( 3x 2 − 2 x ) ( 3x 2 − 2 x )
5
33. f ′(x) = Use the Power Rule.
dx dx
= 5 ( 3x 2 − 2 x ) ( 6 x − 2 ) = 10 ( 3x 2 − 2 x ) ( 3x − 1)
4 4

d ⎡7 x ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) 2 ⎤
35. f ′(x) = ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
dx
d 2 d
= 7 x ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) (7x)
2
The derivative of a product.
dx dx
d
= 7 x ⋅ 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⋅ 7
2
Use the Power Rule.
dx
= 14 x ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 2 ) + 7 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
2
Differentiate.

= 7 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⎡⎣ 2 x ( 2 x + 2 ) + ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⎤⎦ Factor.

= 7 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⎡⎣ 4 x 2 + 4 x + x 2 + 2 x + 1⎤⎦ Simplify in the brackets.

= 7 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⎡⎣ 5 x 2 + 6 x + 1⎤⎦ Simplify in the brackets.

= 7 ( x + 1) ⎡⎣( 5 x + 1)( x + 1) ⎤⎦ = 7 ( x + 1) ( 5 x + 1)
2 3
Factor.

2
37. f ′(x) = d ⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ = 2 ⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ d ⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ Use the Power Rule.
dx ⎝ 3 x + 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 x + 2 ⎠ dx ⎝ 3x + 2 ⎠
⎡ d d ⎤
⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎢ ( 3 x + 2 ) ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) ( 3 x + 2 ) ⎥
= 2⎜ dx dx
⎟⎢ ⎥ Derivative of a quotient.
⎝ 3x + 2 ⎠ ⎢ ( 3x + 2 )
2
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ x + 1 ⎞ ⎡ ( 3 x + 2 ) ⋅ 1 − ( x + 1) ⋅ 3 ⎤
= 2⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ Differentiate.
⎝ 3 x + 2 ⎠ ⎢⎣ ( 3x + 2 )
2
⎥⎦
2 ( x + 1)( 3x + 2 − 3x − 3)
= Simplify.
( 3x + 2 )
3

2 ( x + 1)
=−
( 3x + 2 )
3
Chapter 4 – The Derivative
of a Function
Section 4.1 The Definition of a Derivative
In Problems 45–54, find the derivative of each function at the given number using a
graphing utility.

45. f ( x ) = 3 x3 − 6 x 2 + 2 at −2 .

We can find the derivative of a function at a point using the nDeriv( function on the
graphing calculator. The format of the command is

nDeriv(function, variable, value)

The nDeriv( function is found under the  menu.

}}}

Select the nDeriv( function. Enter the expression for f ( x ) , the name of the variable,
and the limit point, separated by commas. Find the value of the derivative.
.

Í„›Â¹¸„¡ÃÁ¢

„¢ÌÁ¤Í

79
Thus, rounding the result obtained on the calculator, we have f ' ( −2 ) ≈ 60 .

− x3 + 1
47. f ( x) = 2 at 8
x + 5x + 7

Use nDeriv( to find the value of the derivative at the given point.

Thus, f ' ( 8 ) ≈ −0.859 .

49. f ( x ) = xe x at 0

Use nDeriv( to find the value of the derivative at the given point.

Thus, rounding the result obtained on the calculator, we have f ' ( 0 ) ≈ 1 .

51. f ( x ) = x 2 e x at 1

Use nDeriv( to find the value of the derivative at the given point.

80
Thus, f ' (1) ≈ 8.155 .

53. f ( x ) = xe − x at 1

Use nDeriv( to find the value of the derivative at the given point.

Recall that the output 1.22625E-7 is the number 1.22625 ×10−7 . Thus, rounding the
result obtained on the calculator, we have f ' (1) ≈ 0 .

________________________________________________________________________

Section 4.5 The Derivatives of the Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions; the Chain Rule
73. Maximizing Profit At the Super Bowl, the demand for game-day t-shirts is given
by
 x 
p = 50 − 4 ln  + 1
 100 
where p is the price of the shirt in dollars and x is the number of shirts demanded.

(k) Use the TABLE feature of a graphing utility to find the quantity x that
maximizes profit.

81
Thus, f ' (1) ≈ 8.155 .

53. f ( x ) = xe − x at 1

Use nDeriv( to find the value of the derivative at the given point.

Recall that the output 1.22625E-7 is the number 1.22625 ×10−7 . Thus, rounding the
result obtained on the calculator, we have f ' (1) ≈ 0 .

________________________________________________________________________

Section 4.5 The Derivatives of the Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions; the Chain Rule
73. Maximizing Profit At the Super Bowl, the demand for game-day t-shirts is given
by
 x 
p = 50 − 4 ln  + 1
 100 
where p is the price of the shirt in dollars and x is the number of shirts demanded.

(k) Use the TABLE feature of a graphing utility to find the quantity x that
maximizes profit.

81
  x 
The profit function is given by P ( x ) = 46 x − 4 x ln  + 1 . Enter the formula for the
 100 
profit function into Y1 in the function editor. Experiment with a viewing rectangle until
your graph shows the maximum.

Go to TABLE and enter values for x to find the maximum profit.

While there appears to be no change in the y-values when x is between 3,300,000 and
4,000,000, the table window is rounding all values to three significant digits. Move the
cursor to the second column to investigate the y-values.

82
Thus, the value of x that maximizes the profit is between 3,500,00 and 3,700,000. Trying
values for x in this interval we obtain the following table.

Thus, the value of x that maximizes the profit is between 3,600,00 and 3,700,000. Trying
values for x in this interval we obtain the following table.

Thus, the value of x that maximizes the profit is between 3,620,00 and 3,640,000. Trying
values for x in this interval we obtain the following table.

83
Thus, the value of x that maximizes the profit is between 3,631,00 and 3,633,000. We can
continue to narrow down the x-interval that contains the maximum, but this is a rather
tedious process. A quicker way uses the maximum function found in the  menu.

84
Sell 3,631,550 t-shirts in order to maximize the profit.

(l) What price should be charged for a t-shirt to maximize the profit?

Substitute the value 3,631,550 in for x in the demand equation.

Rounding to the nearest cent, the price per t-shirt should be $8.00.

________________________________________________________________________

85
Summary
The command introduced in this chapter was:

nDeriv(

86
 Chapter 5
Applications: Graphing Functions;
Optimization
5.1 Horizontal and Vertical Tangent Lines; Continuity and
Differentiability

1. f ′ ( x ) = 2x − 4
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0.
2x – 4 = 0
2x = 4
x=2
Evaluate the function f at x = 2: f (2) = (2) 2 – 4(2) = – 4

The tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal at the point (2, f (2)) = (2, – 4). There is
no vertical tangent line since f′ (x) is never unbounded.

3. f ′(x) = – 2x + 8
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0.
– 2x + 8 = 0
– 2x = – 8
x=4
Evaluate the function f at x = 4: f (4) = – (4) 2 + 8(4) = 16

The tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal at the point (4, f (4)) = (4, 16). There is no
vertical tangent line since f′ (x) is never unbounded.

5. f ′(x) = – 4x + 8
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0.
– 4x + 8 = 0
– 4x = – 8
x=2
Evaluate the function f at x = 2: f (2) = – 2(2) 2 + 8(2) + 1 = – 8 + 16 + 1 = 9

The tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal at the point (2, f (2)) = (2, 9). There is no
vertical tangent line since f′ (x) is never unbounded.

7. 2 2
f ′(x) = ⋅ 3x − 1 / 3 = 1 / 3
3 x
f ′(x) is never zero, so there is no horizontal tangent line.
286 SECTION 5.1

f ′(x) is unbounded at x = 0. We evaluate f at 0: f (0) = 3 · 0 2/3 + 1 = 1.

The tangent line to the graph of f is vertical at the point (0, 1).

9. f ′(x) = – 3x 2 + 3
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0.
– 3x 2 + 3 = 0
x2 – 1 = 0
(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 1 or x=–1

Evaluate f at 1 and – 1.
f (1) = − 1 3 + 3 (1) + 1 = 3
f ( − 1) = − ( − 1) + 3 ( − 1) + 1 = − 1
3

There are two horizontal lines tangent to the graph of f , one at (1, 3) and the
other at (– 1, – 1). There is no vertical tangent line since f′ (x) is never unbounded.

11. 3 3
f ′ ( x) = ⋅ 4x −1 / 4 = 1 / 4
4 x
f ′(x) ≠ 0 so there is no horizontal tangent line.
f ′(x) is unbounded at x = 0. We evaluate f (0) = 4 ( 0 )
3/ 4
− 2 = − 2.

The tangent line to the graph of f at (0, – 2) is vertical.

13. f ′ ( x ) = 5 x 4 − 40 x 3
Horizontal tangents occur where f ′(x) = 0.
5 x 4 − 40 x 3 = 0
5x 3 ( x − 8 ) = 0
5x 3 = 0 or x–8=0
x=0 or x=8

Evaluate f at 0 and 8.
f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) − 10 ( 0 ) = 0 f ( 8 ) = ( 8 ) − 10 ( 8 ) = − 8192
5 4 5 4

We conclude that the graph of f has 2 horizontal tangent lines, one at (0, 0), the other at
(8, – 8192). There is no vertical tangent line.

15. f ′ ( x ) = 15 x 4 + 60 x 2
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0.
15 x 4 + 60 x 2 = 0
 SECTION 5.1 287

15 x 2 ( x 2 + 4 ) = 0
15x 2 = 0 or x2 + 4 = 0
x=0

Evaluate f at 0: f ( 0 ) = 3 ( 0 ) + 20 ( 0 ) − 1 = − 1
5 3

The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at (0, – 1); f ′ is never unbounded, so f has no
vertical tangent.

17. 2 −1/ 3 1 2 2
f ′( x ) = x + ⋅ 2 x − 2 / 3 = 1/ 3 + 2 / 3
3 3 3x 3x
2 x 1/ 3
2 2x 1/ 3
2 2 x 1/ 3 + 2
= 1/ 3 ⋅ 1/ 3 + 2 / 3 = 2 / 3 + 2 / 3 =
3x x 3x 3x 3x 3x 2 / 3

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f′ (x) = 0.

2 x 1/ 3 + 2
=0
3x 2 / 3
2 x 1/ 3 + 2 = 0
x 1/ 3 = – 1
x=–1

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded at 0.

Evaluate f at 0 and – 1:
f ( 0) = 0 2 / 3 + 2 ( 0) = 0
1/ 3

f ( −1) = ( −1) + 2 ( −1)

2/3 1/ 3
= −1

We conclude that the graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at (– 1, – 1) and a vertical
tangent line at (0, 0).

19. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 ( x − 10 ) = x 5 / 3 − 10 x 2 / 3
5 2 5 x 2/3 20
f ′ ( x ) = x 2 / 3 − ⋅ 10 x −1/ 3 = −
3 3 3 3x 1/ 3
5 x 2/3 x 1/ 3 20 5x 20 5 x − 20
= ⋅ 1/ 3 − 1/ 3 = 1/ 3 − 1/ 3 =
3 x 3x 3x 3x 3x 1/ 3

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f′ (x) = 0.

5 x − 20
=0
3x 1/ 3
5x – 20 = 0
288 SECTION 5.1

5x = 20
x=4

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded at 0.

Evaluate f at 0 and 4:
f ( 0 ) = 0 2 / 3 ( 0 − 10 ) = 0
f ( 4 ) = 4 2 / 3 ( 4 − 10 ) = − 6 ⋅ 4 2 / 3 = − 6 ⋅ ( 8 ⋅ 2 )
1/ 3
= − 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 1/ 3 = − 12 ⋅ 2 1/ 3 = − 12 3 2

We conclude that the graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at (4, −12 3 2 ) and a vertical
tangent line at (0, 0).

21. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 ( x 2 − 16 ) = x 8 / 3 − 16 x 2 / 3
8 2 8 x 5/3 32
f ′ ( x ) = x 5 / 3 − ⋅ 16 x −1/ 3 = − 1/ 3
3 3 3 3x
8 x 5 / 3 x 1/ 3 32 8x2 32 8 x 2 − 32
= ⋅ 1/ 3 − 1/ 3 = 1/ 3 − 1/ 3 =
3 x 3x 3x 3x 3 x 1/ 3

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f′ (x) = 0.

8 x 2 − 32
=0
3x 1/ 3
8x 2 – 32 = 0
8(x 2 – 4) = 0
(x – 2)(x + 2) = 0
x – 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 2 or x=–2

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded at 0.

Evaluate f at 2, – 2, and 0:
f ( 2 ) = 2 2 / 3 ( 2 2 − 16 ) = 2 2 / 3 ( −12 ) = −12 ⋅ 2 2 / 3 = −12 3 4
f ( − 2) = ( − 2)
2/3
(( − 2) 2
)
− 16 = 2 2 / 3 ( −12 ) = −12 ⋅ 2 2 / 3 = −12 3 4

f ( 0 ) = 0 2 / 3 ( 0 2 − 16 ) = 0

We conclude that the graph of f has horizontal tangent lines at 2, − 12 3 4 and ( )

( − 2, − 12 4 ) and a vertical tangent line at (0, 0).
3

23. x 2/3
f ( x) = x≠2
x−2
 SECTION 5.1 289

2 −1/ 3
x ⋅ ( x − 2) − x 2 / 3 ⋅ 1 ⎡ 2 ( x − 2) ⎤
1
f ′( x) = 3 = 2 ⎢
− x 2/3 ⎥
( x − 2) ( x − 2 ) ⎣ 3x
2 1/ 3
⎦
1 ⎡ 2 ( x − 2) 2 / 3 3x
1/ 3
⎤
= ⎢ − x ⋅ 1/ 3 ⎥
( x − 2)
2 1/ 3
⎣ 3x 3x ⎦
1 ⎡ 2 ( x − 2) 3x ⎤
= ⎢ − 1/ 3 ⎥
( x − 2)
2 1/ 3
⎣ 3x 3x ⎦
1 ⎡ 2 x − 4 − 3x ⎤ −x−4
= ⎢⎣ 3 x 1/ 3 ⎥⎦ = 1/ 3
( x − 2) 3x ( x − 2 )
2 2

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f′ (x) = 0.

−x−4
=0
3x ( x − 2 )
1/ 3 2

–x–4=0
x=–4

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded if x = 0

or x = 2, but x = 2 is not part of the domain of f, so we disregard it.

Evaluate f at – 4 and 0:
( − 4 ) 2 / 3 16 1/ 3 2 ⋅ 2 1/ 3 2 1/ 3 3
2
f ( − 4) = = =− =− =−
( − 4) − 2 − 6 6 3 3
0 2/3
f ( 0) = =0
0−2

⎛ 3
2⎞
We conclude that the graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at ⎜ − 4, − ⎟ and
⎝ 3 ⎠
a vertical tangent line at (0, 0).

25. x 1/ 3
f ( x) = x≠1
x −1
1 −2 / 3
x ( x − 1) − x 1/ 3 ⋅ 1 ⎡ x −1
1 1/ 3 ⎤
f ′( x ) = 3 = ⎢⎣ 3x 2 / 3 − x ⎥⎦
( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2

1 ⎡ x −1 1/ 3 3 x
2/3
⎤
= ⎢ 3x 2 / 3 − x ⋅ 2/3 ⎥
( x − 1)
2
⎣ 3x ⎦
1 ⎡ x −1 3x ⎤
= ⎢⎣ 3 x 2 / 3 − 3 x 2 / 3 ⎥⎦
( x − 1)
2
290 SECTION 5.1

1 ⎡ x − 1 − 3x ⎤ − 2x −1
= ⎢⎣ 3 x 2 / 3 ⎥⎦ = 2 / 3
( x − 1) 3 x ( x − 1)
2 2

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f′ (x) = 0.

−2 x − 1
=0
3x ( x − 1)
2/3 2

– 2x – 1 = 0
1
x=–
2

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded if x = 0

or x = 1, but x = 1 is not part of the domain of f, so we disregard it.

1
Evaluate f at – and 0:
2
1/ 3 1/ 3
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜− ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ 1/ 3
1 2 2 2/3 3 4
⎛ 1⎞ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
f ⎜− ⎟ = = = ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ = 1/ 3 ⋅ = =
⎝ 2 ⎠ − 1 −1 −
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 3 3 3
2 2
1/ 3
0
f ( 0) = =0
0 −1

⎛ 1 34⎞
We conclude that the graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟ and
⎝ 2 3 ⎠
a vertical tangent line at (0, 0).

27. (a) f ( 0 ) = 0 2 / 3 = 0 . The one-sided limits are

lim f ( x ) = lim− x 2 / 3 = 0 lim f ( x ) = lim+ x 2 / 3 = 0
x → 0− x→0 x → 0+ x→0

Since lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) the function is continuous at 0.

x→0

f ( x ) − f (0) x 2/3 − 0
(b) The derivative of f at 0 is f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim .
x→0 x−0 x→0 x−0

We look at the one-sided limits:

x 2/3 − 0 x 2/3 1
lim− = lim− = lim− 1/ 3 = − ∞
x→0 x−0 x→0 x x→0 x

x −0
2/3
x 2/3
1
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ 1/ 3 = ∞
x→0 x−0 x→0 x x→0 x

Since the one-sided limits are not equal, f′ (0) does not exist.
 SECTION 5.1 291

(c) The derivative is unbounded at x = 0, so there is a vertical tangent line at 0.

29. (a) f (1) is not defined, so f is not continuous at x = 1.

(b) Since f is not continuous at x = 1, f′ (1) does not exist.

31. (a) f (0) = 0 2 = 0. The one sided limits are

lim− f ( x ) = lim− 3 x = 0 lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x 2 = 0
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0

Since lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , the function f is continuous at 0.

x→ 0

f ( x ) − f (0) f ( x) − 0
(b) The derivative of f at 0 is f′ (0) = lim = lim .
x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x−0

We look at the one-sided limits:

f ( x) − 0 3x − 0 3x
lim− = lim− = lim− = lim 3 = 3
x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x − 0 x→ 0 x x→ 0 −
f ( x) − 0 x2 −0 x2
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim x = 0
x→ 0 x−0 x→ 0 x − 0 x→ 0 x x→ 0 +

Since the one-sided limits are not equal, f′ (0) does not exist.

(c) There is no tangent line at x = 0.

(d)

33. (a) f ( 2 ) = 4 ⋅ 2 = 8 . The one-sided limits are

lim− f ( x ) = lim− 4 x = 4 ⋅ 2 = 8 lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x 2 = 2 2 = 4
x →2 x →2 x→2 x →2

Since the one-sided limits are unequal, the lim f ( x ) doesn’t exist and the function is not
x→2

continuous at x = 2.
292 SECTION 5.2

(b) The function is not continuous at x = 2, (d)

so f′ (2) does not exist.

(c) Does not apply to this problem.

35. (a) f (0) = 0 3 = 0. The one-sided limits are:

lim− f ( x ) = lim− x 2 = 0 2 = 0 lim f ( x ) = lim+ x 3 = 0 3 = 0
x→0 x→0 x →0 + x →0

The one-sided limits are equal so lim f ( x ) exists, and since lim f ( x ) = f (0), the function
x →0 x →0

is continuous at x = 0.

f ( x ) − f (0) f ( x) − 0 f ( x)
(b) The derivative of f at 0 is f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim = lim .
x→0 x−0 x→0 x−0 x→0 x
We look at one-sided limits.
f ( x) x2 f ( x) x3
lim− = lim− = lim− x = 0 lim+ = lim+ = lim+ x 2 = 0
x →0 x x → 0 x x → 0 x → 0 x x → 0 x x →0
We conclude that f′ (0) = 0, and that there is a horizontal tangent line at 0.

(c) Does not apply to this problem. (d)

5.2 Increasing and Decreasing Functions; the First Derivative Test

1. The domain of f is [x1, x9]. 3. The graph of f is increasing on (x1, x4),

(x5, x7), and (x8, x9).

5. f′ (x) = 0 for x4, x7, and x8. 7. f has a local maximum at (x4, y4) and
at (x7, y7).
292 SECTION 5.2

(b) The function is not continuous at x = 2, (d)

so f′ (2) does not exist.

(c) Does not apply to this problem.

35. (a) f (0) = 0 3 = 0. The one-sided limits are:

lim− f ( x ) = lim− x 2 = 0 2 = 0 lim f ( x ) = lim+ x 3 = 0 3 = 0
x→0 x→0 x →0 + x →0

The one-sided limits are equal so lim f ( x ) exists, and since lim f ( x ) = f (0), the function
x →0 x →0

is continuous at x = 0.

f ( x ) − f (0) f ( x) − 0 f ( x)
(b) The derivative of f at 0 is f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim = lim .
x→0 x−0 x→0 x−0 x→0 x
We look at one-sided limits.
f ( x) x2 f ( x) x3
lim− = lim− = lim− x = 0 lim+ = lim+ = lim+ x 2 = 0
x →0 x x → 0 x x → 0 x → 0 x x → 0 x x →0
We conclude that f′ (0) = 0, and that there is a horizontal tangent line at 0.

(c) Does not apply to this problem. (d)

5.2 Increasing and Decreasing Functions; the First Derivative Test

1. The domain of f is [x1, x9]. 3. The graph of f is increasing on (x1, x4),

(x5, x7), and (x8, x9).

5. f′ (x) = 0 for x4, x7, and x8. 7. f has a local maximum at (x4, y4) and
at (x7, y7).
 SECTION 5.2 293

9. f (x) = – 2x 2 + 4x – 2
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = – 2. The y-intercept is (0, – 2). Now let y = 0. Then
– 2x 2 + 4x – 2 = 0
x 2 – 2x + 1 = 0
(x – 1) 2 = 0
x–1=0
x=1
The x-intercept is (1, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = – 4x + 4

The solution to f′ (x) = 0 is

– 4x + 4 = 0
x=1
Use 1 to separate the number line into 2 parts, and use x = 0 and x = 2 as test numbers.
– ∞ < x < 1 and 1 < x < ∞

f′ (0) = 4 f′ (2) = – 4(2) + 4 = – 4

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (– ∞, 1); f is decreasing on

the interval (1, ∞).

STEP 4 Since f is increasing to the left of 1 and decreasing to the right of 1, we

conclude that there is a local maximum at (1, f (1)) = (1, 0).

STEP 5 We found f′ (1) = 0, indicating that there is a horizontal tangent at (1, 0).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent line.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = – 2x 2.

Polynomial functions have no asymptotes.
294 SECTION 5.2

11. f ( x ) = x 3 − 9 x 2 + 27 x − 27
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = – 27. The y-intercept is (0, – 27).

Now let y = 0. Then x 3 − 9 x 2 + 27 x − 27 = 0
( x − 3)
3
=0
x–3=0
x=3
The x-intercept is (3, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 18 x + 27
The solution to f′ (x) = 0 is
3x 2 − 18 x + 27 = 0
3( x 2 − 6 x + 9) = 0
3 ( x − 3) = 0
2

x–3=0
x=3
Use 3 to separate the number line into 2 parts, and use 0 and 4 as test numbers.
–∞<x<3 3<x<∞

f′ (0) = 27 f′ (4) = 3(4) 2 – 18(4) + 27 = 3

We conclude that the function is always increasing that is on the interval (– ∞, ∞).

STEP 4 There are no local extreme points since the first derivative never changes signs.

STEP 5 We found f′ (3) = 0, indicating that there is a horizontal tangent at

(3, f (3)) = (3, 0).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 3. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.
 SECTION 5.2 295

13. f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 36 x
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then 2 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 36 x = 0
x ( 2 x 2 − 15 x + 36 ) = 0
x=0
The x-intercept is (0, 0).
( 2 x 2 − 15 x + 36 = 0 has no real solution; its discriminant, b 2 – 4ac = – 63, is negative.)

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f ′ ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 30 x + 36
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
6 x 2 − 30 x + 36 = 0
6 ( x 2 − 5x + 6) = 0
6 ( x − 2 )( x − 3) = 0
x – 2 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
x = 2 or x=3
Use the numbers to separate the number line into 3 parts, and use 0, 2.5, and 4 as test
numbers.
–∞<x<2 2<x<3 3<x<∞

f ′ ( 2.5 ) = 6 ( 2.5 ) − 30 ( 2.5 ) + 36 = − 1.5 f ′ ( 4 ) = 6 ( 4 ) − 30 ( 4 ) + 36 = 12

2 2
f′ (0) = 36
We conclude that the function is increasing on the intervals (– ∞ , 2) and (3, ∞) and is
decreasing on the interval (2, 3).
296 SECTION 5.2

STEP 4 Since the function is increasing to the left of 2 and decreasing to the right of 2,
the point (2, f (2)) = (2, 28) is a local maximum.
The function is decreasing to the left of 3 and increasing to the right of 3, so the
point (3, f (3)) = (3, 27) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 We found f′ (2) = 0 and f′ (3) = 0, indicating that there are horizontal tangent
lines at (2, f (2)) = (2, 28) and (3, f (3)) = (3, 27).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.
STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = 2x 3. Polynomial
functions have no asymptotes.

15. f ( x ) = − x 3 + 3x − 1
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = – 1. The y-intercept is (0, –1). The x-intercept is hard
to find, so we skip it.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = − 3x 2 + 3
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
− 3x 2 + 3 = 0
− 3 ( x 2 − 1) = 0
− 3 ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x+1=0
x = 1 or x=–1

We use the numbers 1 and – 1 to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test point from each interval.

f ′ ( − 2 ) = − 3( − 2 ) + 3 = − 9
2
For x = – 2:
f ′ ( 0 ) = − 3( 0) + 3 = 3
2
For x = 0:
 SECTION 5.2 297

f ′ ( 2) = − 3( 2) + 3 = − 9
2
For x = 2:

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (– 1, 1); f is decreasing on

the intervals (– ∞, – 1) and (1, ∞).
STEP 4 Since the graph is decreasing to the left of – 1 and increasing to the right
of – 1, the point (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 3) is a local minimum.
Since the graph is increasing to the left of 1 and decreasing to the right of 1, the
point (1, f (1)) = (1, 1) is a local maximum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 1 and x = – 1. The graph of f has horizontal tangent lines at the
points (1, f (1)) = (1, 1) and (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 3).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = – x 3. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

17. f ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 12 x 3 + 2
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 2. The y-intercept is (0, 2).

The x-intercept is hard to find, so we skip it.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 12 x 3 − 36 x 2
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
12 x 3 − 36 x 2 = 0
12 x 2 ( x − 3) = 0
12x 2 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
x = 0 or x=3

We use the numbers 0 and 3 to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<3 3<x<∞
and choose a test number from each interval.
298 SECTION 5.2

f ′ ( − 1) = 12 ( − 1) − 36 ( − 1) = − 48
3 2
For x = – 1:
f ′ (1) = 12 (1) − 36 (1) = − 24
3 2
For x = 1:
f ′ ( 4 ) = 12 ( 4 ) − 36 ( 4 ) = 192
3 2
For x = 4:
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (3, ∞); f is decreasing on the
interval (– ∞, 3).

STEP 4 Since the graph is decreasing to the left of 3 and increasing to the right
of 3, the point (3, f (3)) = (3, – 79 ) is a local minimum.
There is no local maximum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 0 and x = 3. The graph of f has horizontal tangent lines at the
points (0, f (0)) = (0, 2) and (3, f (3)) = (3, – 79).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = 3x 4. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

19. f ( x ) = x 5 − 5x + 1
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 1. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

The x-intercept is hard to find, so we skip it.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 5 x 4 − 5
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
5x 4 − 5 = 0
5 ( x 4 − 1) = 0
5 ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0
5 ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1) = 0
 SECTION 5.2 299

x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x 2 + 1 = 0
x = 1 or x=–1
The discriminant of x 2 + 1 is negative, so x 2 + 1 = 0 has no solution.

We use the numbers – 1 and 1 to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test point from each part.

For x = – 2: f ′ ( − 2 ) = 5 ( − 2 ) − 5 = 75
4

f ′ ( 0) = 5 ( 0) − 5 = − 5
4
For x = 0:
f ′ ( 2 ) = 5 ( 2 ) − 5 = 75
4
For x = 2:

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, −1) and (1, ∞); f is
decreasing on the interval (– 1. 1).

STEP 4 Since the graph is increasing to the left of – 1 and decreasing to the right
of – 1, the point (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, 5) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 1 and increasing to the right of 1, so the
point (1, f (1)) = (1, – 3) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = – 1 and for x = 1. The graph of f has horizontal tangent lines at
the points (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, 5) and (1, f (1)) = (1, – 3).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 5. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

21. f ( x ) = 3 x 5 − 20 x 3 + 1
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 1. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

The x-intercept is hard to find, so we skip it.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

300 SECTION 5.2

f′ (x) = 15 x 4 − 60 x 2
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
15 x 4 − 60 x 2 = 0
15 x 2 ( x 2 − 4 ) = 0
15 x 4 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
15x 4 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 0 or x=2 or x=–2
We use the numbers – 2, 0, and 2 to separate the number line into four parts:
–∞<x<–2 –2<x<0 0<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test point from each part.

f ′ ( x )( − 3) = 15 ( − 3) − 60 ( − 3) = 675
4 2
For x = – 3:
f ′ ( x )( − 1) = 15 ( − 1) − 60 ( − 1) = − 45
4 2
For x = – 1:
f ′ ( x )(1) = 15 (1) − 60 (1) = − 45
4 2
For x = 1:
f ′ ( x )( 3) = 15 ( 3) − 60 ( 3) = 675
4 2
For x = 3:

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 2) and (2, ∞); f is
decreasing on the interval (– 2, 2).

STEP 4 Since the graph is increasing to the left of – 2 and decreasing to the right
of – 2, the point (– 2, f (– 2)) = (– 2, 65) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 2 and increasing to the right of 2, so the
point (2, f (2)) = (2, – 63) is a local minimum.
STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = – 2, x = 0, and x = 2. The graph of f has horizontal tangent
lines at the points (– 2, f (– 2)) = (– 2, 65), (0, f (0)) = (0, 1), and (2, f (2)) = (2, – 63).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = 3x 5. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.
 SECTION 5.2 301

23. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 + 2 x1/ 3
STEP 1 The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then x 2 / 3 + 2 x 1/ 3 = 0
x 1/ 3 ( x 1/ 3 + 2 ) = 0
x 1/ 3 = 0 or x 1/ 3 + 2 = 0
x = 0 or x 1/ 3 = − 2
x=–8
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (8, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

2 2
f′ (x) = x −1/ 3 + x −2 / 3
3 3
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
2 −1/ 3 2 −2 / 3
x + x =0
3 3
x −1/ 3 + x − 2 / 3 = 0
1 1
1/ 3
+ 2/3 = 0
x x
x +1
1/ 3
=0
x 2/3
x 1/ 3 = − 1
f′ (x) is not defined when x = 0, f′ (x) = 0 when x = – 1.
We use these two numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<0 0<x<∞
and we choose a test point in each part.

2 2 1
f ′ ( x )( − 8 ) = ( − 8) + ( − 8 ) = − ≈ − 0.167
−1/ 3 −2/3
For x = – 8:
3 3 6
−1/ 3 −2/3
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 2⎛ 1⎞ 2⎛ 1⎞ 4
For x = – : f ′( x)⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ = ≈ 1.333
8 ⎝ 8⎠ 3⎝ 8⎠ 3⎝ 8⎠ 3
2 −1/ 3 2 − 2 / 3 4
For x = 1: f ′ ( x )(1) = (1) + (1) = ≈ 1.333
3 3 3
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (– 1, ∞); f is decreasing on
the interval (– ∞, – 1).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of –1 and increasing to the right of –1, so
the point (– 1, f (–1)) = (– 1, – 1) is a local minimum.
There is no local maximum.
302 SECTION 5.2

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = – 1. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point
(– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 1).
The first derivative is unbounded at x = 0, so there is a vertical tangent
line at the point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0).

STEP 6 For the end behavior of f, we look at the two limits at infinity:

( )
2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 / 3 + 2 x 1/ 3 ) = lim x 2 / 3 = lim x 1/ 3 =∞
x → −∞ x → −∞ x → −∞ x → −∞

( )
2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 / 3 + 2 x 1/ 3 ) = lim x 2 / 3 = lim x 1/ 3 =∞
x→ ∞ x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

The graph of f becomes unbounded in the positive direction as x → ± ∞.

25. f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 1)
2/3

STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = ( 0 − 1) = ( − 1)

2/3 2/3
= 1 . The y-intercept is (0, 1).

(x − 1)
2 2/3
Now let y = 0. Then =0
x 2 −1 = 0
x 2 =1
x=±1
The x-intercepts are (– 1, 0) and (1, 0).
STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):
2 4x
f′ (x) = ( x 2 − 1) ⋅ 2 x =
− 1/ 3
x≠±1
3 ( x 2 − 1)
1/ 3
3
The solution to f′ (x) = 0 is
4x
=0
3 ( x 2 − 1)
1/ 3

4x = 0
x=0
 SECTION 5.2 303

We use the numbers – 1, 0, and 1 to separate the number line into four parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.

4 ( − 8)
For x = – 8: f ′ ( − 8) = 1/ 3
= − 2.681
3 ⎡( − 8 ) − 1⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 1⎞
4⎜ − ⎟
1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎝ 8⎠
For x = – : f ′ ⎜ − ⎟ = 1/ 3
= 0.168
8 ⎝ 8⎠ ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎤
3 ⎢⎜ − ⎟ − 1⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎛1⎞
4⎜ ⎟
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎝8⎠
For x = : f ′ ⎜ ⎟ = 1/ 3
= − 0.168
8 ⎝8⎠ ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎤
3 ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
⎣⎢⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎦⎥
4 (8)
For x = 8: f ′ ( 8 ) = 1/ 3
= 2.681
3 ⎡( 8 ) − 1⎤
2
⎣ ⎦

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– 1, 0) and (1, ∞); f is
decreasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 1) and (0, 1).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of –1 and increasing to the right of – 1, so
the point (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, 0) is a local minimum. The graph is also decreasing to the
left of 1 and increasing to the right of 1, so the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 0) is another local
minimum.
The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 1) is a local maximum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 0. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point
(0, f (0)) = (0, 1). The first derivative is unbounded at x = – 1 and x = 1, so there are
vertical tangent lines at the points (– 1, 0) and (1, 0).

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limits at infinity. Since f is an even
function, we need only to consider the limit as x → ∞.
lim ( x 2 − 1) = lim ( x 2 )
2/3 2/3
= lim x 4 / 3 = ∞
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

The graph becomes unbounded at x → ± ∞.

304 SECTION 5.2

27. 8 8
f ( x) = = x ≠ ±4
x − 16 ( x − 4 )( x + 4 )
2

STEP 1 The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 4, x ≠ 4}.

8 8 1 ⎛ 1⎞
STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = = = − . The y-intercept is ⎜ 0, − ⎟ .
0 − 16 − 16
2
2 ⎝ 2⎠
Now let y = 0. But f (x) ≠ 0, so there is no x-intercept.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

8
= 8 ( x 2 − 16 )
−1
f ( x) = 2
x − 16
− 16 x
f′ (x) = − 8 ( x 2 − 16 ) ⋅ 2 x =
−2
x ≠ ±4
( x 2 − 16 )
2

f′ (x) is not defined when x = – 4 or x = 4.

The solution to f′ (x) = 0 is
– 16x = 0
x=0

We use the numbers – 4, 0, and 4 to separate the number line into four parts:
–∞<x<–4 –4<x<0 0<x<4 4<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.

16 ( − 5 )
For x = – 5: f ′ ( − 5) = − 2
= 0.988
⎡( − 5 ) 2 − 16 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
16 ( − 1)
For x = – 1: f ′ ( − 1) = − 2
= 0.071
⎡( − 1) 2 − 16 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
16 (1)
For x = 1: f ′ (1) = − 2
= − 0.071
⎡(1) 2 − 16 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
 SECTION 5.2 305

16 ( 5 )
For x = 5: f ′ ( 5) = − 2
= − 0.988
⎡( 5 ) 2 − 16 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 4) and (– 4, 0); f is
decreasing on the intervals (0, 4) and (4, ∞).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
⎛ 1⎞
point (0, f (0)) = ⎜ 0, − ⎟ is a local maximum.
⎝ 2⎠
There is no local minimum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 0. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ 0, ⎟ . The first derivative is unbounded at x = – 4 and x = 4, but they are not in the
⎝ 2⎠
domain of the function so there are no vertical tangent lines.

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limits at infinity. Since f is an even
function, we need only to consider the limit as x → ∞.
lim 8
⎛ 8 ⎞ 8
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎜ 2
x→∞
⎟ = = =0
x→∞ x → ∞ x − 16
⎝ ⎠ lim ( x − 16 ) xlim
2
→∞
x2
x→∞

The x-axis (y = 0) is a horizontal asymptote of f as x becomes unbounded in the positive

and negative directions.
Since f is a rational function and f is unbounded at x = – 4 and x = 4, the graph of f will
have vertical asymptotes at x = – 4 and x = 4.

29. x x
f ( x) = = x≠±3
x − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
2

STEP 1 The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 3, x ≠ 3}.

0
STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 2 = 0 . The y-intercept is (0, 0).
0 −9
x
Now let y = 0. Then 2 = 0 or x = 0. The x-intercept is also (0, 0).
x −9

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

306 SECTION 5.2

f′ (x) =
(x 2
− 9) ⋅ 1 − x ⋅ 2x
=
x 2 − 9 − 2x 2
=−
x2 +9
x≠±3
(x − 9) (x − 9) (x − 9)
2 2 2 2 2 2

f′ (x) is not defined when x = – 3 or x = 3.

x2 +9
f′ (x) = 0 when − = 0 or when x 2 + 9 = 0, which has no solution. So f′ (x) ≠ 0.
( x − 9)
2 2

We use the numbers – 3 and 3 to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–3 –3<x<3 3<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.

( − 4) + 9
2

For x = – 4: f ′( − 4) = − 2
= − 0.510
⎡( − 4 ) 2 − 9 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
02 +9
For x = 0: f ′(0) = − = − 0.111
(0 − 9)
2 2

42 +9
For x = 4: f ′( 4) = − = − 0.510
( 4 2 − 9)
2

We conclude that the graph of f is decreasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 3), (– 3, 3),

and (3, ∞).

STEP 4 The graph is always decreasing so there is neither a local minimum nor a local
maximum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) ≠ 0 so the graph of f has no horizontal tangent line.

The first derivative is unbounded at x = – 3 and x = 3, but these points are not in
the domain of the function so there are no vertical tangent lines.

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limits at infinity. Since f is an odd function,
we need only to consider the limit as x → ∞.
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛1⎞
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎜ 2 ⎟ = xlim ⎜ ⎟ = xlim ⎜ ⎟=0
x →∞ x −9 →∞ x2 →∞ x
x→∞
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote to the graph as f becomes unbounded.

Since f is a rational function and f is unbounded at x = – 3 and x = 3, the graph of f will

have vertical asymptotes at x = – 3 and x = 3.
 SECTION 5.2 307

31. x2
f ( x) = 2 x≠±2
x −4

STEP 1 The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 2, x ≠ 2}.

02
STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = = 0 . The y-intercept is (0, 0).
02 −4
x2
Now let y = 0. Then 2 = 0 or x = 0. The x-intercept is also (0, 0).
x −4

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) =
( x2 − 4) ⋅ 2x − x 2 ⋅ 2x 2x 3 − 8x − 2x 3
= =−
8x
x≠±2
( x 2 − 4) ( x 2 − 4) ( x2 − 4)
2 2 2

f′ (x) is not defined when x = – 2 or x = 2.

The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
8x
− = 0 or x = 0
( )
2
x 2
− 4
We use the numbers – 2, 0, and 2 to separate the number line into four parts:
–∞<x< –2 –2<x<0 0<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.

8 ( − 3)
For x = – 3: f ′ ( − 3) = − 2
= 0.96
⎡( − 3 ) 2 − 4 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
8 ( − 1)
For x = – 1: f ′ ( − 1) = − 2
= 0.889
⎡( − 1) 2 − 4 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
8 (1)
For x = 1: f ′ (1) = − = − 0.889
( )
2
1 2
− 4
8 ( 3)
For x = 3: f ′ ( 3) = − = − 0.96
(3 − 4)
2 2
308 SECTION 5.2

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 2) and (– 2, 0); f is

decreasing on the intervals (0, 2) and (2, ∞).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0) is a local maximum. There is no local minimum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 0. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point
(0, f (0)) = (0, 0).
The first derivative is unbounded at x = – 2 and x = 2, but these points are not in
the domain of the function so there are no vertical tangent lines.

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limits at infinity. Since f is an even
function, we need only to consider the limit as x → ∞.
x2 x2
lim ( ) = lim 2
f x = lim 2 = lim 1 = 1
x→∞ x→∞ x −4 x→∞ x x→∞

The line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the graph as f becomes unbounded.

Since f is a rational function and f is unbounded at x = – 2 and x = 2, the graph of f will
have vertical asymptotes at x = – 2 and x = 2.

33. f (x) = x ln x

STEP 1 The domain of f is {x | x > 0}.

STEP 2 x = 0 is not in the domain of f so there is no y-intercept.

Let y = 0. Then x ln x = 0
x = 0 or ln x = 0
x=1
We disregard x = 0 since it is not in the domain of f. The x-intercept is (1, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

1
f′ (x) = x ⋅ + 1 ⋅ ln x = 1 + ln x
x
The solution to f′ (x) = 0 is
1 + ln x = 0
ln x = − 1
1
x = ≈ 0.368
e
 SECTION 5.2 309

We use the number 0.368 to separate the positive number line into two parts:
0 < x < 0.368 0.368 < x < ∞
and choose a test number from each part.

For x = 0.1: f ′ ( 0.1) = 1 + ln 0.1 = − 1.303

For x = 1: f ′ (1) = 1 + ln 1 = 1
⎛1 ⎞
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ ; f is decreasing on
⎝e ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
the interval ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
⎝ e⎠

1 1
STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of and increasing to the right of , so the
e e
⎛ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
point ⎜ , f ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ , − ⎟ is a local minimum. There is no local maximum.
⎝ e ⎝ e ⎠⎠ ⎝ e e⎠

1
STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = . The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point
e
⎛1 1⎞
⎜ ,− ⎟ . There are no vertical tangent lines.
⎝e e⎠

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limit at infinity.

lim f ( x ) = lim ( x ln x ) = ∞
x→∞ x→∞

The graph of the function becomes unbounded as x → ∞.

Since f becomes unbounded as x → 0, there is a vertical tangent at x = 0.

35. S is increasing on the interval where S′ (x) > 0.

S ′ ( x ) = 8 x + 50
8x + 50 > 0
310 SECTION 5.2

8x > – 50
50 25
x> − =− = − 6.25
8 4
Since S′ (x) > 0 on the domain of S, S is an increasing function.

37. (a) R is increasing on the interval where R′ (x) > 0 and decreasing where R′ (x) < 0.
R ′ ( x ) = − 0.010 x + 20
– 0.010x + 20 > 0

– 0.010x > – 20
x < 2000
The graph of R is increasing on the interval (0, 2000) and it is decreasing on the interval
(2000, ∞).

(b) Since the function R is increasing to the left of 2000 and decreasing to the right of
2000, then selling x = 2000 trucks will maximize revenue.

(c) The maximum revenue is R(2000) = – 0.005(2000) 2 + 20(2000) = $20,000.

(d)

39. (a) A is increasing on the interval where A′ (t) > 0 and decreasing where A′ (t) < 0.
A′ ( t ) = − 238.4t + 113.4
– 238.4t + 113.4 > 0
– 238.4t > – 113.4
t < 0.476
The function A is increasing on the interval (0, 0.476).

(b) According to this model the acreage of wheat planted will be decreasing from 2004
to 2008.

41. (a) The yield is increasing when f′ (x) > 0.

1 0.426 − 0.417 x 1/ 2 + 0.426
f ′ ( x ) = − 0.417 + ⋅ 0.852 x −1/ 2 = − 0.417 + 1/ 2 = x>0
2 x x 1/ 2
 SECTION 5.2 311

f′ (x) = 0 when
− 0.417 x 1/ 2 + 0.426 = 0
− 0.417 x 1/ 2 = − 0.426
x 1/ 2 = 1.022
x = 1.044
We use 1.044 to separate the positive number line into two parts.
0 < x < 1.044 1.044 < x < ∞

Testing a point in each interval we find

− 0.417 (1)
1/ 2
+ 0.426
when x = 1: f ′ (1) = = 0.009
(1)
1/ 2

− 0.417 ( 4 ) + 0.426 − 0.417 ( 2 ) + 0.426

1/ 2

when x = 4: f ′( 4) = 1/ 2
= = − 0.204
4 2
The yield will be increasing when the amount of nitrogen is in the interval (0, 1.044).

(b) The yield will be decreasing when the amount of nitrogen is greater than 1.044.

43. f ( x) = 2x 2 − 2x
1. f is a polynomial function. It is continuous everywhere on its domain. So it is
continuous on [0, 1].

2. f is a polynomial function. It is differentiable everywhere on its domain. So f is

differentiable on (0, 1).

3. f (0) = 0, f (1) = 2(1) 2 – 2(1) = 2 – 2 = 0

f′ (x) = 4x – 2 , f′ (x) = 0 when

4x – 2 = 0
4x = 2
1
x=
2
1
Since is in the interval [0, 1], Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
2

45. f ( x) = x 4 −1
1. f is a polynomial function. It is continuous everywhere on its domain. So it is
continuous on [– 1, 1].

2. A polynomial function is differentiable everywhere on its domain. So f is

differentiable on (– 1, 1).
312 SECTION 5.2

3. f (– 1) = (– 1) 4 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0 f (1) = 1 4 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0

f′ (x) = 4x 3, f′ (x) = 0 when 4x 3 = 0 or when x = 0. Since 0 is in the interval [– 1, 1],

Rolle’s Theorem is verified.

47. f ( x) = x 2
1. f is a polynomial function. It is continuous everywhere on its domain. So it is
continuous on [0, 3].

2. A polynomial function is differentiable everywhere on its domain. So f is

differentiable on (0, 3).
3. f ( 0 ) = 0 2 = 0 f ( 3) = 3 2 = 9
f (b ) − f ( a ) f ( 3) − f ( 0 ) 9−0 9
= = = =3
b−a 3−0 3−0 3

3 3
f′ (x) = 2x. f′ (x) = 3 when 2x = 3 or when x = = 1.5 . Since is in the interval [0, 3],
2 2
the Mean Value Theorem is verified.

49. 1
f ( x) = x≠0
x2
1. f is a rational function. It is continuous everywhere on its domain. So it is continuous
on [1, 2].

2. A rational function is differentiable everywhere on its domain. So f is differentiable

on (1, 2).
1 1 1
3. f (1) = 2 = 1 f ( 2) = 2 =
1 2 4
1
f ( b ) − f ( a ) f ( 2 ) − f (1) 4 − 1 3
= = =−
b−a 2 −1 1 4

2 3
f ′( x) = − 2x − 3 = − 3
. f ′ ( x ) = − when
x 4
2 3
− 3 =−
x 4
– 3x = − 8
3

8
x3 =
3
2
x = 3 ≈1.387
3
Since 1.387 is in the interval [1, 2], the Mean Value Theorem is verified.
 SECTION 5.3 313

5.3 Concavity; the Second Derivative Test

1. The domain of f is {x | x1 ≤ x < x4 or x4 < x < x7}or all the x in the interval [x1, x4) or
(x4, x7).

3. The graph of the function is increasing on the intervals and (x1, x3), (0, x4), and (x4, x6).

5. f′ (x) = 0 when x = 0 and when x = x6.

7. f has a local maximum at x3 and x6.

9. The graph is concave up on the intervals (x1, x3) and (x3, x4).

11. There is a vertical asymptote at x = x4.

13. f ( x) = x 3 − 6x 2 +1
f ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 12 x
f ′′ ( x ) = 6 x − 12
f′′ (x) > 0 when 6x – 12 > 0 or when 6x > 12 or x > 2.
The graph of f is concave up on the interval (2, ∞). It is concave down on the
interval (– ∞, 2). The inflection point is (2, f (2)) = (2, – 15).

15. f ( x) = x 4 − 2x 3 + 6x −1
f ′( x ) = 4x 3 − 6x 2 + 6
f ′′ ( x ) = 12 x 2 − 12 x
We solve f′′ (x) = 0 and use test points to determine the intervals for which f is concave
up and concave down.
12 x 2 − 12 x = 0
12 x ( x − 1) = 0
12x = 0 or x–1=0
x = 0 or x=1

We separate the number line into three parts:

–∞<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞
f ′′ ( − 1) = 12 ( − 1) − 12 ( − 1) = 24
2
For x = – 1:
f ′′ ( 0.5 ) = 12 ( 0.5 ) − 12 ( 0.5 ) = − 3
2
For x = 0.5:
f ′′ ( 2 ) = 12 ( 2 ) − 12 ( 2 ) = 24
2
For x = 2:

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (1, ∞) ; f is

concave down on the interval (0, 1). The inflection points are (0, f (0)) = (0, – 1)
and (1, f(1)) = (1, 4).
314 SECTION 5.3

17. f ( x ) = 3 x 5 − 5 x 4 + 60 x + 10
f ′ ( x ) = 15 x 4 − 20 x 3 + 60
f ′′ ( x ) = 60 x 3 − 60 x 2
We solve f′′ (x) = 0 and use test points to determine the intervals for which f is concave
up and concave down.
60 x 3 − 60 x 2 = 0
60 x 2 ( x − 1) = 0

60 x 2 = 0 or x–1=0
x=0 or x=1

We separate the number line into three parts:

–∞<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞

f ′′ ( − 1) = 60 ( − 1) − 60 ( − 1) = − 120
3 3
For x = – 1:
f ′′ ( 0.5 ) = 60 ( 0.5 ) − 60 ( 0.5 ) = − 7.5
3 3
For x = 0.5:
f ′′ ( 2 ) = 60 ( 2 ) − 60 ( 2 ) = 240
3 3
For x = 2:

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (1, ∞) ; f is concave down
on the interval (– ∞, 1). The inflection point is (1, f (1)) = (1, 68).

19. f ( x ) = 3 x 5 − 10 x 3 + 10 x + 10
f ′ ( x ) = 15 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 10
f ′′ ( x ) = 60 x 3 − 60 x
We solve f′′ (x) = 0 and use test points to determine the intervals for which f is concave
up and concave down.

60 x 3 − 60 x = 0
60 x( x 2 − 1) = 0
60x(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
60x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x+1=0
x = 0 or x=1 or x=–1

We separate the number line into four parts:

–∞<x<–1 –1<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞
For x = – 2: f ′′ ( − 2 ) = 60 ( − 2 ) − 60 ( − 2 ) = − 360
3

f ′′ ( − 0.5 ) = 60 ( − 0.5 ) − 60 ( − 0.5 ) = 22.5

3
For x = – 0.5:
f ′′ ( 0.5 ) = 60 ( 0.5 ) − 60 ( 0.5 ) = − 22.5
3
For x = 0.5:
 SECTION 5.3 315

f ′′ ( 2 ) = 60 ( 2 ) − 60 ( 2 ) = 360
3
For x = 2:

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (–1, 0) and (1, ∞); f is
concave down on the intervals (– ∞, – 1) and (0, 1). The inflection points are
(– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, 7), (0, f (0)) = (0, 10), and (1, f (1)) = (1, 13).

21. f ( x ) = x 5 − 10 x 2 + 4
f ′ ( x ) = 5 x 4 − 20 x
f ′′ ( x ) = 20 x 3 − 20 = 20 ( x 3 − 1)
We solve f′′ (x) = 0 and use test points to determine the intervals for which f is concave
up and concave down.
20 ( x 3 − 1) = 0
20 ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x 2 + x +1 = 0
x=1
The discriminant of x 2 + x + 1 is negative, and so x 2 + x + 1 = 0 has no real solution.
We use 1 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<1 1<x<∞

For x = 0: f ′′ ( 0 ) = 20 ( 0 3 − 1) = − 20
For x = 2: f ′′ ( 2 ) = 20 ( 2 3 − 1) = 140

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (1, ∞); f is concave down
on the interval (– ∞, 1). The inflection point is (1, f (1)) = (1, – 5).

23. f ( x ) = 3 x 1/ 3 + 9 x + 2
1
f ′( x) = ⋅ 3x − 2 / 3 + 9 = x − 2 / 3 + 9
3
2 2
f ′′ ( x ) = − x − 5 / 3 = − 5 / 3
3 3x

f′′ (x) is unbounded at x = 0. We use 0 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<∞

2 2
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = − =
3 ( − 1)
5/3
3
2 2
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = − =−
3 (1)
5/3
3
316 SECTION 5.3

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (– ∞, 0); f is concave down
on the interval (0, ∞). The inflection point is (0, f (0)) = (0, 2).

25. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 ( x − 10 ) = x 5 / 3 − 10 x 2 / 3
5 20
f ′ ( x ) = x 2 / 3 − x − 1/ 3
3 3
10 20 10 20 10 x 20 10 x + 20
f ′′ ( x ) = x − 1/ 3 + x − 4 / 3 = 1/ 3 + 4 / 3 = 1/ 3 ⋅ 3 / 3 + 4 / 3 =
9 9 9x 9x 9x x 9x 9x 4/3
f′′ (x) is unbounded at x = 0. We solve f′′ (x) = 0 and use test points to determine the
intervals for which f is concave up and concave down.
10 x + 20
=0
9x 4/ 3
10x + 20 = 0
10x = – 20
x=–2

We use 0 and – 2 to separate the number line into three parts:

–∞<x< –2 –2<x<0 0<x<∞
10 ( − 3) + 20
For x = – 3: f ′′ ( − 3) = f ′′ ( − 3) = = − 0.257
9 ( − 3)
4/3

10 ( − 1) + 20
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = = 1.111
9 ( − 1)
4/3

10 (1) + 20
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = = 3.333
9 (1)
4/3

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (– 2, 0) and (0, ∞); f is
concave down on the interval (– ∞, – 2). The inflection point is
(– 2, f (– 2)) = (– 2, – 19.049).

27. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 ( x 2 − 16 ) = x 8 / 3 − 16 x 2 / 3
8 32
f ′ ( x ) = x 5 / 3 − x −1/ 3
3 3
40 2 / 3 32 − 4 / 3 40 x 2 / 3 32 40 x 2 + 32
f ′′ ( x ) = x + x = + 4/3 =
9 9 9 9x 9x 4 / 3

f′′ (x) is unbounded at x = 0. We solve f′′ (x) = 0 and use test points to determine the
intervals for which f is concave up and concave down.
40 x 2 + 32
= 0 or 40 x 2 + 32 = 0
9x 4 / 3
The discriminant of 40 x 2 + 32 is negative, so 40 x 2 + 32 = 0 has no real solution.
 SECTION 5.3 317

We use 0 to separate the number line into two parts:

–∞<x<0 0<x<∞
40 ( − 1) + 32
2

For x = – 1: f ( − 1) =
′′ =8
9 ( − 1)
4/3

40 (1) + 32
2

For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = =8
9 (1)
4/3

Since f′′ (x) is positive for all x, we conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the
interval (– ∞, 0) and (0, ∞). There is no inflection point.

29. f ( x) = x 3 − 6x 2 +1
STEP 1 Since f is a polynomial, the domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 1. The y-intercept is (0, 1). The x-intercept is hard to
find, so we skip it.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 3x 2 − 12 x
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
3x 2 − 12 x = 0
3x ( x − 4 ) = 0
3x = 0 or x–4=0
x = 0 or x=4
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<4 4<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.

f ′ ( − 2 ) = 3 ( − 2 ) − 12 ( − 2 ) = 36
2
For x = – 2:
f ′ ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) − 12 ( 2 ) = −12
2
For x = 2:
f ′ ( 5 ) = 3 ( 5 ) − 12 ( 5 ) = 15
2
For x = 5:

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (4, ∞); f is
decreasing on the interval (0, 4).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 1) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 4 and increasing to the right of 4, so the point
(4, f (4)) = (4, – 31) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 0 and x = 4. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the
points (0, 1) and (4, – 31).
318 SECTION 5.3

The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 3. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x)

f ′′ ( x ) = 6 x – 12
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 6x = 12, that is when x = 2.
We use the number 2 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = 0: f ′′ ( 0 ) = 6 ( 0 ) − 12 = − 12
For x = 3: f ′′ ( 3) = 6 ( 3) − 12 = 6
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (2, ∞) and is concave down
on the interval (– ∞, 2). Since the concavity changes at the point (2, – 15), it is an
inflection point.

31. f ( x) = x 4 − 2x 2 +1
STEP 1 Since f is a polynomial, the domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 1. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

Now let y = 0. Then x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1 = 0
(x − 1) = 0
2 2

x 2 = 1; x = ± 1
The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (– 1, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 4 x 3 − 4 x
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are
4x 3 − 4x = 0
4 x ( x 2 − 1) = 0
4 x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
4x = 0 or x–1=0 or x+1=0
x=0 or x=1 or x=–1
 SECTION 5.3 319

We use the numbers to separate the number line into four parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<0 0<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′ ( − 2 ) = 4 ( − 2 ) − 4 ( − 2 ) = − 24
3
For x = – 2
f ′ ( − 0.5 ) = 4 ( − 0.5 ) − 4 ( − 0.5 ) = 1.5
3
For x = – 0.5
f ′ ( 0.5 ) = 4 ( 0.5 ) − 4 ( 0.5 ) = − 1.5
3
For x = 0.5
f ′ ( 2 ) = 4 ( 2 ) − 4 ( 2 ) = 24
3
For x = 2
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– 1, 0) and (1, ∞); f is
decreasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 1) and (0, 1).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of – 1 and increasing to the right of – 1, so
the point (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, 0) is a local minimum. The graph is also decreasing to the
left of 1 and increasing to the right of 1, so the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 0) is another local
minimum.
The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the point
(0, f (0)) = (0, 1) is a local maximum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the points (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, 0),
(1, f (1)) = (1, 0), (0, f (0)) = (0, 1).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 4. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

f ′′ ( x ) = 12x 2 – 4
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 12x 2 – 4 = 0
12x 2 = 4
1 1
x2 = or x = ± ≈ ± 0.577
3 3
We use the numbers ± 0.577 to separate the number line into three parts
– ∞ < x < – 0.577 – 0.577 < x < 0.577 0.577 < x < ∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = 8
For x = 0: f ′′ ( 0 ) = − 4
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = 8
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (– ∞ , – 0.577 ) and
(0.577, ∞) and is concave down on the interval (– 0.577, 0.577). Since the concavity
changes at the points (– 0.577, 0.445) and (0.577, 0.445) they are inflection points.
320 SECTION 5.3

33. f ( x ) = x 5 − 10 x 4
STEP 1 Since f is a polynomial, the domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then x 5 − 10 x 4 = 0
x 4 ( x − 10 ) = 0
x=0 or x – 10 = 0
x = 10
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (10, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 5 x 4 − 40 x 3
f′ (x) = 0 when 5 x 4 − 40 x 3 = 0
5x 3 ( x − 8) = 0
5x 3 = 0 or x–8=0
x = 0 or x=8
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<8 8<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′ ( − 1) = 5 ( − 1) − 40 ( − 1) = 45
4 3
For x = – 1:
f ′ (1) = 5 (1) − 40 (1) = − 35
4 3
For x = 1:
f ′ (10 ) = 5 (10 ) − 40 (10 ) = 10,000
4 3
For x = 10:
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (8, ∞); f is
decreasing on the interval (0, 8).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 8 and increasing to the right of 8, so the point
(8, f (8)) = (8, – 8192) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the points (0, 0) and (8, – 8192).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 5. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

 SECTION 5.3 321

f ′′ ( x ) = 20 x 3 − 120 x 2
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 20 x 3 − 120 x 2 = 0
20 x 2 ( x − 6 ) = 0

20 x 2 = 0 or x–6=0
x=0 or x=6
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts
–∞<x<0 0<x<6 6<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′′ ( − 1) = 20 ( − 1) − 120 ( − 1) = − 140
3 2
For x = – 1:
f ′′ (1) = 20 (1) − 120 (1) = − 100
3 2
For x = 1:
f ′′ ( 7 ) = 20 ( 7 ) − 120 ( 7 ) = 980
3 2
For x = 7:
We conclude that the graph of f is concave down on the intervals (– ∞ , 0) and (0, 6) and
is concave up on the interval (6, ∞). Since the concavity changes at the point (6, – 5184),
it is an inflection point.

35. f ( x ) = x 6 − 3x 5
STEP 1 Since f is a polynomial, the domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then x 6 − 3x 5 = 0
x 5 ( x − 3) = 0
x 5 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
x = 0 or x=3
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (3, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 6 x 5 − 15 x 4
f′ (x) = 0 when 6 x 5 − 15 x 4 = 0
3x 4 ( 2 x − 5) = 0
322 SECTION 5.3

3x 4 = 0 or 2x – 5 = 0
5
x = 0 or x=
2
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0 < x < 2.5 2.5 < x < ∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′ ( − 1) = 6 ( − 1) − 15 ( − 1) = − 21
5 4
For x = – 1:
f ′ (1) = 6 (1) − 15 (1) = − 9
5 4
For x = 1:
f ′ ( 3) = 6 ( 3) − 15 ( 3) = 243
5 4
For x = 3:
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (2.5, ∞); f is decreasing on
the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (0, 2.5).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of 2.5 and increasing to the right of 2.5, so
the point (2.5, f (2.5)) = (2.5, – 48.83) is a local minimum.
There is no local maximum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point (2.5, – 48.83) and
(0, 0). The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 6. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

f ′′ ( x ) = 30 x 4 − 60 x 3
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 30 x 4 − 60 x 3 = 0
30 x 3 ( x − 2 ) = 0
30 x 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
x = 0 or x=2
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts
–∞<x<0 0<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′′ ( − 1) = 30 ( − 1) − 60 ( − 1) = 90
4 3
For x = – 1:
f ′′ (1) = 30 (1) − 60 (1) = − 30
4 3
For x = 1:
f ′′ ( 3) = 30 ( 3) − 60 ( 3) = 810
4 3
For x = 3:
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (2, ∞) and is
concave down on the interval (0, 2). Since the concavity changes at the points (0, 0) and
(2, – 32), they are inflection points.
 SECTION 5.3 323

37. f ( x ) = 3x 4 − 12 x 3
STEP 1 Since f is a polynomial, the domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then 3x 4 − 12 x 3 = 0
3x 3 ( x − 4 ) = 0
3x 3 = 0 or x–4=0
x=0 or x=4
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (4, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 12 x 3 − 36 x 2
f′ (x) = 0 when 12 x 3 − 36 x 2 = 0
12 x 2 ( x − 3) = 0
12x 2 = 0 or x–3=0
x = 0 or x=3
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<3 3<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′ ( − 1) = 12 ( − 1) − 36 ( − 1) = − 48
3 2
For x = – 1:
f ′ (1) = 12 (1) − 36 (1) = − 24
3 2
For x = 1:
f ′ ( 4 ) = 12 ( 4 ) − 36 ( 4 ) = 192
3 2
For x = 4:
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (3, ∞); f is decreasing on the
intervals (– ∞, 0) and (0, 3).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of 3 and increasing to the right of 3, so the
point (3, f (3)) = (3, – 81) is a local minimum.
There is no local maximum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the points (0, 0) and (3, – 81).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = 3x 4. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.
324 SECTION 5.3

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

f′′ (x) = 36 x 2 − 72 x = 36 x ( x − 2 )
f′′ (x) = 0 when 36 x ( x − 2 ) = 0
36x = 0 or x–2=0
x=0 or x=2

We use the numbers 0 and 2 to separate the number line into three parts
–∞<x<0 0<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = 36 ( −1)( −1 − 2 ) = 108
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = 36 (1)(1 − 2 ) = − 36
For x = 3: f ′′ ( 3) = 36 ( 3)( 3 − 2 ) = 108
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (– ∞ , 0) and (2, ∞ ) and
is concave down on the interval (0, 2). Since the concavity changes at the points (0, 0)
and (2, – 48), they are inflection points.

39. f ( x ) = x 5 − 10 x 2 + 4
STEP 1 Since f is a polynomial, the domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 4. The y-intercept is (0, 4).

The x-intercept is hard to find, so we skip it.
STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):
f′ (x) = 5 x 4 − 20 x
f′ (x) = 0 when 5 x 4 − 20 x = 0
5x ( x 3 − 4) = 0
5x = 0 x3 – 4 = 0
or
x=0 or x3 = 4
x = 3 4 ≈ 1.587
We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0 < x < 1.587 1.587 < x < ∞
 SECTION 5.3 325

and choose a test number from each part.

f ′ ( − 1) = 5 ( − 1) − 20 ( − 1) = 25
4
For x = – 1:
f ′ (1) = 5 (1) − 20 (1) = − 15
4
For x = 1:
f ′ ( 2 ) = 5 ( 2 ) − 20 ( 2 ) = 40
4
For x = 2:

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (1.587, ∞); f is
decreasing on the interval (0, 1.587).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 4) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 1.587 and increasing to the right of 1.587,
so the point (1.587, f (1.587)) = (1.587, – 11.119) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the points (0, 4) and
(1.587, – 11.119). The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 5. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

f′′ (x) = 20 x 3 − 20 = 20 ( x 3 − 1)
f′′ (x) = 0 when 20 ( x 3 − 1) = 0
x 3 − 1 = 0 or x = 1
We use the number 1 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = 0: f ′′ ( 0 ) = 20 [ 0 − 1] = − 20
For x = 2: f ′′ ( 2 ) = 20 ⎡⎣ 2 3 − 1⎤⎦ =140
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (1, ∞) and is concave down
on the interval (– ∞, 1). Since the concavity changes at the point (1, – 5), it is an
inflection point.
326 SECTION 5.3

41. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 ( x − 10 )
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then x 2 / 3 ( x − 10 ) = 0

x 2 / 3 = 0 or x – 10 = 0
x = 0 or x = 10
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (10, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

2 3x 2 / 3 ⋅ x 1/ 3 2 x − 20 5 x − 20
f′ (x) = x 2 / 3 + x − 1/ 3 ( x − 10 ) = + =
3 3x 1/ 3 3 x 1/ 3 3 x 1/ 3
f′ (x) is unbounded when x = 0. f′ (x) = 0 when 5x – 20 = 0 or when x = 4.
We use the critical numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<4 4<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
5 ( − 1) − 20
For x = – 1: f ′ ( − 1) = = 8.333
3 ( − 1)
1/ 3

5 (1) − 20
For x = 1: f ′ (1) = =−5
3 (1)
1/ 3

5 ( 5 ) − 20
For x = 5: f ′ ( 5) = = 0.975
3( 5)
1/ 3

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, 0) and (4, ∞); f is
decreasing on the interval (0, 4).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 4 and increasing to the right of 4, so the
point (4, f (4)) = (4, – 15.12) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point (4, – 15.12).
The first derivative is unbounded at x = 0, so there is a vertical tangent
line at the point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0).

STEP 6 For the end behavior of f, we look at the two limits at infinitiy:
As x approaches – ∞, f becomes unbounded in the negative direction; as x
approaches ∞, f becomes unbounded in the positive direction.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

10 − 1/ 3 20 − 4 / 3 10 x + 20
f′′ (x) = x + x =
9 9 9x 4/ 3
 SECTION 5.3 327

f′′ (x) is unbounded at x = 0.

f′′ (x) = 0 when 10x + 20 = 0, that is when x = – 2.
We use the numbers 0 and – 2 to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–2 –2<x<0 0<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
10 ( − 3) + 20
For x = – 3: f ′′ ( − 3) = = − 0.257
9 ( − 3)
4/3

10 ( − 1) + 20
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = = 1.111
9 ( − 1)
4/3

10 (1) + 20
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = = 3.333
9 (1)
4/3

We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals (– 2, 0) and (0, ∞) and is
concave down on the interval (– ∞ , – 2). Since the concavity changes at the point
(– 2, – 19.049), it is an inflection point.

43. f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 ( x 2 − 16 )
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then x 2 / 3 ( x 2 − 16 ) = 0
x 2 / 3 ( x − 4 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x 2 / 3 = 0 or x – 4 = 0 or x+4=0
x = 0 or x=4 or x=–4
The x-intercepts (0, 0), (– 4, 0), and (4, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

2 x 5 / 2 ⋅ 3 x 1/ 3 2 ( x − 16 )
2
2 − 1/ 3 2
f′ (x) = x ⋅ 2 x + x
2/3

3
( x − 16 ) = 3x 1/ 3 + 3x 1/ 3
328 SECTION 5.3

6 x 2 + 2 x 2 − 32 8 x 2 − 32
= =
3x 1/ 3 3x 1/ 3
f′ (x) is not defined when x = 0. f′ (x) = 0 when 8 x 2 − 32 = 0 .
8 x 2 = 32
x2 = 4
x=± 2
We use the numbers to separate the number line into four parts:
–∞<x<–2 –2<x<0 0<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
8 ( − 3) − 32
2

For x = – 3: f ′ ( − 3) = = − 9.245
3 ( − 3)
1/ 3

8 ( − 1) − 32
2

For x = – 1: f ′ ( − 1) = =8
3 ( − 1)
1/ 3

8 (1) − 32
2

For x = 1: f ′ (1) = =−8

3 (1)
1/ 3

8 ( 3) − 32
2

For x = 3: f ′ ( 3) = = 9.245
3 ( 3)
1/ 3

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– 2, 0) and (2, ∞); f is
decreasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 2) and (0, 2).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of – 2 and increasing to the right of – 2, so
the point (– 2, f (– 2)) = (– 2, – 19.05) is a local minimum. The graph is also decreasing
to the left of 2 and increasing to the right of 2, so the point (2, f (2)) = (2, – 19.05) is a
local minimum.
The graph is increasing to the left of 0 and decreasing to the right of 0, so the
point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0) is a local maximum.

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the points (– 2, – 19.05) and
(2, – 19.05).
The first derivative is unbounded at x = 0, so there is a vertical tangent
line at the point (0, 0).

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limits at infinity. Since f is an even
function, we need only to consider the limit as x → ∞. As x approaches ∞, f becomes
unbounded in the positive direction.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x)

40 2 / 3 32 − 4 / 3 40 x 2 + 32
f′′ (x) = x + x =
9 9 9x 4/ 3
f′′ (x) is unbounded at x = 0.
 SECTION 5.3 329

f′′ (x) is never equal to 0.

We use the number 0 to separate the number line into two parts
–∞<x<0 0<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
40 ( − 1) + 32
2

For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = =8
9 ( − 1)
4/3

40 (1) + 32
2

For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = =8
9 (1)
4/3

We conclude that the graph of f is always concave up, and has no inflection point.

45. f ( x) = x e x
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 Let x = 0. Then y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).

Now let y = 0. Then x e x = 0 or x = 0. The x-intercept is (0, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = x e x + e x = e x ( x + 1)
f′ (x) = 0 when e x ( x + 1) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x = – 1

We use the numbers to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 2: f ′ ( − 2 ) = e − 2 ( − 2 + 1) = − 0.135
For x = 0: f ′ ( 0 ) = e 0 ( 0 + 1) = 1
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (– 1, ∞); f is decreasing on
the interval (– ∞, – 1).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of – 1 and increasing to the right of – 1, so
the point (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 0.368) is a local minimum.
There is no local maximum.
330 SECTION 5.3

STEP 5 The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point (– 1, – 0.368). There is
no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 For the end behavior of f, we look at the two limits at infinitiy:
As x approaches – ∞, the graph of f approaches the x-axis. The line y = 0 is a horizontal
asymptote as x becomes unbounded in the negative direction.
As x approaches ∞, y becomes unbounded in the positive direction. As x becomes
unbounded the function f behaves like y = e x.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x)

f′′ (x) = x e x + e x + e x = e x ( x + 2 )
f′′ (x) = 0 when e x ( x + 2) = 0 , that is when x = – 2
We use the number – 2 to separate the number line into two parts
–∞<x<–2 –2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 3: f ′′ ( − 3) = e − 3 (− 3 + 2) = − e − 3 ≈ − 0.050
For x = 0: f ′′ ( 0 ) = e 0 (2) = 2
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (– 2, ∞) and is concave
down on the interval (– ∞ , – 2) . Since the concavity changes at the point (– 2, – 0.271),
it is an inflection point.

47. First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.

f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 − 3
3x 2 − 3 = 0
3 ( x 2 − 1) = 0
3(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 1 or x=–1

Now evaluate f′′ (x) at these numbers.

f ′′ ( x ) = 6 x
f ′′(– 1) = 6(– 1) = – 6 < 0. By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local maximum
at (– 1, f(– 1)) = (– 1, 4).
 SECTION 5.3 331

f ′′(1) = 6(1) = 6 > 0. By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local minimum
at (1, f(1)) = (1, 0).

49. First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.

f ′ ( x ) = 12 x 3 + 12 x 2
12 x 3 + 12 x 2 = 0
12 x 2 ( x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = – 1
Now evaluate f′′ (x) at these numbers.
f ′′ ( x ) = 36 x 2 + 24 x
f ′′(0) = 36 ( 0 ) + 24 ( 0 ) = 0. The Second Derivative Test is inconclusive. To determine
2

if a local maximum or minimum exists, we must use the First Derivative Test.
3 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 12 12 − 6 + 12 3
f ′ ⎜ − ⎟ = 12 ⎜ − ⎟ + 12 ⎜ − ⎟ = − + = = >0
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 8 4 4 2
f ′ (1) = 12 (1) + 12 (1) = 24 > 0
3 2

Since the first derivative does not change signs, there is no local extreme point
at (0, f(0)) = (0, – 3).

f ′′(– 1) = 36(– 1) 2 + 24(– 1) = 12 > 0. By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local
minimum at (– 1, f(– 1)) = (– 1, – 4).

51. First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.

f ′ ( x ) = 5 x 4 − 20 x 3
5 x 4 − 20 x 3 = 0
5x 3 ( x − 4) = 0
x=0 or x=4

Now evaluate f′′ (x) at these numbers.

f ′′ ( x ) = 20 x3 − 60 x 2
f ′′(4) = 20 ( 4 ) − 60 ( 4 ) = 320 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local minimum
3 2

at (4, f(4)) = (4, – 254).

f ′′(0) = 20 ( 0 ) − 60 ( 0 ) = 0 . The Second Derivative Test is inconclusive. To determine

3 2

if a local maximum or minimum exists at x = 0, we must use the First Derivative Test.
f ′ ( − 1) = 5 ( − 1) − 20 ( − 1) = 25 > 0
4 3

f ′ (1) = 5 (1) − 20 (1) = − 15 < 0

4 3

Since the first derivative is positive to the left of 0 and negative to the right of 0, we
conclude that there is a local maximum at (0, f(0)) = (0, 2).
332 SECTION 5.3

53. 1
f ( x) = x + = x + x −1 x≠0
x
First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.
1 x 2 −1
f ′( x) = 1 − x − 2 = 1− 2 = x≠0
x x2
x 2 −1
=0
x2
x 2 −1 = 0
x=±1

Now evaluate f′′ (x) at these numbers.

2
f ′′ ( x ) = 2 x − 3 = 3 x≠0
x
2
f ′′ ( − 1) = = − 2 < 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local maximum
( − 1)
3

at (– 1, – 2).

2
f ′′(1) = = 2 > 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local minimum
(1)
3

at (1, f(1)) = (1, 2).

55. Answers will vary.

57. Answers will vary.

59. If the point (1, 6) is an inflection point of the function f, then f (1) = 6 and f′′ (1) = 0.
We first find f′′ (x).
f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 f (1) = a + b = 6 (1)
f ′ ( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx
f ′′ ( x ) = 6ax + 2b f ′′ (1) = 6a + 2b = 0 (2)
We solve the system of equations (1) and (2).
a = 6−b (1)
6 ( 6 − b ) + 2b = 0 (2)
36 − 6b + 2b = 0
36 – 4b = 0
b=9 (2)
Back-substituting b = 9 into equation (1) gives
a+9=6 (1)
a=–3
The point (1, 6) is an inflection point of the function f ( x ) = − 3 x 3 + 9 x 2 .
 SECTION 5.3 333

61. C ( x)
(a) The average cost function is given by C ( x ) = .
x
2 x 2 + 50 50
C ( x) = = 2x +
x x
(b) We locate points where C ′ ( x ) = 0 .
50 2 x 2 − 50
C ′ ( x ) = 2 − 50 x − 2 = 2 − =
x2 x2
2 x 2 − 50
=0
x2
2 x 2 − 50 = 0
2 ( x 2 − 25 ) = 0
(x – 5)(x + 5) = 0
x = 5 or x = – 5
We only consider x = 5, since x = – 5 is not part of the domain of the function. We
evaluate C ′′ ( 5 ) .
100
C ′′ ( x ) = 100 x − 3 =
x3
100 100 4
C ′′ ( 5 ) = 3 = = >0
5 125 5
By the Second Derivative Test x = 5 is a local minimum and the minimum average cost
50
will be C ( 5 ) = 2 ( 5 ) + = 10 + 10 = $20 .
5

(c) The marginal cost function is given by the derivative C ′ ( x ) = 4 x .

(d)

(e) Answers will vary.

63. C ( x)
(a) The average cost function is given by C ( x ) = .
x
334 SECTION 5.3

x2
500 + 10 x +
C ( x) = 500 = 500 + 10 + x
x x 500
(b) We locate the points where C ′ ( x ) = 0 .
1 500 1 x 2 − 500 2
C ′ ( x ) = − 500 x −2 + =− 2 + =
500 x 500 500 x 2
x 2 − 500 2
=0
500 x 2
x 2 − 500 2 = 0
x 2 = 500 2
x = 500
We now evaluate C ′′ ( 500 ) .
1000
C ′′ ( x ) = 1000 x − 3 =
x3
1000
C ′′ ( 500 ) = = 0.000008 > 0
500 3
By the Second Derivative Test x = 500 is a local minimum and the minimum average
500 2
cost will be C ( 500 ) = 500 + 10 ( 500 ) + = $6000 .
500

x
(c) The marginal cost function is given by the derivative C ′ ( x ) = 10 + .
250
(d)

(e) Answers will vary.

65. (a) The domain of the function N is {t | t ≥ 0}.

(b) To find the y-intercept we let t = 0.

50,000 50,000
N ( 0) = = =1
1 + 49,999e 0
1 + 49,999
The y-intercept is (0, 1).
There is no t-intercept because N(t) never equals zero.
 SECTION 5.3 335

50, 000
= 50, 000 (1 + 49,999e − t )
−1
(c) N ( t ) = −t
1 + 49,999e
N ′ ( t ) = ( − 1) ⋅ 50,000 (1 + 49,999e − t )
−2
⋅ ( − 1) ⋅ 49,999e − t
50,000 ⋅ 49,999e − t
N ′(t ) = >0
(1 + 49,999e− t )
2

since e − t > 0. The function is always increasing.

(d)
( ) − ( 50, 000 ⋅ 49,999e ) ⋅ 2 (1 + 49,999e ) ( − 1) 49,999e
2
−1⋅ 50, 000 ⋅ 49,999e − t 1 + 49,999e − t −t −t −t

N ′′ ( t ) =
(1 + 49,999e )−t 4

⎡ − 50,000 ⋅ 49,999e − t (1 + 49,999e − t ) ⎤ ⎡ (1 + 49,999e − t ) − 2 ⋅ 49,999e − t ⎤

=
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
(1 + 49,999e )
4 −t

− 50,000 ⋅ 49,999e (1 + 49,999e )(1 − 49,999e )

−t −t −t

=
(1 + 49,999e ) −t 4

− 50,000 ⋅ 49,999e (1 − 49,999e ) 50,000 ⋅ 49,999e ( 49,999e

−t − t −t − t
− 1)
= =
(1 + 49,999e ) (1 + 49,999e )
−t 3 −t 3

The sign of N′′ is controlled by 49,999e − t − 1 since the rest of the expression is always positive.
49,999e − t − 1 = 0
49,999e − t = 1
1
e−t = or when e t = 49,999
49,999
This occurs when t = ln 49,999 = 10.820. If t < 10.82, 49,999e – t – 1 > 0 and N′′ (t) > 0.
We conclude that the function N is concave up on the interval (0, 10.82) and concave down on the
interval (10.82, ∞).

(e) The inflection point is (ln 49,999, N(ln 49,999)) ≈ (10.82, 25,000).

(f)
336 SECTION 5.3

(g) Since N′′ (t) is positive to the left of 10.82 and negative to the right of 10.82, by the First
Derivative Test we conclude that the rumor is spreading at the greatest rate when t = 10.82 days.

67. (a) The growth rate of the population is given by P′ (t).

800 e t 800 e t 8000 e t
P (t ) = = =
1 + 0.1( e t − 1) 0.9 + 0.1e
t
9+ et
8000 e t ( 9 + e t ) − 8000 e t ( e t )
P′ ( t ) =
(9 + e t )
2

72, 000e t + 8000 e 2 t − 8000e 2 t 72, 000 e t

= =
(9 + e t ) (9 + e t )
2 2

(b) To determine where the growth rate is maximum we look at P′′ (t) and evaluate
where it equal zero.
72,000 e t ( 9 + e t ) − 72,000 e t ⎡⎣ 2 ( 9 + e t )( e t ) ⎤⎦
2

P ′′ ( t ) =
(9 + e t )
4

72, 000 e t ( 9 + e t ) ⎡⎣( 9 + e t ) − 2e t ⎤⎦

=
(9 + e t )
4

72, 000 e t ( 9 − e t )
=
(9 + e t )
3

P ′′ ( t ) = 0 when 9 − e t = 0 since the denominator and 72,000 e t are always positive.

9 − e t = 0 when e t = 9 or when t = ln 9 ≈ 2.197. Using the First Derivative Test we find
that (ln 9, P( ln 9)) ≈ (2.197, 4000) is a local maximum. So the population is growing the
fastest after about 2.197 days.

⎛ 800 e t ⎞ ⎛ 8000 e t ⎞ ⎛ et ⎞ ⎛ et ⎞
(c) lim ⎜ ⎟ = lim = 8000 ⋅ lim = 8000 ⋅ lim
⎝ ( ) ⎠ x → ∞ ⎜⎝ 9 + e t ⎟⎠
x → ∞ ⎜ 1 + 0.10 e t − 1 ⎟
⎜
x → ∞ 9 + et
⎝
⎟
⎠
⎜ ⎟
x → ∞ et
⎝ ⎠
= 8000 ⋅ lim (1) = 8000
x→∞
 SECTION 5.3 337

(d)

69. (a) The sales rate of the car model is given by f′ (x).
20,000
= 20,000 (1 + 50 e − x )
−1
f ( x) = −x
1 + 50 e
100,000 e − x
f ′ ( x ) = − 20,000 (1 + 50 e − x ) ⋅ ( − 50 e − x ) =
−2

(1 + 50 e x )
− 2

The sales rate is maximum where f′′(x) = 0.

− 100,000 e − x (1 + 50 e − x ) − (100,000 e − x ) ⎡⎣ 2 (1 + 50 e − x )( − 50 e − x ) ⎤⎦
2

f ′′ ( x ) =
(1 + 50 e x ) − 4

− 100,000 e − x (1 + 50 e − x ) + 100 ⋅ 100,000 e − 2 x (1 + 50 e − x )

2

=
(1 + 50 e x ) − 4

=
− 100,000 e − x
(1 + 50 e x ) + 100 ⋅ 100,000 e
− −x

(1 + 50 e x )
− 3

− 100,000 e − x − 50 ⋅ 100,000 e − 2 x + 100 ⋅ 100,000 e − 2 x

=
(1 + 50 e x ) − 3

− 100,000 e − x + 50 ⋅ 100,000 e − 2 x 100,000 e − x ( 50 e − x − 1)

= =
(1 + 50 e ) (1 + 50 e x )
−x 3 − 3

f′′ (x) = 0 when 50 e − x − 1 = 0 since the denominator and 100,000 e − x are always
positive. 50 e − x − 1 = 0 when 50 e − x = 1 or e x = 50 or when ln 50 = x. From the First
Derivative Test we see that (ln 50, f (ln 50)) ≈ (3.91, 10,000) is a relative maximum.
The sales rate is a maximum after about 3.91 months of sales.
338 SECTION 5.4

(b)

5.4 Optimization

1. f ( x) = x 2 + 2x f ′( x ) = 2x + 2
f ′(x) = 0 when x = – 1
The critical number – 1 is in the interval [– 3, 3], so we evaluate f at each of the three
points.
f ( − 3) = ( − 3) + 2 ( − 3) = 3
2

f ( − 1) = ( − 1) + 2 ( − 1) = − 1
2

f ( 3) = ( 3) + 2 ( 3) = 15
2

The absolute maximum of f on [– 3, 3] is 15 and the absolute minimum is – 1.

3. f ( x) = 1− 6x − x 2 f ′( x ) = − 6 − 2x
f ′ ( x ) = 0 when x = – 3.
The critical number – 3 is not in the interval [0, 4], so we evaluate f only at the
endpoints.
f ( 0) = 1 − 6 ( 0) − 0 2 = 1
f ( 4 ) = 1 − 6 ( 4 ) − 4 2 = − 39
The absolute maximum of f on [0, 4] is 1 and the absolute minimum is – 39.

5. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6 x
f′ (x) = 0 when 3x 2 − 6 x = 0
3x ( x − 2 ) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
The critical number 0 is not in the interval [1, 4], so we ignore it and evaluate f at each of
the other three numbers.
f (1) = 1 3 − 3 ⋅ 1 2 = − 2
f ( 2) = 2 3 − 3 ⋅ 2 2 = − 4
f ( 4 ) = 4 3 − 3 ⋅ 4 2 = 16
The absolute maximum of f on [1, 4] is 16 and the absolute minimum is – 4.
338 SECTION 5.4

(b)

5.4 Optimization

1. f ( x) = x 2 + 2x f ′( x ) = 2x + 2
f ′(x) = 0 when x = – 1
The critical number – 1 is in the interval [– 3, 3], so we evaluate f at each of the three
points.
f ( − 3) = ( − 3) + 2 ( − 3) = 3
2

f ( − 1) = ( − 1) + 2 ( − 1) = − 1
2

f ( 3) = ( 3) + 2 ( 3) = 15
2

The absolute maximum of f on [– 3, 3] is 15 and the absolute minimum is – 1.

3. f ( x) = 1− 6x − x 2 f ′( x ) = − 6 − 2x
f ′ ( x ) = 0 when x = – 3.
The critical number – 3 is not in the interval [0, 4], so we evaluate f only at the
endpoints.
f ( 0) = 1 − 6 ( 0) − 0 2 = 1
f ( 4 ) = 1 − 6 ( 4 ) − 4 2 = − 39
The absolute maximum of f on [0, 4] is 1 and the absolute minimum is – 39.

5. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6 x
f′ (x) = 0 when 3x 2 − 6 x = 0
3x ( x − 2 ) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
The critical number 0 is not in the interval [1, 4], so we ignore it and evaluate f at each of
the other three numbers.
f (1) = 1 3 − 3 ⋅ 1 2 = − 2
f ( 2) = 2 3 − 3 ⋅ 2 2 = − 4
f ( 4 ) = 4 3 − 3 ⋅ 4 2 = 16
The absolute maximum of f on [1, 4] is 16 and the absolute minimum is – 4.
 SECTION 5.4 339

7. f ( x) = x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 f ′( x ) = 4x 3 − 4x
f ′ ( x ) = 0 when 4 x 3 − 4 x = 0
4 x ( x 2 − 1) = 0
4 x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x = – 1
The critical number – 1 is not in the interval [0, 1], so we ignore it. The other two critical
numbers are the endpoints of the closed interval, so we evaluate f at each of those two
numbers.
f ( 0) = 0 4 − 2 ( 0) + 1 = 1
2

f (1) = 1 4 `−2 (1) + 1 = 0

2

The absolute maximum of f on [0, 1] is 1 and the absolute minimum is 0.

9. 2 − 1/ 3 2
f ( x) = x 2/3 f ′( x ) =
x = 1/ 3
3 3x
f ′ ( x ) is not defined at x = 0. It is never equal to zero. So the only critical number is 0.
The critical number 0 is in the interval [– 1, 1], so we evaluate f at each of the three
numbers.
f ( − 1) = ( − 1) = 1
2/3

f ( 0) = 0 2 / 3 = 0
f (1) = 1 2 / 3 = 1
The absolute maximum of f on [– 1, 1] is 1 and the absolute minimum is 0.

11. 1 1
f ( x ) = 2 x = 2 x 1/ 2 f ′( x ) =
⋅ 2 x −1/ 2 = x −1/ 2 =
2 x
f′ (x) is not defined at x = 0, and it never equals zero. The critical number 0 is not in the
interval [1, 4], so we evaluate f only at the endpoints.
f (1) = 2 1 = 2
f ( 4) = 2 4 = 4
The absolute maximum of f on [1, 4] is 4 and the absolute minimum is 2.

f ( x ) = x 1 − x 2 = x (1 − x 2 )
1/ 2
13.

(1− x 2 ) ⋅ ( − 2 x ) + 1 ⋅ (1 − x 2 )
1 − 1/ 2
f ′( x ) = x ⋅
1/ 2

2
− x2
+ (1 − x
(1 − x ) 2 1/ 2

= ) ⋅
2 1/ 2

(1 − x ) (1 − x )
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
340 SECTION 5.4

−x 2 +1− x 2 1− 2x 2
= =
(1 − x )2 1/ 2
(1 − x )
2 1/ 2

f′ (x) is not defined at x = – 1 and x = 1; f ′ ( x ) = 0 when

1 − 2x 2 = 0
1
x2 =
2
1
x=±
2

1 1
The critical numbers and − are in the interval [– 1, 1] and the critical numbers
2 2
– 1 and 1 are the endpoints of the interval [– 1, 1], so we evaluate f at each of these
numbers.
f ( − 1) = − 1 1 − ( − 1) = 0
2

2
⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1
f ⎜− ⎟=− ⋅ 1− ⎜ − ⎟ =− ⋅ 1− = − ⋅ =−
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2 2 2
2
⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1
f⎜ ⎟= ⋅ 1− ⎜ ⎟ = ⋅ 1− = ⋅ =
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2 2 2

f (1) = 1 1 − 1 2 = 0
1 1
The absolute maximum of f on [– 1, 1] is and the absolute minimum is – .
2 2

15. x2
f ( x) =
x −1
2 x ( x − 1) − x 2 (1) 2x 2 − 2x − x 2 x 2 − 2x
f ′( x ) = = =
( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2 2

f′ (x) is not defined at x = 1; f ′ ( x ) = 0 when x 2 − 2 x = 0 .

x 2 − 2x = 0
x ( x − 2) = 0
x=0 or x=2

⎡ 1⎤
The critical number 0 is in the interval ⎢ − 1, ⎥ , the critical numbers 1 and 2 are not in
⎣ 2⎦
the domain of f. So we evaluate f at 0 and the endpoints.
 SECTION 5.4 341

( − 1) = − 1
2

when x = – 1: f ( − 1) =
( − 1) − 1 2
02
when x = 0: f ( 0) = =0
0 −1
2
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎝2⎠ 1
when x = : f ⎜ ⎟= =−
2 ⎝2⎠ 1
−1 2
2

⎡ 1⎤ 1
The absolute maximum of f on ⎢ − 1, ⎥ is 0, and the absolute minimum is – .
⎣ 2⎦ 2

17. f ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x − 1)
2 2/3

2
f ′( x ) = ( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 1) + 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 1)
2 − 1/ 3 2/3

3
2 ( x + 2)
2

= + ( 2 x + 4 )( x − 1)
2/3

3 ( x − 1)
1/ 3

2( x + 2) 3 ( x − 1)
2 1/ 3

= + ( 2 x + 4 )( x − 1) ⋅
2/3

3 ( x − 1) 3 ( x − 1)
1/ 3 1/ 3

2 ( x 2 + 4 x + 4 ) 3 ( 2 x + 4 )( x − 1)
= +
3 ( x − 1) 3 ( x − 1)
1/ 3 1/ 3

2 x 2 + 8x + 8 + 3( 2 x 2 + 2 x − 4) 2 x 2 + 8 x + 8 + 6 x 2 + 6 x − 12
= =
3 ( x − 1) 3 ( x − 1)
1/ 3 1/ 3

8 x 2 + 14 x − 4
=
3 ( x − 1)
1/ 3

f′ (x) is not defined at x = 1; f′ (x) = 0 when 8 x 2 + 14 x − 4 = 0 .

8 x 2 + 14 x − 4 = 2 ( 4 x 2 + 7 x − 2 ) = 0
4x 2 + 7x − 2 = 0
( 4 x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
1
x= or x=–2
4

1
The critical numbers – 2, , and 1 are all in the interval [– 4, 5], so we evaluate f at each
4
of the three numbers and at the endpoints.
342 SECTION 5.4

f ( − 4) = ( − 4 + 2) ( − 4 − 1) ≈ 11.696
2 2/3
when x = – 4:
f ( − 2 ) = ( − 2 + 2 ) ( − 2 − 1) = 0
2 2/3
when x = – 2:
2 2/3
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
when x = : f ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ + 2 ⎟ ⎜ − 1⎟ ≈ 4.179
4 ⎝4⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
f (1) = (1 + 2 ) (1 − 1) =0
2 2/3
when x = 1:
f ( 5) = ( 5 + 2 ) ( 5 − 1) ≈ 123.472
2 2/3
when x = 5:
The absolute maximum of f on [– 4, 5] is 123.472 and the absolute minimum is 0.

19. ( x − 4)
1/ 3

f ( x) =
x −1
1
( x − 4 ) ( x − 1) − ( x − 4 ) (1)
− 2/3 1/ 3

f ′( x ) = 3
( x − 1)
2

3( x − 4)
2/3
1 1
⋅ ( x − 1) − ( x − 4 ) ⋅ ( x − 1) − ( x − 4 ) ⋅
1/ 3 1/ 3

3( x − 4) 3( x − 4 ) 3( x − 4 )
2/3 2/3 2/3

= =
( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2

( x − 1) − 3( x − 4 ) x − 1 − 3x + 12
= =
3 ( x − 4 ) ( x − 1) 3( x − 4) ( x − 1)
2/3 2 2/3 2

− 2 x + 11
=
3( x − 4) ( x − 1)
2/3 2

11
f′ (x) is not defined at x = 1 and x = 4; f′ (x) = 0 when – 2x + 11 = 0, or x = = 5.5.
2

The critical numbers 4 and 5.5 are in the interval [2, 12], so we evaluate f at each of
these numbers and at the endpoints.
( 2 − 4)
1/ 3

when x = 2: f ( 2) = ≈ − 1.260
2 −1
( 4 − 4)
1/ 3

when x = 4: f ( 4) = =0
4 −1
( 5.5 − 4 )
1/ 3

when x = 5.5: f ( 5.5 ) = ≈ 0.254

5.5 − 1
(12 − 4 )
1/ 3

when x = 12: f (12 ) = ≈ 0.182

12 − 1

The absolute maximum of f on [2, 12] is 0.254 and the absolute minimum is – 1.260.
 SECTION 5.4 343

21. f ( x) = x e x
f ′ ( x ) = x e x + e x = e x ( x + 1)
f′ (x) = 0 when e x ( x + 1) = 0 or when x = – 1.
The critical number – 1 is in the interval [– 10, 10], so we evaluate f at it and at the
endpoints.
when x = – 10: f ( − 10 ) = − 10 e − 10 ≈ − 0.0005
when x = – 1: f ( − 1) = − e − 1 ≈ − 0.368
when x = 10: f (10 ) = 10 e 10 ≈ 220, 265
The absolute maximum of f on [– 10, 10] is 220,265 and the absolute minimum
is – 0.368.

23. ln x
f ( x) =
x
1
⋅ x − ( ln x ) ⋅ (1)
1 − ln x
f ′( x ) = x
2
=
x x2

f′ (x) = 0 when 1 – ln x = 0 or when x = e.

The critical number e ≈ 2.718 is in the interval [1, 3], so we evaluate f at e and the two
endpoints.
ln 1
when x = 1: f (1) = =0
1
ln e 1
when x = e: f (e) = = ≈ 0.368
e e
ln 3
when x = 3: f ( 3) = ≈ 0.366
3

The absolute maximum of f on [1, 3] is 0.368 and the absolute minimum is 0.

25. STEP 1 The quantity to be maximized is volume.

Denote it by V.

STEP 2 Denote the dimensions of the side of the

small square to be cut out by x. Let the y be the
dimension one side of the bottom of box after
removing square x.

STEP 3 Then y = 12 – 2x
344 SECTION 5.4

STEP 4 The height of the box is x, while the area of the base of the box is y 2. So,
V = xy 2
V ( x ) = x (12 − 2 x )
2

Although the domain of V is the set of real numbers, only values of x between 0 and 6
make sense physically. We need the absolute maximum of V on [0, 6].

STEP 5 Differentiate V and identify the critical numbers.

V ′ ( x ) = x ⋅ 2 (12 − 2 x ) ⋅ ( − 2 ) + 1 ⋅ (12 − 2 x )
2

= − 4 x (12 − 2 x ) + (12 − 2 x )
2

= (12 − 2 x ) [(12 − 2 x ) − 4 x ]
= (12 − 2 x )(12 − 6 x )
If V′(x) = 0, then
(12 − 2 x )(12 − 6 x ) = 0
12 – 2x = 0 or 12 – 6x = 0
x = 6 or x=2
We calculate the values of V at the critical number x = 2 and at the endpoints 0 and 6.
V (2) = 2 (12 − 2 ( 2 ) ) = 2 ( 8 ) = 128
2 2
V (0) = 0 V (6) = 0

The maximum volume is 128 cubic centimeters and the dimensions of the box are
x = 2 centimeters deep by y = 12 – 2(2) = 8 centimeters on each side.

27. STEP 1 We want to minimize the amount

of material A which is used to make the box.

STEP 2 Let x denote dimension of a side of

the square bottom of the box, and let y
denote the height of the box.

STEP 3 V = x 2y
8000 = x 2 y
8000
y= 2
x
STEP 4 The amount of material used is the area of the base of the box plus the area of
the four sides.
A = x 2 + 4 xy
⎛ 8000 ⎞
A ( x) = x 2 + 4x ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
32, 000
= x2 + = x 2 + 32, 000 x −1
x
The domain of A is all real numbers other than x = 0, but only positive values of x make
physical sense.
 SECTION 5.4 345

STEP 5 Differentiate A and find the critical numbers.

32, 000 2 x 3 − 32, 000
A′ ( x ) = 2 x − 32, 000 x −2 = 2 x − = x≠0
x2 x2
x = 0 is a critical number. We solve A′ (x) = 0 to find other critical numbers, if they exist.
2 x 3 − 32, 000
=0
x2
2 x 3 − 32, 000 = 0
x 3 = 16, 000
x = 20 3 2
We use the second derivative test to see if x = 20 3 2 locates a maximum or minimum.
A′′ ( x ) = 2 + 64, 000 x − 3
A′′ ( 20 3 2 ) = 2 +
64, 000 64, 000
= 2+ = 2+4= 6>0
( 20 3 2 )
3
16, 000
So we conclude that the least amount of material is used when the base measures
8000
20 3 2 ≈ 25.20 centimeters and the height measures ≈ 12.60 centimeters.
( 20 3 2 )
2

29. STEP 1 We want to minimize the cost of the

material A which is used to make the cylinder.

STEP 2 Let x denote the radius of the top and

bottom of the cylinder, and let y denote the height
of the cylinder.

STEP 3 V = π x2y
4000 = π x 2 y
4000
y=
π x2
STEP 4 The cost C of producing the can is $0.50 times the area of the top and bottom
of the cylinder plus $0.40 times the area of the side of the cylinder.
C = 2 ( 0.50 ) (π x 2 ) + ( 0.40 )( 2π xy )
⎛ 4000 ⎞
C ( x ) = 1.00 (π x 2 ) + 0.80 π x ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝πx ⎠
3200
=πx2 +
x
The domain of C is {x | x > 0}.

STEP 5 Differentiate C and find the critical numbers.

3200 2π x 3 − 3200
C ( x ) = 2π x − 2 =
′
x x2
346 SECTION 5.4

We solve C′ (x) = 0 to find the critical numbers.

2π x 3 − 3200 = 0
3200
x3 =
2π
1600
x= 3 ≈ 7.986
π
We use the second derivative test to see if x = 7.986 locates a maximum or minimum.
6400
C ′′ ( x ) = 2π − ( −2 ) 3200 x − 3 = 2π + 3
x
6400
C ′′ ( 7.986 ) = 2π + = 2π + 4π = 6π > 0
⎛ 1600 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠

We conclude that the cost is minimized when the can has a radius of 7.986 cm and a
4000
height of ≈ 19.965 centimeters.
π ( 7.986 )
2

31. STEP 1 Minimize the cost of installing the

telephone line.

STEP 2 Using the hint, we let x denote the

distance between the box and the connection.

STEP 3 Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate the distance the line runs off the
road.
c2 = a2 +b2
c 2 = (5 − x ) + 2 2
2

= 25 − 10 x + x 2 + 4 = x 2 − 10 x + 29
c = x 2 − 10 x + 29

STEP 4 The cost C of laying the line is expressed as

C ( x ) = 50 x + 60 ( x 2 − 10 x + 29 )
1/ 2

The domain of C is {x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 5}.

STEP 5 The first derivative gives the critical numbers, if they exist.
⎡1
C ′ ( x ) = 50 + 60 ⎢ ( x 2 − 10 x + 29 ) ( 2 x − 10 ) ⎤⎥
− 1/ 2

⎣2 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ 50 ( x 2 − 10 x + 29 ) 1/ 2 + 60 x − 300
x − 5
= 50 + 60 ⎢ ⎥=
⎢ ( x 2 − 10 x + 29 ) 1/ 2 ⎥ ( x 2 − 10 x + 29 )
1/ 2

⎣ ⎦
 SECTION 5.4 347

We solve C′ (x) = 0.
50 ( x 2 − 10 x + 29 )
1/ 2
+ 60 x − 300 = 0
300 − 60 x
(x − 10 x + 29 )
1/ 2
2
= = 6 − 1.2 x
50
x 2 − 10 x + 29 = ( 6 − 1.2 x ) = 36 − 14.4 x + 1.44 x 2
2

0.44 x 2 − 4.4 x + 7 = 0
4.4 ± 4.4 2 − 4 ( 0.44 )( 7 ) 4.4 ± 7.04
x= =
2 ( 0.44 ) 0.88
4.4 + 7.04 4.4 − 7.04
x = ≈ 8.015 or x= ≈ 1..985
0.88 0.88

x = 8.015 is not in the domain of the function, so we test only the endpoints and the
critical number 1.985.
C ( 0 ) = 50 ( 0 ) + 60 ( 0 2 − 10 ( 0 ) + 29 )
1/ 2
when x = 0: = 60 29 ≈ 323.11
C (1.985 ) = 50 (1.985 ) + 60 (1.985 2 − 10 (1.985 ) + 29 )
1/ 2
when x = 1.985: ≈ 316.33
C ( 5 ) = 50 ( 5 ) + 60 ( 5 2 − 10 ( 5 ) + 29 )
1/ 2
when x = 5: = 370

The minimum cost is obtained when the telephone line leaves the road approximately
1.985 kilometers from the box.

33. We want to minimize the cost of operating the truck over the interval [10, 75]. We find
the derivative of C and locate any critical numbers in the open interval (10, 75).
⎛ 1600 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 − 1600 ⎞
C ′ ( x ) = 1.60 ⎜ − 2 + 1⎟ = 1.60 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x2 ⎠
The critical numbers are those for which C′ (x) = 0.
⎛ x 2 − 1600 ⎞
1.60 ⎜ ⎟=0
⎝ x2 ⎠
x 2 − 1600 = 0
x 2 = 1600
x = ± 40
Only the critical number x = 40 is in the open interval, so we evaluate C at 40 and at the
endpoints.
⎛ 1600 ⎞
when x = 10: C (10 ) = 1.60 ⎜ + 10 ⎟ = 272
⎝ 10 ⎠
⎛ 1600 ⎞
when x = 40: C ( 40 ) = 1.60 ⎜ + 40 ⎟ = 128
⎝ 40 ⎠
⎛ 1600 ⎞
when x = 75: C ( 75 ) = 1.60 ⎜ + 75 ⎟ = 154.13
⎝ 75 ⎠
348 SECTION 5.4

The cost of operating the truck is minimized when it is driven at 40 miles per hour.

35. STEP 1 Minimize the size S of the page.

STEP 2 Let x denote the width of the print and y

denote the length of the print.

STEP 3 The area of the printed matter is 50

square inches.
A = lw
50 = xy
50
y= inches
x
STEP 4 The size of the page is expressed by the function
S = ( y + 4 )( x + 2 )
⎛ 50 ⎞ 100 100
S ( x ) = ⎜ + 4 ⎟ ( x + 2 ) = 50 + + 4 x + 8 = 58 + + 4x
⎝ x ⎠ x x
The domain of S is {x | x > 0}.

STEP 5 The derivative S′ (x) will give critical numbers if they exist.
100 4 x 2 − 100
S ′( x ) = − 2 + 4 =
x x2
We solve the equation S′ (x) = 0.
4 x 2 − 100
=0
x2
4 x 2 − 100 = 0
100
x2 = = 25 or x = ± 5
4
Since x = – 5 is not in the domain of S we disregard it. We use the second derivative test
to see if x = 5 locates a maximum or a minimum.
200 200 200
S ′′ ( x ) = 200 x − 3 = 3 S ′′ ( 5 ) = 3 = >0
x 5 125
We note that x = 5 minimizes S, and we conclude that the most economical page size is
50
one with length + 4 = 14 inches and width 5 + 2 = 7 inches.
5
 SECTION 5.4 349

37. The relation is justified because an increased tax

rate results in a higher price and lower demand.
When tax rate is 0, the quantity demanded is 2.45.
On the other hand, there is no demand when the tax
rate is t = 18.

The optimal tax rate maximizes tax revenue. Tax

revenue is given by
R = qt = q (18 − 3q 2 ) = 18q − 3q 3
The domain of R is {q | 0 ≤ q ≤ 6 }.

We differentiate R and then set it equal to zero to find the critical numbers.
R ′ ( q ) = 18 − 9q 2
18 − 9q 2 = 0
q2 = 2
q=± 2
The only critical number in the interval (0, 6 ) is 2 , so we evaluate R at 0, 6,
and 2 .
R ( 0 ) = 18 ( 0 ) − 3 ( 0 ) = 0
3
when q = 0:

( 2 ) = 18( 2 ) − 3( 2 )
3
when q = 2 ≈ 1.414: R = 12 2 ≈ 16.971

R ( 6 ) = 18 ( 6 ) − 3 ( 6 )
3
when q = 6 : =0

The revenue is maximized when q = 2 . The tax rate corresponding to maximum

revenue is
( 2)
2
t = 18 − 3 = 12
This means that a tax rate of 12% generates a maximum revenue of 16.971 monetary
units.
350 SECTION 5.4

39. The volume of the cylinder is fixed, so

V = π r 2h
V
h=
π r2

The surface area S of the cylinder is

S = (area of side) + 2(area of the top)
S = 2π rh + 2π r 2
⎛ V ⎞
S ( r ) = 2π r ⎜ 2 ⎟
+ 2π r
⎝π r ⎠
2V
= + 2π r 2
r

Differentiating S and finding the critical numbers, if there are any gives:
2V 4π r 3 − 2V
S ′ ( r ) = − 2 + 4π r = r≠0
r r2
Solving S′ (r) = 0,
4π r 3 − 2V
=0
r2
4π r 3 − 2V = 0
2V V
r3 = =
4π 2π
V
r= 3
2π
Using the second derivative test, we find that
4V ⎛ V ⎞ 4V
S ′′ ( r ) = 3 + 4π and S ′′ ⎜ 3 ⎟= + 4π = 12π > 0
r ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎛ V ⎞
3

⎜3 ⎟
⎝ 2π ⎠
V
We conclude that r = 3 will minimize the surface area of a cylinder with volume V.
2π
The height of this cylinder should be
V V V V 4π 2
h= = = = ⋅ 3
π r2 ⎡ V ⎤
2
V2 π V2
π ⎢3 ⎥ π 3

⎣ 2π ⎦ 4π 2

V3 4π 2 4π 2V 3 3 4V 3 8V V
= 3 ⋅ 3 = 3 = = =2 3 = 2r
π 3
V2 V 2π 3 π 2π 2π
 SECTION 5.5 351

41. We use the derivative C′(t) to find when the concentration of the drug is the greatest.
2 (16 + t 3 ) − 2t ⋅ 3t 2 32 + 2t 3 − 6t 3 32 − 4 t 3
C′(t ) = = =
(16 + t 3 ) (16 + t 3 ) (16 + t 3 )
2 2 2

32 − 4 t 3
=0
(16 + t ) 3 2

32 − 4 t 3 = 0
32
t3 = =8
4
t=2

Using the first derivative test we see that for t < 2, C′(t) > 0, and for t > 2, C′(t) < 0. So
we conclude that the concentration of the drug is greatest 2 hours after it is
admininstered.

5.5 Elasticity of Demand

1. (a) x = f ( p ) = 4000 − 100 p

(b) f ′ ( p ) = −100
pf ′ ( p ) p ( − 100 ) − 100 p p
E ( p) = = = =
f ( p) 4000 − 100 p 4000 − 100 p p − 40

5
(c) When p = $5, E ( 5 ) = = − 0.143
5 − 40
Increasing the price by 10% to $5.50, will result in a decrease of approximately 1.43% in
quantity demanded.

15
(d) When p = $15, E (15 ) = = − 0.6
15 − 40
Increasing the price by 10% to $16.50, will result in a decrease of approximately 6 % in
quantity demanded.

20
(e) When p = $20, E ( 20 ) = =−1
20 − 40
Increasing the price by 10% to $22.00, will result in a decrease of approximately 10 % in
quantity demanded.

3. (a) x = 200 ( 50 − p ) = 10,000 − 200 p

 SECTION 5.5 351

41. We use the derivative C′(t) to find when the concentration of the drug is the greatest.
2 (16 + t 3 ) − 2t ⋅ 3t 2 32 + 2t 3 − 6t 3 32 − 4 t 3
C′(t ) = = =
(16 + t 3 ) (16 + t 3 ) (16 + t 3 )
2 2 2

32 − 4 t 3
=0
(16 + t ) 3 2

32 − 4 t 3 = 0
32
t3 = =8
4
t=2

Using the first derivative test we see that for t < 2, C′(t) > 0, and for t > 2, C′(t) < 0. So
we conclude that the concentration of the drug is greatest 2 hours after it is
admininstered.

5.5 Elasticity of Demand

1. (a) x = f ( p ) = 4000 − 100 p

(b) f ′ ( p ) = −100
pf ′ ( p ) p ( − 100 ) − 100 p p
E ( p) = = = =
f ( p) 4000 − 100 p 4000 − 100 p p − 40

5
(c) When p = $5, E ( 5 ) = = − 0.143
5 − 40
Increasing the price by 10% to $5.50, will result in a decrease of approximately 1.43% in
quantity demanded.

15
(d) When p = $15, E (15 ) = = − 0.6
15 − 40
Increasing the price by 10% to $16.50, will result in a decrease of approximately 6 % in
quantity demanded.

20
(e) When p = $20, E ( 20 ) = =−1
20 − 40
Increasing the price by 10% to $22.00, will result in a decrease of approximately 10 % in
quantity demanded.

3. (a) x = 200 ( 50 − p ) = 10,000 − 200 p

352 SECTION 5.5

(b) f ′ ( p ) = − 200
pf ′ ( p ) p ( − 200 ) − 200 p p
E ( p) = = = =
f ( p) 10,000 − 200 p 10,000 − 200 p p − 50

10
(c) When p = $10, E (10 ) = = − 0.25
10 − 50
Increasing the price by 5% will result in a decrease of approximately (0.25)(5%) =
0.0125 = 1.25% in quantity demanded.

25
(d) When p = $25, E ( 25 ) = = −1
25 − 50
Increasing the price by 5% will result in a decrease of approximately 5% in quantity
demanded.

35
(e) When p = $35, E ( 35 ) = = − 2.333
35 − 50
Increasing the price by 5% will result in a decrease of approximately (2.333)(5%) =
0.11665 = 11.665% in quantity demanded.

5. x = f ( p ) = 600 − 3 p f ′( p ) = − 3
pf ′ ( p ) p ( − 3) − 3p p
E ( p) = = = =
f ( p) 600 − 3 p 600 − 3 p p − 200
50 50
E ( 50 ) = = = − 0.333
50 − 200 − 150
At p = $50 the demand is inelastic.

7. 600 − 600
x = f ( p) = f ′( p ) =
p+4 ( p + 4)
2

⎡ − 600 ⎤
p⎢ ⎥
pf ′ ( p ) ⎢⎣ ( p + 4 ) ⎥⎦ − p
2

E ( p) = = =
f ( p) 600 p+4
p+4
− 10
E (10 ) = = − 0.714
10 + 4
At p = $10 the demand is inelastic.

9. x = f ( p ) = 10,000 − 10 p 2 f ′ ( p ) = − 20p
pf ′ ( p ) p ( − 20 p ) − 20 p 2 − 2p2
E ( p) = = = =
f ( p) 10,000 − 10 p 2 10,000 − 10 p 2 1000 − p 2
 SECTION 5.5 353

− 2 (10 2 )
E (10 ) = = − 0.222
1000 − 10 2

At p = $10 the demand is inelastic.

11. 1 −1
x = f ( p ) = 100 − p f ′( p ) = (100 − p ) ⋅ ( − 1) =
− 1/ 2

2 2 100 − p
⎡ −1 ⎤
p⎢ ⎥
pf ′ ( p ) ⎣⎢ 2 100 − p ⎦⎥ − p
E ( p) = = =
f ( p) 100 − p 2 (100 − p )
− 10
E (10 ) = = − 0.056
2 (100 − 10 )

At p = $10 the demand is inelastic.

13. x = f ( p ) = 40 ( 4 − p ) f ′ ( p ) = 40 ⋅ 3 ( 4 − p ) ⋅ ( − 1) = − 120 ( 4 − p )
3 2 2

p ⎡ − 120 ( 4 − p ) ⎤
2
pf ′ ( p )
⎣ ⎦ = − 3p
E ( p) = =
f ( p) 40 ( 4 − p )
3
4− p
( 3)( 2 )
E ( 2) = − =−3
4−2

At p = $2 the demand is elastic.

15. 1 3
x = f ( p ) = 20 − 3 p f ′( p ) = ⋅ ( − 3) p − 1/ 2 = −
2 2 p
⎡ 3 ⎤
p ⎢− ⎥
pf ′ ( p ) ⎢⎣ 2 p ⎥⎦ 3p 3p
E ( p) = = =− =−
f ( p) 20 − 3 p 2 p 20 − 3 p (
40 p − 6 p )
3( 4) 12
E ( 4) = − =− = − 0.214
40 4 − 6 ( 4 ) 80 − 24

At p = $4 the demand is inelastic.

17. First we differentiate.

1 − 1/ 2 dx dx
x + 2 p + 2x + 2 p = 0
2 dp dp
354 SECTION 5.5

dx − ( 2 x + 2 p ) 4( x + p) x
= =−
dp 1 x − 1/ 2 + 2 p 1+ 4 p x
2
pf ′ ( p ) p ⎡ 4( x + p) x ⎤
E ( p) = = ⋅ ⎢− ⎥
f ( p) x ⎢⎣ 1 + 4 p x ⎥⎦
When x = 16 and p = 4,
4 ⎡ 4 (16 + 4 ) 16 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 320 ⎤ 80
E ( 4) = ⋅ ⎢− ⎥=− ⋅⎢ ⎥ =− = − 1.231
16 ⎢⎣ 1 + 4 ( 4 ) 16 ⎥⎦ 4 ⎣ 65 ⎦ 65

19. First we differentiate.

dx dx
4 x + 3 p + 3x + 20 p = 0
dp dp
dx − ( 3 x + 20 p )
=
dp 4x + 3 p
p ⎡ 3x + 20 p ⎤
E ( p ) = ⋅ ⎢−
x ⎣ 4 x + 3 p ⎥⎦
When x = 10 and p = 5,
5 ⎡ 3 ⋅ 10 + 20 ⋅ 5 ⎤ 1 130
E (5) = ⋅ ⎢− ⎥ =− ⋅ = −1.182
10 ⎣ 4 ⋅ 10 + 3 ⋅ 5 ⎦ 2 55

21. 1 1
p = F ( x ) = 10 − x p′ = F ′ ( x ) = −
20 20
1
F ( x) 10 − x
20 200 − x
E ( x) = = =−
xF ′ ( x ) ⎡ 1⎤ x
x ⎢− ⎥
⎣ 20 ⎦
200 − 5
E ( 5) = − = − 39
5

23. p = F ( x ) = 10 − 2x 2 p ′ = F ′ ( x ) = − 4x
F ( x) 10 − 2 x
2
10 − 2 x 2 5− x2
E ( x) = = =− =−
xF ′ ( x ) x ( − 4 x ) 4x 2 2x 2
5− 22 1
E ( 2) = − = − = − 0.125
2(2 )
2
8

25. 1
p = F ( x ) = 50 − 2 x = 50 − 2x 1/ 2 p ′ = F ′ ( x ) = − x − 1/ 2 = −
x
 SECTION 5.5 355

F ( x) 50 − 2 x 50 − 2 x
E ( x) = = =−
xF ′ ( x ) ⎛ 1 ⎞ x
x⎜ − ⎟
⎝ x⎠
50 − 2 100 50 − 20
E (100 ) = − =− =−3
100 10

27. 6000 6000

x = f ( p) = − 500 f ′( p ) = −
p p2
⎛ 6000 ⎞
p⎜ − ⎟
p ⋅ f ′( p ) p2 ⎠ 6000
E ( p) = = ⎝ =−
x 6000 − 500 p 6000 − 500 p
p
When p = 4,
6000
E ( 4) = − = − 1.5
6000 − 500 ( 4 )
(a) The demand is elastic since | E(4) | > 1.
(b) If the price is increased, the revenue will decrease.

29. 1 3
x = f ( p ) = 300 − 6 p = ( 300 − 6 p ) f ′( p ) = ( 300 − 6 p ) ⋅ ( − 6 ) = −
1/ 2 − 1/ 2

2 300 − 6 p
⎡ 3 ⎤
p ⎢− ⎥
p ⋅ f ′( p ) ⎢⎣ 300 − 6 p ⎥⎦ 3p p
E ( p) = = =− =−
x 300 − 6 p 300 − 6 p 100 − 2 p
When p = 10,
10
E (10 ) = − = − 0.125
100 − 2 (10 )

(a) When the price is $10, the demand is inelastic.

(b) The revenue will decrease if the price is lowered slightly.

31. When p = 15, x = 2000 and when p = 18 then x = 1800.

x − x 1800 − 2000 200
(a) m = 2 1 = =− = − 66.67
p2 − p1 18 − 15 3
200
x − 2000 = − ( p − 15)
3
200 200
x=− p + 1000 + 2000 = − p + 3000
3 3
356 SECTION 5.6

200
(b) f ′ ( p ) = −
3
⎛ 200 ⎞
p⎜ − ⎟
p ⋅ f ′( p ) ⎝ 3 ⎠ −200 p p
E ( p) = = = =−
200
x − p + 3000 −200 p + 9000 45 − p
3

18
E (18 ) = − = − 0.667
45 − 18

(c) If the price is increased by 5%, the demand will decrease by approximately
(0.667)(0.05) = 0.0333 = 3.33%.

(d) Since |E(18)| < 1 the demand is inelastic, and the increase in price will cause an
increase in revenue.

5.6 Related Rates

1. x 2 + y 2 = 13 3. x 3 y 2 = 72
dx dy dy dx
2x + 2 y =0 x 3 ⋅ 2 y + 3x 2 ⋅ y2 =0
dt dt dt dt
dy dx dy
−2 y 3x 2 y 2 = − 2x 3 y
dx dt dt dt
=
dt 2x dy
− 2x 3 y
dy dx dt
When x = 2, y = 3, and = 2, =
dt dt 3x 2 y 2
dx − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 dy
= =−3 When x = 2, y = 3, and = 2,
dt 2⋅2 dt
dx − 2 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 8
= =−
dt 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅3
2 2 9

5. dV dh
V = 80h 2 = 160h
dt dt
dh 1 dV 1
If h = 3 and = , then = 160 ⋅ 3 ⋅ = 40
dt 12 dt 12

7. 1 dV 3 dh 1 dh
V= π h3 = πh2 = πh2
12 dt 12 dt 4 dt
dh 5 dV 1 5
If h = 8 and = π , then = π ⋅ 8 2 ⋅ π = 5π 2
dt 16 dt 4 16
356 SECTION 5.6

200
(b) f ′ ( p ) = −
3
⎛ 200 ⎞
p⎜ − ⎟
p ⋅ f ′( p ) ⎝ 3 ⎠ −200 p p
E ( p) = = = =−
200
x − p + 3000 −200 p + 9000 45 − p
3

18
E (18 ) = − = − 0.667
45 − 18

(c) If the price is increased by 5%, the demand will decrease by approximately
(0.667)(0.05) = 0.0333 = 3.33%.

(d) Since |E(18)| < 1 the demand is inelastic, and the increase in price will cause an
increase in revenue.

5.6 Related Rates

1. x 2 + y 2 = 13 3. x 3 y 2 = 72
dx dy dy dx
2x + 2 y =0 x 3 ⋅ 2 y + 3x 2 ⋅ y2 =0
dt dt dt dt
dy dx dy
−2 y 3x 2 y 2 = − 2x 3 y
dx dt dt dt
=
dt 2x dy
− 2x 3 y
dy dx dt
When x = 2, y = 3, and = 2, =
dt dt 3x 2 y 2
dx − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 dy
= =−3 When x = 2, y = 3, and = 2,
dt 2⋅2 dt
dx − 2 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 8
= =−
dt 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅3
2 2 9

5. dV dh
V = 80h 2 = 160h
dt dt
dh 1 dV 1
If h = 3 and = , then = 160 ⋅ 3 ⋅ = 40
dt 12 dt 12

7. 1 dV 3 dh 1 dh
V= π h3 = πh2 = πh2
12 dt 12 dt 4 dt
dh 5 dV 1 5
If h = 8 and = π , then = π ⋅ 8 2 ⋅ π = 5π 2
dt 16 dt 4 16
 SECTION 5.6 357

9. STEP 2 The variables are: STEP 1

s = length (in centimeters) of a side of the cube
V = volume (in cubic centimeters) of the cube
t = time (in seconds).
ds dV
STEP 3 The rates of change are and .
dt dt
ds dV
STEP 4 We know = 3 cm/sec, and we want
dt dt
3
when s = 10 cm. The volume of a cube is V = s .

dV ds
STEP 5 = 3s 2
dt dt
ds dV
STEP 6 When s = 10 and = 3, = 3 ⋅ 10 2 ⋅ 3 = 900 cubic centimeters per second.
dt dt

11. STEP 2 The variables are: STEP 1

x = length (in centimeters) of one leg of the triangle
y = length (in centimeters) of a the other leg
t = time (in minutes).
dx dy
STEP 3 The rates of change are and .
dt dt
dx dy
STEP 4 We know = 2 cm/min, and we want
dt dt
when x = 4 cm. We use the Pythagorean Theorem x 2 + y 2 = 45 2 , and note that
when x = 4, y = 45 2 − 4 2 = 2009 ≈ 44.822 cm.
dx dy
STEP 5 2 x + 2 y = 0
dt dt
dx
2x
dy dt = − x dx
=−
dt 2y y dt
dx dy 4
STEP 6 When x = 4, y = 44.822 and = 2, =− ⋅ 2 ≈ − 0.178 centimeters
dt dt 2009
per minute.

13. STEP 2 The variables are: STEP 1

r = radius (in meters) of the balloon
V = volume (in cubic meters) of the balloon
S = surface area (in square meters) of the balloon
t = time (in minutes).
dr dV dS
STEP 3 The rates of change are . , and .
dt dt dt
dV
STEP 4 We know = – 1.5 m 3 per minute
dt
358 SECTION 5.6

dS
(negative because the air is leaking out). We want
dt
4 3
when r = 4 m. The volume of a sphere is V = π r and the surface area is S = 4π r 2 .
3
dV dr dS dr
STEP 5 = 4π r 2 and = 8π r
dt dt dt dt
dV dr dS
We use to solve for and then substitute it into .
dt dt dt
dr 1 dV
=
dt 4π r 2 dt
dS 1 dV 2 dV
= 8π r ⋅ =
dt 4π r 2 dt r dt
dV dS 2
STEP 6 When r = 4 and = – 1.5, = ⋅ ( − 1.5 ) = − 0.75 square meters per
dt dt 4
minute.

15. STEP 2 The variables are: STEP 1

h = water level (in meters) in the deep end.
V = volume (in cubic meters) of the pool water
t = time (in minutess).
dh dV
STEP 3 The rates of change are and .
dt dt
dV
STEP 4 We know = 15 m 3/min, and we want
dt
dh
when h = 2 m. Once the water hits the 2 meter mark the volume of the new water is
dt
that of a rectangular prism. So V = lwh .

dV dh dh 1 dV
STEP 5 = lw or = ⋅
dt dt dt lw dt

dV dh 1 1
STEP 6 When l = 30, w = 15 and = 15, = ⋅ 15 = ≈ 0.033 meters per
dt dt 30 ⋅ 15 30
minute.
 SECTION 5.6 359

17. STEP 2 The variables are: STEP 1

r = radius (in feet) of the oil spill
A = area (in square feet) of the oil spill
t = time (in minutes).
dr dA
STEP 3 The rates of change are and .
dt dt
dr dA
STEP 4 We know = 0.42 ft/min, and we want
dt dt
when r = 120 feet. The area of a circle is A = π r .
2

dA dr
STEP 5 = 2π r
dt dt
dr dA
STEP 6 When r = 120 and = 0.42, = 2π ⋅ 120 ⋅ 0.42 = 100.8π ≈ 316.673 square
dt dt
feet per minute.

19. STEP 2 x = units produced per day

C = cost of producing x units
R = revenue from selling x units
P = profit from selling x units
t = time (in days)
dx dC dR dP
STEP 3 The rates of change are , , , and .
dt dt dt dt
dx
STEP 4 We know = 100 units per day and x = 1000 units
dt
dC dx
(a) STEP 5 =5
dt dt
dx dC
STEP 6 Substituting = 100, we find = 500. That is cost is increasing at a rate of
dt dt
$500 per day.

dR dx x dx
(b) STEP 5 = 15 −
dt dt 5000 dt
dx dR 1000
STEP 6 When x = 1000 and = 100, we find = 15 ⋅ 100 − ⋅ 100 = 1480 . That
dt dt 5000
is, revenue is increasing at a rate of $1480 per day.

(c) The revenue is increasing when production is 1000 units per day.

(d) Profit is the difference between revenue and cost.

P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x)
360 SECTION 5.7

⎛ x2 ⎞ x2
P ( x ) = ⎜15 x − ⎟ − ( 5 x + 5000 ) = 10 x − − 5000
⎝ 10,000 ⎠ 10,000
dP dR dC
(e) When x = 1000, = − = 1480 − 500 = 980 . That is the profit is increasing at
dt dt dt
a rate of $980 per day.

21. STEP 2 q = demand (in thousands) of plasma televisions

p = price of a plasma television
R = revenue derived from selling laptops
t = time (in years)
dp dR
STEP 3 The rates of change are and .
dt dt
dp dR
STEP 4 We know = – 100 dollars per year, and we want when p = $7000. The
dt dt
quantity demanded is q = 10,000 – 0.90p thousand television, and the revenue (in
thousands of dollars) is R = pq = p(10,000 – 0.90p) = 10,000p – 0.90p 2.

dR dp dp
STEP 5 = 10,000 − 1.8 p
dt dt dt
dp
STEP 6 When p = 7000 and = – 100,
dt
dR
= 10,000 ⋅ ( − 100 ) − 1.8 ⋅ 7000 ⋅ ( − 100 ) = 260,000 .
dt
That is, the revenue is increasing at a rate of $260,000,000 per year.

5.7 The Differential; Linear Approximations

1. y = x 3 − 2x +1
dy
f ′( x ) = = 3x 2 − 2
dx
dy = f ′ ( x ) dx = ( 3x 2 − 2 ) dx

3. x −1
y=
x + 2x − 8
2

dy 1 ⋅ ( x + 2 x − 8 ) − ( x − 1)( 2 x + 2 ) x 2 + 2 x − 8 − 2 x 2 − 2 x + 2 x + 2
2

f ′( x) = = =
( x 2 + 2 x − 8) ( x 2 + 2 x − 8)
2 2
dx

−x 2 + 2x − 6
=
(x + 2 x − 8)
2 2
360 SECTION 5.7

⎛ x2 ⎞ x2
P ( x ) = ⎜15 x − ⎟ − ( 5 x + 5000 ) = 10 x − − 5000
⎝ 10,000 ⎠ 10,000
dP dR dC
(e) When x = 1000, = − = 1480 − 500 = 980 . That is the profit is increasing at
dt dt dt
a rate of $980 per day.

21. STEP 2 q = demand (in thousands) of plasma televisions

p = price of a plasma television
R = revenue derived from selling laptops
t = time (in years)
dp dR
STEP 3 The rates of change are and .
dt dt
dp dR
STEP 4 We know = – 100 dollars per year, and we want when p = $7000. The
dt dt
quantity demanded is q = 10,000 – 0.90p thousand television, and the revenue (in
thousands of dollars) is R = pq = p(10,000 – 0.90p) = 10,000p – 0.90p 2.

dR dp dp
STEP 5 = 10,000 − 1.8 p
dt dt dt
dp
STEP 6 When p = 7000 and = – 100,
dt
dR
= 10,000 ⋅ ( − 100 ) − 1.8 ⋅ 7000 ⋅ ( − 100 ) = 260,000 .
dt
That is, the revenue is increasing at a rate of $260,000,000 per year.

5.7 The Differential; Linear Approximations

1. y = x 3 − 2x +1
dy
f ′( x ) = = 3x 2 − 2
dx
dy = f ′ ( x ) dx = ( 3x 2 − 2 ) dx

3. x −1
y=
x + 2x − 8
2

dy 1 ⋅ ( x + 2 x − 8 ) − ( x − 1)( 2 x + 2 ) x 2 + 2 x − 8 − 2 x 2 − 2 x + 2 x + 2
2

f ′( x) = = =
( x 2 + 2 x − 8) ( x 2 + 2 x − 8)
2 2
dx

−x 2 + 2x − 6
=
(x + 2 x − 8)
2 2
 SECTION 5.7 361

−x 2 + 2x − 6
dy = f ′ ( x ) dx = dx
(x + 2 x − 8)
2 2

5. Take the differential of each side.

d ( xy ) = d ( 6 )
x dy + y dx = 0
y x
dy = − dx dx = − dy
x y
dy y dx x
=− =−
dx x dy y

7. Take the differential of each side.

d ( x 2 + y 2 ) = d (16 )
2 x dx + 2 y dy = 0
2 x dx = − 2 y dy

2x − 2y
dy = dx dx = dy
− 2y 2x
dy 2x x dx − 2 y y
= =− = =−
dx − 2 y y dy 2x x

9. Take the differential of each side.

d ( x 3 + y 3 ) = d ( 3x 2 y )
3x 2 dx + 3 y 2 dy = 3x 2 ⋅ dy + 6 x dx ⋅ y
(3 y 2
− 3x 2 ) dy = ( 6 xy − 3x 2 ) dx

6 xy − 3 x 2 3 y 2 − 3x 2
dy = dx dx = dy
3 y 2 − 3x 2 6 xy − 3 x 2
dy 6 xy − 3 x 2 2 xy − x 2 dx y 2 − x 2
= = 2 =
dx 3 y 2 − 3 x 2 y − x2 dy 2 xy − x 2

11.
d ( )
x − 2 = d ⎡( x − 2 )
⎣
1/ 2
⎤ = 1 ( x − 2 ) − 1/ 2 ⋅ dx =
⎦ 2
dx
2 ( x − 2)
1/ 2
=
dx
2 x−2

13. d ( x 3 − x − 4 ) = ( 3x 2 − 1) dx
362 SECTION 5.7

15. f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 1 and f ( 2 ) = 2 2 − 2 ( 2 ) + 1 = 1
f ′ ( x ) = 2 x − 2 and f ′( 2) = 2 ( 2) − 2 = 2

The linear approximation to f near x = 2 is

f ( x ) ≈ f ( 2 ) + f ′ ( 2 )( x − 2 )
f ( x ) ≈ 1 + 2 ( x − 2) = 2 x − 3

17. f ( x ) = x = x 1/ 2 and f ( 4) = 4 = 2
1 − 1/ 2 1 1 1
f ′( x) = x = and f ′( 4) = =
2 2 x 2 4 4

The linear approximation to f near x = 4 is

f ( x ) ≈ f ( 4 ) + f ′ ( 4 )( x − 4 )
1 1
f ( x) = 2 + ( x − 4) = x + 1
4 4

19. f ( x) = e x and f (0) = e 0 = 1

f ′ ( x ) = e x and f ′( 0) = e 0 = 1

The linear approximation to f near x = 0 is

f ( x ) ≈ f ( 0 ) + f ′ ( 0 )( x − 0 )
f ( x ) = 1 + 1( x − 0 ) = x + 1

21. (a) ∆ y ≈ f ′ ( x0 )( x − x0 ) (b) ∆ y ≈ f ′ ( x0 )( x − x0 )

≈ 2 ( 3)( 3.001 − 3) 1
f ′( x ) = −
( x + 2)
2
= 0.006
1
∆y ≈ − (1.98 − 2 ) = 0.00125
( 2 + 2)
2

23. A(r ) = π r 2 A′ ( r ) = 2π r
∆ A ≈ dA = A′ ( r ) dr = 2π r dr
When r = 10 centimeters and increases to 10.1 centimeters,
∆ A ≈ 2π ⋅ 10 ⋅ ( 0.1) = 2π ≈ 6.28
The area increases by approximately 6.28 square centimeters.
 SECTION 5.7 363

25. 4
V (r ) = π r 3 V ′ ( r ) = 4π r 2
3
∆ V ≈ dV = V ′ ( r ) dr = 4π r 2 dr
When r = 3 meters and increases to 3.1 meters,
∆ V ≈ 4π ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ ( 0.1) = 3.6π ≈ 11.310
The volume of the balloon increases by approximately 11.310 cubic meters.

27. ∆s
V = s 3 , V ′ ( s ) = 3s 2 and
= 0.02 . The relative error in the volume,
s
dV dV V ′ ( s ) ds 3s 2 ds ds ∆s
≈ = = 3
= 3 = 3 = 3 ⋅ ( 0.02 ) = 0.06
V V V s s s
The percentage area in volume is 6%.

29. If the diameter d is 4 cm., then the radius r is 2 cm.

Similarly if d = 3.9 cm, then r = 1.95 cm. We know
that the radius is one-fourth the height, so h = 4r.
The volume of a right circular cone is
1 4
V = π r 2h = π r 3
3 3
Taking the differential of V,
dV = 4π r 2 ⋅ dr
dr is approximately the change in radius or 0.05 cm.
So, dV = 4π ( 2 2 ) ⋅ ( − 0.05 ) = −2.513
The cup holds approximately 2.513 cubic
centimeters less than intended.

31. If we let h denote the height of the building and x denote the length of the shadow cast by
the pole, we can use similar triangles to estimate the height of the building.
height h 3
= =
base 9 + x x
27 + 3x
h= meters
x
If the measured shadow of the pole is 1 meter with an error of 1%, then the percentage
∆h dh
error in the height of the building will be ≈ .
h h
3 ⋅ x − ( 3x + 27 ) ⋅ 1 27
dh = f ′ ( x ) dx = 2
⋅ dx = − 2 dx
x x
27
− 2 dx
dh f ′ ( x ) dx 27 dx
= = x =− ⋅
h h 3 x + 27 3x + 27 x
x
364 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

dx ∆h 27
When x = 1 and = 0.01, ≈− ⋅ ( 0.01) = −0.009
x h 30
The percentage error in the measured height of the building is approximately 0.9%.

33. If the pendulum is originally 1 meter = 100 centimeters long and increases to 110
centimeters in length, then ∆l = 10 centimeters. From Problem 32, we see that
∆T 1 dl ∆T 1 10 1
≈ ⋅ . So, = ⋅ = = 0.05 . The percentage area in the period is
T 2 l T 2 100 20
approximately 5%.
5% of a day is 0.05(60 min/hour)(24 hours/day) = 72 minutes.

Chapter 5 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS
1. False 3. False 5. True

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. decreasing 3. concave up 5. concavity

7. linear approximation

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0. Since the discriminant
b 2 − 4ac = ( − 2 ) − 4 ( 3)(1) = − 8 < 0 , f has no horizontal tangent line.
2

There is no vertical tangent line since f′ (x) is never unbounded.

3. The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 4}.

1 − 2/3 x+4
x ( x + 4 ) − x 1/ 3 (1) 2/3
− x 1/ 3
x + 4 − 3x 4 − 2x
f ′( x) = 3 = 3x = 2/3 = 2/3
( x + 4) ( x + 4) 3x ( x + 4 ) 3x ( x + 4 )
2 2 2 2

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0, that is when 4 – 2x = 0 or when x = 2.

2 1/ 3 2 1/ 3 ⎛ 2 1/ 3 ⎞
When x = 2 f ( 2 ) = = . So f has a horizontal tangent line at ⎜ 2, ⎟.
2+4 6 ⎝ 6 ⎠

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded at 0 and at – 4.
Since x = – 4 is not in the domain of f we disregard it.
 CHAPTER 5 PROJECT 381

61. D ( x ) = − 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2000 dD = − (12 x 2 + 6 x ) dx

(a) If x = 1.50 and changes to 2.00, then dx = ∆x = 0.50 , and
(
dD = − 12 (1.5 ) + 6 (1.5 ) ( 0.50 ) = − 18
2
)
The demand for peanuts will decrease by approximately 1800 pounds.

(b) If x = 2.50 and changes to 3.50, then dx = ∆x = 1.00 , and

(
dD = − 12 ( 2.5 ) + 6 ( 2.5 ) (1.00 ) = − 90
2
)
The demand for peanuts will decrease by approximately 9000 pounds.

63. 3x
c( x) =
4 + 2x 2
3 ( 4 + 2 x 2 ) − 3x ( 4 x ) 12 + 6 x 2 − 12 x 2 12 − 6 x 2
c′ ( x ) = = =
(4 + 2x ) ( 4 + 2x ) ( 4 + 2x )
2 2 2 2 2 2

12 − 6 x 2
dc = dx
( 4 + 2x 2 )
2

(a) If the time is x = 1.2 and changes to 1.3, then dx = ∆x = 0.1 , and
12 − 6 (1.2 )
2

dc = ( 0.1) = 0.0071
( 4 − 2 (1.2) ) 2 2

The concentration of the drug increases by approximately 0.0071.

(b) If the time is x = 2 and changes to 2.25, then dx = ∆x = 0.25 , and

12 − 6 ( 2 )
2

dc = ( 0.25 ) = − 0.0208
( 4 − 2 ( 2) ) 2 2

The concentration of the drug decreases by approximately 0.0208.

65. (b)

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT

(a) x
Since the demand remains constant throughout the year, on average there are vacuum
2
x Hx
cleaners in the store at any time t. So the average holding costs will be H ⋅ = .
2 2

(b) If the total demand is denoted by D and x vacuum cleaners are shipped per order,
x times the number of orders must equal the yearly demand D, or the number of orders
D
must equal . So the yearly reorder costs will be R times the number of orders placed
x
382 CHAPTER 5 PROJECT

D RD
or R ⋅ = .
x x

(c) Total cost is the sum of ordering cost and holding cost.
RD Hx
C ( x) = +
x 2
The domain of C is {x | 0 < x ≤ 500}.

(d) First we find the derivative C ′ ( x ) and the critical numbers.

RD H − 2 RD + Hx 2
C′( x ) = − + =
x2 2 2x 2
C ′ ( x ) is unbounded at x = 0, but 0 is not in the domain of C.
C ′ ( x ) = 0 when − 2 RD + Hx 2 = 0 .
Hx 2 = 2 RD
2RD
x2 =
H
2 RD
x=
H

2RD
C ′′ ( x ) =
x3
⎛ 2 RD ⎞ 2 RD H 3/ 2 H 3/ 2
C ′′ ⎜ ⎟ = = 2 RD ⋅ = >0
( )
3 3/ 2
⎝ H ⎠ ⎛ 2 RD ⎞ 2 RD 2 RD
⎜ ⎟
⎝ H ⎠
2 RD
By the Second Derivative Test, we see that cost C is minimized when x = .
H

(e) Assuming D = 500 vacuum cleaners, H = $10/vacuum cleaner, and R = $40/order, the lot
size that will minimize cost is
2 RD 2 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 500
x= = = 4000 ≈ 63.24
H 10
Ordering 63 vacuum cleaners at a time will minimize cost.

If 63 vacuum cleaners are ordered at a time, there needs to be 8 orders placed per year.

(f) If H = $3/vacuum cleaner, the lot size that will minimize cost is
2 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 500 40,000
x= = ≈ 115.47
3 3
115 vacuum cleaners should be ordered at a time to minimize cost.
 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS 383

If 115 vacuum cleaners are ordered, there needs to be 5 orders placed per year.

(g) If the cost C is revised to reflect shipping costs, then

Hx D ( R + S x ) Hx DR DS x Hx DR
C ( x) = + = + + = + + DS
2 x 2 x x 2 x
H DR Hx 2 − 2 DR
C′( x ) = − 2 =
2 x 2x 2
2 RD
C ′ ( x ) = 0 when Hx 2 − 2 DR = 0 or when x = .
H
2 RD
The lot size that will minimize the total cost is still .
H

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS FROM THE PROFESSIONAL EXAMS

1. (b) The marginal cost function is the derivative of C.

C′( X ) = 6 X 2 + 8 X + 3

3. (a)

5. (a)

7. (d) D = E 2 (100 − I )
dI dE
D′ ( t ) = − E 2 + 2 E (100 − I ) = − ( 95 ) ( 3) + 2 ( 95 )(100 − 6 )( 2 ) = 8645
2

dt dt

9. 1 3 1
(c) f ( x) = x − 2x f ′( x ) = x 2 − 2 f ′′ ( x ) = x
6 2
f is decreasing when f ′ ( x ) < 0 or when – 2 < x < 2.
f is concave up when f ′′ ( x ) > 0 or when x > 0.
So f is both decreasing and concave up on the interval (0, 2).

11.
(c) f ′( x ) =
( 3x e x + e x ) (1 + x ) − ( xe x ) (1)
3 3 3

(1 + x )
2

f ′ (1) =
( 3e 3 + e 3 ) (1 + 1) − ( e 3 ) = 7e 3
(1 + 1)
2
4
384 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS

13. ( a) Using similar triangles, we find

h 10
=
r 4
2
r= h
5
2
1 2 1 ⎛2 ⎞ 4
V = πr ⋅ h = π ⎜ h⎟ ⋅ h = π h3
3 3 ⎝5 ⎠ 75
dV 4 dh
= π h2
dt 25 dt
dh 25 dV
=
dt 4π h 2 dt
dh 25 1
When h = 5, = ⋅2=
dt 4π ( 5 ) 2
2π

15. ∆s ds
(d) r= =
∆t dt
ds1 d ds
We are told that s 2 = (s 1) 2, r2 = = ( s 12 ) = 2 s 1 ⋅ 1 = 2 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 3 = 54
dt dx dt
364 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

dx ∆h 27
When x = 1 and = 0.01, ≈− ⋅ ( 0.01) = −0.009
x h 30
The percentage error in the measured height of the building is approximately 0.9%.

33. If the pendulum is originally 1 meter = 100 centimeters long and increases to 110
centimeters in length, then ∆l = 10 centimeters. From Problem 32, we see that
∆T 1 dl ∆T 1 10 1
≈ ⋅ . So, = ⋅ = = 0.05 . The percentage area in the period is
T 2 l T 2 100 20
approximately 5%.
5% of a day is 0.05(60 min/hour)(24 hours/day) = 72 minutes.

Chapter 5 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS
1. False 3. False 5. True

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. decreasing 3. concave up 5. concavity

7. linear approximation

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1
Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0. Since the discriminant
b 2 − 4ac = ( − 2 ) − 4 ( 3)(1) = − 8 < 0 , f has no horizontal tangent line.
2

There is no vertical tangent line since f′ (x) is never unbounded.

3. The domain of f is {x | x ≠ – 4}.

1 − 2/3 x+4
x ( x + 4 ) − x 1/ 3 (1) 2/3
− x 1/ 3
x + 4 − 3x 4 − 2x
f ′( x) = 3 = 3x = 2/3 = 2/3
( x + 4) ( x + 4) 3x ( x + 4 ) 3x ( x + 4 )
2 2 2 2

Horizontal tangent lines occur where f ′(x) = 0, that is when 4 – 2x = 0 or when x = 2.

2 1/ 3 2 1/ 3 ⎛ 2 1/ 3 ⎞
When x = 2 f ( 2 ) = = . So f has a horizontal tangent line at ⎜ 2, ⎟.
2+4 6 ⎝ 6 ⎠

Vertical tangent lines occur where f′ (x) is unbounded. f′ (x) is unbounded at 0 and at – 4.
Since x = – 4 is not in the domain of f we disregard it.
 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 365

0 1/ 3
When x = 0, f ( 0 ) = = 0 . So f has a vertical tangent line at (0, 0).
0+4

5. (a) f ( x ) = 3 x 1/ 5 f ( 0 ) = 3 ⋅ 0 1/ 5 = 0
The one-sided limits of f near 0 are
lim− f ( x ) = lim− 3x 1/ 5 = 0 lim+ f ( x ) = lim + 3 x 1/ 5 = 0
x→0 x→0 x→0 x→0

Since lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) the function is continuous at 0.

x→0

f ( x ) − f ( 0) 3x 1/ 5 − 0 3x 1/ 5
(b) The derivative of f at 0 is f ′ ( 0 ) = lim = lim = lim .
x→0 x−0 x→0 x−0 x→0 x
f′ (x) is unbounded at x = 0 and does not exist.

(c) Since the function is continuous at x = 0, and the derivative is unbounded at x = 0, so

there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0).

7. ⎧ 3x + 1 x<3
f ( x) = ⎨ 2
⎩x +1 x≥3
(a) When x = 3, f (3) = 3 2 + 1 = 10
The one-sided limits are
lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( 3 x + 1) = 10 lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( x 2 + 1) = 10
x→3 x→3 x→3 x→3

Since lim f ( x ) = f ( x ) = 10 , the function f is continuous at 3.

x→3

f ( x ) − f ( 3) f ( x ) − 10
(b) The derivative of f at 3 is f ′ ( 3) = lim = lim .
x→3 x −3 x → 3 x−3
Looking at one-sided limits,
f ( x ) − 10 ( 3x + 1) − 10 = 3x − 9 3 ( x − 3)
lim − = lim− lim− = lim− = lim− 3 = 3
x→3 x−3 x→3 x −3 x→3 x−3 x →3 x−3 x→3

lim +
f ( x ) − 10
= lim
(x 2
+ 1) − 10
x2 −9
= lim
( x + 3) ( x − 3)
= lim+ = lim+ ( x + 3) = 6
x→3 x−3 x → 3+ x −3 x→3 x − 3 x → 3+ x −3 x→3

Since the one-sided limits are not equal we concluded that f′ (3) does not exist.

(c) The one-sided limits in (b) are unequal, so there is no tangent line at the point (3, 10).

9. 1
f ( x) = x 5 − x 3 − 4x
5
(a) STEP 1 f ′ ( x ) = x 4 − 3 x 2 − 4
STEP 2 Solve f ′ ( x ) = 0 .
x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0
366 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

(x 2
− 4 )( x 2 + 1) = 0
( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 1) = 0
x – 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 + 1 = 0
x = 2 or x=–2
These numbers separate the number line into three parts: – ∞ < x < – 2, – 2 < x < 2, and
2 < x < ∞, and we use – 3, 0, and 3 as test numbers.
–∞<x<–2 –2<x<2 2< x < ∞

f′ (– 3) = ( − 3) − 3 ( − 3) − 4 = 50 f ′( 0) = − 4 f ′ ( 3) = 34 − 3 ( 3 2 ) − 4 = 50
4 2

We conclude that the function is increasing on the intervals (– ∞ , – 2) and (2, ∞) and is
decreasing on the interval (– 2, 2).

(b) f is increasing for – ∞ < x < – 2 and decreasing for – 2 < x < 2. When x = – 2,
y = f ( − 2 ) = 9.6 . So by the First Derivative Test, f has a local maximum at the point
(– 2, 9.6).

f is decreasing for – 2 < x < 2 and increasing for 2< x < ∞. When x = 2, y = f (2) = – 9.6,
and by the First Derivative Test, f has a local minimum at (2, – 9.6).

11. x2
f ( x) = x≠± 8
x2 −8
2 x ⋅ ( x 2 − 8) − x 2 ⋅ ( 2 x ) 2 x 3 − 16 x − 2 x 3 − 16 x
(a) STEP 1 f ′ ( x ) = = =
(x − 8) (x − 8) (x − 8)
2 2 2 2 2 2

STEP 2 f′ (x) is not defined at x = ± 2 2

Solve f ′ ( x ) = 0
– 16x = 0 or x = 0

These 3 numbers separate the number line into four parts, we use the test numbers – 3, – 1,
1, and 3 to see if f′ (x) is positive or negative in each part.
– ∞ < x < –2 2 – 2 2 < x < 0 0 < x < 2 2 2 2 < x < ∞

f′ (– 3) = 48 f ′ ( − 1) = 0.327 f ′ (1) = − 0.327 f′ (3) = – 48

 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 367

( ) ( )
We conclude that f is increasing on the intervals − ∞, − 2 2 and − 2 2, 0 , and that f

( ) (
is decreasing on the intervals 0, 2 2 and 2 2, ∞ . )
(b) f is increasing for x < 0 and decreasing for x > 0. When x = 0, y = f (0) = 0. So by the
First Derivative Test, there is a local maximum at (0, 0).

13. f ( x ) = 1 + 3e − x
(a) STEP 1 f ′ ( x ) = − 3 e − x
STEP 2 The domain of f′ is all real numbers. f ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 .
We select x = 0 as a test point f′ (0) = − 3 e 0 = − 3 . We conclude that f is always
decreasing.

(b) From the First Derivative Test we conclude that f has no local maximum nor local
minimum points.

15. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1
STEP 1 f is a polynomial, so the domain is all real numbers.

STEP 2 The y-intercept occurs when x = 0; y = f (0) = – 1. The y-intercept is (0, – 1).
The x-intercept(s) occur when y = 0. So we solve x 3 − 3x 2 + 3 x − 1 = 0. This is hard to do so
we skip it.

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3
The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are 3x 2 − 6 x − 3 = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 6 ± 36 − 4 ( 3)( − 3) 6 ± 72 6 ± 6 2
x= = = = = 1± 2
2a 2 ( 3) 6 6
x ≈ – 0.414 or x ≈ 2.414
We use these two numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
– ∞ < x < – 0.414 – 0.414 < x < 2.414 2.414 < x < ∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 1: f ′ ( −1) = 12
For x = 0: f ′(0) = 3
For x = 3 f ′ ( 3) = 12
We conclude that the graph of f is always increasing.

STEP 4 Since the graph of f is always increasing, there is no relative minimum point or
relative maximum point.
368 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = – 0.414 and for x = 2.414. The graph of f has a horizontal
tangent line at the points (– 0.414, f (– 0.414)) = (– 0.414, – 2.828) and
(2.414, f (2.414)) = (2.414, 2.828)
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 3. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

f ′′ ( x ) = 6 x − 6
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 6x – 6 = 0 or when x = 1.
We use the number 1 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<1 and 1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = 0: f ′′ ( 0 ) = − 6
For x = 2: f ′′ ( 2 ) = 6
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (1, ∞) and is concave down
on the interval (– ∞, 1). Since the concavity changes at the point x = 1, the point
(1, f (1)) = (1, 0) is an inflection point.

17. f ( x ) = x 5 − 5x
STEP 1 f is a polynomial, so the domain is all real numbers.

STEP 2 The y-intercept occurs when x = 0; y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercept(s) occur when y = 0. So we solve x 5 − 5 x = 0.
x ( x 4 − 5) = 0
x=0 or x 4 – 5 = 0
x = ± 4 5 ≈ ± 1.495
The x-intercepts are (0, 0), (– 1.495, 0), and (1.495, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

f′ (x) = 5 x 4 − 5
 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 369

The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are 5 x 4 − 5 = 0

x 4 =1
x=±1
We use the 2 numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x< –1 –1<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
f ′ ( x ) = 5 ⋅ ( − 2 ) − 5 = 75
4
For x = – 2:
For x = 0: f ′( 0) = 5 ⋅ 0 − 5 = − 5
For x = 2: f ′ ( 2 ) = 5 ⋅ 2 4 − 5 = 75
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 1) and (1, ∞), and
f is decreasing on the interval (– 1, 1).

STEP 4 The graph is increasing to the left of – 1 and decreasing to the right of –1, so the
point (– 1, f (–1)) = (– 1, 4) is a local maximum.
The graph is decreasing to the left of 1 and increasing to the right of 1, so the
point (1, f (1)) = (1, – 4) is a local minimum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = – 1 and x = 1. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent lines at the
points (– 1, f (–1)) = (– 1, 4) and (1, f (1)) = (1, – 4).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 Since f is a polynomial function, its end behavior is that of y = x 5. Polynomial

functions have no asymptotes.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

f ′′ ( x ) = 20 x 3
f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 20 x 3 = 0 or when x = 0.
We use the numbers 0 to separate the number line into two parts:
–∞<x<0 and 0<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = − 20
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = 20
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the interval (0, ∞) and is concave down
on the interval (– ∞ , 0). Since the concavity changes at x = 0, the point (0, 0) is an
inflection point.
370 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

19. f ( x ) = x 4 / 3 + 4 x 1/ 3
STEP 1 The domain of f is all real numbers.

STEP 2 The y-intercept occurs when x = 0; y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercept(s) occur when y = 0. So we solve x 4 / 3 + 4 x 1/ 3 = 0.
x 1/ 3 ( x + 4 ) = 0
x 1/ 3 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 0 or x=–4
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (– 4, 0).

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

4 4 4 ( x + 1)
f′ (x) = x 1/ 3 + x −2 / 3 =
3 3 3x 2 / 3
f′ (x) is unbounded when x = 0.
The solution to f′ (x) = 0 is 4 ( x + 1) = 0 or x = – 1.
We use these two numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<0 0<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
4 ( − 8 + 1) − 28
For x = – 8: f ′ ( − 8) = = ≈ − 2.333
3( − 8)
2/3
12
⎛ 1 ⎞ 7
4 ⎜ − + 1⎟
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 14
f ′⎜ − ⎟ = ⎝
8 ⎠
For x = – : = 2 = ≈ 4.667
8 ⎝ 8⎠ ⎛ 1⎞
2/3
3 3
3⎜ − ⎟ 4
⎝ 8⎠
4 (1 + 1) 8
For x = 1: f ′ (1) = = ≈ 2.667
3 (1)
2/3
3
We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the intervals (– 1, 0) and (0, ∞), and
f is decreasing on the interval (– ∞, – 1).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of – 1 and increasing to the right of – 1, so the
point (– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 3) is a local minimum.
 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 371

There is no local maximum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = –1. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the point
(– 1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 3).
The first derivative is unbounded at x = 0, so there is a vertical tangent
line at the point (0, f (0)) = (0, 0).

STEP 6 For the end behavior of f, we look at the two limits at infinity:
lim f ( x ) = lim ⎡⎣ x 4 / 3 + 4 x 1/ 3 ⎤⎦ = ∞ lim f ( x ) = lim ⎡⎣ x 4 / 3 + 4 x 1/ 3 ⎤⎦ = ∞
x→∞ x →∞ x→−∞ x →− ∞

STEP 7 To identify the inflection points, if any, we find f′′ (x):

4 8 4 8 4x − 8
f ′′ ( x ) = x − 2 / 3 − x − 5 / 3 = 2 / 3 − 5 / 3 =
9 9 9x 9x 9x 5/ 3
f ′′ ( x ) is unbounded at x = 0, and f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 4x – 8 = 0 or when x = 2.
We use the numbers 0 and 2 to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<0 0<x<2 2<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
−12 4
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = =
−9 3
−4
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) =
9
24 1
For x = 8: f ′′ ( 8 ) = =
288 12
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on intervals (– ∞, 0) and (2, ∞) and is
concave down on interval (0, 2). Since the concavity changes at x = 0 and x = 2, the points
(0, 0) and (2, 7.560) are inflection points.

21. 2x
f ( x) =
x 2 +1
STEP 1 f is a rational function. Since the denominator never equals 0, the domain is all
real numbers.

STEP 2 The y-intercept occurs when x = 0; y = f (0) = 0. The y-intercept is (0, 0).
The x-intercept(s) occur when y = 0. So we solve 2x = 0 and find x = 0. The x-intercept
is (0, 0).
372 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

STEP 3 To find where the graph is increasing or decreasing, we find f′ (x):

2 ⋅ ( x 2 + 1) − 2 x ⋅ 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 − 4 x 2 2 − 2x 2
f′ (x) = = =
( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2 2 2

The solutions to f′ (x) = 0 are 2 − 2 x 2 = 0

2 (1 − x )(1 + x ) = 0
1–x=0 or 1+x=0
x=1 or x=–1

We use the numbers to separate the number line into three parts:
–∞<x<–1 –1<x<1 1<x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
2 − 2 ( − 2)
2

For x = – 2: f ′( − 2) = 2
= − 0.24
⎡( − 2 ) 2 + 1⎤
⎣ ⎦
2 − 2 ( 0)
2

For x = 0: f ′(0) = 2
=2
⎡( 0 ) 2 + 1⎤
⎣ ⎦
2 − 2( 2)
2

For x = 2: f ′( 2) = 2
= − 0.24
⎡⎣ 2 2 + 1⎤⎦

We conclude that the graph of f is increasing on the interval (– 1 , 1), and that the graph of
f is decreasing on the intervals (– ∞, – 1 ) and (1, ∞).

STEP 4 The graph is decreasing to the left of – 1 and increasing to the right of – 1, so the
point (–1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 1) is a local minimum.
The graph is increasing to the left of 1 and decreasing to the right of 1, so the
point (1, f (1)) = (1, 1) is a local maximum.

STEP 5 f′ (x) = 0 for x = 1 and x = – 1. The graph of f has a horizontal tangent line at the
points (1, f (1)) = (1, 1) and at (–1, f (– 1)) = (– 1, – 1).
The first derivative is never unbounded, so there is no vertical tangent.

STEP 6 For the end behavior we look at the limits at infinity. Since f is an odd function,
we need only to consider the limit as x → ∞, the limit as x → – ∞ will be the opposite.
2x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = lim = 0
x →∞ x →∞ x +1 x →∞ x

As x becomes unbounded in both the positive and negative directions, y = 0 is a horizontal

asymptote.

STEP 7 To identify the inflection point, if any, we find f′′ (x):

 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 373

− 4 x ( x 2 + 1) − ( 2 − 2 x 2 ) ⋅ 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x ) − 4 x ( x 2 + 1) − 4 x ( 2 − 2 x 2 )
2

f ′′ ( x ) = =
( x 2 + 1) (x + 1)
4 2 3

− 4 x ( − x 2 + 3) 4 x ( x 2 − 3)
= =
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 3 2 3

f ′′ ( x ) = 0 when 4 x ( x 2 − 3) = 0
4x = 0 or x2 −3= 0
x = 0 or x=± 3
We use the numbers 0, 3 , and − 3 to separate the number line into four parts:
– ∞ < x <− 3 − 3<x<0 0<x< 3 3 <x<∞
and choose a test number from each part.
For x = – 2: f ′′ ( − 2 ) = − 0.064
For x = – 1: f ′′ ( − 1) = 1
For x = 1: f ′′ (1) = − 1
For x = 2: f ′′ ( 2 ) = 0.064
We conclude that the graph of f is concave up on the intervals ( − 3 , 0) and ( 3 , ∞),
and is concave down on the intervals (– ∞, − 3 ) and (0, 3 ). Since the concavity changes
at the points x = 0, x = 3 , and x = − 3 , the points (0, 0), ( 3, 0.866 , and)
(− )
3, − 0.866 are inflection points.

23. First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.

f ′ ( x ) = 12 x 2 − 3
12 x 2 − 3 = 0
3 ( 4 x 2 − 1) = 0
3 ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x + 1) = 0
2x – 1 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
1 1
x= or x=–
2 2

Now evaluate f′′ (x) at these numbers.

f′′ (x) = 24x
374 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
f ′′ ⎜ ⎟ = 24 ⎜ ⎟ = 12 > 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local minimum
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
at ⎜ , f ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
f ′′ ⎜ − ⎟ = 24 ⎜ − ⎟ = − 12 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local maximum
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
at ⎜ − , f ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ − , 1⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

25. First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.

f ′( x ) = 4x 3 − 4x
4x 3 − 4x = 0
4 x ( x 2 − 1) = 0
4x = 0 or x 2 −1 = 0
x = 0 or x = ± 1=±1
Now evaluate f′′ (x) at these numbers.
f′′ (x) = 12 x 2 − 4
f ′′(0) = 12 ( 0 2 ) − 4 = − 4 < 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local maximum
at (0, f(0)) = (0, 0).

f ′′(– 1) = 12 ( − 1) − 4 = 12 − 4 = 8 > 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local

2

minimum at (– 1, f(– 1)) = (– 1, – 1).

f ′′(1) = 12 (1) − 4 = 12 − 4 = 8 > 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local minimum
2

at (1, f(1)) = (1, – 1).

27. First locate the numbers for which f′ (x) = 0.

f ′ ( x ) = xe x + e x
xe x + e x = 0
e x ( x + 1) = 0
ex =0 or x+1=0
x=–1

Now evaluate f′′ (x) at this number.

f′′ (x) = xe x + e x + e x = xe x + 2e x
f ′′(– 1) = ( −1) e x + 2e x = e x > 0 . By the Second Derivative Test, f has a local minimum
⎛ 1⎞
at (– 1, f(– 1)) = ⎜ − 1, − ⎟ ≈ ( − 1, − 0.368 ) .
⎝ e⎠
 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 375

29. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1 f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3
f ′(x) = 0 when 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 = 0 .
x 2 − 2x +1 = 0
( x − 1) = 0
2

x=1
The critical number 1 is in the interval (0, 3), so we evaluate f at the critical number and the
two endpoints.
f ( 0) = 0 3 − 3( 0) + 3( 0) − 1 = − 1
2

f (1) = 1 3 − 3 (1) + 3 (1) − 1 = 0

2

f ( 3) = 3 3 − 3 ( 3) + 3 ( 3) − 1 = 8
2

The absolute maximum of f on [0, 3] is 8 and the absolute minimum is – 1.

31. f ( x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 4x 2 f ′ ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 8 x
f ′(x) = 0 when 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 8 x = 0.
4 x ( x 2 − 3x + 2 ) = 0
4 x ( x − 2 )( x − 1) = 0
4x = 0 or x–2=0 or x–1=0
x=0 or x=2 or x=1

The critical number 2 is in the interval (1, 3), so we evaluate f at the critical number and the
two endpoints.
f (1) = 1 4 − 4 (1) + 4 (1) = 1
3 2

f ( 2) = 2 4 − 4 ( 2) + 4 ( 2) = 0
3 2

f ( 3) = 3 4 − 4 ( 3) + 4 ( 3) = 9
3 2

The absolute maximum of f on [1, 3] is 9 and the absolute minimum is 0.

33. 4 1/ 3 4 − 2 / 3 4 x 1/ 3 4 4x − 4
f ( x) = x 4/3
− 4x 1/ 3
f ′( x ) = x − x = − 2/3 =
3 3 3 3x 3x 2 / 3
f ′(x) is unbounded when x = 0.
f ′(x) = 0 when 4x – 4 = 0 or x = 1.

The critical numbers 0 and 1 are in the interval (– 1, 8), so we evaluate f at the critical
numbers and the two endpoints.
f ( − 1) = ( −1) − 4 ( − 1) = 5
4/3 1/ 3

f ( 0) = ( 0) − 4 ( 0)
4/3 1/ 3
=0
f (1) = (1) − 4 (1)
4/3 1/ 3
=−3
376 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

f (8) = (8) − 4 (8)

4/3 1/ 3
=8
The absolute maximum of f on [– 1, 8] is 8 and the absolute minimum is – 3.

35. x = f ( p ) = 1000 − 2 p 2 f ′( p ) = − 4 p
pf ′ ( p ) p(− 4 p) 4p2 2p2
E ( p) = = =− = −
f ( p) 1000 − 2 p 2 1000 − 2 p 2 500 − p 2
2 ( 20 )
2

E ( 20 ) = − =−8
500 − 20 2
At p = $20 the demand is elastic.

37. x = f ( p ) = 500 − p 2 = ( 500 − p 2 )

1/ 2

1 − 2p p
( 500 − p 2 )
− 1/ 2
f ′( p ) = ⋅ (− 2 p) = =−
2 ( 500 − p 2 )
1/ 2
2 500 − p 2
⎡ p ⎤
p ⎢− ⎥
pf ′ ( p ) ⎢⎣ 500 − p 2 ⎥⎦ p2
E ( p) = = =−
f ( p) 500 − p 2 500 − p 2

10 2 100 1
E (10 ) = − =− = − = − 0.25
500 − 10 2
400 4

At p = $10 the demand is inelastic.

39. 1 1
x = f ( p ) = 40 − 2 p = 40 − 2 p 1/ 2 f ′ ( p ) = − ⋅ 2 p − 1/ 2 = −
2 p
⎡ 1 ⎤
p ⎢− ⎥
pf ′ ( p ) ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ p
E ( p) = = =−
f ( p) 40 − 2 p 40 − 2 p
300
(a) E ( 300 ) = − = − 3.232
40 − 2 300
At p = $300 the demand is elastic.

(b) Since the demand is elastic, increasing the price to $310 will cause a decrease in
revenue.

41. dy
y = 3x 4 − 2 x 3 + x f ′( x ) = = 12 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 1
dx
 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 377

dy = f ′ ( x ) dx = (12 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 1) dx

43. 3 − 2x
y=
1+ x
dy ( − 2 )(1 + x ) − ( 3 − 2 x )(1) − 2 − 2 x − 3 + 2 x −5
f ′( x ) = = = =
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2
dx
5
dy = f ′ ( x ) dx = − dx
(1 + x )
2

45. f ( x) = x 2 − 9 f ′( x ) = 2x
f ( 3) = 3 2 − 9 = 0 f ′ ( 3) = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
f ( x ) = f ( 3) + f ′ ( 3)( x − 3) = 0 + 6(x – 3)
f (x) = 6x – 18

47. x2 + y2 =8
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
dx dy
2x = − 2y
dt dt
dx 2y dy y dy
=− =−
dt 2x dt x dt

dy
When x = 2, y = 2, and = 3,
dt
dx 2
=− ⋅3=− 3
dt 2

49. xy + 6 x + y 3 = − 2
dy dx dx dy
x +y +6 + 3y = 0
dt dt dt dt
dy dx
( x + 3 y ) + ( y + 6) = 0
dt dt
dy dx
( x + 3 y ) = − ( y + 6)
dt dt
378 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

dy y + 6 dx
=−
dt x + 3 y dt

When x = 2, y = – 3, and
dx
= 3,
dy
=−
( − 3) + 6 ⋅ 3 = 9 .
dt dt 2 + 3 ( − 3) 7

51. STEP 2 The variables are: STEP 1

r = radius (in meters) of the balloon
V = volume (in cubic meters) of the balloon
S = surface area (in square meters) of the balloon
t = time (in minutes).
dr dV dS
STEP 3 The rates of change are . , and .
dt dt dt
dV
STEP 4 We know = 10 m 3 per minute. We want
dt
dS 4
when r = 3 m. The volume of a sphere is V = π r 3 and the surface area is
dt 3
S = 4π r .2

dV dr dS dr
STEP 5 = 4π r 2 and = 8π r
dt dt dt dt
dV dr dS
We use to solve for and then substitute it into .
dt dt dt
dr 1 dV
=
dt 4π r 2 dt
dS 1 dV 2 dV
= 8π r ⋅ =
dt 4π r 2 dt r dt
dV dS 2 20
STEP 6 When r = 3 and = 10, = ⋅ 10 = ≈ 6.667 square meters per minute.
dt dt 3 3

53. C ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 1125
C ( x)5 x 2 + 1125 1125
(a) C ( x ) = = = 5x +
x x x
(b) To find the minimum average cost, we check the critical numbers.
1125 5 x 2 − 1125
C ( x) = 5 − 2 =
′
x x2
C ′ ( x ) is unbounded at x = 0.
C ′ ( x ) = 0 when 5 x 2 − 1125 = 0
x 2 − 225 = 0
x = ± 225 = ± 15
Since x denotes the number of items produced, we disregard x = – 15.
 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW 379

2250 2
C ′′ ( x ) = 2250 x −3 and C ′′ (15 ) =
= . By the Second Derivative Test, x = 15 locates a
3375 3
1125
local minimum. The minimum average cost is C (15 ) = 5 (15 ) + = 150 .
15

(c) The marginal cost function is the derivative of C(x).

C ′ ( x ) = 10 x

(d)

55. Profit = Revenue – Cost, P(x) = R(x) – C(x), where R(x) = xp.
P ( x ) = x ( 62, 402.50 − 0.5 x 2 ) − ( 48,002.50 x + 1500 )
= 62,402.50 x − 0.5 x 3 − 48,002.50 x − 1500
= − 0.5 x 3 + 14,400 x − 1500

P ′ ( x ) = − 1.5 x 2 + 14, 400

P ′ ( x ) = 0 when − 1.5 x 2 + 14,400 = 0
x 2 = 9600
x = ± 9600 = ± 97.98
Since x denotes the units to be sold, we disregard x = – 98, and use x = 98 in the second
derivative.
P ′′ ( x ) = − 3 x P ′′ ( 98 ) = − 3 ( 98 ) = − 294 < 0
From the Second Derivative Test x = 98 locates a local maximum. 98 units must be sold
to maximize profit.

57. STEP 1 We want to minimize the cost of the material A which is used to make the can.

STEP 2 Let r denote the radius of the top and bottom of the can, and
let h denote the height of the can.
380 CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

STEP 3 V =π r2 h
500 = π r 2 h
500
h=
π r2

STEP 4 Since the cost of top, bottom and sides are the same, we need to minimize the
surface area of the can.
S = 2 (π r 2 ) + 2π r h
⎛ 500 ⎞
S ( r ) = 2π r 2 + 2π r ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝π r ⎠
1000
= 2π r 2 +
r
The domain of S is {r | r > 0}.

STEP 5 Differentiate S and find the critical numbers.

1000 4π r 3 − 1000
S ′ ( r ) = 4π r − 2 =
r r2
We solve S ′ ( x ) = 0 to find the critical numbers.
4π r 3 − 1000 = 0
1000
r3 =
4π
250
r=3 ≈ 4.301
π
We use the Second Derivative Test to see if r = 4.301 locates a maximum or a minimum.
2000
S ′′ ( r ) = 4π − ( − 2 )1000 r − 3 = 4π + 3
r
⎛ 250 ⎞ 2000
S ′′ ⎜ 3 ⎟ = 4π + = 4π + 8π = 12π > 0
⎝ π ⎠ ⎛ 250 ⎞
3

⎜3 ⎟
⎝ π ⎠
We conclude that the cost is minimized when the can has a radius of 4.301 centimeters
500 500
and a height of ≈ = 8.604 centimeters.
πr π ( 4.301)
2 2

59. A=π r2 dA = 2π r dr
If r = 10 and changes to 8, then dr = ∆r = − 2 , and
dA = 2π (10 )( − 2 ) = − 40π ≈ − 125.66 .
The area of the burn decreases by approximately 125.66 square centimeters.
 CHAPTER 5 PROJECT 381

61. D ( x ) = − 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2000 dD = − (12 x 2 + 6 x ) dx

(a) If x = 1.50 and changes to 2.00, then dx = ∆x = 0.50 , and
(
dD = − 12 (1.5 ) + 6 (1.5 ) ( 0.50 ) = − 18
2
)
The demand for peanuts will decrease by approximately 1800 pounds.

(b) If x = 2.50 and changes to 3.50, then dx = ∆x = 1.00 , and

(
dD = − 12 ( 2.5 ) + 6 ( 2.5 ) (1.00 ) = − 90
2
)
The demand for peanuts will decrease by approximately 9000 pounds.

63. 3x
c( x) =
4 + 2x 2
3 ( 4 + 2 x 2 ) − 3x ( 4 x ) 12 + 6 x 2 − 12 x 2 12 − 6 x 2
c′ ( x ) = = =
(4 + 2x ) ( 4 + 2x ) ( 4 + 2x )
2 2 2 2 2 2

12 − 6 x 2
dc = dx
( 4 + 2x 2 )
2

(a) If the time is x = 1.2 and changes to 1.3, then dx = ∆x = 0.1 , and
12 − 6 (1.2 )
2

dc = ( 0.1) = 0.0071
( 4 − 2 (1.2) ) 2 2

The concentration of the drug increases by approximately 0.0071.

(b) If the time is x = 2 and changes to 2.25, then dx = ∆x = 0.25 , and

12 − 6 ( 2 )
2

dc = ( 0.25 ) = − 0.0208
( 4 − 2 ( 2) ) 2 2

The concentration of the drug decreases by approximately 0.0208.

65. (b)

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT

(a) x
Since the demand remains constant throughout the year, on average there are vacuum
2
x Hx
cleaners in the store at any time t. So the average holding costs will be H ⋅ = .
2 2

(b) If the total demand is denoted by D and x vacuum cleaners are shipped per order,
x times the number of orders must equal the yearly demand D, or the number of orders
D
must equal . So the yearly reorder costs will be R times the number of orders placed
x
 Chapter 6
The Integral of a Function
and Applications

6.1 Antiderivatives; the Indefinite Integral; Marginal Analysis

1. x4 3. 2x 2
F ( x) = +K F ( x) = + 3x + K = x 2 + 3x + K
4 2

5. F ( x ) = 4 ln x + K

7. x 4/3 3x 4 / 3
f ( x ) = 3 x = x 1/ 3 F ( x) = +K = +K
4 4
3

9.
∫ 3 dx = 3x + K 11. x2
∫ x dx = 2 + K
13. x 4/3 3x 4 / 3 15. x −1 1
∫ x dx = ∫ x dx =
−2
1/ 3
+K = +K +K =− +K
4 4 −1 x
3

17. x 1/ 2
∫ x dx =
− 1/ 2
+ K = 2 x 1/ 2 + K
1
2

19. 2 x 4 5x 2 x 4 5x 2
∫ ( 2 x 3
+ 5 x ) dx = + + K = + +K
4 2 2 2

21. x3
∫ ( x 2
+ 2e x)
dx = + 2e x + K
3

23. x 4 2x 3 x 2
( )
∫ x − 2 x + x − 1 dx = − + − x + K
3 2

4 3 2

25. ⎛ x −1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ ⎟ dx = ∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dx = x − ln x + K
x ⎠ ⎝ x⎠
386 SECTION 6.1

27. ⎛ 3⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ 2e
x
− ⎟ dx = 2e x − 3ln x + K
x⎠

29. ⎛ 3 x +1⎞ x 1/ 2
∫⎝ x ⎠ ∫
⎜ ⎟ dx = ( 3 + x − 1/ 2
) dx = 3 x + + K = 3x + 2 x + K
1
2

31. x2 −4 ( x − 2) ( x + 2) x2
( )
∫ x + 2 dx = ∫ x + 2 dx = ∫ x − 2 dx = 2 − 2 x + K
33. x3 x2
∫ x ( x − 1) dx = ∫ ( x 2
− x ) dx = − +K
3 2

35. ⎛ 3x 5 + 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4 2⎞ 3x 5
∫⎝ x ⎠ ∫⎝
⎜ ⎟ dx = ⎜ 3 x + ⎟
x⎠
dx =
5
+ 2 ln x + K

37. 4e x + e 2 x
∫ e x dx = ∫ ( 4 + e ) dx = 4 x + e + K
x x

39. R′ (x) = 600 R(x) = 600x + K

If R = 0 when x = 0, then K = 0, and R(x) = 600x.

41. R′ (x) = 20x + 5 R(x) = 10x 2 + 5x + K

If R = 0 when x = 0, then K = 0, and R(x) = 10x 2 + 5x.

43. 14 x 2
C ( x ) = ∫ C ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ (14 x − 2800 ) dx =
− 2800 x + K
2
Fixed cost = K = $4300 so C(x) = 7 x 2 − 2800 x + 4300 .
Cost is minimum when C′(x) = 0.
14x – 2800 = 0
14x = 2800
x = 200
Cost is minimum when 200 units are produced.

45. 20 x 2
C ( x ) = ∫ ( 20 x − 8000 ) dx = − 8000 x + K
2
Fixed cost = K = $500 so C(x) = 10x 2 – 8000x + 500.

Cost is minimum when C′(x) = 0.

20 x – 8000 = 0
20 x = 8000
x = 400
Cost is minimum when 400 units are produced.
 SECTION 6.1 387

47. 20 x 2 x 3
(a) C ( x ) = ∫ (1000 − 20 x + x 2 ) dx = 1000 x − + +K
2 3
x3
Fixed cost = K = $9000, so C ( x ) = 1000 x − 10 x 2 + + 9000
3
(b) Revenue is the product of the price and the number of items sold, R = px.
R = R(x) = 3400x

(c) Profit is the difference between revenue and cost, P = R – C.

⎛ x3 ⎞
P = P ( x ) = 3400 x − ⎜1000 x − 10 x 2 + + 9000 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
3
x x3
= 3400 x − 1000 x + 10 x 2 − − 9000 = − + 10 x 2 + 2400 x − 9000
3 3

(d) The maximum profit occurs at a critical number.

P′ ( x ) = − x 2 + 20 x + 2400
P′(x) = 0 when − x 2 + 20 x + 2400 = 0
x 2 − 20 x − 2400 = 0
( x − 60 )( x + 40 ) = 0
x – 60 = 0 or x + 40 = 0
x = 60 or x = – 40
Since x denotes the number of units produced we disregard – 40.

P′′ ( x ) = − 2 x + 20 P′′ ( 60 ) = − 2 ( 60 ) + 20 = − 100 < 0

By the Second Derivative Test, selling x = 60 units yields maximum profit.

60 3
(e) P ( 60 ) = − + 10 ⋅ 60 2 + 2400 ⋅ 60 − 9000 = 99, 000
3
The maximum profit is $99,000.

(f)
388 SECTION 6.1

49. Let P denote the prison population. Then

7000t 2
P = P ( t ) = ∫ ( 7000t + 20,000 ) dt = + 20,000t + K
2
We let t denote time (in years), and letting t = 0 represent 1998, we find K.
P(0) = 3500(0) 2 + 20,000(0) + K = 592,462
K = 592,462
P(t) = 3500t 2 + 20,000t + 592,462

In 2008 t = 10, and

P(10) = 3500 (10) 2 + 20,000 (10) + 592,462 = 1,142,462

According to this model in 2008 there will be 1,142,462 inmates in the United States.

51. Let P denote the population of the town. Then

t 9/5
P′ ( t ) = 2 + t 4 / 5 P ( t ) = ∫ P′ ( t ) dt = ∫ ( 2 + t 4 / 5 ) dt = 2t + +K
9
5
5t 9 / 5
= 2t + +K
9
We let t denote time (in months), and let t = 0 represent the time when P = 20,000.
Since P(0) = 20,000, K = 20,000. In 10 months t = 10, and the population will be
5 ⋅ 10 9 / 5
( ) ( )
P 10 = 2 10 + + 20,000 = 20,055 people.
9

53. Let P denote the voting population (in thousands). Then

( ) 2.2t 2 0.8t 3
( )
P = P t = ∫ 2.2t − 0.8t dt =
2
− +K
2 3
If t denotes time (in years), and P(0) = 20, then we find K
0.8
P(0) = 1.1 · 0 2 – · 0 3 + K = 20
3
K = 20
In 3 years, t = 3, and
0.8
P(3) = 1.1 · 3 2 – · 3 3 + 20 = 22.7
3
In three years the voting population will be 22,700 citizens.

55. Let f denote the amount of end product present in the reaction. Then
⎛ t −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 t 1/ 2
f = ∫⎜ ⎟ dt = ∫ ⎜ − ⎟ dt = ∫ t − 1/ 2
dt − ∫ dt = − ln t + K = 2t 1/ 2 − ln t + K
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ t t⎠ t 1
2
Since the reaction started at t = 1, there is no end product at that time. So we find K
f (1) = 2 · 11/2 – ln 1 + K = 0
 SECTION 6.2 389

2–0+K=0
K=–2
After 4 minutes, t = 4, and
f (4) = 2 · 41/2 – ln 4 – 2 = 4 – 2 ln 2 – 2 = 2 – 2 ln 2

There will be 2 – 2 ln 2 milligrams of end product after 4 minutes of reaction.

57. Let V denote the amount of water in the reservoir at time t. Then
⎛ 5 ⎞ 5 5t 2
V = V ( t ) = ∫ ⎜15,000 − t ⎟ dt = ∫15,000 dt − ∫ t dt = 15,000t − +K
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 4

If initially (at t = 0) there are 100,000 gallons in the reservoir, we find K

5
V(0) = 15,000 · 0 – · 0 2 + K = 100,000
4
K = 100,000
5
V(t) = 15,000 t – t 2 + 100,000
4
The reservoir will be empty when V(t) = 0.
5
15,000 t – t 2 + 100,000 = 0
4
– 5t 2 + 60,000 t + 400,000 = 0
t 2 – 12,000 t – 80,000 = 0
12,000 ± 12,000 2 − 4 ( − 80,000 )
t=
2
t ≈ 12,006.66
(We disregard the negative value of t.)

The reservoir will be empty in approximately 12,007 hours (500.28 days).

6.2 Integration Using Substitution

1. 1
Let u = 2x + 1. Then du = 2 dx so dx = du
2
1 5 1 u6 ( 2 x + 1) 6

∫ ( 2 x +
5
1) dx = ∫ u du = +K = +K
2 2 6 12

3. 1
Let u = 2x – 3. Then du = 2 dx, so dx = du .
2
1 u 1 u e 2 x −3
∫ 2∫
2 x −3
e dx = e du = e + K = +K
2 2
 SECTION 6.2 389

2–0+K=0
K=–2
After 4 minutes, t = 4, and
f (4) = 2 · 41/2 – ln 4 – 2 = 4 – 2 ln 2 – 2 = 2 – 2 ln 2

There will be 2 – 2 ln 2 milligrams of end product after 4 minutes of reaction.

57. Let V denote the amount of water in the reservoir at time t. Then
⎛ 5 ⎞ 5 5t 2
V = V ( t ) = ∫ ⎜15,000 − t ⎟ dt = ∫15,000 dt − ∫ t dt = 15,000t − +K
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 4

If initially (at t = 0) there are 100,000 gallons in the reservoir, we find K

5
V(0) = 15,000 · 0 – · 0 2 + K = 100,000
4
K = 100,000
5
V(t) = 15,000 t – t 2 + 100,000
4
The reservoir will be empty when V(t) = 0.
5
15,000 t – t 2 + 100,000 = 0
4
– 5t 2 + 60,000 t + 400,000 = 0
t 2 – 12,000 t – 80,000 = 0
12,000 ± 12,000 2 − 4 ( − 80,000 )
t=
2
t ≈ 12,006.66
(We disregard the negative value of t.)

The reservoir will be empty in approximately 12,007 hours (500.28 days).

6.2 Integration Using Substitution

1. 1
Let u = 2x + 1. Then du = 2 dx so dx = du
2
1 5 1 u6 ( 2 x + 1) 6

∫ ( 2 x +
5
1) dx = ∫ u du = +K = +K
2 2 6 12

3. 1
Let u = 2x – 3. Then du = 2 dx, so dx = du .
2
1 u 1 u e 2 x −3
∫ 2∫
2 x −3
e dx = e du = e + K = +K
2 2
390 SECTION 6.2

5. 1
Let u = – 2x + 3. Then du = – 2 dx, so dx = – du.
2
1 1 u −1
∫ ( − 2 x + 3) dx = − 2 ∫ u du = − 2 − 1 + K
−2 −2

1 1 1
= ( − 2 x + 3) + K =
−1
+K = +K
2 2 ( − 2 x + 3) 6 − 4x

7. 1
Let u = x 2 + 4. Then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du.
2
1 ( x 2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4)
3 3

( ) 1 2 1 u3
∫ + =
2∫
= ⋅ + = ⋅ + = +K
2 2
x x 4 dx u du K K
2 3 2 3 6

9. 1
Let u = x 3 + 1. Then du = 3x 2 dx, so x 2 dx = du .
3
3
x 3 +1 1 1 1 3 e x +1
∫e x dx = ∫ e u du = ⋅ e u + K = ⋅ e x +1 + K = +K
2

3 3 3 3

11. 1
Let u = x 2. Then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du.
2

∫ (e )x
x2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
+ e− x dx = ∫ e x x dx + ∫ e − x x dx = ∫ e u du + ∫ e − u du = ⋅ e u − ⋅ e − u + K
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
ex e− x ex −e− x
= − +K = +K
2 2 2

13. 1
Let u = x 3 + 2. Then du = 3x 2 dx, so x 2 dx = du .
3
( x 3 + 2)
7

( ) 1 6 1 u7
∫ + =
3∫
= ⋅ + = +K
2 3 6
x x 2 dx u du K
3 7 21

15. 1
Let u = 1 + x 2. Then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du.
2
x 1
∫ ∫ x (1 + x 2 )
∫
− 1/ 3
dx = dx = u − 1/ 3 du
3
1+ x 2 2
1 u 2/3 3u 2 / 3
= ⋅ +K = +K
2 2 4
3
3 (1 + x 2 )
2/3

= +K
4
 SECTION 6.2 391

17. Let u = x + 3. Then du = dx and x = u – 3.

5/ 2
u 3u 3 / 2
∫ x x + 3 dx = ( u − 3) u du =
∫ ∫ ( u 3 / 2 − 3u 1/ 2 ) du =
5
−
3
+K

2 2
2 ( x + 3) 6 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 3)
5/ 2 3/ 2 5/ 2

− 2 ( x + 3)
3/ 2
= − +K = +K
5 3 5

19. Let u = e x + 1. Then du = e x dx.

ex 1
∫ x
e +1
dx =
u ∫
du = ln u + K = ln ( e x + 1) + K

21. 1 − 1/ 2 1 1
Let u = x = x 1/ 2 . Then du = x dx = dx , so 2du = dx .
2 2 x x
x
e
∫ ∫
dx = 2 e u du = 2 ⋅ e u + K = 2 e x
+K
x

23. 1 − 2/3 1 1
Let u = x 1/3 – 1. Then du = x dx = 2 / 3 dx , so 3 du = = 2 / 3 dx .
3 3x x
( x 1/ 3 − 1) 3 ( x 1/ 3 − 1)
6 7
u7
∫ ∫
dx = 3 u du = 3 ⋅ +K = +K
6

x 2/3 7 7

25. 1
Let u = x 2 + 2x + 3. Then du = (2x + 2) dx, so du = (x + 1) dx
2
( x + 1) dx 1 1 1 1 u −1 1
∫ (x 2
+ 2 x + 3)
2
=
2 ∫u 2
du =
2 ∫ u − 2 du =
2 ( − 1)
+K =−
2u
+K

1 1
=− +K =− +K
2 ( x + 2 x + 3) 2x + 4x + 6
2 2

27. 1 1
Let u = 1 + x . Then du = dx , so 2 du = dx .
2 x x
dx 1 u−3 2
∫ ∫ ∫
−4
=2 du = 2 u du = 2 ⋅ +K =− +K
x (1 + x )
4
u 4
( − 3) 3u 3
2
=− +K
3 (1 + x )
3

29. 1
Let u = 2x + 3. Then du = 2 dx, so du = dx.
2
dx 1 1 1 1
∫ =
2x + 3 2 ∫ u
du = ⋅ ln u = ln 2 x + 3 + K
2 2
392 SECTION 6.2

31. 1
Let u = 4x 2 + 1. Then du = 8x dx, so du = x dx.
8
x dx 1 du 1 1
∫ =
4x +1 8
2 ∫ = ⋅ ln u + K = ln ( 4 x 2 + 1) + K
u 8 8

33. 1
Let u = x 2 + 2 x + 2 . Then du = ( 2 x + 2 ) dx = 2 ( x + 1) dx , so du = ( x + 1) dx
2
x +1 1 1 1 1
∫ x + 2x + x
2
dx =
2 ∫ u
du = ln u + K = ln ( x 2 + 2 x + x ) + K
2 2

35. The value V of the car is the antiderivative of the depreciation rate with V(0) = $ 27,000.

∫ ∫ ∫
V = V ′ ( t ) dt = − 6000 e − 0.5 t dt = − 6000 e − 0.5 t dt

⎛ 1 ⎞
= − 6000 ⎜ e − 0.5 t ⎟ + K = 12,000 e − 0.5 t + K
⎝ − 0.5 ⎠
We use V(0) = 27,000 to determine K.
V ( 0 ) = 12,000 e − 0.5 0 + K = 27,000
( )

K = 27,000 − 12,000 = 15,000

V ( t ) = 12,000 e − 0.5 t
+ 15,000

After 2 years t = 2, and the car is worth

V ( 2 ) = 12,000 e − 0.5 2 + 15,000 = 12,000 e − 1 + 15,000 = $19,414.55
( )

After 4 years t = 4, and the car is worth

V ( 4 ) = 12,000 e − 0.5 4 + 15,000 = 12,000 e − 2 + 15,000 = $16,624.02
( )

37. (a) The budget B is the antiderivative of the growth rate with B(0) = 68.6 billion dollars.
1
∫ ∫ ∫
B = B′ ( t ) dt = 1.715 e 0.025 t dt = 1.715 e 0.025 t dt = 1.715 ⋅
0.025
e 0.025 t + K

We use B(0) = 68.6 to determine K.

B ( 0 ) = 68.6 e 0.025 0 + K = 68.6
( )

68.6 + K = 68.6
K=0
( )
B t = 68.6 e 0.025 t

(b) We need to find t so that B(t) > 100

68.6 e 0.025 t > 100
100
e 0.025 t > ≈ 1.4577
68.6
 SECTION 6.3 393

Changing the exponentional to logarithmic form we find

⎛ 100 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.025 t
⎝ 68.6 ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
t = ⎝ 68.6 ⎠ ≈ 15.075
0.025
The budget will exceed $ 100 billion in just over 15 years, that is in 2016.

39. (a) The number of employees N is given by the antiderivative of N′(t) with N(0) = 400.
1 0.01t
∫ ∫ ∫
N = N ′ ( t ) dt = 20 e 0.01t dt = 20 e 0.01t dt = 20 ⋅
0.01
e + K = 2000 e 0.01t + K
We use N(0) = 400 to determine K.
N ( 0 ) = 2000 e 0 + K = 400
K = 400 – 2000 = – 1600
( )
N t = 2000 e 0.01 t
− 1600

(b) We need to find t so that N(t) = 800.

N ( t ) = 2000 e 0.01 t − 1600 = 800
2000 e 0.01 t = 2400
2400
e 0.01 t = = 1.2
2000
ln 1.2 = 0.01 t
ln1.2
t= = 18.232
0.01
It will take about 18.232 years for the number of employees to reach 800.

41. 1
Let u = ax+ b. Then du = a dx, so du = dx.
a
n +1 n +1
( ax + b ) n+1
( ax + b ) n dx = 1 u n du = 1 ⋅ u + K = u
∫ a ∫ a n +1 a ( n + 1)
+K =
a ( n + 1)
+K

6.3 Integration by Parts

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
1.

1 4x
If u = x, then du = dx; and if dv = e 4x dx, then v = e .
4
1 1 4x 1 1 1
∫x e ∫
4x
dx = xe 4 x − e dx = xe 4 x − ⋅ e 4 x + K
4 4 4 4 4
1 4x 1 4x
= xe − e + K
4 16
 SECTION 6.3 393

Changing the exponentional to logarithmic form we find

⎛ 100 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.025 t
⎝ 68.6 ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
t = ⎝ 68.6 ⎠ ≈ 15.075
0.025
The budget will exceed $ 100 billion in just over 15 years, that is in 2016.

39. (a) The number of employees N is given by the antiderivative of N′(t) with N(0) = 400.
1 0.01t
∫ ∫ ∫
N = N ′ ( t ) dt = 20 e 0.01t dt = 20 e 0.01t dt = 20 ⋅
0.01
e + K = 2000 e 0.01t + K
We use N(0) = 400 to determine K.
N ( 0 ) = 2000 e 0 + K = 400
K = 400 – 2000 = – 1600
( )
N t = 2000 e 0.01 t
− 1600

(b) We need to find t so that N(t) = 800.

N ( t ) = 2000 e 0.01 t − 1600 = 800
2000 e 0.01 t = 2400
2400
e 0.01 t = = 1.2
2000
ln 1.2 = 0.01 t
ln1.2
t= = 18.232
0.01
It will take about 18.232 years for the number of employees to reach 800.

41. 1
Let u = ax+ b. Then du = a dx, so du = dx.
a
n +1 n +1
( ax + b ) n+1
( ax + b ) n dx = 1 u n du = 1 ⋅ u + K = u
∫ a ∫ a n +1 a ( n + 1)
+K =
a ( n + 1)
+K

6.3 Integration by Parts

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
1.

1 4x
If u = x, then du = dx; and if dv = e 4x dx, then v = e .
4
1 1 4x 1 1 1
∫x e ∫
4x
dx = xe 4 x − e dx = xe 4 x − ⋅ e 4 x + K
4 4 4 4 4
1 4x 1 4x
= xe − e + K
4 16
394 SECTION 6.3

3. Choose u=x and dv = e 2 x dx

1
Then du = dx and v = e 2x
2

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
1 2x 1 2x 1 1
∫ x e 2 x dx =
2
xe −
2 ∫
e dx = x e 2 x − e 2 x + K
2 4

5. Choose u = x 2 and dv = e − x dx
Then du = 2x dx and v = – e− x

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
∫ x e dx = x ( − e ) − ∫ − e − x ⋅ 2 x dx
2 −x 2 −x

∫
= − x 2 e − x + 2 x e − x dx
We use integration by parts once more. This time
choose u=x and dv = e − x dx
Then du = dx and v = – e− x

∫
x 2 e − x dx = − x 2 e − x + 2 ⎡ x ⋅ ( − e − x ) − − e − x ⋅ dx ⎤
⎢⎣ ∫
⎥⎦
= − x 2 e − x − 2 x e − x + 2 e − x dx
−x −x
∫
=− x e 2
− 2x e − 2e − x + K
= − e − x ( x 2 + 2x + 2) + K

7. Choose u = ln x and dv = x dx
1 2 3/ 2
du = dx and v= x
x 3

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
2 2 3/ 2 1
∫ x ln x dx = ln x ⋅ x −
∫ x ⋅ dx
3/ 2

3 3 x
2 3/ 2 2 1/ 2
=
3
x ln x −
3
x dx
∫
2 2 x 3/ 2 2 4
= x 3 / 2 ln x − ⋅ + K = x 3 / 2 ln x − x 3 / 2 + K
3 3 3 3 9
2

9. Choose u = (ln x) 2 and dv = dx

1
du = 2 ln x ⋅ dx and v=x
x
 SECTION 6.3 395

2
= ln x dx
x

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
⎛ 2 ⎞
∫ ( ln x ) dx = ( ln x ) ∫
2 2
⋅ x − ⎜ x ⋅ ln x ⎟ dx
⎝ x ⎠
= x ( ln x )
∫
2
− 2 ln x dx
We use integration by parts once more.
This time choose u = ln x and dv = dx
1
du = dx and v=x
x
( ln x ) dx = x ( ln x ) − 2 ⎡⎢ x ln x − x ⋅ dx ⎤⎥
1
∫ ∫
2 2

⎣ x ⎦
= x ( ln x )
∫
2
− 2 x ln x + 2 dx

= x ( ln x ) − 2 x ln x + 2 x + K
2

11. Choose u = ln 3x and dv = x 2 dx

1 x3
du = dx and v=
x 3

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
x3 x3 1
∫ x ln 3x dx = ln 3x ⋅ − ⋅ dx
∫
2

3 3 x
x 3 ln 3x 1
=
3
−
3
x 2 dx
∫
x ln 3x 1 x 3
3
= − ⋅ +K
3 3 3
x 3 ln 3x x 3 x3
= − + K = [3ln 3x − 1] + K
3 9 9

13. Choose u = ( ln x )
2
and dv = x 2 dx
1 x3
du = 2ln x ⋅ dx and v=
x 3
2 ln x
= dx
x

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
396 SECTION 6.3

x3 x 3 2ln x
∫ x 2 ( ln x ) dx = ( ln x ) ⋅
∫
2 2
− ⋅ dx
3 3 x
x 3 ( ln x )
2
2
3∫
= − x 2
ln x dx
3
We use integration by parts a second time.
This time choose u = ln x and dv = x 2 dx
1 x3
Then du = dx and v=
x 3
x ( ln x )
2
2⎡ x ⌠⎛ x 1 ⎞ ⎤
3 3 3

∫ x 2 ( ln x ) dx =
2
− ⎢ln x ⋅ − ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ dx ⎥
3 3⎣ 3 ⌡⎝ 3 x ⎠ ⎦
x 3 ( ln x )
2
2 ⎡ x 3 ln x 1 ⎤
=
3
− ⎢
3⎣ 3
−
3 ∫
x 2 dx ⎥
⎦
x 3 ( ln x )
2
2 ⎡ x 3 ln x 1 x 3 ⎤
= − ⎢ − ⋅ + K⎥
3 3⎣ 3 3 3 ⎦
x 3 ( ln x )
2
2 x 3 ln x 2 x 3
= − + +K
3 9 27

15. Choose u = ln x and dv = x – 3 dx

1 x−2
du = dx and v=
x −2

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
ln x ⎛ x−2 ⎞ x−2 1 x − 2 ln x 1
∫ x 3
dx = ln x ⋅ ⎜
⎝
−
2 ⎠
⎟ − −
∫
⋅
2 x
dx = −
2
+
2
x − 3 dx
∫
−2 −2 −2 −2
x ln x 1 x x ln x x
=− + ⋅ +K =− − +K
2 2 −2 2 4
2 ln x + 1
= − +K
4x2

17. The function P is the antiderivative of P′(t) with P(0) = 5000.

∫
P = P′ ( t ) dt =
∫ (90 t − 100 t e − t ) dt = 90
∫ ∫ (t e ) dt
−t
t dt − 100
We use integration by parts to integrate the second integral.
Choose u=t dv = e – t dt
du = dt v = – e–t
t 3/ 2
P = 90
3 ⎢⎣ ∫
− 100 ⎡ − t e − t − − e − t dt ⎤ = 60t 3 / 2 + 100 t e − t + 100e − t + K
⎥⎦
2
We use P(0) = 5000 to determine K.
 SECTION 6.4 397

P ( 0 ) = 60 ( 0 )
+ 100 ( 0 ) e 0 + 100 e 0 + K = 5000
3/ 2

100 + K = 5000
K = 4900
( ) −t −t
P t = 60t + 100 t e + 100 e + 4900
3/ 2

In 4 days t = 4, and P ( 4 ) = 60 ( 4 ) + 100 ( 4 ) e − 4 + 100 e − 4 + 4900 = 5389 ants.

3/ 2

In one week t = 7, and P ( 7 ) = 60 ( 7 ) + 100 ( 7 ) e − 7 + 100e − 7 + 4900 = 6012 ants.

3/ 2

6.4 The Definite; Learning Curves; Total Sales Over Time

1. ⎛ 3x 2 ⎞
2
2 ⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ 3 7
∫ ( 3 x − 1) dx = ⎜ − x ⎟ = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ − ⎜ − 1⎟ = 6 − 2 − + 1 =
1
⎝ 2 ⎠1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2 2

3. 3x 3
1

∫0 ( 3x + e ) dx = 3 + e = (1 3 + e 1 ) − ( 0 3 + e 0 ) = 1 + e − 0 − 1 = e
1
2 x x

0
 SECTION 6.4 397

P ( 0 ) = 60 ( 0 )
+ 100 ( 0 ) e 0 + 100 e 0 + K = 5000
3/ 2

100 + K = 5000
K = 4900
( ) −t −t
P t = 60t + 100 t e + 100 e + 4900
3/ 2

In 4 days t = 4, and P ( 4 ) = 60 ( 4 ) + 100 ( 4 ) e − 4 + 100 e − 4 + 4900 = 5389 ants.

3/ 2

In one week t = 7, and P ( 7 ) = 60 ( 7 ) + 100 ( 7 ) e − 7 + 100e − 7 + 4900 = 6012 ants.

3/ 2

6.4 The Definite; Learning Curves; Total Sales Over Time

1. ⎛ 3x 2 ⎞
2
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ 3 7
( )
2
∫1
3 x − 1 dx = ⎜
⎝ 2
− x ⎟ = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ − ⎜ − 1⎟ = 6 − 2 − + 1 =
⎠1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2 2

3. 3x 3
1

∫0 ( 3x + e ) dx = 3 + e = (1 3 + e 1 ) − ( 0 3 + e 0 ) = 1 + e − 0 − 1 = e
1
2 x x

0
398 SECTION 6.4

5. 2 (1) 2 ( 0)
1 1 3/ 2 2/3
1 1 u 3/ 2 2u 3 / 2 2
∫ u du = ∫ u du = = = − =
1/ 2
0 0 3 3 0
3 3 3
2 0

1
7. ⎛ ⎞
⎛ 1 3 2 (1) 5 / 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 3 2 ( 0) 5 / 2 ⎞
1
⎜ 3 5/ 2 ⎟
⎛ t 3 2t 5/ 2 ⎞
∫0 ( ) ⎜3 5 ⎟ ⎜3− 5 ⎟
1 t t
t 2
− t 3/ 2
dt = − = =⎜ − ⎟−⎜ − ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜3 5 ⎟ ⎜ 3 5 ⎟
0 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0
1 2 5−6 1
= − −0 = =−
3 5 15 15

9. ⎛ x 3 2x 2 ⎞
3

∫− 2 ( )( ) ∫− 2 ( ) ⎜ 3 + 2 − 3x ⎟
3 3
x − 1 x + 3 dx = x + 2 x − 3 dx = 2

⎝ ⎠ −2

⎤ ⎡ ( − 2) ⎤
3
⎡33 8
= ⎢ + 3 2 − 3 ( 3) ⎥ − ⎢ + ( − 2 ) − 3 ( − 2 )⎥ = 9 + 9 − 9 + − 4 − 6
2

⎣3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ 3
8 5
= − 1+ =
3 3

11. 2 2
⌠ x − 1 dx = 2 x − 2 − x − 4 dx = ⎛ x − x ⎞
2 2 −1 −3
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎮ ∫1 ( ) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜− + 3 ⎟
⌡1 x 4 ⎝ −1 − 3 ⎠ 1
⎝ x 3x ⎠ 1

⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 1 1 5
= ⎢− + ⎥ − ⎢ − + ⎥ = − + +1− =
⎢⎣ 2 3 ( 2 ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 3 (1) ⎥⎦
3 3
2 24 3 24

13. 8
⎛ t 5/3
8
⎞
8
⎛ 3t 5 / 3 ⎞
8
⌠ ⎛ 3 2 1⎞ ⌠ ⎛ 2/3 1⎞
⎮ ⎜ t + ⎟ dt = ⎮ ⎜ t + ⎟ dt = ⎜ 5 + ln t ⎟ =⎜ + ln t ⎟
⌡1 ⎝ t⎠ ⌡1 ⎝ t⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 5 ⎠ 1
⎝ 3 ⎠ 1

⎡ 3(8) 5 / 3 ⎤ ⎡ 3 (1) 5 / 3 ⎤
=⎢ + ln 8⎥ − ⎢ + ln 1⎥
⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
3 ( 32 ) 3 96 − 3 93 93
= + ln 8 − − 0 = + ln 8 = + ln 8 = 3 ln 2 +
5 5 5 5 5
4
15. 4 ⎛ x 3 / 2 x 1/ 2 ⎞ 4
⌠ x +1 ⌠ ⎛ x 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2x 3/ 2 ⎞
4
+
⎟ dx = ∫1 ( x + x ) dx = ⎜ 3 1 ⎟
4
− 1/ 2
⎮ dx = ⎮ ⎜ + 1/ 2
=⎜ + 2 x 1/ 2 ⎟
⌡1 x ⌡1 ⎝ x x ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 1
1
 SECTION 6.4 399

⎡ 2 ( 4 ) 3/ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 (1) 3/ 2 ⎤ 16 2 14 + 6 20
=⎢ + ( ) ⎥−⎢ + 2 (1) ⎥ = + 4 − − 2 = =
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 4
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ 3 3 3 3

∫ (5x + 1)
17. 3 3/ 2
dx = 0 ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
a
4
Property 4
3 a

19. ⎛ x 3 2x 2 ⎞
1

( )
1 1
∫− 1 + = ∫− 1 + + = ⎜ + + x⎟
2 2
x 1 dx ( x 2 x 1) dx
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ −1

⎤ ⎡ ( − 1) ⎤ 1
3
⎡1 3 1 8
= ⎢ + 1 2 + 1⎥ − ⎢ + ( − 1) + ( − 1) ⎥ = + 2 + − 1 + 1 =
2

⎣3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ 3 3 3

21. e e
⌠ ⎛ 1⎞ x2 ⎡e 2 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ e
2
1 e2 3 e2 −3
⎮ ⎜ x − ⎟ dx = − ln x = ⎢ − ln e ⎥ − ⎢ − ln 1⎥ = −1− + 0 = − =
⌡1 ⎝ x⎠ 2 1 ⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦ 2 2 2 2 2

23. 1 e− x
1
1
∫ = ⎡⎣ − e − 1 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ − e 0 ⎤⎦ = − e − 1 + 1 = 1 −
−x
e dx =
0 −1 0
e

25. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.

Let u = x + 1. Then du = dx.

We adjust the limits of integration.

When x = 1, u = 1 + 1 = 2, and when x = 3, u = 3 + 1 = 4. So
3 4
⌠ dx = ⌠ du = ln u 4 = ln 4 − ln 2 = ln 2
⎮ ⎮
⌡1 x + 1 ⌡ 2 u 2

27. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.

3 2
Let u = x 3/2 + 1. Then du = x 1/ 2 dx . So du = x 1/ 2 dx = x dx
2 3
We adjust the limits of integration.
When x = 0, u = 0 3/2 + 1 = 1, and when x = 1, u = 1 3/2 + 1 = 2. So
1 2
⌠ x 2 ⌠ 2 du 2 2 2
⎮ 3/ 2 dx = ⎮ = ln u = ( ln 2 − ln 1) = ln 2
⌡0 x + 1 3 ⌡1 u 3 1 3 3

29. 1 2x
We integrate by parts. We choose u = x and dv = e 2 x dx . Then du = dx and v = e .
2
⎡ 1 1 2 x ⎤ xe 2 x
3 3 3 3

−⌠
3 1
∫ x⋅e dx = ⎢ x ⋅ e 2 x ⎮ e dx ⎥ = − e 2x
2x
1
⎢⎣ 2 1 ⌡1 2 ⎥⎦ 2 1
4 1
400 SECTION 6.4

⎡ 3 e 6 e 2 ⎤ ⎡ e 6 e 2 ⎤ 6e 6 − 2e 2 − e 6 + e 2 5 e 5 − e 2
=⎢ − ⎥−⎢ − ⎥ = =
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣4 4⎦ 4 4

31. 1 − 3x
We integrate by parts. Choose u = x and dv = e − 3 x dx . Then du = dx, and v = − e .
3
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
2
x e − 3x
−⌠
2 1 − 3x 1 2
∫ ∫
− 3x
xe dx = x ⎜ − e − 3 x ⎟ ⎮ − e dx = − + e − 3 x dx
1
⎝ 3 ⎠ 1
⌡1 3 3 1
3 1

⎡ 2e −6
⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 − 3x
−3 ⎤ e−3 1⎡ e− 6 e−3 ⎤ −6
2
e 2e
= ⎢− + + ⎢− e
⎥ = − + + ⎢− +
⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ 3 ⎢⎣ 3
1⎥
⎦ 3 3 3 ⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
2e − 6 e−3 e− 6 e−3 6e − 6 3 e − 3 e − 6 e − 3
=− + − + =− + − +
3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9
7e − 6 4e −3
7 4
=− + =− 6 + 3
9 9 9e 9e

33. 1
Integrating by parts, we choose u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = dx and v = x.
x
5
5
⌠ x ⋅ 1 dx = x ln x 5 − 5 dx = x ln x 5 − x 5
∫ ln x dx = ln x ⋅ x − ∫1
5
⎮
1 1
⌡1 x 1 1 1

= [5 ln 5 − 1 ln 1] − [5 − 1] = 5 ln 5 − 0 − 4 = 5 ln 5 − 4 ≈ 4.047

35. 2
∫ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
a
e x dx = 0
2
Property 4
2 a

37. 1 0 1 1
∫e dx + ∫ e − x dx = ∫ e − x dx − ∫ e − x dx = 0 ∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
− x2 2 2 2 b a
Property 3
0 1 0 0 a b

39. ⎡⎣ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx = 4 + ( − 2 ) = 2
3 3 3
∫1 1 1

↑
∫ [ f ( x ) ± g ( x )] dx = ∫a f ( x ) ∫
b b b
(Property 7: dx ± g ( x ) dx )
a a

41. 8 f ( x ) dx = 8 ∫ f ( x ) dx = 8 ⋅ 8 = 64
6 6
∫3 3

↑
∫ c f ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx )
b b
( Property 6: a a
 SECTION 6.4 401

∫3 ⎡⎣3 f ( x ) + 4 g ( x )⎤⎦ dx = ∫3 3 f ( x ) dx + ∫3 4 g ( x ) dx
43. 6 6 6

↑
∫ [ f ( x ) ± g ( x )] dx = ∫a f ( x ) ∫
b b b
( Property 7: dx ± g ( x ) dx )
a a

= 3∫ f ( x ) dx + 4 ∫ g ( x ) dx = 3 ⋅ 8 + 4 ⋅ 3 = 36
6 6

3 3

↑
∫ c f ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx )
b b
( Property 6: a a

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx = 4 + 8 = 12
45. 6 3 6

1 1 3

↑
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx )
b c b
(Property 5: a a c

47. C ′ ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 100 x + 1000

The increase in cost in raising production from 100 units to 110 units is
C (110 ) − C (100 ) = ∫ C ′ ( x ) dx
110

100

(6x − 100 x + 1000 ) dx

110
=∫ 2
100
110
⎛ 6 x 3 100 x 2 ⎞
=⎜ − + 1000 x ⎟
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 100

= ⎡ 2 (110 ) − 50 (110 ) + 1000 (110 ) ⎤ − ⎡ 2 (100 ) − 50 (100 ) + 1000 (100 ) ⎤

3 2 3 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= $ 567,000

49. (a) f ( x ) = 1272 x − 0.35

80
1272 x 0.65
= 1956.92 ( 80 0.65 − 30 0.65 ) = 15,921.34
80
∫
− 0.35
1272 x dx =
30 0.65 30

The total labor hours needed is 15,921.

(b) f ( x ) = 1272 x − 0.15

80
1272 x 0.85
= 1496.47 ( 80 0.85 − 30 0.85 ) = 35,089.39
80
∫
− 0.15
1272 x dx =
30 0.85 30

The total labor hours needed is 35,089.

(c) Answers will vary.

402 SECTION 6.4

51. D ( x ) = − 8.93 x + 70
⎡ 8.93 (12 ) 2 ⎤
12
⎛ 8.93 x 2 ⎞
( − 8.93x + 70 ) dx = ⎜ − ( ) − [ 0] = 197.04
12
∫0 ⎝ 2
+ 70 x ⎟
= ⎢
⎢⎣
−
⎠ 2
+ 70 12 ⎥
⎥⎦
0

The total budget deficit for 2002-2003 is projected to be 197.04 billion dollars.

53. The total sales during the first year is

∫ (1200 − 950 e ) dx = (1200 x + 950 e )
12 12
x − x −
0 0

= ⎡⎣1200 (12 ) + 950 e − 12

⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 0 + 950 e 0 ⎤⎦
= $13,450.01

55. f ( x ) = 1000 x − 0.5

To produce an additional 25 units
60
60 1000 x 0.5
∫ = 2000 ⎡⎣60 0.5 − 35 0.5 ⎤⎦ = 3659.77
− 0.05
1000 x dx =
35 0.5 35

The job will take 3660 labor hours.

57. (a) f ( x ) = x 2 is an even function because f ( − x ) = ( − x ) 2 = x 2 = f ( x ) .

1 3 ( − 1)
1 3
1 x3 1 1 2
∫− 1 x dx = 3 = − = + =
2

−1
3 3 3 3 3

1 ⎡x3 1
⎤ ⎡1 3 ⎤ 2
2 ∫ x dx = 2 ⎢ 3
⎥ = 2 ⎢ − 0⎥ =
0
⎢⎣ 3 0⎥
⎦ ⎣3 ⎦ 3
1 1
So ∫ −1
x 2 dx = 2 ∫ x 3 dx .
0

(b) f ( x ) = x 4 + x 2 is an even function because

f (−x) = (− x) + (− x) = x 4 + x 2 = f ( x) .
4 2

⎡1 5 1 3 ⎤ ⎡ ( − 1) ( − 1) ⎤
1 5 3
⎛ x5 x3 ⎞
∫− 1 ( ) ⎜5+3⎟
1
x + x 4
dx = 2
=⎢ + ⎥−⎢ + ⎥
⎝ ⎠ −1 ⎣ 5 3 ⎦ ⎢
⎣ 5 3 ⎥⎦
1 1 1 1 2 2 6 + 10 16
= + + + = + = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 15 15
⎡⎛ x 5 x 3 ⎞ ⎤
1
⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎤ 16
2∫ ( x 4 + x 2 )
1
dx = 2 ⎢⎜ + ⎟ ⎥ = 2 ⎢⎜ + ⎟ − 0 ⎥ =
0
⎢⎣⎝ 5 3 ⎠ 0⎥
⎦ ⎣⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎦ 15

∫ (x + x 2 ) dx = 2 ∫ (x + x 2 ) dx .
1 1
4 4
So
−1 0
 SECTION 6.5 403

6.5 Finding Areas; Consumer’s Surplus; Producer’s Surplus;

Maximizing Profit over Time

1. 6 ⎛ 3x 2 ⎞
6

A = ∫ ( 3 x + 2 ) dx = ⎜ + 2x ⎟
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

⎡3 ⋅ 6 2 ⎤ ⎡3 ⋅ 2 2 ⎤
=⎢ + 2 ( 6)⎥ − ⎢ + 2 ( 2 )⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
= 54 + 12 − 6 − 4 = 56

3. 2 x3
2
23 8
A =∫ x dx =
2
= −0 =
0 3 0
3 3

5. ⎛ x3 ⎞
−1
⎛ x3 ⎞
1

( ) ∫− 1 ( )
−1 1
A=∫ x −
2
1 dx − x − 1 2
dx = ⎜ − x⎟ −⎜ − x⎟
−2
⎝ 3 ⎠ −2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ −1

⎧⎪ ⎡ ( − 1) 3
⎤ ⎡ ( − 2) 3
⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎡1 3 ⎤ ⎡ ( − 1) 3
⎤ ⎫⎪
= ⎨⎢ − ( − 1) ⎥ − ⎢ − ( − 2 ) ⎥ ⎬ − ⎨ ⎢ − 1⎥ − ⎢ − ( − 1) ⎥ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
1 8 1 1 8
= − +1+ − 2 − +1− +1 =
3 3 3 3 3
404 SECTION 6.5

7. f ( x ) = 3 x = x 1/ 3
0 8
A=− ∫ −1
x 1/ 3 dx + ∫ x 1/ 3 dx
0

0 8
0 8
x 4/3 x 4/3 3x 4 / 3 3x 4 / 3
=− + =− +
4 4 4 −1
4 0
3 −1 3 0

⎪⎧ ⎡ 3 ( − 1) 4 / 3 ⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎡ 3 ( 8 ) 4 / 3 ⎤ ⎫⎪
= ⎨[ − 0] − ⎢ − ⎥ ⎬ + ⎨⎢ ⎥ − [ 0 ]⎬
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
3 51
= + 12 =
4 4

9. f ( x) = e x
1 1
A = ∫ e x dx = e x = e1 − e 0
0 0

= e − 1 ≈ 1.718

11. 1
A = ∫ g ( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx
1

0 0
1 1
= ∫ 2 x dx − ∫ x dx
0 0
2 1 1
2x x2
= −
2 0
2 0

⎡1 ⎤ 2
= ⎡⎣1 2 − 0 ⎤⎦ − ⎢ − 0 ⎥
⎣2 ⎦
1 1
= 1− =
2 2
 SECTION 6.5 405

13. First we find where the graphs intersect.

f ( x) = g ( x)
x2 = x
x2 − x = 0
x ( x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or x=1
f ( 0) = 0 2 = 0 f (1) = 1 2 = 1
g ( 0) = 0 g (1) = 1

1 1 1 1
A = ∫ g ( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
0 0 0 0

1 1
x2 x3 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
= − = ⎢ − 0⎥ − ⎢ − 0⎥
2 0
3 0 ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣3 ⎦
1 1 3− 2 1
= − = =
2 3 6 6

15. We graph f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 and g ( x ) = x + 1 .

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x).

x 2 +1 = x +1
x2 − x = 0
x ( x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or x – 1 = 0
x=1

A = ∫ ( g ( x ) − f ( x ) ) dx = ∫ ⎡⎣( x + 1) − ( x 2 + 1) ⎤⎦ dx
1 1

0 0

1
⎛ x2 x3 ⎞
= ∫ ( x − x ) dx = ⎜
1
2
− ⎟
0
⎝ 2 3 ⎠ 0

⎡1 1 ⎤2 3
= ⎢ − ⎥ − [ 0]
⎣2 3⎦
1 1 1
= − =
2 3 6
406 SECTION 6.5

17. We graph f ( x ) = x = x 1/ 2 and g ( x ) = x 3 .

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x).

x = x3
x = x6
x ( x 5 − 1) = 0
x=0 or x5 – 1 = 0
x=1

( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx = ∫ ( x − x 3 ) dx
1 1
A=∫ 1/ 2
0 0
1
⎛ x 3/ 2 x 4 ⎞
− ⎟
=⎜ 3 4 ⎟
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0

⎡2 14 ⎤
= ⎢ ⋅ 1 3 / 2 − ⎥ − [ 0]
⎣3 4⎦
2 1 8−3 5
= − = =
3 4 12 12

19. We graph f ( x ) = x 2 and g ( x ) = x 4 .

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x).

x2 = x4
x4 − x2 = 0
x 2 ( x 2 – 1) = 0
x 2(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
x 2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=–1

( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx + ∫ ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx = ∫ ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx = ∫ ( x − x 4 ) dx
0 1 1 1
A=∫ 2
−1 0 −1 −1
1
⎛ x3 x5 ⎞
A =⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 3 5 ⎠ −1

⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ ( − 1) ( − 1) ⎤
3 5

= ⎢ − ⎥−⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 3 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5 ⎥⎦
 SECTION 6.5 407

1 1 1 1 5 3 5 3 4
= − + − = − + − =
3 5 3 5 15 15 15 15 15

21. We graph f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x and g ( x ) = − x 2 .

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x).

x 2 − 4x = − x 2
2x 2 − 4x = 0
2x ( x − 2) = 0
2x = 0 or x–2=0
x=0 or x=2

A = ∫ ( g ( x ) − f ( x ) ) dx = ∫ ⎡⎣ − x 2 − ( x 2 − 4 x ) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ( − 2 x 2 + 4 x ) dx
2 2 2

0 0 0
2
⎛ 2x 3 4x 2 ⎞
= ⎜− + ⎟
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 0

⎡ 2 ⋅ 23 ⎤
= ⎢− + 2 ⋅ 2 2 ⎥ − [ 0]
⎣ 3 ⎦
16 8
=− +8 =
3 3

23. We graph f ( x ) = 4 − x 2 and g ( x ) = x + 2 .

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x).

4− x2 = x+2
x2 + x−2 = 0
( x + 2 )( x − 1) = 0
x+2=0 or x −1 = 0
x = – 2 or x=1

A = ∫ ⎡⎣ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ⎡⎣( 4 − x 2 ) − ( x + 2 ) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ⎡⎣( 2 − x 2 − x ) ⎤⎦ dx
1 1 1

−2 −2 −2
1
⎛ x3 x2 ⎞
= ⎜ 2x − − ⎟
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ −2

13 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ ( − 2) ( − 2) ⎤
3 2
⎡
= ⎢2 ⋅ 1 − − ⎥ − ⎢2 ( − 2 ) − − ⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦
408 SECTION 6.5

1 1 8 9
= 2− − +4− +2 =
3 2 3 2

25. We graph f ( x ) = x 3 and g ( x ) = 4 x .

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x).
x 3 = 4x
x 3 − 4x = 0
x ( x 2 − 4) = 0
x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x = 0 or x – 2 = 0 or x+2=0
x=2 or x=–2

( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx + ∫ ( g ( x ) − f ( x ) ) dx
0 2
A=∫
−2 0

(x − 4 x ) dx + ∫ ( 4 x − x 3 ) dx
0 2
=∫ 3
−2 0
0 2
⎛ x 4 4x 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4x 2 x 4 ⎞
=⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 2 ⎠ −2 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠ 0

⎪⎧ ⎡ ( − 2) 4 ⎤ ⎫ ⎪⎧ ⎡
2 ⎪ 24 ⎤ ⎪⎫
= ⎨[ 0] − ⎢ − 2 ( − 2 ) ⎥ ⎬ + ⎨ ⎢ 2 ( 2 ) − ⎥ − [ 0 ]⎬
2

⎩⎪ ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎭⎪
0 − [ 4 − 8] + [ 8 − 4 ] + 0 = 4 + 4 = 8

27. We graph y = x 2, y = x, and y = – x.

Then we find where the graphs intersect by
solving the equations x 2 = x and x 2 = – x.

x2 = x x2 = – x
2 2
x –x=0 x +x=0
x(x – 1) = 0 x(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 x = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x=1 x=–1

( − x − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − x ) dx
0 1
A=∫ 2 2
−1 0
0 1
⎛ x2 x3 ⎞ ⎛ x2 x3 ⎞
= ⎜− − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 3 ⎠ −1 ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ 0
 SECTION 6.5 409

⎧⎪ ⎡ ( − 1) 2 ( − 1) 3 ⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎧ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎫
= ⎨[ 0] − ⎢ − − ⎥ ⎬ + ⎨ ⎢ − ⎥ − [ 0 ]⎬
⎪⎩ ⎣⎢ 2 3 ⎦⎥ ⎪ ⎩ ⎣ 2 3 ⎦ ⎭
⎭
⎡ − 3 + 2⎤ ⎡3− 2⎤ 1 1 2 1
= – ⎢ + = + = =
⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 6 6 6 3

29. 4 (b)
(a) ∫ ( 3x + 1) dx represents the area under
0
the graph of f(x) = 3 x + 1 from x = 0 to x = 4.

4
4 ⎛ 3x 2 ⎞
(c) ∫ ( 3 x + 1) dx = ⎜ + x⎟
0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0

⎡3 ⋅ 4 2
⎤
=⎢ + 4 ⎥ − [ 0]
⎣ 2 ⎦
= 28

∫ (x − 1) dx represents the area under

31. (a)
5
2 (b)
2

the graph of f(x) = x 2 − 1 from x = 2 to x = 5.

5
⎛ x3 ⎞
(c) ∫ ( x − 1) dx = ⎜ − x ⎟
5
2
2
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2

⎡5 3
⎤ ⎡23 ⎤
= ⎢ − 5⎥ − ⎢ − 2 ⎥
⎣3 ⎦ ⎣3 ⎦
125 8
= −5− + 2
3 3
117
= − 3 = 39 − 3 = 36
3

33. 2 (b)
(a) ∫0
e x dx represents the area under the
graph of f(x) = e x from x = 0 to x = 2.

2 2
(c) ∫0
e x dx = e x
0

= e2 −e0
= e 2 −1
410 SECTION 6.5

35. We first find the equilibrium point (x*, p*),

by solving the equation D ( x *) = S ( x *) .
−5 x * + 20 = 4 x * + 8
− 9 x* = − 12
12 4
x* = =
9 3
and p* = D ( x *) = S ( x *)

⎛4⎞ 20 60 40
= − 5 ⎜ ⎟ + 20 = − + = ≈ 13.33
⎝3⎠ 3 3 3

x*
The consumer’s surplus, CS = ∫ D ( x ) dx − p * x *
0

( − 5 x + 20 ) dx − ⎛⎜
4/3 4 ⎞⎛ 40 ⎞
CS = ∫ ⎟⎜ ⎟
0
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
4/3
⎛ − 5x 2 ⎞ 160
=⎜ + 20 x ⎟ −
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0
9
⎡ 5 ⎛4⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
2
160
= ⎢ − ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + 20 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − [ 0] −
⎣⎢ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦⎥ 9
80 80 160 − 40 + 240 − 160 40
=− + − = = = $4.44
18 3 9 9 9

x*
The producer’s surplus, PS = p * x * − ∫ S ( x ) dx
0

160 4/3
PS = −∫ ( 4 x + 8) dx
9 0
4/3
160 ⎛ 4 x 2 ⎞
= −⎜ + 8x ⎟
9 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 0

160 ⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎤ ⎫⎪
2

= − ⎨ ⎢ 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 8 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − [ 0 ]⎬
9 ⎩⎪ ⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎭⎪
160 ⎡ 32 32 ⎤ 160 32 96 32
− + ⎥= − − = = $3.56
9 ⎢⎣ 9 3⎦ 9 9 9 9

37. The best time to terminate operations is when R ′ ( t ) = C ′ ( t ) .

19 − t 1/ 2 = 3 + 3t 1/ 2
− 4t 1/ 2 = − 16
t 1/ 2 = 4 or t = 16
 SECTION 6.5 411

Operations should be terminated after 16 years.

At t = 16, R ′ (16 ) = 19 − 16 1/ 2 = 19 − 4 = 15 million dollars.
C ′ (16 ) = 3 + 3 ⋅ 16 1/ 2 = 3 + 3 ⋅ 4 = 15 million dollars.

The profit at t = 16 years is

⎡(19 − t 1/ 2 ) − ( 3 + 3t 1/ 2 ) ⎤ dt = ∫ ⎡16 − 4t 1/ 2 ⎤ dt
16 16
P (16 ) = ∫
0 ⎣ ⎦ 0 ⎣ ⎦
16
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 4t 3/ 2 ⎟
⎡ 8 ⎤
= ⎜16t − ⎟ = ⎢16 ⋅ 16 − ⋅16 3/ 2 ⎥ − [ 0]
⎜⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0
512 768 512 256
= 256 − = − = = 85.33 million dollars.
3 3 3 3

39. (a) f ( x ) = x 2 ; a = 0 b=1

1
1 x3 1
∫0 x dx = 3 =
2

0
3
1
So, f ( c )( b − a ) =
3
1
c 2 (1 − 0 ) =
3
1 1 3
c2 = or c = =
3 3 3

1
(b) f ( x) = 2
= x−2 ; a=1 b=4
x
4
4 x−1 1 3
∫
−2
x dx = =− +1 =
1 −1 1
4 4
3
So, f ( c )( b − a ) =
4
1 3
2 (
4 − 1) =
c 4

3 3
=
c2 4
c 2 = 4 or c=2
412 SECTION 6.6

41. d x

dx ∫a f ( t ) dt = f ( x )
d x 2 d x
(a) ∫1 t dt = f ( x ) = x 2 (b) ∫2 t 2 − 2 dt = f ( x ) = x 2 − 2
dx dx

d x
(c) ∫ t t + 2t dt = f ( x ) = x x + 2 x
dx 5

6.6 Approximating Definite Integrals

1. STEP 1 [1, 3] has been divided into two subintervals of equal length
[1, 2] and [2, 3]
STEP 2 f (1) = 1 f ( 2) = 2
3
STEP 3 ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 = 1 + 2 = 3
1

3. STEP 1 [0, 8] has been divided into 4 intervals, each of width 2.

STEP 2 f ( 0 ) = 10 f ( 2) = 6 f ( 4) = 7 f (6) = 5
8
STEP 3 ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 6 ) ⋅ 2
0
= 10 ⋅ 2 + 6 ⋅ 2 + 7 ⋅ 2 + 5 ⋅ 2 = 56

5. (a) (b) STEP 1 When [0, 6] is separated into three

subintervals each will have width 2.
[0, 2] [2, 4] [4, 6]

STEP 2 f (0) = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
f ( 2) = 3 ⋅ 2 = 6
f ( 4 ) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12

STEP 3 A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 2
= 2 ( 0 + 6 + 12 ) = 36

(c) We use STEP 1 from part (b).

STEP 2 f ( 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 2 = 6 f ( 4 ) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12 f ( 6 ) = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18
STEP 3 A ≈ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 6 ) ⋅ 2 = 2 ( 6 + 12 + 18 ) = 72

(d) STEP 1 When [0, 6] is separated into six subintervals each will have width 1.
[0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3] [3. 4] [4, 5] [5, 6]
412 SECTION 6.6

41. d x

dx ∫a f ( t ) dt = f ( x )
d x 2 d x
(a) ∫1 t dt = f ( x ) = x 2 (b) ∫2 t 2 − 2 dt = f ( x ) = x 2 − 2
dx dx

d x
(c) ∫ t t + 2t dt = f ( x ) = x x + 2 x
dx 5

6.6 Approximating Definite Integrals

1. STEP 1 [1, 3] has been divided into two subintervals of equal length
[1, 2] and [2, 3]
STEP 2 f (1) = 1 f ( 2) = 2
3
STEP 3 ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 = 1 + 2 = 3
1

3. STEP 1 [0, 8] has been divided into 4 intervals, each of width 2.

STEP 2 f ( 0 ) = 10 f ( 2) = 6 f ( 4) = 7 f (6) = 5
8
STEP 3 ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 6 ) ⋅ 2
0
= 10 ⋅ 2 + 6 ⋅ 2 + 7 ⋅ 2 + 5 ⋅ 2 = 56

5. (a) (b) STEP 1 When [0, 6] is separated into three

subintervals each will have width 2.
[0, 2] [2, 4] [4, 6]

STEP 2 f (0) = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
f ( 2) = 3 ⋅ 2 = 6
f ( 4 ) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12

STEP 3 A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 2
= 2 ( 0 + 6 + 12 ) = 36

(c) We use STEP 1 from part (b).

STEP 2 f ( 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 2 = 6 f ( 4 ) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12 f ( 6 ) = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18
STEP 3 A ≈ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 2 + f ( 6 ) ⋅ 2 = 2 ( 6 + 12 + 18 ) = 72

(d) STEP 1 When [0, 6] is separated into six subintervals each will have width 1.
[0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3] [3. 4] [4, 5] [5, 6]
 SECTION 6.6 413

STEP 2 f ( 0 ) = 0 f (1) = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 f ( 2) = 6 f ( 3) = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9
f ( 4 ) = 12 f ( 5 ) = 3 ⋅ 5 = 15
STEP 3 A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 1 + f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 3) ⋅ 1 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 5 ) ⋅ 1
= 1( 0 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 ) = 45

(e) We use STEP 1 from part (d).

STEP 2 f (1) = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 f ( 2) = 6 f ( 3) = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9
f ( 4 ) = 12 f ( 5 ) = 3 ⋅ 5 = 15 f ( 6 ) = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18

STEP 3 A ≈ f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 3) ⋅ 1 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 5 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 6 ) ⋅ 1
= 1( 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 ) = 63

(f) Since A is a triangle, with base 6 and altitude 18, the actual area is
1 1
A = bh = ⋅ 6 ⋅ 18 = 54
2 2

7. (a) (b) STEP 1 When [0, 3] is separated into three

subintervals each will have width 1.
[0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3]

STEP 2 f (0) = − 3(0) + 9 = 9

f (1) = − 3 (1) + 9 = 6
f ( 2) = − 3( 2) + 9 = 3

STEP 3 A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 1 + f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1
= 1( 9 + 6 + 3) = 18

(c) We use STEP 1 from part (b).

STEP 2 f ( 3) = − 3 ( 3) + 9 = 0
STEP 3 A ≈ f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 3) ⋅ 1 = 1( 6 + 3 + 0 ) = 9

(d) STEP 1 When [0, 3] is separated into six subintervals each will have width 0.5.
[0, 0.5] [0.5, 1] [1, 1.5] [1.5, 2] [2, 2.5] [2.5, 3]

STEP 2 f ( 0 ) = 9 f ( 0.5 ) = − 3 ( 0.5 ) + 9 = 7.5 f (1) = 6

f (1.5 ) = − 3 (1.5 ) + 9 = 4.5 f ( 2) = 3 f ( 2.5 ) = − 3 ( 2.5 ) + 9 = 1.5
414 SECTION 6.6

STEP 3
A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f ( 0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f (1) ⋅ 0.5 + f (1.5 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f ( 2.5 ) ⋅ 0.5
= 0.5 ( 9 + 7.5 + 6 + 4.5 + 3 + 1.5 ) = 0.5 ( 31.5 ) = 15.75

(e) We use STEP 1 from part (d).

STEP 3
A ≈ f ( 0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f (1) ⋅ 0.5 + f (1.5 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f ( 2.5 ) ⋅ 0.5 + f ( 3) ⋅ 0.5
= 0.5 ( 7.5 + 6 + 4.5 + 3 + 1.5 + 0 ) = 0.5 ( 22.5 ) = 11.25

(f) Since A is a triangle, with base 3 and altitude 9, the actual area is
1 1 27
A = bh = ⋅ 3 ⋅ 9 = = 13.5
2 2 2

9. (a)

(b) STEP 1 When [0, 4] is separated into four subintervals each will have width 1.
[0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3] [3, 4]

STEP 2 f (0) = 0 2 + 2 = 2 f (1) = 1 2 + 2 = 3

f ( 2) = 2 2 + 2 = 6 f ( 3) = 3 2 + 2 = 11

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ =1(2 + 3 + 6 + 11) = 22

(c) STEP 1 When [0, 4] is separated into eight subintervals each will have width 0.5.
[0, 0.5] [0.5, 1] [1, 1.5] [1.5, 2] [2, 2.5] [2.5, 3] [3, 3.5] [3.5, 4]

STEP 2 f ( 0.5 ) = 0.5 2 + 2 = 2.25 f (1.5 ) = 1.5 2 + 2 = 4.25

f ( 2.5 ) = 2.5 2 + 2 = 8.25 f ( 3.5 ) = 3.5 2 + 2 = 14.25
 SECTION 6.6 415

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦

+ ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦
= 0.5 ( 2 + 2.25 + 3 + 4.25 + 6 + 8.25 + 11 + 14.25 ) = 0.5 ( 51)
A ≈ 25.5

(d) A = ∫ ( x 2 + 2 ) dx
4

4
⎛ x3 ⎞ ⎡43 ⎤ 88
(e) ∫ ( x + 2 ) dx = ⎜ = ⎢ + 2 ( 4 ) ⎥ − [ 0] =
4
2
+ 2x ⎟ ≈ 29.333
0
⎝ 3 ⎠ 0 ⎣3 ⎦ 3

11. (a)

(b) STEP 1 When [0, 4] is separated into four subintervals each will have width 1.
[0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3] [3, 4]

STEP 2 f (0) = 0 3 = 0 f (1) = 1 3 = 1

f ( 2) = 2 3 = 8 f ( 3) = 3 3 = 27

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ =1(0 + 1 + 8 + 27) = 36

(c) STEP 1 When [0, 4] is separated into eight subintervals each will have width 0.5.
[0, 0.5] [0.5, 1] [1, 1.5] [1.5, 2] [2, 2.5] [2.5, 3] [3, 3.5] [3.5, 4]

STEP 2 f ( 0.5 ) = 0.5 3 = 0.125 f (1.5 ) = 1.5 3 = 3.375

f ( 2.5 ) = 2.5 3 = 15.625 f ( 3.5 ) = 3.5 3 = 42.875

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦

+ ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦
416 SECTION 6.6

= 0.5(0 + 0.125 + 1 + 3.375 + 8 + 15.625 + 27 + 42.875) = 0.5(98)

A ≈ 49

4
(d) A = ∫ x 3 dx
0
4
4 ⎛ x4 ⎞ 44
∫ x dx = ⎜ ⎟ = − 0 = 64
3
(e)
0
⎝ 4 ⎠ 0
4

13. (a)

(b) STEP 1 When [1, 5] is separated into four subintervals each will have width 1.
[1, 2] [2, 3] [3, 4] [4, 5]

1 1
STEP 2 f (1) = = 1 f ( 2) =
1 2
1 1
f ( 3) = f ( 4) =
3 4

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 3) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 4 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 12 + 6 + 4 + 3 25
= 1⎜ 1 + + + ⎟ = = ≈ 2.083
⎝ 2 3 4⎠ 12 12

(c) STEP 1 When [1, 5] is separated into eight subintervals each will have width 0.5.
[1, 1.5] [1.5, 2] [2, 2.5] [2.5, 3] [3, 3.5] [3.5, 4] [4, 4.5] [4.5, 5]

⎛3⎞ 1 2 ⎛5⎞ 1 2
STEP 2 f⎜ ⎟= = f⎜ ⎟= =
⎝2⎠ 3 3 ⎝2⎠ 5 5
2 2
⎛7⎞ 1 2 ⎛9⎞ 1 2
f⎜ ⎟= = f⎜ ⎟= =
⎝2⎠ 7 7 ⎝2⎠ 9 9
2 2
 SECTION 6.6 417

⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 3 ⎞ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 1⎤
STEP 3 A ≈ ⎢ f (1) ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢ f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢ f ( 2 ) ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢ f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎦
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 7 ⎞ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 9 ⎞ 1⎤
+ ⎢ f ( 3) ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢ f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢ f ( 4 ) ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢ f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎛ 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ⎞ 4609
= ⎜1 + + + + + + + ⎟ = ≈ 1.829
2 ⎝ 3 2 5 3 7 4 9 ⎠ 2520

5 5
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 5
(d) A = ⎮ dx (e) ⎮ dx = ln x = ln 5 − ln 1 = ln 5 ≈ 1.609
⌡1 x ⌡1 x 1

15. (a)

(b) STEP 1 When [– 1, 3] is separated into four subintervals each will have width 1.
[– 1, 0] [0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3]

STEP 2 f ( − 1) = e − 1 f (0) = e 0 = 1
f (1) = e 1 f ( 2) = e 2

STEP 3
A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( − 1) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1⎤⎦ = 1( e − 1 + 1 + e + e 2 ) ≈ 11.475

(c) STEP 1 When [0, 4] is separated into eight subintervals each will have width 0.5.
[– 1, – 0.5] [– 0.5, 0] [0, 0.5] [0.5, 1] [1, 1.5] [1.5, 2] [2, 2.5] [2.5, 3]

STEP 2 f ( − 0.5 ) = e − 0.5 f ( 0.5 ) = e 0.5

f (1.5 ) = e 1.5 f ( 2.5 ) = e 2.5

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( −1) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦

+ ⎡⎣ f (1) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f (1.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 2.5 ) ⋅ 0.5⎤⎦
418 SECTION 6.6

= 0.5 ( e − 1 + e − 0.5 + 1 + e 0.5 + e + e 1.5 + e 2 + e 2.5 ) ≈ 0.5 ( 30.39465 ) ≈ 15.197

3
(d) A = ∫ e x dx
−1

3 3 e 4 −1
∫
x x −1
(e) e dx = e = e −e
3
= ≈ 19.718
−1 −1 e

17. 19.

1
x2 5 x
∫e
0
dx ≈ 1.46 ⌠ e dx ≈ 38.29
⎮
⌡1 x

21. (a)

(b) STEP 1 When [– 1, 1] is separated into five subintervals each will have width 0.4.
[– 1, – 0.6] [– 0.6, – 0.2] [– 0.2, 0.2] [0.2, 0.6] [0.6, 1]

f ( − 1) = 1 − ( −1) = 0 f ( − 0.6 ) = 1 − ( − 0.6 ) = 0.8

2 2
STEP 2

f ( − 0.2 ) = 1 − ( − 0.2 ) = 0.96 f ( 0.2 ) = 1 − ( 0.2 ) = 0.96

2 2

f ( 0.6 ) = 1 − ( 0.6 ) = 0.8

2

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( − 1) ⋅ 0.4 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.6 ) ⋅ 0.4 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.2 ) ⋅ 0.4⎤⎦

+ ⎡⎣ f ( 0.2 ) ⋅ 0.4 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.6 ) ⋅ 0.4⎤⎦

( )
= 0.4 0 + 0.8 + 0.96 + 0.96 + 0.8 ≈ 0.4 ( 3.55959 ) ≈ 1.424
 SECTION 6.7 419

(c) STEP 1 When [– 1, 1] is separated into ten subintervals each will have width 0.2.
[– 1, – 0.8] [– 0.8, – 0.6] [– 0.6, – 0.4] [– 0.4, – 0.2] [– 0.2, 0]
[0, 0.2] [0.2, 0.4] [0.4, .06] [0.6, 0.8] [0.8, 1]

f ( − 0.8 ) = 1 − ( − 0.8 ) = 0.6 f ( − 0.4 ) = 1 − ( − 0.4 ) = 0.84

2 2
STEP 2

f (0) = 1 − 0 2 = 1 f ( 0.4 ) = 1 − ( 0.4 ) = 0.84

2

f ( 0.8 ) = 1 − ( 0.8 ) = 0.6

2

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( − 1) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.8 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.6 ) ⋅ 0.4 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.4 ) ⋅ 0.2⎤⎦

+ ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.2 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.2 ) ⋅ 0.2⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.4 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦
+ ⎡⎣ f ( 0.6 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.8 ) ⋅ 0.2⎤⎦

(
= 0.2 0 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 0.84 + 0.96 + 1 + 0.96 + 0.84 + 0.8 + 0.6 )
= 0.2(7.59262) = 1.519

(1 − x )
1 1 1/ 2
(d) A = ∫ 1 − x 2 dx = ∫ 2
dx
−1 −1

(e)

(f) Since the graph is a semi-circle with radius 1, the area is

1 1
A = (π r 2 ) = π
2 2

6.7 Differential Equations

1. dy x3
The general solution to the differential equation = x − 1 is y =
2
−x+K .
dx 3
We use x = 0 and y = 0 to find K.
0
0 = −0+ K
3
K=0
The particular solution to the differential equation is
x3
y= −x
3
 SECTION 6.7 419

(c) STEP 1 When [– 1, 1] is separated into ten subintervals each will have width 0.2.
[– 1, – 0.8] [– 0.8, – 0.6] [– 0.6, – 0.4] [– 0.4, – 0.2] [– 0.2, 0]
[0, 0.2] [0.2, 0.4] [0.4, .06] [0.6, 0.8] [0.8, 1]

f ( − 0.8 ) = 1 − ( − 0.8 ) = 0.6 f ( − 0.4 ) = 1 − ( − 0.4 ) = 0.84

2 2
STEP 2

f (0) = 1 − 0 2 = 1 f ( 0.4 ) = 1 − ( 0.4 ) = 0.84

2

f ( 0.8 ) = 1 − ( 0.8 ) = 0.6

2

STEP 3 A ≈ ⎡⎣ f ( − 1) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.8 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.6 ) ⋅ 0.4 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.4 ) ⋅ 0.2⎤⎦

+ ⎡⎣ f ( − 0.2 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.2 ) ⋅ 0.2⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.4 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦
+ ⎡⎣ f ( 0.6 ) ⋅ 0.2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ f ( 0.8 ) ⋅ 0.2⎤⎦

(
= 0.2 0 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 0.84 + 0.96 + 1 + 0.96 + 0.84 + 0.8 + 0.6 )
= 0.2(7.59262) = 1.519

(1 − x )
1 1 1/ 2
(d) A = ∫ 1 − x 2 dx = ∫ 2
dx
−1 −1

(e)

(f) Since the graph is a semi-circle with radius 1, the area is

1 1
A = (π r 2 ) = π
2 2

6.7 Differential Equations

1. dy x3
The general solution to the differential equation = x − 1 is y =
2
−x+K .
dx 3
We use x = 0 and y = 0 to find K.
0
0 = −0+ K
3
K=0
The particular solution to the differential equation is
x3
y= −x
3
420 SECTION 6.7

3. dy x3 x2
The general solution to the differential equation = x 2 − x is y = − +K
dx 3 2
We use x = 3 and y = 3 to find K.
33 32 9
3= − + K =9− + K
3 2 2
9 3
K=3– =−
2 2
The particular solution to the differential equation is
x 3 x2 3
y= − −
3 2 2

5. dy x4 x2
The general solution to the equation = x − x + 2 is y =
3
− + 2x + K .
dx 4 2
We use x = – 2 and y = 1 to find K.
( − 2) ( − 2)
4 2

1= − + 2 ( − 2) + K
4 2
K=1–4+2+4=3
The particular solution to the differential equation is
x4 x2
y= − + 2x + 3
4 2

7. dy
The general solution to the differential equation = e x is y = e x + K .
dx
We use x = 0 and y = 4 to find K.
4 = e0 + K
K=4–1=3
The particular solution to the differential equation is
y = ex +3

9. dy x 2 + x + 1 1
The general solution to the differential equation = = x +1+
dx x x
x2
is y = + x + ln x + K .
2
We use x = 1 and y = 0 to find K.
12
0 = + 1 + ln 1 + K
2
3
K= −
2
The particular solution to the differential equation is
x2 3
y= + x + ln x −
2 2
 SECTION 6.7 421

11. dN
The differential equation describing the population growth is = kN , where N is the
dt
population size and t is the time in minutes.
The general solution of the equation is N ( t ) = N 0 e k t where N 0 is the population at t = 0
and k is the constant of proportionality. Using N(5) = 150 and N 0 = 100, we solve for k.
150 = 100 e 5 k
e 5 k = 1.5
5k = ln 1.5
ln 1.5
k=
5
After 1 hour t = 60 and there will be 12,975 bacteria.
( 60 ) ⎡⎢
ln 1.5 ⎤

N ( 60 ) = 100 e 5 ⎥⎦
= 100 e ( )
12 ln 1.5
⎣
= 12,974.63

After 90 minutes, there will be 147,789 bacteria.

( 90 ) ⎡⎢
ln 1.5 ⎤

N ( 90 ) = 100 e 5 ⎥⎦
= 100 e ( )
18 ln 1.5
⎣
= 147, 789.188

There will be 1,000,000 bacteria after t = 113.58 minutes.

⎡ ln 1.5 ⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥t
1, 000, 000 = 100 e ⎣ ⎦

⎡ ln 1.5 ⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥t
10, 000 = e ⎣ ⎦

⎡ ln 1.5 ⎤
ln 10, 000 = ⎢ ⎥t
⎣ 5 ⎦
5 ⋅ ln 10, 000
t= ≈ 113.58
ln 1.5

13. dA
The differential equation describing the radioactive decay is = kA , where A is the
dt
amount of radium present and t is the time in years.
The general solution of the equation is A ( t ) = A 0 e k t where A 0 is the amount at t = 0
and k is the constant of proportionality. Using A 0 = 8 grams and A(1690) = 4 grams, we
solve for k.
4 = 8 e 1690 k
1
= e 1690 k
2
1
ln = 1690k
2
ln 0.5
k= ≈ − 0.0041015
1690
422 SECTION 6.7

In 100 years there will be 7.679 grams of radium present.

⎡ ln 0.5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⋅ 100
N (100 ) = 8 e ⎣ 1690 ⎦
= 7.679

15. If we begin with 100 grams of carbon and t = 5600 years is the half life, then we use the
half-life to find k.
N ( 5600 ) = 50 = 100 e 5600 k
1
= e 5600 k
2
ln 0.5 = 5600 k
ln 0.5
k= ≈ 0.000124
5600

We now find t so that N(t) = 30.

⎡ ln 0.50 ⎤
⎢ 5600 ⎥ t
30 = 100 e ⎣ ⎦

⎡ ln 0.50 ⎤
⎢ 5600 ⎥ t
0.3 = e ⎣ ⎦

ln 0.50
ln 0.30 = t
5600
5600 ln ( 0.30 )
t= ≈ 9727
ln 0.5
The tree is 9727 years old.

17. Since the population obeys the law of uninhibited growth and N(0) = 1500, we
use N(24) = 2500 to find the value of k.
N ( t ) = 1500 e k t
2500 = 1500 e 24 k
⎛ 25 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 24 k
⎝ 15 ⎠
1 ⎛5⎞
k = ⋅ ln ⎜ ⎟
24 ⎝ 3⎠

After 3 days t = 72 hours, and the population is 6944 mosquitos.

⎡1 5⎤
72 ⎢ ln
N ( 72 ) = 1500 e ⎣ 24 3 ⎥⎦
= 6944.44

19. The differential equation describing the population growth is

dN
= 3000 e 2 t / 5
dt
We solve the equation to find the function that describes the population.
 SECTION 6.7 423

∫ dN = ∫ 3000 e
2t / 5
dt
3000 e 2 t / 5
N= +K
2
5
N ( t ) = 7500 e 2 t / 5 + K
To find K we use N(0) = 7500.
7500 = 7500e 0 + K
K=0
2t / 5
So N(t) = 7500 e , and when t = 5
N ( 5 ) = 7500 e 2 ⋅ 5 / 5 = 7500 e 2 = 55, 417.9
There are 55,418 bacteria present.

21. (a) We use N(0) = 10,000 and N(t 1) = 20,000 to find the constant of proportionality k.
k t1
20,000 = 10,000 e
kt
2=e 1
ln 2 = k t 1
ln 2
k=
t1
To find N(t), we use N(t 1 + 10) = 100,000.
ln 2
t1 1
(
t +10 )
100,000 = 10,000 e
ln 2
t1 1
(
t +10 )
10 = e
ln 2 10ln 2
ln 10 =
t1
( t 1 + 10 ) = ln 2 +
t1
10ln 2
ln 10 − ln 2 =
t1
10ln 2
ln 5 =
t1
10ln 2
t1 = ≈ 4.30677
ln 5
ln 2 ln 5
and k = = .
10 ln 2 10
ln 5
⎛ ln 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟t
So N ( t ) = 10,000 e ⎝ 10 ⎠
=10,000(5 t/10)
⎛ ln 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ( 20 )
(b) N ( 20 ) = 10,000 e ⎝ 10 ⎠
= 250,000 bacteria
424 SECTION 6.7

(c) The value of t 1 is 4.30667. So after 4.3 minutes there were 20,000 bacteria present.

23. dA
= − α A then A ( t ) = A0 e − α t .
dt
1
= e−αt
2
1
ln = − α t
2
ln 0.5
t=− = 4, 620,981.2 years.
1.5 × 10 − 7

25. dp
(a) The differential equation is = k p.
dx
We solve the equation.
dp
= k dx
p
ln p = kx + K

To find K we use p(0) = 300, and find ln 300 = 0 + K or K = ln 300, and we then find
ln p = kx + ln 300
ln p – ln 300 = kx
p
ln = kx
300
p
= e kx
300
p = 300 e kx

To find k we use the second boundary condition p(200) = 150.

150 = 300 e 200 k
1
= e 200 k
2
⎛1⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 200 k
⎝2⎠
ln 0.5
k= ≈ − 0.0034657
200
⎛ ln 0.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ x
⎝ 200 ⎠
So the price-demand equation is p = 300 e .

(b) To sell 300 units, the price p should be

⎛ ln 0.5 ⎞
300 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠
p = 300 e = $106.07
(c) To sell 350 units, the price p should be
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 425

⎛ ln 0.5 ⎞
350 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠
p = 300 e = $89.19

Chapter 6 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. False 5. False

7. True 9. False

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. F ′( x ) = f ( x ) 3. integration by parts 5. 0

2
7. ∫0
x 2 + 1 dx

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. 6x 6 3. x4 x2
F ( x) = + K = x6 + K F ( x) = + +K
6 4 2

5.
f ( x) =
1
= x − 1/ 2
7.
∫ 7 dx = 7 ∫ dx = 7 x + K
x
1/ 2
x
F ( x) = + K = 2 x 1/ 2 + K = 2 x + K
1
2

9. 4
⌠ 5 x 3 + 2 dx = 5 x + 2 x + K
⎮( )
⌡ 4

11. 5 3 5
⌠ x 4 − 3 x 2 + 6 dx = x − 3 x + 6 x + K = x − x 3 + 6 x + K
⎮( )
⌡ 5 3 5

13. ⌠ 3 dx = 3⌠ 1 dx = 3 ln x + K
⎮ ⎮
⌡x ⌡x

15. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral. Let u = x 2 − 1 , then
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 425

⎛ ln 0.5 ⎞
350 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠
p = 300 e = $89.19

Chapter 6 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. False 5. False

7. True 9. False

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. F ′( x ) = f ( x ) 3. integration by parts 5. 0

2
7. ∫0
x 2 + 1 dx

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. 6x 6 3. x4 x2
F ( x) = + K = x6 + K F ( x) = + +K
6 4 2

5.
f ( x) =
1
= x − 1/ 2
7.
∫ 7 dx = 7 ∫ dx = 7 x + K
x
1/ 2
x
F ( x) = + K = 2 x 1/ 2 + K = 2 x + K
1
2

9. 4
⌠ 5 x 3 + 2 dx = 5 x + 2 x + K
⎮( )
⌡ 4

11. 5 3 5
⌠ x 4 − 3 x 2 + 6 dx = x − 3 x + 6 x + K = x − x 3 + 6 x + K
⎮( )
⌡ 5 3 5

13. ⌠ 3 dx = 3⌠ 1 dx = 3 ln x + K
⎮ ⎮
⌡x ⌡x

15. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral. Let u = x 2 − 1 , then
426 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

du = 2 x dx .
⌠ 2 x dx = ⌠ 1 du = ln u + k = ln x 2 − 1 + K
⎮ 2 ⎮
⌡ x −1 ⌡u

17. ⌠ e 3 x dx = 1 e 3 x + K
⎮
⌡ 3

19. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.

Let u = x 3 + 3x . Then du = ( 3 x 2 + 3) dx
du = 3 ( x 2 + 1) dx
1
du = ( x 2 + 1) dx
3
( x 3 + 3x )
6
⌠ 3 1⌠ 5 1 u6
⎮ ( x + 3x ) ( x + 1) dx = ⎮ u du = ⋅
5 2
+K = +K
⎮ 3 ⌡ 3 6 18
⌡

21. 2x 3 6x 2 2x 3
∫ 2 x ( x − 3) dx = ∫ ( 2 x − 6 x ) dx = − +K = − 3x 2 + K
2

3 2 3

23. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.

Let u = 3x 2 + x . Then du = ( 6 x + 1) dx .
( 6 x + 1) dx = ∫ e u du = e u + K = e 3 x
2 2

∫e
3x +x +x
+K

25. We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.

Let u = x –5. Then x = u + 5 and du = dx.
u 5 / 2 5u 3 / 2
∫ x x − 5 dx = ∫ ( u + 5) u du = ∫ ( u + 5u ) du = + +K
3/ 2 1/ 2
5 3
2 2
2 ( x − 5) 10 ( x − 5 )
5/ 2 3/ 2

= + +K
5 3

27. We use the method of integration by parts to evaluate the integral.

Choose u = x dv = e 4 x dx .
1
Then du = dx v = e 4x
4
∫ x e dx = ∫ u ⋅ dv = uv − ∫ v du
4x

1 1 4x
= x ⋅ e 4x − ⌠
⎮ e dx
4 ⌡4
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 427

x e 4x 1 1 4x x e 4x e 4x
= − ⋅ e +K = − +K
4 4 4 4 16

29. We use the method of integration by parts to evaluate the integral.

Choose u = ln 2x dv = x − 2 dx
1 1
Then du = dx v = − x−1 = −
x x
∫ x ln 2 x dx = ∫ u ⋅ dv = uv − ∫ v du
−2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⌠⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= ln 2x ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎮ ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅ dx
⎝ x ⎠ ⌡⎝ x ⎠ x
ln 2x
=− + ∫ x − 2 dx
x
ln 2 x 1
=− − +K
x x
1
= − (1 + ln 2x ) + K
x

31. 5x 2
R ( x ) = ∫ R′ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 5 x + 2 ) dx =
+ 2x + K
2
Since R(0) = 0, we have K = 0, and the revenue function R is
5x 2
R ( x) = + 2x
2

33. 5x 2
C ( x ) = ∫ C ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 5 x + 120,000 ) dx =
+ 120,000 x + K
2
Since fixed cost is $7500, C(0) = 7500 and K = 7500. The cost function C is
5x 2
C ( x) = + 120,000 x + 7500
2
The minimum cost occurs either at the vertex (since C is a quadratic function) or
b 120,000
at x = 0. At the vertex x = − =− = − 24,000 which is negative and so not in
2a ⎛5⎞
2⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
the domain. At x = 0, C(0) = 7500 and is minimum.

35. 0.01x 2
(a) R ( x ) = ∫ R′ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 500 − 0.01x ) dx = 500 x − +K
2
Using the fact that R(0) = 0 we solve for K.
R ( 0 ) = 500 ( 0 ) − 0.005 ( 0 ) + K = 0
So K = 0, and R(x) = 500x – 0.005x 2

(b) Since R(x) is a quadratic function, and since a = 0.005 is negative, the maximum
428 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

value occurs at the x-value of the vertex, if it is in the domain.

b 500
x=− =− = 50,000
2a 2 ( − 0.005 )
Revenue is maximized when 50,000 televisions are sold.

(c) The maximum revenue that can be obtained is

R(50,000) = 500(50,000) – 0.005(50,000 2) = $ 12,500,000

(d) If sales increase from 35,000 to 40,000 televisions, the revenue will increase by
R(40,000) – R(35,000) = 12,000,000 – 11,375,000 = $ 625,000

37.
⎛ 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ ( − 2) 3( − 2 )
1
⎛ x 3 3x 2 ⎞
3 2
⎞
∫− 2 ( x + 3x − 1) dx = ⎜⎝ 3 + 2 − x ⎟⎠
1
2
= ⎜ + − 1⎟ − ⎜ + − ( − 2) ⎟
−2
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 2 ⎟
⎠
1 3 8 9
= + −1+ − 6 − 2 = −
3 2 3 2

39. ⎡⎛ x 3 / 2 9
⎤
⎢
⎞
⎥ ⎡ 2 (9 3/ 2 ) ⎛ 4 3/ 2 ⎞ ⎤ 16 304
dx = 8 ⎢⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎥ = [ 27 − 8] =
9 9
⎟
∫ 8 x dx = 8 ∫ x ⎥ =8 ⎢ − 2⎜
1/ 2
4 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 3 3
⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ 4⎦

41. 1
∫ (e − e − x ) dx = ( e x + e − x ) = (e1 + e − 1 ) − (e 0 + e 0 ) = e + e − 1 − 2 = e + − 2
1 1
x
0 0 e

43. We use the method of substitution to evaluate this integral.

1
Let u = 3x + 2. Then du = 3dx and du = dx .
3
When x = 0, u = 3(0) + 2 = 2, and when x = 4, u = 3(4) + 2 = 14.

1 ⎡u − 1 ⎤
4 14
⌠ dx 1 ⌠ 14 1 1 14
∫
−2
⎮ = ⎮ du = u du = ⎢ ⎥
⌡0 ( 3x + 2 ) 3 ⌡2 u 3⎢ −1 2 ⎥
2 2
3 2
⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ 1 1⎤ 1 ⎡1 − 7 ⎤ 2 1
=− ⎢ − ⎥=− ⎢ = =
3 ⎣14 2 ⎦ 3 ⎣ 14 ⎥⎦ 14 7

45. 2 1 3x 2 1
∫− 2 e dx = 3 e = ⎡⎣e 6 − e − 6 ⎤⎦ ≈ 134.475
3x
−2 3

47. We use integration by parts to evaluate this integral by choosing

u=x+2 dv = e − x dx
du = dx v = − e− x
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 429

u dv = ∫ ( x + 2 ) e − x dx = ( x + 2 ) ( − e − x ) − ∫ ( − e − x ) dx
1 1 1 1
∫0 0 0 0
1
= − ( x + 2) e − x
1
+ ∫ e − x dx
0 0

= − ( x + 2) e − x
1 1
−e− x
0 0

= ⎡⎣ − 3 e −1
+ 2 e ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣e
0 −1
− e 0 ⎤⎦
4
= − 3e − 1 + 2 − e − 1 + 1 = 3 − 4 e − 1 = 3 −
e

49. 9 5 9
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
∫0 0 5
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫
c b
= 3 + (−2) = 1 Property 5 f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c

51. 5 9
g ( x ) dx = − ∫ g ( x ) dx = − 10
∫ ∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
b a
Property 3
9 5 a b

53. ⎛ x3 ⎞
2

A = ∫ ( x + 4 ) dx = ⎜ + 4 x ⎟
2
2
−1
⎝ 3 ⎠ −1

⎤ ⎡ ( − 1) ⎤
3
⎡23
= ⎢ + 4 ⋅ 2⎥ − ⎢ + 4 ⋅ ( − 1) ⎥
⎣3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
8 1
= +8+ + 4
3 3
= 15

55. ⎛
1
x2 ⎞
A = ∫ ( e + x ) dx = ⎜ e x +
1
x
⎟
0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0

⎡ 1 ⎤
2
= ⎢e 1 + ⎥ − ⎡⎣e 0 + 0 ⎤⎦
⎣ 2⎦
1
= e + −1
2
1
=e−
2
430 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

57. ⎛ x3 x2 ⎞
2
⎛ x3 x2 ⎞
3

A = − ∫ ( x − x − 2 ) dx + ∫ ( x − x − 2 ) dx = − ⎜ −
2 3
2 2
− 2x ⎟ +⎜ − − 2x ⎟
0 2
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 0 ⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 2

⎧⎪ ⎡ 2 3 2 2 ⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ ⎡ 3 3 3 2 ⎤ ⎡23 22 ⎤ ⎫⎪
= − ⎨ ⎢ − − 2 ( 2 ) ⎥ − [ 0 ]⎬ + ⎨ ⎢ − − 2 ( 3 ) ⎥ − ⎢ − − 2 ( 2 ) ⎥ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ ⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎣3 2 ⎦ ⎪⎭
⎡ 9 ⎤ ⎡8 4 ⎤ ⎡ 9 ⎤ ⎡8 ⎤
= ⎢ 9 − − 6 ⎥ − 2 ⎢ − − 4 ⎥ = ⎢3 − ⎥ − 2 ⎢ − 6 ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣3 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣3 ⎦
9 16 31
= 3 − − + 12 =
2 3 6

59. The points of intersection of the two graphs

are found by solving the system of equations
⎧y = x 2 − 4
⎨
⎩ x+ y =2
We use substitution.
x + ( x 2 − 4) = 2
x2 + x−6 = 0
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
x = – 3 or x=2
When x = – 3, y = 5, and when x = 2, y = 0. So
the points of intersection are (– 3, 5) and (2,
0).
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 431

2
⎛ x3 x2 ⎞
A = ∫ ⎣⎡( 2 − x ) − ( x − 4 ) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ( − x − x + 6 ) dx = ⎜ −
2 2
2 2
− + 6x ⎟
−3 −3
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ −3

⎤ ⎡ ( − 3) ( − 3) ⎤
3 2
⎡ 23 22
= ⎢− − + 6 ( 2)⎥ − ⎢− − + 6 ( − 3) ⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦
8 9 125
=− − 2 + 12 − 9 + + 18 =
3 2 6

61. The points of intersection of the two graphs

are found by solving the system of equations
⎧⎪ f ( x ) = x 3
⎨
⎪⎩ g ( x ) = 4 x
x 3 = 4x
x 3 − 4x = 0
x ( x 2 − 4) = 0
x=0 or x2 = 4
x=±2

The points of intersection are (0, 0),

(– 2, – 8), and (2, 8).
0 2 0 2
A = ∫ ⎡⎣ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ⎤⎦ dx + ∫ ⎡⎣ g ( x ) − f ( x ) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ⎡⎣ x 3 − 4 x ⎤⎦ dx + ∫ ⎡⎣ 4 x − x 3 ⎤⎦ dx
−2 0 −2 0
0 2
⎛ x 4 4x 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4x 2 x 4 ⎞
=⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 2 ⎠ −2 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠ 0

⎡ ⎛ ( − 2) 4
⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ ( − 2)
4
⎞ ⎤
− 2 ( − 2 ) ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢⎜ 2 ( − 2 ) −
2 2
= ⎢0 − ⎜ ⎟ − 0⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜
⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣⎝ 4 ⎟
⎠ ⎥⎦
=–4+8+8–4=8

63. ⎛
2500
2500 2500 0.004 x 2 ⎞
∫ P ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ (9 − 0.004 x) dx = ⎜ 9 x − ⎟
2000 2000
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2000

= ⎡⎣9 ( 2500 ) − 0.002 ( 2500 2 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡9 ( 2000 ) − 0.002 ( 2000 ) ⎤ = 0

2
⎣ ⎦
There is no change in monthly profit obtained by increasing production from 2000 to
2500 pairs of jeans.

65. (a) The time tmax of optimal termination is found when

R′ ( x ) = C ′ ( x )
− 10t = 2t − 12
432 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

− 12t = − 12
tmax = 1
To maximize profit the owner should keep the machine for 1 time unit.

(b) The total profit that the machine will generate in the unit of time is
1 1
P(tmax) = ∫0 ⎡⎣ R′ ( t ) − C ′ ( t )⎤⎦ dt = ∫0 ⎡⎣ − 10t − ( 2t − 12 )⎤⎦ dt
1
⎛ − 12t 2 ⎞
=⎜ + 12t ⎟ = [ − 6 + 12] − [ 0] = 6 monetary units.
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0

67. (a) Divide the interval into 4 subintervals of

length ∆ x = 1 .
[0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3] [3, 4]
Evaluate f at the endpoints.
f ( 0 ) = 10
f (1) = − 2 + 10 = 8
f ( 2 ) = − 4 + 10 = 6
f ( 3) = − 6 + 10 = 4
f ( 4 ) = − 8 + 10 = 2

(b) Using the left endpoints, we have

A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ 1 + f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 3) ⋅ 1
≈ (10 + 8 + 6 + 4 ) ⋅ 1 = 28
(c) Using right endpoints, we have
A ≈ f (1) ⋅ 1 + f ( 2 ) ⋅ 1 + f ( 3) ⋅ 1 + f ( 4 ) ⋅ 1
≈ ( 8 + 6 + 4 + 2 ) ⋅ 1 = 20
1
(d) Divide the interval into 8 subintervals of length ∆ x = .
2
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡3 ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤ ⎡5 ⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡7 ⎤
⎢⎣ 0, 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 , 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1, 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 , 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2, 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 , 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3, 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 , 4⎥⎦
Evaluate f at the new endpoints.
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 10 = 9 f ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 10 = 7
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛7⎞ ⎛7⎞
f ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 10 = 5 f ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 10 = 3
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

Using the left endpoints, we have

1 ⎛1⎞ 1 1 ⎛3⎞ 1 1 ⎛5⎞ 1 1 ⎛7⎞ 1
A ≈ f ( 0 ) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f (1) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f ( 2 ) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f ( 3) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 433

1
≈ (10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3) ⋅ = 26
2

(e) Using the right endpoints, we have

⎛1⎞ 1 1 ⎛3⎞ 1 1 ⎛5⎞ 1 1 ⎛7⎞ 1 1
A ≈ f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f (1) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f ( 2 ) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f ( 3) ⋅ + f ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + f ( 4 ) ⋅
⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
1
≈ ( 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 ) ⋅ = 22
2

4 4
(f) A = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( − 2 x + 10 ) dx
0 0

4
⎛ − 2x 2 ⎞
= ⎡⎣ − 4 2 + 10 ( 4 ) ⎤⎦ − [ 0] = 24
4
(g) ∫ ( − 2 x + 10 ) dx = ⎜ + 10 x ⎟
0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0

69. 10
∫1
x ln xx dx ≈ 90.38

dy
71. The general solution to the differential equation = x 2 + 5 x − 10 is
dx
y = ∫ ( x 2 + 5 x − 10 ) dx
x 3 5x 2
y= + − 10 x + K
3 2
We use x = 0 and y = 1 to find K.
1=0+0–0+K
1=K
The particular solution to the differential equation is
x 3 5x 2
y= + − 10 x + 1
3 2

dy
73. The general solution to the differential equation = e 2 x − x is
dx
y = ∫ ( e 2 x − x ) dx
1 2x x 2
y= e − + K
2 2
434 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

We use x = 0 and y = 3 to find K.

1
3 = e0 −0+ K
2
5
=K
2
The particular solution to the differential equation is
1 x2 5
y = e 2x − +
2 2 2

dy
75. The general solution to the differential equation = 10 y is
dx
dy
= 10 dx
y
⌠ dy
⎮ = ∫10 dx
⌡ y
ln y = 10 x + K
y = e 10 x + K
We use x = 0 and y = 1 to find K.
ln 1 = 0 + K
0=K
The particular solution to the differential equation is
y = e 10 x

77. N(0) = 2000 N(2) = 3 · 2000 = 6000

N(t) = N(0) e kt = 2000 e kt

We use N(2) = 6000 to find k.

6000 = 2000 e kt
3 = e k ⋅2
ln 3 = 2 k
ln 3
k=
2
1 9
So in 4 hours t = , and there will be
2 2
⎛ ln 3 ⎞⎛ 9 ⎞
⎛9⎞ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
N ⎜ ⎟ = 2000 e ⎝ = 23,689 bacteria.
⎝2⎠

79. 1
If A(0) = 1, then A(5600) = (1) = 0.5 , and A(t) = 0.4(1) = 0.4.
2
A ( t ) = A ( 0 ) e kt = e kt
We use A(5600) to find k.
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 435

0.5 = e 5600 k
ln 0.5 = 5600 k
ln 0.5
=k
5600
We now solve for t, the age of the bones.
⎛ ln 0.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟t
0.4 = e ⎝ 5600 ⎠
ln 0.5
ln 0.4 = t
5600
5600 ln 0.4
t= ≈ 7402.8
ln 0.5
The bones are 7403 years old.

81. E ′ ( t ) = 0.02 t 2 + t E(0) = 5

E(t) = ∫ E ′ ( t ) dt = ∫ ( 0.02 t 2 + t ) dt
0.02 t 3 t 2 t3 t2
= + +K= = + +5
3 2 150 2
Since E(0) = 5, then K = 5, and
0.02 ( 5 ) ( 5)
3 2

E ( 5 ) == + + 5 = 18.33 million dollars.

3 2

83. ⎛
18
18 18 x 0.9 ⎞
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ 700 x − 0.1
dx = ⎜ 700 ⋅ ⎟
8 8
⎝ 0.9 ⎠ 8

700
= ⎡⎣18 0.9 − 8 0.9 ⎤⎦ = 5431.77
0.9

Margo should allow an additional 5432 labor hours to produce the 500 additional tennis
ball servers.

85. (a) At market equilibrium D ( x ) = S ( x ) .

x* x*
= 12 −
+5
50 20
1200 − 2 x* = 5 x* + 500
700 = 7x *
x* = 100
100
The price p * at x * = 100 is D (100 ) = 12 − = 12 − 2 = 10 .
50
So at market equilibrium 100 units will be sold at $10 each.
436 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

x*
(b) The consumer’s surplus CS = ∫ D ( x ) dx − p * x *
0
100 100
⌠ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x2 ⎞
CS = ⎮ ⎜12 − ⎟ dx − 10 ⋅ 100 = ⎜ 12 x − ⎟ − 1000
⌡0 ⎝ 50 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ 0
2
100
= 12 (100 ) − − 1000 = 1200 − 100 − 1000 = 100
100

x*
The supplier’s surplus PS = p * s * − ∫ S ( x ) dx .
0
x*
⌠ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎡⎛ x 2 ⎞
100
⎤
PS = 10 ⋅ 100 − ⎮ ⎜ + 5 ⎟ dx = 1000 − ⎢⎜ + 5x ⎟ ⎥
⎮ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⌡0 0

⎡100 2 ⎤
=1000 − ⎢ + 5 (100 ) ⎥
⎣ 40 ⎦
= 1000 – [250 + 500] = $250

(c)

87. dp
(a) =k p
dx
dp
= k dx
p
ln p = k x + k
We find k by using the facts that x = 0 when p = 800.
ln 800 = k · 0 + k
So, ln p = kx + ln 800
ln p – ln 800 = kx
p
ln = kx
800
p
= ekx
800
p = 800 e k x
 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 437

We use the fact that x = 80 when p = 600 to find k.

600 = 800 e 80 k
0.75 = e 80 k
ln 0.75 = 80 k
ln 0.75
k= ≈ − 0.003596
80

⎛ ln 0.75 ⎞
⎜ ⎟x
The demand equation is p ( x ) = 800 e ⎝ 80 ⎠

(b) If the manufacturer produces x = 200 units, the price will be

⎛ ln 0.75 ⎞
200 ⎜ ⎟
p ( 200 ) = 800 e ⎝ 80 ⎠
= $389.71

(c) If the manufacturer produces x = 250 units, the price will be

⎛ ln 0.75 ⎞
250 ⎜ ⎟
p ( 250 ) = 800 e ⎝ 80 ⎠
= $325.58

CHAPTER 6 PROJECT

1. ⎛ x2 ⎞
1
1 1
A = ∫ x dx = ⎜ ⎟ =
0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0
2

3. area of the top piece area of the top piece

G= =
area of the triangle 1
2
area of the triangle - area under Lorenz Curve
=
1
2
1 1
− ∫ L ( x ) dx
=2
0

1
2
1
= 1 − 2 ∫ L ( x ) dx
0

5. Answers will vary.

7. The Gini coefficient for the US economy in 1993 is

G = 1 − 2 ∫ ( 0.442 x 2 + 5.8 x 3 − 23.71x 4 + 31.036 x 5 + 5.71x 6 − 38.842 x 7 + 20.564 x 8 ) dx
1

0
438 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS

1
⎛ 0.442 x 3 5.8 x 4 23.71x 5 31.036 x 6 5.71x 7 38.842 x 8 20.564 x 9 ⎞
= 1− 2⎜ + − + + − + ⎟
⎝ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ⎠ 0

⎡⎛ 0.442 5.8 23.71 31.036 5.71 38.842 20.564 ⎞ ⎤

= 1 − 2 ⎢⎜ + − + + − + ⎟−0
⎣⎝ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 0.453

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS FROM PROFESSIONAL EXAMS

1. (b)
Evaluate the integral using integration by parts. Choose
1
u = ln x dv = dx
x
1
dv = dx v = ln x
x
e e
⌠ 1 ln x dx = ( ln x ) 2 e − ⌠ 1 ln x dx
⎮ ⎮
⌡1 x 1 ⌡1 x
e
1 2 e
2⌠
⎮ ln x dx = ( ln x )
⌡1 x 1
e
⌠ 1 ln x dx = 1 ⎡( ln x ) 2 e ⎤ = 1 ⎡1 2 − 0 ⎤ = 1
⎮
⌡1 x 2 ⎢⎣ ⎦ 2⎣
1⎥ ⎦ 2

3. (c)
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = b e b − e , then ∫ f ( x ) dx = x e x + K , and the derivative of x 2 e x is f(x).
2 2
If
1

d 2 x
dx
( x e ) = x 2 e x + 2 x e x = f(x).

5. (c)
Let t = 0 denote 4 years ago. Then P(0) = 25,000 and P(4) = 36,000.
P (t ) = P ( 0) e k t
P ( t ) = 25,000 e k t
We use P(4) to find k.
36,000 = 25,000 e 4 k
1.44 = e 4 k
ln 1.44 = 4k
ln 1.44
k=
4
Sis years from now t = 10, and
⎛ ln 1.44 ⎞
10 ⎜ ⎟
P (10 ) = 25,000 e ⎝ 4 ⎠
= 62,208
Chapter 6 – The Integral of
a Function and
Applications
Section 6.6 Approximating Definite Integrals
In Problems 17–20, use a graphing utility to approximate each integral. Round your
answer to two decimal places.

1
∫
2
17. e x dx
0

We can approximate the definite integral using the fnInt( function on the graphing
calculator. The format of the command is

fnInt(function, variable, lower limit, upper limit)

The fnInt( function is found under the  menu.

}}

Select the fnInt( function. Enter the expression for f ( x ) , the name of the variable, the
lower limit, and the upper limit, separated by commas. Find the value of the definite
integral.

89
 Íyµ„¡¤¢„¢Ê¢À

¤Í

1
∫
2
Thus, rounding the result obtained on the calculator, we have e x dx ≈ 1.46 .
0

5 ex
19. ∫ 1 x
dx

Use fnInt( to approximate the value of the definite integral.

5 ex
Thus, ∫
1 x
dx ≈ 38.29 .

21. Consider the function f ( x) = 1 − x 2 whose domain is the closed interval [−1,1] .

e. Evaluate the integral using a graphing utility.

1
The integral that we are asked to approximate is ∫ −1
1 − x 2 dx . Use fnInt( to find
approximate the definite integral.

90
 1
Thus, rounding the result obtained on the calculator, we have ∫ −1
1 − x 2 dx ≈ 1.57 . The
area under the curve is approximately 1.57 square units.

________________________________________________________________________

91
Summary
The command introduced in this chapter was:

fnInt(

92
 Chapter 7
Other Applications and
Extensions of the Integral
7.1 Improper Integrals

1. ∞

∫0
x 2 dx is an improper integral because the upper limit of integration is not finite.

3. 1
1
∫ x dx is an improper integral because the function is not continuous at x = 0.
0

5. 2
dx
∫1 x −1
is an improper integral because the function is not continuous at x = 1.

7. ∞ b
⎡ 1 b⎤
∫1
e − 4 x dx = lim
b→∞ ∫ 1
e − 4 x dx = lim ⎢ − e − 4 x 1 ⎥
b→∞ ⎣ 4 ⎦
1 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= − lim ( e − 4b ) + lim ( e − 4 ) = − lim ⎜ 4b ⎟ + e − 4
4 b→∞ 4 b→∞ 4 b→∞ ⎝ e ⎠ 4
1
= e−4
4

9. ∞ ∞ ⎡ x 3/ 2 b ⎤
∫ x dx = lim
∫
x dx = lim ⎢ ⎥
1/ 2

0 b→∞ 0 b→∞
⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2b 3/ 2 2(0 3/ 2 ) ⎤ 2
= lim ⎢ − ⎥ = blim b 2/3 = ∞
b→∞⎣ 3 3 ⎦ 3 → ∞

Since the limit is infinite, the integral has no value.

11. 0 b ⎡ x 4/5 b ⎤
1
∫ ∫
− 1/ 5
dx = lim− x dx = lim− ⎢ ⎥
−1
5
x b→0 −1 b→0 ⎢ 4 ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 − 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 5 b 4 / 5 5 ( − 1) 4 / 5 ⎤
= lim− ⎢ − ⎥
b→0 ⎣ 4 4 ⎦
4/5
5b 5
= lim− − lim−
b→0 4 b→0 4
440 SECTION 7.1

5 5
= 0− =−
4 4

13. 1
1 1
1
∫ ∫ dx = lim + ⎡ ln x a ⎤
1
dx = lim +
0 x a→0 a x a→0 ⎣ ⎦
= lim + [ ln 1 − ln a ] = − lim + [ ln a ] = ∞
a→0 a→0
Since the limit is infinite, the integral has no value.

15. 1 1 1 ⎡ x 1/ 2 1
⎤
1
∫ f ( x ) dx =
∫ ∫
− 1/ 2
A= dx = lim+ x dx = lim+ ⎢ ⎥
0 0 x a →0 a a →0 ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 a⎥
⎦
= 2 ⎡ lim+ (1 − a 1/ 2 ) ⎤ = 2 (1) = 2
⎣a →0 ⎦

17. ∞ b
e − 0.05 t
b

V (t ) =
∫ ∫ 5124 e
− 0.05 t − 0.05 t
5124 e dt = lim dt = 5124 lim
0 t →b 0 t → b − 0.05
0

5124
=− lim [ e − 0.05 b − e 0 ]
0.05 → b
t

5124 ⎡ 1 ⎤
=− lim ⎢ 0.05 b − 1⎥
0.05 t → b ⎣e ⎦
5124
= = $102,480
0.05

19. (a) Answers will vary.

(b) Total reaction is

∞ b

∫ ∫
2 2
t e − t dt = lim t e − t dt
0 b→∞ 0

We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.

1
Let u = − t 2 . Then du = − 2t dt , and − du = t dt .
2
When t = 0, u = 0, and when t = b, u = − b 2 .
∞ ⎡ 1 −b2 u ⎤ 1
e du ⎥ = − lim ⎡⎣ e u ⎤
∫ ∫
−t2 −b2
te dt = lim ⎢ − 0 ⎦
0 b→∞⎣ 2 0 ⎦ 2 b→∞
= − lim [ e − b − e 0 ] = − [ 0 − 1] =
1 2 1 1
2 b → ∞ 2 2

21. 1
1 0 1 c 1

∫ ∫ x − 2 dx +
∫ x − 2 dx = lim−
∫ x − 2 dx + lim+
∫x
−2
(a) dx = dx
−1 x2 −1 0 c→0 −1 c→0 c
 SECTION 7.2 441

= lim− ⎡⎣ − x − 1 ⎤ + lim ⎡ − x − 1 1c ⎤
c

c→0
−1 ⎦ c→0 + ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
= lim− ⎢ − + 1⎥ + lim+ ⎢ − 1 + ⎥ = ∞
c→0 ⎣ c ⎦ c→0 ⎣ c⎦
Since the limit is infinite, the integral has no value.

4 2 4 c 4

(b) ⌠ x dx
=⌠ +⌠
x dx x dx
= lim ⌠
x dx
+ lim ⌠
x dx
⌡0 3
x − 4 ⌡0
2 3
x − 4 ⌡2
2 3
x − 4 c → 2 ⌡0
2 − 3
x − 4 c → 2 ⌡c
2 + 3
x2 −4

We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integrals.

1
Let u = x 2 − 4 . Then du = 2 x dx and du = x dx .
2

When x = 0, u = – 4; when x = 2, u = 0; and when x = 4, u = 12.

4
⌠ x dx = lim− ⎡⎢ 1 ⎤
c 2 −4
⎡ 1 12 − 1/ 3 ⎤
⌡0 3 x 2 − 4 c → 2 ⎣ 2 − 4 ∫ u − 1/ 3 du ⎥ + lim+ ⎢
⎦ c → 2 ⎣ 2 c 2 −4 ∫
u du ⎥
⎦
⎡ 3u 2 / 3 c − 4 ⎤ 1
2

1 ⎡ 3u 2 / 3 12 ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⎥ + lim ⎢ ⎥
2 c → 2 − ⎢ 2 −4 ⎥ 2 c → 2 + ⎢ 2 c 2 − 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

=
3
4 c→2 {
lim− ⎣⎡( c 2 − 4 ) − ( − 4 ) ⎦⎤ + lim+ ⎡⎣12 2 / 3 − ( c 2 − 4 ) ⎤⎦
2/3 2/3

c→2
2/3
}
3
= {[ 0 2 / 3 − 4 2 / 3 ] + [12 2 / 3 − 0]}
4
3
= ⎡⎣ − 4 2 / 3 + 12 2 / 3 ⎤⎦ ≈ 2.041
4

7.2 Average Value of a Function

1. 1 1
x3
1
1 1
AV =
∫ x dx = = −0 =
2

1− 0 0 3 0 3 3

3. ⎡⎛ 1
⎤
1 1
(1 − x ) dx = 1 x3 ⎞
AV =
∫ ⎢⎜ x − ⎥
2
⎟
1 − ( − 1) −1 2 ⎢⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ − 1 ⎥⎦

1 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ( − 1) ⎞ ⎤
3

= ⎢⎜ 1 − ⎟ − ⎜ − 1 − ⎟⎥
2 ⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
1 ⎡ 1 1⎤ 1 ⎡4⎤ 2
= ⎢1 − + 1 − ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =
2 ⎣ 3 3⎦ 2 ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3
 SECTION 7.2 441

= lim− ⎡⎣ − x − 1 ⎤ + lim ⎡ − x − 1 1c ⎤
c

c→0
−1 ⎦ c→0 + ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
= lim− ⎢ − + 1⎥ + lim+ ⎢ − 1 + ⎥ = ∞
c→0 ⎣ c ⎦ c→0 ⎣ c⎦
Since the limit is infinite, the integral has no value.

4 2 4 c 4

(b) ⌠ x dx
=⌠ +⌠
x dx x dx
= lim ⌠
x dx
+ lim ⌠
x dx
⌡0 3
x − 4 ⌡0
2 3
x − 4 ⌡2
2 3
x − 4 c → 2 ⌡0
2 − 3
x − 4 c → 2 ⌡c
2 + 3
x2 −4

We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integrals.

1
Let u = x 2 − 4 . Then du = 2 x dx and du = x dx .
2

When x = 0, u = – 4; when x = 2, u = 0; and when x = 4, u = 12.

4
⌠ x dx = lim− ⎡⎢ 1 ⎤
c 2 −4
⎡ 1 12 − 1/ 3 ⎤
⌡0 3 x 2 − 4 c → 2 ⎣ 2 − 4 ∫ u − 1/ 3 du ⎥ + lim+ ⎢
⎦ c → 2 ⎣ 2 c 2 −4 ∫
u du ⎥
⎦
⎡ 3u 2 / 3 c − 4 ⎤ 1
2

1 ⎡ 3u 2 / 3 12 ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⎥ + lim ⎢ ⎥
2 c → 2 − ⎢ 2 −4 ⎥ 2 c → 2 + ⎢ 2 c 2 − 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

=
3
4 c→2 {
lim− ⎣⎡( c 2 − 4 ) − ( − 4 ) ⎦⎤ + lim+ ⎡⎣12 2 / 3 − ( c 2 − 4 ) ⎤⎦
2/3 2/3

c→2
2/3
}
3
= {[ 0 2 / 3 − 4 2 / 3 ] + [12 2 / 3 − 0]}
4
3
= ⎡⎣ − 4 2 / 3 + 12 2 / 3 ⎤⎦ ≈ 2.041
4

7.2 Average Value of a Function

1. 1 1
x3
1
1 1
AV =
∫ x dx = = −0 =
2

1− 0 0 3 0 3 3

3. ⎡⎛ 1
⎤
1 1
(1 − x ) dx = 1 x3 ⎞
AV =
∫ ⎢⎜ x − ⎥
2
⎟
1 − ( − 1) −1 2 ⎢⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ − 1 ⎥⎦

1 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ( − 1) ⎞ ⎤
3

= ⎢⎜ 1 − ⎟ − ⎜ − 1 − ⎟⎥
2 ⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
1 ⎡ 1 1⎤ 1 ⎡4⎤ 2
= ⎢1 − + 1 − ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =
2 ⎣ 3 3⎦ 2 ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3
442 SECTION 7.2

5. 5 ⎡ 3x 2 5
⎤ 1 ⎡ 3 ( 5 2 ) 3 (1 2 ) ⎤ 1 ⎡ 75 3 ⎤ 72
1 1
AV =
5 −1 ∫ 1
3 x dx =
4
⎢
⎢⎣ 2
⎥= ⎢
⎦ 4⎣ 2
1⎥
− ⎥= −
2 ⎦ 4 ⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥ 8
= =9

7. 2
⎡ ⎤
⌠
2

( − 5 x + 4 x − 10 ) dx = 1 ⎢⎛⎜ −5 x + 4 x − 10 x ⎞⎟
5 2
1
AV = ⎥
2 − ( − 2) ⎮
4

⌡ 4 ⎣⎢⎝ 5 2 ⎠ ⎥
−2⎦
−2

=
1⎡
4 ⎣ (
( − 2 5 + 2 3 − 10 ⋅ 2 ) − − ( − 2 ) 5 + 2 ( − 2 ) 2 − 10 ( − 2 ) ⎤⎦ )
1 1
= [ − 32 + 8 − 20 − 32 − 8 − 20] = [ − 104] = − 26
4 4

9. 1 1

∫
1
AV = e x dx = e x
= e1 − e 0 = e −1
1− 0 0
0

11. The average value of the population during the next 20 years is
20
1 20
6 ⋅ 10 9 20
e 0.03 t
∫ ( 6 ⋅ 10 ) e ∫
0.03 t 0.03 t
AV = 9
dt = e dt = 3 ⋅ 10 8

20 − 0 0 20 0 0.03 0

( e 0.6 − 1)
= 3 ⋅ 10 8 ⋅ ≈ 8.22 ⋅ 10 9
0.03

13. The average temperature AT of the rod is

1 ⎡ 25 x 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 25 ⋅ 3 2
3
1 3
⎤ 75
AT =
3−0 0 ∫
25 x dx = ⎢
3 ⎣⎢ 2
⎥= ⎢
⎥ 3⎣ 2
0⎦
− 0⎥ =
⎦ 2
= 37.5 ° C.

15. If the car is accelerating at a rate of 3 meters per second per second, its velocity is

∫
v = 3 dt = 3t + K
Since at time t = 0, the car is at rest, we have v(0) = 0. We use this condition to solve
for K.
v(0) = 3(0) + K = 0
K=0
So the average speed during the first 8 seconds of acceleration is
1 ⎡ 3t 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 3 ⋅ 8 2
8
1 8
⎤
AV =
8−0 0
3t dt = ⎢
∫ ⎥= ⎢
8 ⎣⎢ 2 0 ⎦⎥ 8 ⎣ 2
− 0 ⎥ = 12 meters per
⎦
second.

17. 1
∫ ( − 4.43 x + 46.17 x 2 − 132.5 x + 290 ) dx
6
AR = 3

6 −1 1

1 ⎡⎛ − 4.43 x 4 46.17 x 3 132.5 x 2 ⎤

6
⎞
= ⎢⎜ + − + 290 x ⎟ ⎥
5 ⎢⎝ 4 3 2 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ 1⎦
 SECTION 7.3 443

1 ⎡⎛ − 4.43 ( 6 ) 46.17 ( 6 ) 132.5 ( 6 ) ⎞ ⎛ − 4.43 46.17 132.5 ⎞⎤

4 3 2

= ⎢⎜ + − + 290 ( 6 ) ⎟ − ⎜ + − + 290 ⎟ ⎥
5 ⎢⎜ 4 3 2 ⎟ ⎝ 4 3 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣⎝ ⎠
1
= [1243.92 − 238.0325] = 201.1775
5

The average annual revenue of Exxon-Mobil Corporation between 1997 and 2002 is
201.1775 billion dollars.

19. 1 90
AR = ∫ ( − 0.000414 x + 0.206748) dx
90 − 0 0
1 ⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤
90
x2
= ⎢⎜ − 0.000414 + 0.206748 x ⎟ ⎥
90 ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ 0 ⎥⎦
⎣
1 ⎡⎛ ⎛ 90 2 ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢⎜ − 0.000414 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.206748 ( 90 ) ⎟ − 0 ⎥
90 ⎣⎢⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠ ⎦⎥
= − 0.000414 ( 45 ) + 0.206748 (1) = 0.188118

There was an average of 0.188 inches of rain per day during the first 90 days of the
year.

7.3 Continuous Probability Functions

1. We show the two conditions are satisfied.

1
Condition 1: f ( x ) = > 0 everywhere.
2
2
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
0
2 2
⌠ 1 1 1
⎮ dx = x = ( 2 − 0 ) = 1
⌡0 2 2 0 2
So f is a probability density function.

3. We show the two conditions are satisfied.

Condition 1: f ( x ) = 2 x ≥ 0 when x > 0. So f is nonnegative on the interval [0, 1].

1
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
0
1
1 2x 2
∫0 2 x dx = 2 = 12 − 0 = 1
0

So f is a probability density function.

 SECTION 7.3 443

1 ⎡⎛ − 4.43 ( 6 ) 46.17 ( 6 ) 132.5 ( 6 ) ⎞ ⎛ − 4.43 46.17 132.5 ⎞⎤

4 3 2

= ⎢⎜ + − + 290 ( 6 ) ⎟ − ⎜ + − + 290 ⎟ ⎥
5 ⎢⎜ 4 3 2 ⎟ ⎝ 4 3 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣⎝ ⎠
1
= [1243.92 − 238.0325] = 201.1775
5

The average annual revenue of Exxon-Mobil Corporation between 1997 and 2002 is
201.1775 billion dollars.

19. 1 90
AR = ∫ ( − 0.000414 x + 0.206748) dx
90 − 0 0
1 ⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤
90
x2
= ⎢⎜ − 0.000414 + 0.206748 x ⎟ ⎥
90 ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ 0 ⎥⎦
⎣
1 ⎡⎛ ⎛ 90 2 ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢⎜ − 0.000414 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.206748 ( 90 ) ⎟ − 0 ⎥
90 ⎣⎢⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠ ⎦⎥
= − 0.000414 ( 45 ) + 0.206748 (1) = 0.188118

There was an average of 0.188 inches of rain per day during the first 90 days of the
year.

7.3 Continuous Probability Functions

1. We show the two conditions are satisfied.

1
Condition 1: f ( x ) = > 0 everywhere.
2
2
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
0
2 2
⌠ 1 1 1
⎮ dx = x = ( 2 − 0 ) = 1
⌡0 2 2 0 2
So f is a probability density function.

3. We show the two conditions are satisfied.

Condition 1: f ( x ) = 2 x ≥ 0 when x > 0. So f is nonnegative on the interval [0, 1].

1
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
0
1
1 2x 2
∫0 2 x dx = 2 = 12 − 0 = 1
0

So f is a probability density function.

444 SECTION 7.3

5. We show the two conditions are satisfied.

3
Condition 1: f ( x ) =
250
(10 x − x 2 ) . We find where f = 0, use the points to separate
the number line into 3 parts and test a point from each part for its sign.
3
250
(10 x − x 2 ) = 0
10 x − x 2 = 0
x (10 − x ) = 0
x=0 10 – x = 0 or
x = 10
When x = – 1, f (– 1) = – 0.132
When x = 1, f (1) = 0.108
When x = 11, f (11) = – 0.132
We conclude that f is positive on the interval (0, 10). So f is nonnegative on the interval
[0, 5].
5
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
0

⎡ 5
⎤
⌠ 3 10 x − x 2 dx = 3 ⎢⎛ 10 x − x ⎞ ⎥
5 2 3

⎮
⌡ 0 250
( ) ⎜
250 ⎢⎝ 2
⎟
3 ⎠ 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 ⎡⎛ 250 125 ⎞ ⎤ 3 ⎡ 750 250 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎜ − ⎟ − ( 0)⎥ = ⎢ −
250 ⎣⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎦ 250 ⎣ 6 6 ⎦⎥
3 500
= ⋅ =1
250 6
So f is a probability density function.

7. We show the two conditions are satisfied.

1
Condition 1: f ( x ) = > 0 when x > 0. So f is nonnegative on the interval [1, e].
x
e
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
1
e
⌠ 1 dx = ln x e = ln e − ln 1 = 1 − 0 = 1
⎮
⌡1 x 1

So f is a probability density function.

9. 3 1
∫
3
k dx = kx 0
= 3k − 0 = 1. So k = .
0 3

11. 2 x2
2
1
∫0 kx dx = k ⋅ = k ( 2 − 0 ) = 1 . So k = .
2 0
2
 SECTION 7.3 445

13. ⎡⎛ 10 x 2 x 3 ⎞ 5
⎤
⎥ = k ⎡⎢125 −
125 ⎤ 250
( ) ( )
5 5
∫0 − = ∫0 − = ⎢⎜ − ⎟ ⎥⎦ = 3 k = 1
2 2
k 10 x x dx k 10 x x dx k
⎢⎣⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎥
0⎦
⎣ 3
3
So k = .
250

15. 2 2
⌠ k dx = k ⌠ 1 dx = k ⎡ln x
⎮ ⎮
2
⎤ = k [ ln 2 − ln 1] = k ln 2 = 1 . So k = 1 .
⌡1 x ⌡1 x ⎣ 1 ⎦ ln 2

17. 2
1 x2
2
1
E ( x) = ∫
2
⌠
x f ( x ) dx = ⎮ x dx = = ( 4 − 0) = 1
0 ⌡0 2 4 0
4

19. 1 2x 3
1
1
2 2
E ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ∫ 2 x dx = 2
= (1 − 0 ) =
0 0 3 0
3 3

21.
3 ⎡⎛ 10 x 3 x 4 ⎞ ⎤
5
5
3
⌠
(10 x − x ) dx = 250 ⎢⎢⎜ 3 − 4 ⎟ ⎥⎥
5
E(x) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ⎮ 2 3

⌡ 0 250
⎣⎝ ⎠ 0⎦
0

3 ⎛ 10 ( 5 ) 5 4 ⎞
3
3 ⎛ 1250 625 ⎞
= ⎜ − ⎟= ⎜ − ⎟
250 ⎜ 3 4 ⎟ 250 ⎝ 3 4 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
3 ⎛ 5000 − 1875 ⎞ 1 3125 25
= ⎜ ⎟= ⋅ =
250 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 250 4 8

23. e e e
E(x) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ∫ dx = x 1
= e −1
1 1

25. 3
1 1
3
1 2
P (1 ≤ X ≤ 3) = ⌠
⎮ dx = x = ( 3 − 1) =
⌡1 5 5 1 5 5

There is a 40% probability that the number selected is from the interval [1, 3].

27. Let the random variable X denote the interval between incoming calls.
6
P ( X ≥ 6 ) = 1 − P ( X < 6 ) = 1 − ∫ 0.5 e −0.5 x dx
0

= 1 − ⎡⎢ − e −0.5 x ⎤⎥
6

⎣ 0⎦

= 1 + e − e = e − 3 ≈ 0.0498
−3 0

The probability of waiting at least 6 minutes for the next call is 4.98%.
446 SECTION 7.3

29. 5
P ( X < 5 ) = ∫ 0.4 e − 0.4 x dx = − e − 0.4 x
5
= − e − 2 + e 0 = 1 − e −2 ≈ 0.86466
0 0

The probability a subject makes a choice in fewer than 5 seconds is 0.865.

31. 1
Since the average life of the light bulb is 2000 hours, λ = , and
2000
⎧ 1
⎪ e − x / 2000 x≥0
f ( x ) = ⎨ 2000
⎪⎩ 0 x<0
(a) If the random variable X denotes the length of the light bulb’s life, then
2200
⌠ 1
P (1800 ≤ X ≤ 2200 ) = ⎮ e − x / 2000 dx
⌡1800 2000
2200
= − e − x / 2000
1800
22/ 20
=− e −
+ e − 18/ 20 ≈ 0.07370

The probability a light bulb lasts between 1800 and 2200 hours is 0.074.

2500
1
(b) P ( X ≥ 2500 ) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 2500 ) = 1 − ⌠ ⎮ e − x / 2000 dx
⌡0 2000
= 1 − ⎡ − e − x / 2000 ⎤
2500

⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥
= 1 − ⎡⎣ − e − 25 / 20 + e 0 ⎤⎦
= 1 + e −25 / 20 − 1 ≈ 0.2865

There is a 28.7% probability that a light bulb will last at least 2500 hours.

33. 1
Since the average life of the light bulb is 2000 hours, λ = , and
2000
⎧ 1
⎪ e − x / 2000 x≥0
f ( x ) = ⎨ 2000
⎪⎩ 0 x<0
Let the random variable X denote the length of the light bulb’s life.

1500
⌠ 1 1500
(a) P ( X < 1500 ) = ⎮ e − x / 2000 dx = − e − x / 2000
⌡0 2000 0

= − e − 15 / 20 + e 0 = 1 − e − 3 / 4 ≈ 0.52763

The probability the light burns out in under 1500 hours is 0.528.
 SECTION 7.3 447

2000
⌠ 1 2000
(b) P (1750 ≤ X ≤ 2000 ) = ⎮ e − x / 2000 dx = − e − x / 2000
⌡1750 2000 1750

= − e − 1 + e − 175 / 200 ≈ 0.04898

The probability the light bulb lasts between 1750 and 2000 hours is 0.049.

1900
1
(c) P ( X > 1900 ) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 1900 ) = 1 − ⌠ ⎮ e − x / 2000 dx
⌡0 2000
= 1 − ⎡ − e − x / 2000 ⎤
1900

⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥
= 1 − ⎡⎣ − e − 19 / 20 + e 0 ⎤⎦
= 1 + e − 19 / 20 − 1 = e − 19 / 20 ≈ 0.38674

The probability that a light bulb lasts longer than 1900 hours is 0.387.

(d) Answers may vary.

35. 10
1 − x/8
P ( X > 10 ) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 10 ) = 1 − ⌠ dx = 1 − ⎡ − e − x / 8 ⎤
10
⎮ e
⌡0 8 ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥
= 1 − ⎡⎣ − e − 10 / 8
+ e ⎤⎦
0

= 1 + e − 5 / 4 − 1 = e − 5 / 4 = 0.28650

A customer waits longer than 10 minutes for lunch 28.7% of the time.

37. 1
(a) Since the average wait time is 10 minutes, λ = .
10
⎧ 1 − x / 10
⎪ e x≥0
f ( x ) = ⎨10
⎪⎩ 0 x<0
12
1 − x / 10
(b) P ( 7 ≤ x ≤ 12 ) = ⌠
12
⎮ e dx = − e − x / 10 = − e − 12 /10 + e − 7 /10 ≈ 0.19539
⌡7 10 7

There is a 19.5% probability of waiting in line between 7 and 12 minutes.

15
1 − x / 10
(c) P ( X > 15 ) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 15 ) = 1 − ⌠
⎮ e dx
⌡ 0 10
= 1 − ⎡ − e − x / 10 ⎤
15

⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥
= 1 + e − 15 /10 − 1 ≈ 0.22313

The probability a customer waits longer than 15 minutes is 0.223.

448 SECTION 7.3

(d) The mother will be on time to the bus stop if she waits less than 15 minutes on
line.
P ( X < 15 ) = e − 15 /10 − 1 = 0.77687
The probability of her getting out in less than 15 minutes is 0.777.

39. The expected waiting time between tee-offs is the average time between tee-offs. So it
will be 9 minutes.

41. 4
3
E ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ⌠ ( 5x 2 − x 3 ) dx
4
⎮
0 ⌡ 0 56
3 ⎡⎛ 5 x 3 x 4 ⎞ ⎤
4

= ⎢⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
56 ⎢⎝ 3 4 ⎠ 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 ⎡ 320 256 ⎤
= ⎢ − = 2.286
56 ⎣ 3 4 ⎥⎦
We can expect the contractor’s cost estimate to be off by 2.286%.

43. (a) We want the probability the pregnancy lasts longer than 287 days. We use the fact
that f is a probability density function, and the properties of the definite integral. That
b b c b
is, ∫a f ( x ) dx = 1 and ∫a f ( x ) dx = ∫a f ( x ) dx + ∫c f ( x ) dx to determine the
probability.
P ( X > 287 ) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 287 )
287
⌠ 1 2
P ( X > 287 ) = 1 − ⎮ e − ( x−280) / 200 dx
⌡ 0 10 2 π
1 287 − x − 280 2 / 200
= 1− ∫ e ( )
dx
10 2 π 0

We evaluate the integral using a graphing utility. (We used a TI-83 Plus.)
In the math subroutine we go to 9: fnInt ( and enter the integral in the following way.

fnInt( function to be integrated, the variable, the lower limit, the upper limit)
fnInt( e ^ (−( x − 280) 2 / 200), x,0,287)
1
Then we calculated 1 – * ans. (See the screen shot below.)
10 2π

The probability a pregnancy lasts more than one week beyond the mean is 0.242.
 SECTION 7.3 449

(b) We want the probability the pregnancy lasts between 273 and 287 days. That is,
287
⌠ 1 2 1 287 − x − 280 2 / 200
P ( 273 < X < 287 ) = ⎮ e − ( x−280) / 200 dx = ∫ e ( )
dx
⌡ 273 10 2 π 10 2 π 273

Again we use a graphing utility. This time the lower limit of integration is 273.

The probability a baby is born within one week of the mean gestation period is 0.516.

45. (a) Since the numbers are so large, we will use the cost of the automobiles in
thousands of dollars.
2 1
c = 17 f (c) = f (17 ) = =
20 − 10 5
We first find m1 x + b1 .

1
y 2 − y1 −0
1 y = m1 x + b1
m1 = = 5 =
x 2 − x 1 17 − 10 35 1
0= (10 ) + b1
35
2
b1 = −
7
1 2
y = x−
35 7
Then we find m 2 x + b 2
1
y 2 − y1 −0
1 y = m 2 x + b2
m2 = = 5 =−
x 2 − x 1 17 − 20 15 1
0=− ( 20 ) + b 2
15
4
b2 =
3
1 4
y =− x+
15 3
So the probability density function is
⎧ 1 2
⎪⎪ 35 x − if 10 ≤ x ≤ 17
7
f ( x) = ⎨
⎪− 1 x + 4 if 17 < x ≤ 20
⎪⎩ 15 3
450 SECTION 7.3

(b) The probability the car will cost less than $15,000 is 0.357.
15 15
⌠ ⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛ x 2 2x ⎞
P ( X < 15 ) = ⎮ ⎜ x − ⎟ dx = ⎜ − ⎟
⌡10 ⎝ 35 7⎠ ⎝ 70 7 ⎠ 10

⎛ 225 300 ⎞ ⎛ 100 200 ⎞ 25 5

=⎜ − ⎟−⎜ − ⎟= = = 0.35714
⎝ 70 70 ⎠ ⎝ 70 70 ⎠ 70 14

(c)

(d) Answers will vary.

17 20
20 ⌠ ⎛ x 2 2x ⎞ ⌠ ⎛ x 2 4x ⎞
(e) E ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx =⎮ ⎜ − ⎟ dx + ⎮ ⎜ − + ⎟ dx
10
⌡10 ⎝ 35 7 ⎠ ⌡17 ⎝ 15 3 ⎠
17 20
⎛ x3 x2 ⎞ ⎛ x 3 2x 2 ⎞
=⎜ − ⎟ +⎜− + ⎟
⎝ 105 7 ⎠ 10 ⎝ 45 3 ⎠ 17

=
⎡⎛ 17 3 17 2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 3 10 2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ 20 3 2 ( 20 ) ⎞ ⎛ 17 3 2 (17 ) ⎞ ⎤
2 2

⎢⎜ − ⎟−⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢⎜ − + ⎟−⎜− + ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 105 7 ⎠ ⎝ 105 7 ⎠ ⎦ ⎢⎣⎜⎝ 45 3 ⎟ ⎜ 45
⎠ ⎝
3 ⎟⎥
⎠⎦
= 10.26667 + 5.4 = 15.66667
The expected price of the car is $15, 666.67

(f) Answers will vary.

47. (a) Results will vary.

0.9
(b) P ( 0.6 ≤ X < 0.9 ) = ∫ dx = x
0.9
0.6
= 0.9 − 0.6 = 0.3
0.6

49. The uniform probability density function is

⎧ 1
⎪ if a≤ x≤b
f ( x) = ⎨b − a
⎩⎪ 0 if a < x or x > b
 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW 451

b
σ 2 = ∫ x 2 f ( x ) dx − ⎡⎣ E ( x ) ⎤⎦
2

a
2
b
1 ⎡⌠ b 1 ⎤
=⌠
⎮ x 2
⋅ dx − ⎢⎮ x ⋅ dx ⎥
⌡a b−a ⎣⌡ a b−a ⎦
2

1 ⎛ x3
b⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎛ x2 b ⎞⎤
= ⎜ ⎟−⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
b−a⎜ 3 ⎟ b−a
a⎠ ⎢
⎜ 2 ⎟
a ⎠⎥
⎝ ⎣ ⎝ ⎦
2
1 ⎡b 3 − a 3 ⎤ 1 ⎡b 2 − a 2 ⎤
= −
b − a ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ( b − a ) 2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

b 3 − a 3 (b − a )
2 2 2

= −
3( b − a ) 4 ( b − a ) 2

4 ( b − a ) ( b 3 − a 3 ) − 3( b 2 − a 2 )
2

=
12 ( b − a )
2

4 ( b − a )( b − a ) ( b 2 + ab + a 2 ) − 3 ( b − a ) (b + a )
2 2

=
12 ( b − a )
2

4 ( b 2 + ab + a 2 ) − 3 ( b + a )
2

=
12
4b + 4ab + 4 a 2 − 3b 2 − 6 ab − 3a 2
2
=
12
b + a − 2 ab ( b − a )
2 2 2

= =
12 12

Chapter 7 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. False 3. False
FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

t
1. average value 3. probability density 5. lim−
t→2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
0

REVIEW EXERCISES

1.
20 e − 20 x dx = lim ( − e − 20 x )
∞ b b
∫
0
20 e − 20 x dx = lim
b →∞ ∫ 0 b →∞ 0
 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW 451

b
σ 2 = ∫ x 2 f ( x ) dx − ⎡⎣ E ( x ) ⎤⎦
2

a
2
b
1 ⎡⌠ b 1 ⎤
=⌠
⎮ x 2
⋅ dx − ⎢⎮ x ⋅ dx ⎥
⌡a b−a ⎣⌡ a b−a ⎦
2

1 ⎛ x3
b⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎛ x2 b ⎞⎤
= ⎜ ⎟−⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
b−a⎜ 3 ⎟ b−a
a⎠ ⎢
⎜ 2 ⎟
a ⎠⎥
⎝ ⎣ ⎝ ⎦
2
1 ⎡b 3 − a 3 ⎤ 1 ⎡b 2 − a 2 ⎤
= −
b − a ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ( b − a ) 2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

b 3 − a 3 (b − a )
2 2 2

= −
3( b − a ) 4 ( b − a ) 2

4 ( b − a ) ( b 3 − a 3 ) − 3( b 2 − a 2 )
2

=
12 ( b − a )
2

4 ( b − a )( b − a ) ( b 2 + ab + a 2 ) − 3 ( b − a ) (b + a )
2 2

=
12 ( b − a )
2

4 ( b 2 + ab + a 2 ) − 3 ( b + a )
2

=
12
4b + 4ab + 4 a 2 − 3b 2 − 6 ab − 3a 2
2
=
12
b + a − 2 ab ( b − a )
2 2 2

= =
12 12

Chapter 7 Review

TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. False 3. False
FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

t
1. average value 3. probability density 5. lim−
t→2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
0

REVIEW EXERCISES

1.
20 e − 20 x dx = lim ( − e − 20 x )
∞ b b
∫
0
20 e − 20 x dx = lim
b →∞ ∫ 0 b →∞ 0
452 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW

(
= lim − e − 20 b + 1
b →∞
)
1
= lim 1 − lim = 1− 0 = 1
b →∞ b →∞ e 20 b

3. 8 8
⎡ x 2/3 8
⎤
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 8 ⎢ ⎥
∫t x
− 1/ 3
⎮ 3 dx = t lim+ ⎮
dx = lim+ dx = lim+ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⌡0 x →0 ⌡ 3 x
t
t →0 t →0
⎢⎣ 3 t⎥
⎦
⎡ 3(8 2 / 3 ) 3t 2 / 3 ⎤
= lim+ ⎢ − ⎥
t →0 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 3(8 2 / 3 ) ⎞ ⎛ 3t 2 / 3 ⎞
= lim+ ⎜ ⎟ − lim+ ⎜ ⎟
t →0 ⎜ 2 ⎟ t →0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
= 6–0=6

5. ⎡⌠ 1 x + 1 ⎤ ⎡⌠ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
⌠ x + 1 dx = lim
1

⎮ dx ⎥ = lim+ ⎢⎮ ⎜1 + ⎟ dx ⎥ = t lim ⎡( x + ln x ) 1 ⎤
⎢⎮ + ⎢
→0 ⎣ t⎥⎦
⌡0 x t→ 0+
⎣ ⌡t x ⎦ t→ 0 ⎣⎢⌡t ⎝ x ⎠ ⎦⎥
= lim+ ⎡⎣(1 + ln 1) − ( t + ln t ) ⎤⎦
t→ 0
= lim+ 1 − lim+ ln t
t→ 0 t→ 0
= − lim+ ln t = ∞
t→ 0
Since the limit is infinite, the integral has no value.

7. Since the graph of f lies below the x-axis, the area is given by
A = − ∫ f ( x ) dx = lim ⎡ − ∫ f ( x ) dx ⎤ = lim ⎡ − ∫ − e − x dx ⎤ = lim ⎡ ∫ e − x dx ⎤
∞ b b b
0 ⎢ 0
b →∞ ⎣ ⎦⎥ b → ∞ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥ b → ∞ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎥⎦

= lim ⎡( − e − x ) ⎤
b

b →∞ ⎢
⎣ 0⎥ ⎦
= lim ⎡ − e
b →∞ ⎣
−b
(
− ( − e 0 )⎤
⎦ )
⎡1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ b + 1⎥ = 1
b →∞ ⎣ e ⎦
The area is 1 square unit.

9.
1 ⎡x4 ⎤ 1
3
1 3 80
⎥ = ⎡3 4 − ( −1) ⎤ =
3 − ( − 1) ∫− 1
4
AV = x 3
dx = ⎢ =5
4⎢ 4 −1⎥
16 ⎣ ⎦ 16
⎣ ⎦
 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW 453

11. ⎡⎛ x 3 x 2 ⎞ 6 ⎤
1 6 2 1
AV = ∫
6−2 2
( x + x ) dx =
4
⎢⎜ +
⎢⎣⎝ 3
⎟ ⎥
2 ⎠ 2⎥
⎦
1 ⎡⎛ 6 3 6 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 3 2 2 ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢⎜ + ⎟ − ⎜ + ⎟ ⎥
4 ⎣⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠⎦
1⎡ 8 ⎤ 2 64
= ⎢72 + 18 − − 2 ⎥ = 22 − =
4⎣ 3 ⎦ 3 3

13. ⎡ 3x 3 2
⎤ 1 3
1 1 1
⎥ = ⎡ 2 − ( − 2 ) ⎤ = [ 8 + 8] = 4
2
∫− 2 3x dx = 4
3
AV = 2
⎢
2 − ( − 2) ⎢⎣ 3 −2 ⎥
4⎣ ⎦ 4
⎦

15. (a) We show the two conditions are satisfied.

Condition 1: f (x) ≥ 0
8
f ( x) = x
9
8 ⎡ 3⎤
x ≥ 0 when x ≥ 0. So f (x) ≥ 0 for all x in the interval ⎢⎣ 0, .
9 2 ⎥⎦

3/ 2
Condition 2: ∫0 f ( x ) dx = 1
⎡⎛ 3 ⎞ 2 ⎤
3/ 2 ⎡x2 3/ 2 ⎢
⎤ 8 ⎝2⎠⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⌠ 8 x dx = 8 ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ − ⎥ = 8 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 9 =1
⎮ 0
⌡0 9 9 ⎢⎣ 2 0 ⎢
⎥⎦ 9 ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 9 2 4
So f is a probability density function.

3/ 2
8 2 8 ⎡ x3 3/ 2
⎤ 8 ⎡⎛ 3 ⎞ 3 ⎤ 8 27
(b) E ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ⌠
b
⎮ x dx = ⎢ ⎥= ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 0 ⎥ = ⋅ =1
a ⌡0 9 9 ⎢⎣ 3 0 ⎥⎦ 27 ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 27 8
The expected value is 1.

17. (a) We show the two conditions are satisfied.

Condition 1: f (x) ≥ 0
f ( x ) = 12 x 3 (1 − x 2 )
To determine where f (x) ≥ 0 we solve 12 x 3 (1 − x 2 ) = 0 and choose test points.
12 x 3 (1 − x )(1 + x ) = 0
12 x 3 = 0 or 1 – x = 0 or 1 + x = 0
x = 0 or x=1 or x=–1
454 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW

These numbers separate the number line into 4 parts. We are only interested in the
1 ⎛1⎞ 9
interval [0, 1], and we choose x = and test it. f ⎜ ⎟ = = 1.125 . So we conclude
2 ⎝2⎠ 8
f (x) ≥ 0 on the interval [0, 1].

1
Condition 2: ∫0 f ( x ) dx = 1
⎡⎛ x 4 x 6 ⎞ 1
⎤
∫0 ⎣ ( )⎦ ∫0 ( )
1 1
⎡12 x 3
1 − x ⎤ dx = 122
x − 12 x dx = 12 ⎢⎜ − ⎟
3 5
⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 4 6 ⎠ ⎥
0⎦

⎡⎛ 1 4 1 6 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 3− 2 ⎞
= 12 ⎢⎜ − ⎟ − 0 ⎥ = 12 ⎜ ⎟ =1
⎣⎝ 4 6 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 12 ⎠
So f is a probability density function.

⎡⎛ x 5 x 7 ⎞ 1 ⎤
(b) E ( x ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ∫ (12 x − 12 x ) dx = 12 ⎢⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
b 1
4 6
a 0
⎢⎣⎝ 5 7 ⎠ 0⎥
⎦
⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎤
5 7
⎛ 7 − 5 ⎞ 24
= 12 ⎢⎜ − ⎟ − 0 ⎥ = 12 ⎜ ⎟= = 0.6857
⎣⎝ 5 7 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 35 ⎠ 35
24
The expected value is .
35

19. 1 1 ⎡
∫ (1340 − 850 e ) dt = 10 ⎢⎣(1340t + 850 e ) ⎥⎦
AS =
10
t − t ⎤ −
10

10 − 0 0 0

1
= ⎡⎣(13, 400 + 850 e ) − ( 0 + 850 e ) ⎤⎦ − 10 0

10
1
10
(13,400 + 850 e − 10 − 850 ) = 1255.0
=
On the average, 1255 units are sold each year.

21. 1 150 1 150 1

150

∫ ⋅ 50 ∫ e − 0.01x dx = −
− 0.01 x
AP = 50 e dx = e − 0.01x
150 − 100 100 50 100 0.01 100

= − 100 ( e − 1.5
−e −1
) = 14.47
The average price of the sandals is $14.47.

23. 1
1 1
1
1 1
(a) P ( X ≤ 1) = ⌠
⎮ dx = x = ⎡⎣1 − ( − 2 ) ⎤⎦ =
⌡ − 2 12 12 −2 12 4

10 10
1 1 1 5
(b) P ( X ≥ 5 ) = ⌠
⎮ dx = x = [10 − 5] =
⌡5 12 12 5 12 12
 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW 455

(c) The expected value of X is

10 10
1 1 x2 1 ⎡ 2 96
E ( x) = ⌠ 10 − ( − 2 ) ⎤ =
2
⎮ x dx = ⋅ = =4
⌡− 2 12 12 2 −2
24 ⎣ ⎦ 24

25. (a) We show the two conditions are satisfied.

Condition 1: f (x) ≥ 0
3
635,840
( x 2 − 28 x + 196 ) ≥ 0 when x 2 − 28 x + 196 ≥ 0

x 2 − 28 x + 196 = ( x − 14 ) is always nonnegative. So condition 1 is satisfied.

2

100
Condition 2: ∫20 f ( x ) dx = 1
100
⌠ 3 3
( x 2 − 28 x + 196 ) dx = ∫ (x − 28 x + 196 ) dx
100
2
⎮
⌡ 20 635,840 635,840 20

3 ⎡x3 100
⎤
= ⎢ − 14 x 2 + 196 x ⎥
635,840 ⎢ 3 ⎥⎦
⎣ 20

3 ⎡⎛ 100 3 ⎞ ⎛ 20 3 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜
635,840 ⎣⎝ 3
− 14 (100 2
) + 196 (100 ) ⎟−⎜ − 14 ( 20 2 ) + 196 ( 20 ) ⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
=1
Both conditions are satisfied, making f a probability density function.

40
3 3
(b) P ( X ≤ 40 ) = ⌠ ( x 2 − 28 x + 196 ) dx = ( x 2 − 28 x + 196 ) dx
40
⎮
⌡ 20 635,840 635,840 ∫ 20

3 ⎡x3 40
⎤
= ⎢ − 14 x 2 + 196 x ⎥
635,840 ⎢ 3 20 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 ⎡⎛ 40 3
⎞ ⎛ 20 3 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ − 14 ( 40 ) + 196 ( 40 ) ⎟ − ⎜
2
− 14 ( 20 2 ) + 196 ( 20 ) ⎟ ⎥
635,840 ⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
3 217
== [373.33333 − 986.66667] = = 0.0273
635,840 7948
The probability a man dies at or before age 40 is 0.032.
60
3 3
(c) P ( X ≤ 60 ) = ⌠ ( x 2 − 28 x + 196 ) dx = ( x 2 − 28 x + 196 ) dx
60
⎮
⌡ 20 635,840 635,840 ∫20

3 ⎡x3 60
⎤
= ⎢ − 14 x + 196 x ⎥
2

635,840 ⎢ 3 20 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 ⎡⎛ 60 3
⎞ ⎛ 20 3 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜
635,840 ⎣⎝ 3
− 14 ( 60 2
) + 196 ( ) ⎟ − ⎜ − 14 ( 20 2 ) + 196 ( 20 ) ⎟ ⎥
60
⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
456 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW

3 607
[33,360 − 986.66667] =
= = 0.15274
635,840 3974
The probability a man dies at or before age 60 is 0.153.

(d) The expected age of death is

100
3
x f ( x ) dx = ⌠ ( x 3 − 28 x 2 + 196 x ) dx
100
E ( x) = ∫ ⎮
20
⌡ 20 635,840
3
( x 3 − 28x 2 + 196 x ) dx
100
=
635,840 ∫20

3 ⎡ x 4 28 x 3 ⎤ 100

= ⎢ − + 98 x 2 ⎥
635,840 ⎢ 4 3 ⎥
⎣ 20 ⎦

3 ⎡⎛ 100 4 28 (100 3 ) ⎞ ⎛ 20 4 28 ( 20 3 ) ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ − + 98 (100 ) ⎟ − ⎜
2
− + 98 ( 20 2 ) ⎟ ⎥
635,840 ⎢⎜ 4 3 ⎟ ⎜ 4 3 ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
= 78.52 years.

27. (a) We show the two conditions are satisfied.

Condition 1: f (x) ≥ 0
1
f ( x ) = x ≥ 0 whenever x ≥ 0
2
So f is nonnegative on the interval [0, 2].

2
Condition 2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
0

2 ⎡ 2 2⎤ 1
⌠ 1 x dx = 1 ⎢ x ⎥ = [ 2 − 0] = 1
⎮
⌡0 2 2⎢ 2 0⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦
Both conditions are satisfied, making f a probability density function.

(b) The probability X is less than one is

1 ⎡ x 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1
1 1
⌠ 1
P ( X < 1) = ⎮ x dx = ⎢ ⎥= − 0 = = 0.25
⌡0 2 2 ⎢ 2 0 ⎥ 2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 4
⎣ ⎦

(c) The probability X is between 1 and 1.5 is

1 ⎡x2 ⎤ 1
1.5 1.5
⌠ 1 1.25 5
P (1 < X < 1.5 ) = ⎮ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = [ 2.25 − 1] = = = 0.3125
⌡1 2 2⎢ 2 1 ⎥ 4 4 16
⎣ ⎦

(d) The probability X is greater than 1.5 is

1 ⎡x2 ⎤ 1
2 2
⌠ 1 1.75 7
P ( X > 1.5 ) = ⎮ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = [ 4 − 2.25] = = = 0.4375
⌡1.5 2 2 ⎢ 2 1.5 ⎥ 4 4 16
⎣ ⎦
 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW 457

(e) The expected value of X is

1 ⎡x3 ⎤ 1
2 2
1 2 8 4
x f ( x ) dx = ⌠ ⎥ = [8 − 0 ] = =
2
E ( x) = ∫ ⎮ x dx = ⎢
0 ⌡0 2 2⎢ 3 0⎥
6 6 3
⎣ ⎦

29. The probability density function f is

⎧1
⎪ if 0 ≤ x ≤ 15
f ( x ) = ⎨15
⎪⎩ 0 if x < 0 or x > 15

(a) The probability the tourist waits fewer than 3 minutes to hear the chimes is
3
1 1 3 1 1
P ( X < 3) = ⌠
⎮ dx = x 0 = [3 − 0] = = 0.20
⌡0 15 15 15 5

(b) The probability the tourist must wait more than 10 minutes to hear the clock is
15
1 1 15 1 5 1
P ( X > 10 ) = ⌠
⎮ dx = x 10 = [15 − 10] = =
⌡10 15 15 15 15 3

(c) The expected time a person will wait to hear the chimes is
15
15
⌠
15
1 1 x2 1 ⎡15 2 ⎤ 15
E(X ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = ⎮ x dx = ⋅ = ⎢ − 0 ⎥ = = 7.5
0 ⌡ 0 15 15 2 0
15 ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
minutes.

31. Let the random variable X denote the time one waits for a call. The probability density
function is
⎧2.5 e − 2.5 x if x ≥ 0
f ( x) = ⎨
⎩ 0 if x < 0
The probability the switchboard is idle for more than one minute is
P ( X ≥ 1) = 1 − P ( X < 1) = 1 − ∫ 2.5 e − 2.5 x dx = 1 + ⎡⎢ e − 2.5 x ⎤⎥
1 1

0 ⎣ 0⎦

= 1 + ⎡⎣e −2.5 − e 0 ⎤⎦ = e −2.5 ≈ 0.0821

33. Let the random variable X denote the life of the light bulb. If the bulb has an average
1
life of 1750 hours, then λ = , and the probability density function is
1750
⎧ 1 − x /1750
⎪ e if x ≥ 0
f ( x ) = ⎨1750
⎪⎩ 0 if x < 0
458 CHAPTER 7 REVIEW

(a) The probability the light bulb lasts between 1500 and 2000 hours is
2000
1 − x /1750
P (1500 ≤ X ≤ 2000 ) = ⌠
2000
⎮ e dx = − e − x /1750
⌡1500 1750 1500
− 2000 /1750 − 1500 /1750
=−e +e = 0.1055

(b) The probability the light bulb burns for more than 2000 hours is
2000
1 − x /1750
P ( X > 2000 ) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 2000 ) = 1 − ⌠ ⎮ e dx
⌡0 1750
= 1 − ⎡ − e − x /1750 ⎤ = 1 + e − 2000 /1750 − e 0
2000

⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥
= e − 2000 /1750 ≈ 0.3189

35. The probability the toll collector waits more than 1 minute for the first car is
⎡ 1 2 − 2t / 3 ⎤
P ( X > 1) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 1) = 1 − ⎢⌠ dt ⎥ = 1 − ⎡⎢ − e − 2 t / 3 ⎤⎥
1
⎮ e
⎣⌡0 3 ⎦ ⎣ 0⎦

= 1 + e − 2 / 3 − 1 = 0.5134
 CHAPTER 7 PROJECT 459

CHAPTER 7 PROJECT

1. Relative
Interval Width Tally Frequency Probability
Frequency
1 0−5 |||| |||| |||| |||| | 21 0.23596 0.26288
2 5 − 10 |||| |||| |||| ||| 18 0.20225 0.19377
3 10 − 15 |||| |||| || 12 0.13483 0.14283
4 15 − 20 |||| |||| 10 0.11236 0.10529
5 20 − 25 |||| |||| || 12 0.13483 0.07761
6 25 − 30 || 2 0.02247 0.05721
7 30 − 35 || 2 0.02247 0.04217
8 35 − 40 ||| 3 0.03371 0.03108
9 40 − 45 || 2 0.02247 0.02291
10 45 − 50 |||| 4 0.04494 0.01689
11 50 − 55 | 1 0.01124 0.01245
12 55 − 60 0 0 0.00918
13 60 − 65 | 1 0.01124 0.00676
14 65 − 70 0 0 0.00499
15 70 − 75 0 0 0.00368
16 75 − 80 0 0 0.00271
17 80 − 85 0 0 0.00200
18 85 − 90 | 1 0.01124 0.00147

3. Answers will vary.

5.
460 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS

7. See column 6 of the table in Problem 1.

9.

Comments will vary.

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS FROM PROFESSIONAL EXAMS

1. (d)
x ln x dx = lim+ ⎡ ∫ x ln x dx ⎤
1 1
∫0 t→0 ⎣ ⎢ t ⎦⎥
We evaluate the integral by using integration by parts. We choose
u = ln x dv = x dx
1 x2
du = dx v=
x 2
lim+ ⎡ ∫ x ln x dx ⎤ = lim+ ⎡uv t − ∫ v du ⎤
1 1 1

t→0 ⎢ ⎣ t ⎥⎦ t → 0 ⎢⎣ t ⎥⎦
⎡ x 2 ln x 1 1
x ⎤
= lim+ ⎢ −⌠ ⎮ dx ⎥
t→0
⎢⎣ 2 ⌡t 2 ⎥
t ⎦
⎡⎛ x 2 ln x ⎞ ⎛ x 2 1 ⎞ ⎤
1

= lim+ ⎢⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎥
t → 0 ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎣⎝ t⎠ ⎝ t ⎠⎥⎦
⎡⎛ 1 ⋅ ln 1 t ⋅ ln t ⎞ ⎛ 1 t 2 ⎞ ⎤
= lim+ ⎢⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟⎥
t→0
⎣⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦
⎡ t ⋅ ln t 1 t 2 ⎤
= lim+ ⎢ − − + ⎥
t→0
⎣ 2 4 4⎦
⎛ t ⋅ ln t ⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛t2 ⎞
= − lim+ ⎜ ⎟ − lim ⎜ ⎟ + lim ⎜ ⎟
t→0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ t → 0+ ⎝ 4 ⎠ t → 0+ ⎝ 4 ⎠
 MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS 461

⎛ t ⋅ ln t ⎞ 1
= − lim+ ⎜ ⎟−
t→0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
To determine lim+ ( t ln t ) we use a table.
t→0

t 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

t ln t 0 − 0.2303 − 0.0461 − 0.0069 − 0.0009 − 0.0001
1 1
We conclude lim+ ( t ln t ) = 0 , and ∫ x ln x dx = −
t→0 0 4

3. (b)
⌠
∞ ⎡⌠ b ⎤
x +1 ⎢⎮ x +1 ⎥
⎮ dx = lim dx
⌡0 ( x + 2 x + 2 ) ⎢⌡ ( x 2 + 2 x + 2 ) 2 ⎥
2 2 b →∞
⎣ 0 ⎦
We use the method of substitution to evaluate the integral.
1
Let u = x 2 + 2 x + 2 . Then du = 2 ( x + 1) dx , and du = ( x + 1) dx .
2
When x = 0, u = 2, and when x = b, u = b + 2b + 2 .
2

⎡⌠ b ⎤
⎢ x +1 ⎥ ⎡ 1 b 2 + 2b + 2 − 2 ⎤
lim ⎮ dx = lim ⎢ ∫ u du ⎥
b →∞ ⎢
( ) ⎥ b →∞ ⎣ 2 2
2
⌡ x 2
+ 2 x + 2 ⎦
⎣ 0 ⎦
1
= lim ⎡⎢ − u − 1
b 2 + 2b + 2 ⎤

2 b →∞ ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1 1⎤ 1
= lim ⎢ − 2 + ⎥=
2 b → ∞ ⎣ b + 2b + 2 2 ⎦ 4

5. (d)
We are only concerned with the time after 8:30.
1
The probability X arrives after 8:30 is .
2
The probability Y arrives after 8:30 is 1.
1
As long as X arrives after 8:30, Y arrives first the time. So the probability Y arrives
2
1 1 1
first if ⋅ = .
2 2 4
 Chapter 8
Calculus of Functions of
Two or More Variables
8.1 Rectangular Coordinates in Space

1. 3.

5.

7. Since one vertex is the origin and the edges of the box are parallel to the axes, three of
the remaining vertices are also on an axis.
(2, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 3)
Because the figure is a rectangular box, the remaining three corners will have one
coordinate that is 0.
(2, 1, 0), (2, 0, 3), (0, 1, 3)

9. Draw a rectangular box (prism) and label the two given vertices. The other 6 vertices are
determined by changing the value of one coordinate to that of the other given vertex.
 SECTION 8.1 463

Vertex 2: change x = 1 in vertex 1 to x = 3 giving (3, 2, 3).

Vertex 3: change y = 2 in vertex 2 to y = 4 giving (3, 4, 3).
Vertex 4: change x = 3 in vertex 3 to x = 1 giving (1, 4, 3).
Vertex 5: change z = 3 in vertex 4 to z = 5 giving (1, 4, 5).
Vertex 6: change y = 4 in vertex 5 to y = 2 giving (1, 2, 5).
Vertex 7: change x = 1 in vertex 6 to x = 3 giving (3, 2, 5).
Changing y = 2 in vertex 7 to y = 4 will give you (3, 4, 5) which is vertex 8.

11. Draw a rectangular box (prism) and label the two given vertices. The other 6 vertices are
determined by changing the value of one coordinate to that of the other given vertex.

Vertex 2: change x = – 1 in vertex 1 to x = 4 giving (4, 0, 2).

Vertex 3: change y = 0 in vertex 2 to y = 2 giving (4, 2, 2).
Vertex 4: change x = 4 in vertex 3 to x = – 1 giving (– 1, 2, 2).
Vertex 5: change z = 2 in vertex 4 to z = 5 giving (– 1, 2, 5).
Vertex 6: change y = 2 in vertex 5 to y = 0 giving (– 1, 0, 5).
Vertex 7: change x = – 1 in vertex 6 to x = 4 giving (4, 0, 5).
Changing y = 0 in vertex 7 to y = 2 will give you (4, 2, 5) which vertex 8.

13. y = 3 describes a plane parallel to the xz-plane and passing through the point (0, 3, 0).

15. x = 0 describes the yz-plane.

17. z = 5 describes a plane parallel to the xy-plane and passing through the point (0, 0, 5).

19. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (1, 3, 0) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (4, 1, 2).
464 SECTION 8.1

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2

( 4 − 1) + (1 − 3) + ( 2 − 0)
2 2 2
d=
d = 9 + 4 + 4 = 17

21. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (–1, 2, – 3) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (4,– 2, 1).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2

( 4 − ( − 1) ) + ( − 2 − 2 ) + (1 − ( − 3) )
2 2 2
d=
d = 25 + 16 + 16 = 57

23. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (4, – 2, – 2) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (3, 2, 1).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2

( 3 − 4 ) + ( 2 − ( −2 ) ) + (1 − ( − 2 ) )
2 2 2
d=
d = 1 + 16 + 9 = 26

25. The equation of the sphere whose center is (3, 1, 1) and whose radius is 1 is
( x − 3) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 1) = 1
2 2 2

27. The equation of the sphere whose center is (– 1, 1, 2) and whose radius is 3 is
( x + 1) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 2 ) = 9
2 2 2

29. Complete the squares.

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 2 y = 2
(x 2
+ 2x) + ( y 2 − 2 y ) + ( z 2 ) = 2
(x 2
+ 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 ) = 2 + 1 + 1
( x + 1)
+ ( y − 1) + z 2 = 4
2 2

The center of the sphere is (– 1, 1, 0) and the radius is 2.

31. Complete the squares.

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x + 4 y + 2z = 0
(x 2
+ 4x) + ( y 2 + 4 y ) + ( z 2 + 2z ) = 0
(x 2
+ 4 x + 4 ) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4 ) + ( z 2 + 2 z + 1) = 0 + 4 + 4 + 1
( x + 2)
+ ( y + 2 ) + ( z + 1) = 9
2 2 2

The center of the sphere is (– 2, – 2, – 1), and the radius is 3.

 SECTION 8.2 465

33. Complete the squares.

2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 8x + 4 z = − 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 2z = − 1
(x 2
− 4x) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 2 + 2z ) = − 1
(x 2
− 4 x + 4 ) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 2 + 2 z + 1) = − 1 + 4 + 1
( x − 2)
+ y 2 + ( z + 1) = 4
2 2

The center of the sphere is (2, 0, – 1), and the radius is 2.

35. To determine the equation of the sphere, we first need to find the center and the radius of
the sphere.
The center is the midpoint of the diameter.
x1 + x 2 − 2 + 2 y1 + y 2 0 + 6
xm = = =0 ym = = =3
2 2 2 2
z1 + z 2 4 + 8
zm = = =6
2 2
The center of the sphere is (0, 3, 6).

The radius is the distance from the midpoint to one of endpoints. We use (2, 6, 8).
( 2 − 0) + ( 6 − 3) + ( 8 − 6 ) = 4 + 9 + 4 = 17
2 2 2
r=

The equation of the sphere is

x 2 + ( y − 3) + ( z − 6 ) = 17
2 2

8.2 Functions and Their Graphs

1. f ( 2, 1) = 2 2 + 1 = 5 3. f ( 2, 1) = 2 ⋅1 = 2

5. 1 1 7. 2 2 −1
f ( 2, 1) = = f ( 2, 1) = =3
2 ⋅ 2 +1 5 2 −1

9. f ( 2, 1) = 4 − 2 2 ⋅ 12 = 4 − 4 = 0

11. f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y + xy
(a) f (1, 0 ) = 3 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 0 + 1 ⋅ 0 = 3 (b) f ( 0, 1) = 3 ⋅ 0 + 2 ⋅ 1 + 0 ⋅ 1 = 2

(c) f ( 2, 1) = 3 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 1 = 10
 SECTION 8.2 465

33. Complete the squares.

2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 8x + 4 z = − 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 2z = − 1
(x 2
− 4x) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 2 + 2z ) = − 1
(x 2
− 4 x + 4 ) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 2 + 2 z + 1) = − 1 + 4 + 1
( x − 2)
+ y 2 + ( z + 1) = 4
2 2

The center of the sphere is (2, 0, – 1), and the radius is 2.

35. To determine the equation of the sphere, we first need to find the center and the radius of
the sphere.
The center is the midpoint of the diameter.
x1 + x 2 − 2 + 2 y1 + y 2 0 + 6
xm = = =0 ym = = =3
2 2 2 2
z1 + z 2 4 + 8
zm = = =6
2 2
The center of the sphere is (0, 3, 6).

The radius is the distance from the midpoint to one of endpoints. We use (2, 6, 8).
( 2 − 0) + ( 6 − 3) + ( 8 − 6 ) = 4 + 9 + 4 = 17
2 2 2
r=

The equation of the sphere is

x 2 + ( y − 3) + ( z − 6 ) = 17
2 2

8.2 Functions and Their Graphs

1. f ( 2, 1) = 2 2 + 1 = 5 3. f ( 2, 1) = 2 ⋅1 = 2

5. 1 1 7. 2 2 −1
f ( 2, 1) = = f ( 2, 1) = =3
2 ⋅ 2 +1 5 2 −1

9. f ( 2, 1) = 4 − 2 2 ⋅ 12 = 4 − 4 = 0

11. f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y + xy
(a) f (1, 0 ) = 3 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 0 + 1 ⋅ 0 = 3 (b) f ( 0, 1) = 3 ⋅ 0 + 2 ⋅ 1 + 0 ⋅ 1 = 2

(c) f ( 2, 1) = 3 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 1 = 10
466 SECTION 8.2

(d) f ( x + ∆x , y ) = 3 ( x + ∆ x ) + 2 y + ( x + ∆ x ) y
= 3x + 3∆x + 2 y + xy + ∆xy

(e) f ( x, y + ∆ y ) = 3 x + 2 ( y + ∆ y ) + x ( y + ∆ y )
= 3x + 2 y + 2∆ y + xy + x ∆ y

13. f ( x, y ) = xy + x
(a) f ( 0, 0 ) = 0 ⋅ 0 + 0 = 0 (b) f ( 0, 1) = 0 ⋅ 1 + 0 = 0
(c) f ( a 2 , t 2 ) = a 2 ⋅ t 2 + a 2 = a 2 ⋅ t 2 + a 2 = at + a 2
(d) f ( x + ∆x, y ) = ( x + ∆x ) y + x + ∆ x
(e) f ( x, y + ∆y ) = x ( y + ∆y ) + x

15. f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 y + y 2 z
(a) f (1, 2, 3) = 1 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 2 ⋅ 3 = 2 + 12 = 14
(b) f ( 0, 1, 2 ) = 0 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 2 ⋅ 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
(c) f ( − 1, − 2, − 3) = ( − 1) ⋅ ( − 2 ) + ( − 2 ) ⋅ ( − 3) = − 2 − 12 = − 14
2 2

17. z = f ( x, y ) = x y
Since the radicand must be nonnegative, we
have x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. The domain is the set
{(x, y) | x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0}. That is, the domain is
the first quadrant and the positive x- and y- axes.
 SECTION 8.2 467

19. z = f ( x, y ) = 9− x2 − y2
Since the radicand must be nonnegative,
9− x2 − y2 ≥ 0
x2 + y2 ≤9
This inequality describes the domain of f. That
is, the domain of f is the points (x, y) that are
either on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 or inside the
circle.

21. ln x
z = f ( x, y ) =
ln y
The logarithmic function is defined only for
positive numbers, so x and y must be positive.
However, ln 1 = 0, so we must eliminate y = 1
from the domain. The domain of f is the set
{(x, y) | x > 0 and y > 0, but y ≠ 1}.

23. 3
z = f ( x, y ) =
x + y2 −4
2

This is a rational function, so its domain is all

real numbers except those which make the
denominator zero. That is, x 2 + y 2 − 4 ≠ 0 .
x2 + y2 ≠ 4
The domain of f is the set of all real numbers
excluding the boundary of the circle
x2 + y2 = 4.
468 SECTION 8.2

25. z = f ( x, y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 )
Logarithm functions are defined only for
positive numbers. x 2 + y 2 > 0 provided both x
and y are not both equal to zero. The domain of
f is the set {(x, y) | (x, y) ≠ (0, 0)}.

27. w = f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 16
Since the radicand must be nonnegative, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 16 ≥ 0 . That is,
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 16 . This describes the surface of a sphere of radius 4 and all the space
outside it. The domain of f is the set {( x, y, z ) x 2
}
+ y 2 + z 2 ≥ 16 .

29. 4
w = f ( x, y , z ) =
x + y2 + z2
2

f is a rational function, so the domain is all real numbers except those that make the
denominator zero. That is, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≠ 0 . The domain of f is the
set {(x, y, z) | (x, y, z) ≠ (0, 0, 0)}.

31. z = f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 4 y
(a) f ( x + ∆x, y ) = 3 ( x + ∆x ) + 4 y
(b) f ( x + ∆x, y ) − f ( x, y ) = ⎡⎣3 ( x + ∆x ) + 4 y ⎤⎦ − [3x + 4 y ]
= 3x + 3∆x + 4 y − 3x − 4 y = 3 ∆x
f ( x + ∆x, y ) − f ( x, y ) 3 ∆x
(c) =
∆x ∆x
f ( x + ∆x, y ) − f ( x, y ) 3 ∆x
(d) lim = lim = lim 3 = 3
∆ x →0 ∆x ∆ x → 0 ∆x ∆ x →0

33. Let r denote the radius of the tank, and

h denote the height of the tank.
The area A1 of the top (or bottom) of the tank is given by
A1 = π r 2
The area A2 of the side of the tank is given by
A2 = 2π r ⋅ h = 2π rh
 SECTION 8.2 469

The cost function C is then

C = 2 ⎡⎣300 A1 ⎤⎦ + 500 A2
C ( r , h ) = 600 π r 2 + 1000 π rh dollars.

35. ⎛N⎞
A( N , I ) = 9⎜ ⎟
⎝ I ⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ 27 ⎛6⎞
(a) A ( 3, 4 ) = 9 ⎜ ⎟ = = 6.75 (b) A ( 6, 3) = 9 ⎜ ⎟ = 18.0
⎝4⎠ 4 ⎝3⎠
⎛2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 3
(c) A ( 2, 9 ) = 9 ⎜ ⎟ = 2.0 (d) A ( 3, 18 ) = 9 ⎜ ⎟ = = 1.5
⎝9⎠ ⎝ 18 ⎠ 2

37. Here x = 650 – 500 = 150, and y = 1600 – 1500 = 100. So,
B (150, 100 ) = 79.99 + 0.4 (150 ) + 0.02 (100 ) = 79.99 + 60 + 2 = $141.99

39. H = − 42.379 + 2.04901523 t + 10.14333127 r − 0.22475541tr − 0.00683783 t 2

− 0.05481717 r 2 + 0.00122874 t 2 r + 0.00085282 tr 2 − 0.00000199 t 2 r 2

(a) When t = 95° and r = 50, then H(t, r) = 105.216° F.

(b) When t = 97° F, the function H = H(r).

H = ⎡⎣ − 42.379 + 2.04901523 t − 0.00683783 t 2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣10.14333127 − 0.22475541t + 0.00122874 t 2 ⎤⎦ r

+ ⎡⎣ − 0.05481717 + 0.00085282 t − 0.00000199 t 2 ⎤⎦ r 2
= 0.00918246 r 2 − 0.09672884r + 92.03833484

We want to find r that will make H = 105. That is, we want to solve
0.00918246 r 2 − 0.09672884r + 92.03833484 = 105
0.00918246 r 2 − 0.09672884r + 92.03833484 − 105 = 0
0.00918246 r 2 − 0.09672884r − 12.96166516 = 0
This is a quadratic function in one variable r and can be solved using the quadratic formula or a
graphing utility. We used a TI-83 Plus by graphing
Y1 = 0.00918246 x 2 − 0.09672884 x − 12.96166516
and using 2nd CALC 2: zero.
470 SECTION 8.3

43% relative humidity results in a heat index of 105° F

(c) If t = 102°, then

H = 0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r + 95.47977014
We want to find r that will make H = 130. That is, we want to solve
0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r + 95.47977014 = 130
0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r + 95.47977014 − 130 = 0
0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r − 34.52022986 = 0
Again using a TI-83. Plus, we graph
Y1 = 0.01146651 x 2 + 0.00209041x − 34.52022986

55% relative humidity will result in a heat index of 130° F.

8.3 Partial Derivatives

1. f x ( x, y ) = 3 f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + 9 y 2

f x ( 2, − 1) = 3 f y ( − 2, 3) = − 2 + 9 ⋅ 3 2 = 79

3. f x ( x, y ) = 2 ( x − y ) f y ( x, y ) = 2 ( x − y )( − 1) = − 2 ( x − y )

f x ( 2, −1) = 2 ( 2 − ( − 1) ) = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 f y ( − 2, 3) = − 2 ⎡⎣( − 2 ) − 3⎤⎦ = 10

5. 1 2 1 2
( x + y2) ( x + y2)
− 1/ 2 − 1/ 2
f x ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2x f y ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2y
2 2
x y
= =
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
470 SECTION 8.3

43% relative humidity results in a heat index of 105° F

(c) If t = 102°, then

H = 0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r + 95.47977014
We want to find r that will make H = 130. That is, we want to solve
0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r + 95.47977014 = 130
0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r + 95.47977014 − 130 = 0
0.01146651 r 2 + 0.00209041r − 34.52022986 = 0
Again using a TI-83. Plus, we graph
Y1 = 0.01146651 x 2 + 0.00209041x − 34.52022986

55% relative humidity will result in a heat index of 130° F.

8.3 Partial Derivatives

1. f x ( x, y ) = 3 f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + 9 y 2

f x ( 2, − 1) = 3 f y ( − 2, 3) = − 2 + 9 ⋅ 3 2 = 79

3. f x ( x, y ) = 2 ( x − y ) f y ( x, y ) = 2 ( x − y )( − 1) = − 2 ( x − y )

f x ( 2, −1) = 2 ( 2 − ( − 1) ) = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 f y ( − 2, 3) = − 2 ⎡⎣( − 2 ) − 3⎤⎦ = 10

5. 1 2 1 2
( x + y2) ( x + y2)
− 1/ 2 − 1/ 2
f x ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2x f y ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2y
2 2
x y
= =
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
 SECTION 8.3 471

2 2 2 5 3 3 3 13
f x ( 2, −1) = = = f y ( − 2, 3) = = =
2 2 + ( − 1)
2
5 5 ( − 2)
2
+ 32 13 13

7. f x ( x, y ) = − 2 y − 24 x f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 − 2 x + 2 y
f xx ( x, y ) = − 24 f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y + 2
f xy ( x, y ) = −2 f yx ( x, y ) = −2

9. f x ( x, y ) = e y + ye x + 1 f y ( x, y ) = xe y + e x
f xx ( x, y ) = ye x f yy ( x, y ) = xe y
f xy ( x, y ) = e y + e x f yx ( x, y ) = e y + e x

11. x
f ( x, y ) = = x ⋅ y −1
y
1 x
f x ( x, y ) = f y ( x, y ) = − x ⋅ y − 2 = −
y y2
2x
f xx ( x, y ) = 0 f yy ( x, y ) = − x ⋅ ( − 2 ) y − 3 =
y3
1 1
f xy ( x, y ) = − y − 2 = − f yx ( x, y ) = − 1 ⋅ y − 2 = −
y2 y2

13. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 )
1 2x 1 2y
f x ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2x = 2 f y ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2y = 2
x +y
2 2
x + y2 x +y 22
x + y2

2( x 2 + y 2 ) − 2x ( 2x) 2x 2 + 2 y 2 − 4x 2 2 y 2 − 2x 2
f xx ( x, y ) = = =
(x + y2) (x + y2) (x + y2)
2 2 2 2 2 2

2( x 2 + y 2 ) − 2 y (2 y ) 2x 2 + 2 y 2 − 4 y 2 2x 2 − 2 y 2
f yy ( x, y ) = = =
(x + y2) (x + y2) (x + y2)
2 2 2 2 2 2

− 2x ( 2 y ) − 4 xy
f xy ( x, y ) = =
(x ) (x + y2)
2 2
2
+y 2 2

− 2 y (2x) − 4 xy
f yx ( x, y ) = =
(x + y2) (x + y2)
2 2 2 2
472 SECTION 8.3

15. 10 − x + 2 y
f ( x, y ) =
xy
( − 1) ⋅ xy − (10 − x + 2 y ) ⋅ y − xy − 10 y + xy − 2 y 2 −10 y − 2 y 2
f x ( x, y ) = = =
( xy )
2
x2y2 x2y 2
−10 − 2 y
=
x2y
2 ⋅ xy − (10 − x + 2 y ) ⋅ x 2 xy − 10 x + x 2 − 2 xy −10 x + x 2 − 10 + x
f y ( x, y ) = = = =
( xy )
2
x2y2 x 2 y2 xy 2

2
0 ⋅ x 2 y − ( − 10 − 2 y )( 2 xy ) 20 xy + 4 xy 20 + 4 y
f xx ( x, y ) = = =
( x y)
2
2 x 43
y 2
x3y

− ( − 10 + x )( 2 xy ) ( 20 − 2 x ) xy 20 − 2x
f yy ( x, y ) = = =
( xy )
2
2 x y 2 4 3
xy 3

− 2 ( x 2 y ) − ( − 10 − 2 y ) ⋅ x 2 − 2 x 2 y + 10 x 2 + 2 x 2 y 10 x 2 10
f xy ( x, y ) = == = 4 2 = 2 2
( x y)
2 4 2
2 x y x y x y

1 ⋅ ( xy 2 ) − ( − 10 + x ) ⋅ y 2 xy 2 + 10 y 2 − xy 2 10 x 2 10
f yx ( x, y ) = == = = 2 2
( x y)
2
2 x4y2 4 2
x y 2
x y

17. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 2
f y ( x, y ) = 2y
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2
f xy ( x, y ) = 0 f yx ( x, y ) = 0

19. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 4 y 2 + 7 x 2 y
f y ( x, y ) = 6 x 4 y + 7 x 2
f x ( x, y ) = 12 x 3 y 2 + 14 xy
f xy ( x, y ) = 24 x 3 y + 14 x f yx ( x, y ) = 24 x 3 y + 14 x

21. y
f ( x, y ) = 2
= y ⋅ x−2
x
− 2y 1
f x ( x, y ) = − 2 yx − 3 = f y ( x, y ) = x − 2 =
x3 x2
−2 −2
f xy ( x, y ) = − 2 x − 3 = 3 f yx ( x, y ) = − 2 x − 3 =
x x3
 SECTION 8.3 473

23. f x ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy − 3 yz
f y ( x, y, z ) = x 2 − 3xz
f z ( x, y, z ) = − 3xy + 3 z 2

25. f x ( x, y , z ) = e y
f y ( x, y , z ) = x e y + e z
f z ( x, y , z ) = y e z

27. 1 y
f x ( x, y, z ) = ln ( y z ) + y ⋅ = ln ( y z ) +
x x
1 x
f y ( x, y, z ) = x ⋅ + ln ( x z ) = + ln ( x z )
y y
1 1 x y x+ y
f z ( x, y , z ) = x ⋅ + y ⋅ = + =
z z z z z

29. 2x
f x ( x, y , z ) =
x + y2 + z2
2

2y
f y ( x, y , z ) = 2
x + y2 + z2
2z
f z ( x, y , z ) = 2
x + y2 + z2

31. z = f ( x, y ) = 5 x 2 + 3 y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 10x
f x ( 2, 3) = 10 ⋅ 2 = 20
The slope of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z and the
plane y = 3 is 20.

33. z = f ( x, y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 = (16 − x 2 − y 2 )
1/ 2

1 − y − y
f y ( x, y ) = (16 − x 2 − y 2 )
− 1/ 2
⋅ (− 2 y) = =
(16 − x 2 − y 2 )
− 1/ 2
2 16 − x 2 − y 2
−2 −22 11
f y (1, 2 ) = = =−
16 − 1 2 − 2 2 11 11
The slope of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z and the
2 11
plane x = 1 is − .
11
474 SECTION 8.3

35. z = f ( x, y ) = e x ln y
1 ex
f y ( x, y ) = e ⋅ =x
y y
e0
f y ( 0, 1) = =1
1
The slope of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z and the
plane x = 0 is 1.

37. z = f ( x, y ) = 2 ln x 2 + y 2 = 2 ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 )
1/ 2

2y
f y ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2
2 ⋅1 2
f y (1, 1) = 2 = =1
1 +1 2
2
The slope of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z and the
plane x = 1 is 1.

39. z = x 2 + 4y 2
∂z ∂z
= 2x = 8y
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
x +y = x ⋅ 2x + y ⋅ 8 y = 2x 2 + 8 y 2 = 2 ( x 2 + 4 y 2 ) = 2z
∂x ∂y

41. 1
x 2 + y 2 = ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) ln ( x 2 + y 2 )
1/ 2
z = ln =
2
∂z 1 2x x ∂z 1 2y y
= ⋅ 2 = 2 = ⋅ 2 = 2
∂x 2 x + y 2
x + y2 ∂y 2 x + y 2
x + y2
∂ 2 z 1 ⋅ ( x + y ) − x ⋅ 2x ∂ 2z 1 ⋅ (x + y ) − y ⋅ 2y
2 2 2 2
= =
∂x 2 (x2 + y 2 ) ∂y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )
2 2

y2 − x2 x2 − y2
= =
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 )
2 2

∂ 2z ∂ 2z y2 − x2 x2 − y2 y2 − x2 + x2 − y2
+ = + = =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 )
2

43. z = 1000 − 20 x − 50 y
∂z ∂z
(a) = − 20 = − 50
∂x ∂y

(b) Answers will vary.

 SECTION 8.4 475

45. ⎛N⎞
A = 9⎜ ⎟
⎝ I ⎠
∂A 9 ∂A ⎛N⎞
(a) = = − 9⎜ 2 ⎟
∂N I ∂I ⎝I ⎠
(b) If N = 78 and I = 217, then
∂A 9 ∂A ⎛ 78 ⎞
= = 0.0415 = − 9⎜ ⎟ = − 0.0149
∂N 217 ∂I ⎝ 217 2 ⎠

(c) Answers will vary.

47. ∂H
(a) = 2.049015323 – 0.22475541r – 0.01367566t + 0.00245748 tr + 0.00085282r 2
∂t
– 0.00000398tr 2

(b) Answers will vary.

∂H
(c) = 10.14333127 – 0.22475541t – 0.10963434r + 0.00122874t 2 + 0.00170564tr
∂r
– 0.00000398t 2r

(d) Answers will vary.

49. No, you should not believe it. Explanations will vary.

8.4 Local Maxima and Local Minima

1. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 − 4 x = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 2y = 0
4x(x 2 – 1) = 0 y=0
4x(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
4x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=–1
The critical points are (0, 0), (1, 0), and (– 1, 0).

3. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 4 y − 4 x 3 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y 3 = 0

x − (x3 ) = 0
3
y = x3
x (1 − x 8 ) = 0
x=0 or 1 – x8= 0
x=±1
3
The critical points are (x, x ) = (0, 0), (1, 1), and (– 1, – 1).
 SECTION 8.4 475

45. ⎛N⎞
A = 9⎜ ⎟
⎝ I ⎠
∂A 9 ∂A ⎛N⎞
(a) = = − 9⎜ 2 ⎟
∂N I ∂I ⎝I ⎠
(b) If N = 78 and I = 217, then
∂A 9 ∂A ⎛ 78 ⎞
= = 0.0415 = − 9⎜ ⎟ = − 0.0149
∂N 217 ∂I ⎝ 217 2 ⎠

(c) Answers will vary.

47. ∂H
(a) = 2.049015323 – 0.22475541r – 0.01367566t + 0.00245748 tr + 0.00085282r 2
∂t
– 0.00000398tr 2

(b) Answers will vary.

∂H
(c) = 10.14333127 – 0.22475541t – 0.10963434r + 0.00122874t 2 + 0.00170564tr
∂r
– 0.00000398t 2r

(d) Answers will vary.

49. No, you should not believe it. Explanations will vary.

8.4 Local Maxima and Local Minima

1. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 − 4 x = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 2y = 0
4x(x 2 – 1) = 0 y=0
4x(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
4x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=–1
The critical points are (0, 0), (1, 0), and (– 1, 0).

3. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 4 y − 4 x 3 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y 3 = 0

x − (x3 ) = 0
3
y = x3
x (1 − x 8 ) = 0
x=0 or 1 – x8= 0
x=±1
3
The critical points are (x, x ) = (0, 0), (1, 1), and (– 1, – 1).
476 SECTION 8.4

5. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 4 y 3 = 0
x=0 y=0
The critical point is (0, 0).

7. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 2 y = 0 f y ( x, y ) = − 2 x + 2 y = 0
Adding 6x – 2y = 0
and – 2x + 2y = 0
we get 4x = 0 or x = 0.
Substituting x = 0 into the first equation, we find – 2y = 0 or y = 0.
The critical point is (0, 0).

To determine the character of the critical point we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical point, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 6 f y y ( x, y ) = 2 f x y ( x, y ) = – 2
f x x ( 0, 0 ) = 6 f y y ( 0, 0 ) = 2 f x y ( 0, 0 ) = − 2

D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 6 ⋅ 2 − ( − 2 ) = 8 > 0
2 2

Since f xx(0, 0) > 0 and D > 0, f has a local minimum at ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (0, 0, 0).

9. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2x – 3 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 2y = 0
3
x= = 1.5 y=0
2
⎛3 ⎞
The critical point is ⎜ , 0 ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠

To determine the character of the critical point we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical point, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 2 f y y ( x, y ) = 2 f x y ( x, y ) = 0
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
fx x ⎜ , 0⎟ = 2 f y y ⎜ , 0⎟ = 2 fx y ⎜ , 0⎟ = 0
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 ⋅ 2 − 0 2 = 4 > 0
2
 SECTION 8.4 477

⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 39 ⎞
Since f x x ⎜ , 0 ⎟ > 0 and D > 0, f has a local minimum at ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = ⎜ , 0, ⎟.
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 4⎠

11. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2x + 4 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = – 2y + 8 = 0
x=–2 y=4
The critical point is (– 2, 4).

To determine the character of the critical point we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical point, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 2 f y y ( x, y ) = – 2 f x y ( x, y ) = 0
f x x ( − 2, 4 ) = 2 f y y ( − 2, 4 ) = − 2 f x y ( − 2, 4 ) = 0
D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 ⋅ ( − 2 ) − 0 2 = − 4
2

Since D < 0, ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (– 2, 4, 12) is a saddle point.

13. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2x – 4 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 8y + 8 = 0
x=2 y=–1
The critical point is (2, – 1).

To determine the character of the critical point we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical point, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 2 f y y ( x, y ) = 8 f x y ( x, y ) = 0
D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 · 8 – 0 2 = 16
2

Since f xx(2, – 1) > 0 and D > 0, ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (2, – 1, – 9) is a local minimum.

15. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2x + y – 6 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 2y + x = 0
x = – 2y
2(– 2y) + y – 6 = 0
– 3y = 6 or y = – 2 x = – 2(– 2) = 4
The critical point is (4, – 2).

To determine the character of the critical point we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical point, and
478 SECTION 8.4

calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 2 f y y ( x, y ) = 2 f x y ( x, y ) = 1
D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 2 · 2 – 1 2 = 3
2

Since f xx(4, – 2) > 0 and D > 0, ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (4, – 2, – 6) is a local minimum.

17. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2x + y = 0 f y ( x, y ) = – 2y + x = 0
y = – 2x – 2(– 2x) + x = 0
5x = 0
x = 0 and y = 0
The critical point is (0, 0).

To determine the character of the critical point we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical point, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 2 f y y ( x, y ) = – 2 f x y ( x, y ) = 1
D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 2(– 2) – 1 2 = – 5
2

Since D < 0, ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (0, 0, 2) is a saddle point.

19. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 – 6y = 0 f y ( x, y ) = – 6x + 3y 2 = 0
2
1 ⎛ x2 ⎞ x4
y = x2 − 6 x + 3⎜ ⎟ = − 2 x + =0
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
⎛ x3 ⎞
x⎜ − 2⎟ = 0
⎝ 4 ⎠

x3
−2=0
x = 0 or
4
x3 = 8
x=2
When x = 0, y = 0, and when x = 2, y = 2. So the critical points are (0, 0) and (2, 2).

To determine the character of the critical points we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical points, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 6x f y y ( x, y ) = 6y f x y ( x, y ) = – 6
 SECTION 8.4 479

f x x ( 0, 0 ) = 0 f y y ( 0, 0 ) = 0 f x y ( 0, 0 ) = − 6
D = f x x ( 0, 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( 0, 0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( 0, 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 0 ⋅ 0 − ( − 6 ) = − 36
2 2

Since D < 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.

f x x ( 2, 2 ) = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 f y y ( 2, 2 ) = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 f x y ( 2, 2 ) = − 6
D = f x x ( 2, 2 ) ⋅ f y y ( 2, 2 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( 2, 2 ) ⎤⎦ = 12 ⋅ 12 − ( − 6 ) = 108
2 2

Since f xx(2, 2) > 0 and D > 0, ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (2, 2, – 8) is a local minimum.

21. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + 2 xy = 0 f y ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y = 0
1 2
y=− x
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
3x 2 + 2 x ⎜ − x 2 ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
3x 2 − x 3 = 0
x 2 (3 − x ) = 0
x 2 = 0 or 3 – x = 0
x = 0 or x=3
9
When x = 0, then y = 0, and when x = 3, then y = – . So the critical points are (0, 0)
2
⎛ 9⎞
and ⎜ 3, − ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠

To determine the character of the critical points we find the two second order partial
derivatives and the mixed partial derivative, evaluate them at the critical points, and
calculate D.
f x x ( x, y ) = 6x + 2y f y y ( x, y ) = 2 f x y ( x, y ) = 2x
f x x ( 0, 0 ) = 0 f y y ( 0, 0 ) = 2 f x y ( 0, 0 ) = 0
D = f x x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⋅ f y y ( x 0 , y0 ) − ⎡⎣ f x y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 0 · 2 – 0 2 = 0.
2

Since D = 0, no information is given by the test.

⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞
f x x ⎜ 3, − ⎟ = 6 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⎜ − ⎟ = 9 f y y ⎜ 3, − ⎟ = 2 f x y ⎜ 3, − ⎟ = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2
⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 9 ⎞⎤
D = f x x ⎜ 3, − ⎟ ⋅ f y y ⎜ 3, − ⎟ − ⎢ f x y ⎜ 3, − ⎟ ⎥ = 9 ⋅ 2 − 6 2 = −18
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
480 SECTION 8.4

⎛ 9 27 ⎞
Since D < 0, ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = ⎜ 3, − , ⎟ is a saddle point.
⎝ 2 4 ⎠

23. We find the partial derivatives f x and f y, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
0 − y (1) y 1 ⋅ ( x + y) − y ⋅ 1 x
f x ( x, y ) = = − = 0 f y ( x , y ) = = =0
( x + y) ( x + y) ( x + y) ( x + y)
2 2 2 2

y=0 x=0
but the point (0, 0) is not in the domain of f. So f has no local maximum or local
minimum point.

25. If we let R denote the revenue function, then

R(x) = xp = x(12 – x) and R(y) = y(8 – y).
The joint revenue function is given by R(x, y) = R(x) + R(y).
R ( x, y ) = 12 x − x 2 + 8 y − y 2
The joint profit function is given by P(x, y) = R(x, y) – C(x, y).
P ( x, y ) = (12 x − x 2 + 8 y − y 2 ) − ( x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2 )
= 12 x − 2 x 2 + 8 y − 4 y 2 − 2 xy
The first-order partial derivatives are
Px ( x, y ) = 12 − 4 x − 2 y Py ( x, y ) = 8 − 8 y − 2 x
The solution to the system is the critical point of P.
4x + 2y = 12
2x + 8y = 8
Using the first equation, we find that y = 6 – 2x. Substituting for y in the second
equation, we have
2x + 8(6 – 2x) = 8
x + 24 – 8x = 4
20
20 = 7x or x =
7
40 2 ⎛ 20 2 ⎞
Back-substituting into the first equation we get y = 6 – = . So ⎜ , ⎟ is the
7 7 ⎝ 7 7⎠
critical point.

The second order partial derivatives of P are

Px x ( x, y ) = − 4 Py y ( x, y ) = − 8 Px y ( x, y ) = − 2
and D = (– 4)( – 8) – (– 2) 2 = 32 – 4 = 28.

⎛ 20 2 ⎞ ⎛ 20 2 ⎞
Since Px x ⎜ , ⎟ = − 4 < 0 and D > 0, there is a local maximum at ⎜ , ⎟ .
⎝ 7 7⎠ ⎝ 7 7⎠
20 2
When x = ≈ 2.857 , p = 12 – 2.857 = 9.14286, and when y = ≈ 0.286 , q = 7.71429
7 7
 SECTION 8.4 481

So to maximize profit, the company should sell 2857 units of product x at $9142.86 per
unit and 286 units of product y at $7714.29 per unit. The maximum profit is $18,285.71.

27. 1
P ( x, y ) = 2000 x − x 2 + 1150 y − 2 y 2 + xy + 10,000
5
We find the partial derivatives P x and Py, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
2
Px ( x, y ) = 2000 − x + y = 0 Py ( x, y ) = 1150 − 4 y + x = 0
5
2 ⎛2 ⎞
y = x − 2000 1150 − 4 ⎜ x − 2000 ⎟ + x = 0
5 ⎝5 ⎠
8
1150 − x + 8000 + x = 0
5
3
9150 − x = 0
5
5
x = ⋅ 9150 = 15, 250
3
2
y = ⋅ 15,250 − 2000 = 4100
5
The critical point is (15250, 4100).

The second order partial derivatives are

2
Px x ( x, y ) = − Py y ( x, y ) = −4 Px y ( x, y ) = 1
5
⎛ 2⎞ 8 3
D = ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅ ( − 4 ) −1 2 = − 1 =
⎝ 5⎠ 2 5
2
Since Px x (15250, 4100 ) = − < 0 and D > 0, there is a local maximum at (15250, 4100).
5
The maximum profit of $17,617,500 is obtained when 15,250 tons of grade A steel and
4100 tons of grade B steel is produced.

29. (a) If x is constant, then

R y ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 y ( a − x )( b − y ) + x 2 y 2 ( a − x )( − 1) = 0
⎡⎣( a − x ) x 2 y ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 2 ( b − y ) − y ⎤⎦ = 0
⎡⎣( a − x ) x 2 y ⎤⎦ = 0 or [ 2b − 3 y ] = 0
2b
y=0 or y=
3
We use the second derivative test to see which value of y locates a relative maximum.
R y y ( x, y ) = ⎡⎣( a − x ) x 2 ⎤⎦ [ 2b − 3 y ] − ⎡⎣3 ( a − x ) x 2 y ⎤⎦
R y y ( x,0 ) = ⎡⎣( a − x ) x 2 ⎤⎦ [ 2b ] > 0 since x < a and b > 0.
482 SECTION 8.4

⎛ 2b ⎞
R y y ⎜ x, ⎟ = ⎣⎡( a − x ) x 2 ⎦⎤ [ 2b − 2b ] − ⎣⎡ 2 ( a − x ) x 2 b ⎤⎦ = 0 − 2 ( a − x ) x 2 b < 0
⎝ 3 ⎠
2b
When y = , the reaction to the drug is maximized.
3

(b) If the amount y of the second drug is held constant, then

R x ( x, y ) = 2 xy 2 ( a − x )( b − y ) − x 2 y 2 ( b − y ) = 0
⎡⎣( b − y ) xy 2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 2 ( a − x ) − x ⎤⎦ = 0
( b − y ) xy 2 = 0 or 2a − 3x = 0
2a
x=0 or x=
3
We use the second derivative test to see which value of x locates a relative maximum.
R x x ( x, y ) = − 3 ⎡⎣( by 2 − y 3 ) x ⎤⎦ + ( by 2 − y 3 ) ( 2a − 3 x )
⎛ 2a ⎞
Rxx ⎜ , y ⎟ = − 2 ( by 2 − y 3 ) a + ( by 2 − y 3 ) ( 2a − 2a ) = − 2 y 2 ( b − y ) a < 0
⎝ 3 ⎠
R x x (0, y ) = − 3 ⎡⎣( by 2 − y 3 ) 0 ⎤⎦ + ( by 2 − y 3 ) ( 2a − 3 ( 0 ) ) = ( by 2 − y 3 ) ( 2a ) > 0
2a
When x = the reaction to the drug is maximized.
3

(c) If both x and y are variable, then

R x y ( x, y ) = ( 2a − 3x ) ( 2 ybx − 3 xy 2 ) = ( 2a − 3 x )( 2b − 3 y ) xy
⎛ 2a 2b ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 2a ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2b ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ 2a ⎞⎛ 2b ⎞ ⎤
Rx y ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎢ 2a + 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ 2b − 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦

2
⎛ 2a 2b ⎞ ⎡ 2b ⎤ ⎡ 2b ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2a ⎞ ⎤
Rxx ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎢b − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2a − 6 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎣ 3 ⎦⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
⎡ 3b − 2b ⎤ ⎡ 4b ⎤
2
b 4b 2 8ab 3
=⎢ ⎢ ⎥ [ −2 a ] = ⋅ ⋅ ( − 2 a ) = −
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 9 ⎦ 3 9 27

2
⎛ 2a 2b ⎞ ⎡ 2a ⎤ ⎡ 2a ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2b ⎞ ⎤
Ryy ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎢ a − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2b − 6 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎣ 3 ⎦⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
⎡ 3a − 2a ⎤ ⎡ 4a ⎤
2
a 4a 2 8a 3 b
=⎢ ⎢ ⎥[ − 2b ] = ⋅ ⋅ ( − 2b ) = −
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 9 ⎦ 3 9 27
⎡ 8a b 3 ⎤ ⎡ 8a 3 b ⎤ 64 a 4 b 4
D = ⎢− ⋅ − − 0 = >0
⎣ 27 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 ⎥⎦ 27 2
⎛ 2a 2b ⎞
Since R x x ⎜ , ⎟ < 0 and D > 0, then the reaction to the drug is a maximum.
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
 SECTION 8.4 483

31. To find the maximum reaction to the drug, we first find the critical points of y.
y = x 2 [ a − x ] t = ax 2 t − x 3t
∂y ∂y
= 2axt − 3 x 2 t = 0 = ax 2 − x 3 = 0
∂x ∂t
x 2 ( a – x) = 0
x = 0 or x=a
We find the second order partial derivatives and test to see if the critical point locates a
relative maximum point.

∂2y ∂2y ∂2y

= 2at − 6 xt =0 = 2ax − 3 x 2
∂x 2 ∂t 2 ∂x∂t

2
∂ 2 y ∂ 2 y ⎡ ∂y ⎤
D= 2 ⋅ 2 −⎢
∂x ∂t ⎥ = 0 ⋅ 0 − ( 2 a 2
− 3a )
2 2
= − a4
⎣ ∂x ∂t ⎦
Since D < 0, there is a saddle point at (a, 0, 0), and there is no maximum reaction to the
drug.

33. (a) Let w denote the width, h denote the depth, and l denote the length of the box.
There are two restrictions l ≤ 108, and l + 2w + 2h ≤ 130 inches. So l ≤ 130 – 2w – 2h.
V = lwh = (130 – 2w – 2h)wh = 130wh – 2w2h – 2wh 2
To find the dimensions of the box that meet regulations while maximizing volume, we
find the critical points of V.
Vh = 130 w − 2 w2 − 4 wh = 0 Vw = 130h − 4 wh − 2h 2 = 0
2w(65 – w– 2h) = 0 = h[130 – 4w – 2h]
w = 0 or 65 – w – 2h = 0
w = 65 – 2h
When w = 0, then 130h – 2h2 = 0 or h = 0 or h = 65, but both of these measurements
result in V = 0 cubic inches, which is a minimum.

When w = 65 – 2h, then

h [130 − 4(65 − 2h) − 2h ] = 0
h [ −130 + 6h ] = 0
h = 0 or 6h – 130 = 0
65 ⎛ 65 ⎞ 65
h= and so w = 65 − 2 ⎜ ⎟ = = 21.667
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
To check to see if these values result in the maximum volume, we find the second order
partials and evaluate D.
Vhh = − 4 w Vww = − 4h Vhw = 130 − 4w − 4h
⎛ 65 65 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞ 260 ⎛ 65 65 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞ 260
Vhh ⎜ , ⎟ = − 4 ⎜ ⎟ = − Vww ⎜ , ⎟ = − 4 ⎜ ⎟ = −
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
484 SECTION 8.4

⎛ 65 65 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞ 130
Vl w ⎜ , ⎟ = 130 − 4 ⎜ ⎟ − 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 130 − 8 ⎜ ⎟ = −
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3

2
⎛ 260 ⎞⎛ 260 ⎞ ⎛ 130 ⎞ 4 ⋅ 130 2 130 2 3 ⋅ 130 2
D = ⎜− ⎟⎜ − −
⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ = − = >0
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 9 9 9
⎛ 65 65 ⎞
Since Vhh ⎜ , ⎟ < 0 and D > 0, the volume is maximum when the width = 21.667
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
inches, the depth is 21.667 inches and the length is 130 – 4(21.667) = 43.332 inches. The
maximum volume is 20,342.59 cubic inches.

(b) If we let r denote the radius of the cylinder and h denote the height, then we have the
restriction h + 2π r ≤ 130 or h ≤ 130 − 2π r . The volume of the cylinder is
V = π r 2 h = π r 2 (130 − 2π r ) = 130π r 2 − 2π 2 r 3
To find the dimensions of the cylinder that meet regulations while maximizing volume,
we find the critical points of V.
dV
= 260π r − 6π 2 r 2 = 2π r (130 − 3π r ) = 0
dr
r = 0 or 130 – 3 π r = 0
130
r=
3π
We use the second derivative test to see if the volume is maximized.
d 2V
= 260π − 12π 2 r
dr 2
130 d 2V ⎛ 130 ⎞ 2
When r = , then = 260 π − 12 ⎜ ⎟ π = − 260π < 0 . So the volume is
3π dr 2
⎝ 3π ⎠
130
maximized if the cylinder has a radius of ≈ 13.79 inches and a height of 43.33
3π
inches.

35. We find the critical points of W.

1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1
Wx = ⎢ x − y − 4⎥ = 0 Wy = [50 y − x ] = 0
100 ⎣10 ⎦ 100
x – 10y – 40 = 0 50y – x = 0 or x = 50y

50y – 10y = 40
40y = 40
y=1 and x = 50
The critical point is (50, 1). We find the second order partial derivatives to test if the
critical point locates a minimum value.
 SECTION 8.5 485

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wxx = ⋅ = Wy y = [50] = Wx y = [ −1] = −
100 10 1000 100 2 100 100
2
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1 5 −1 4
D= ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢− ⎥ = − = = >0
⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 100 ⎦ 2000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000
Since Wxx ( 50, 1) > 0 and D > 0, waste is minimized when the manufacturer uses 50 tons
of steel at the rate of 1 ton per week.

8.5 Lagrange Multipliers

1. STEP 1 Find the maximum of z = f (x, y) = 3x + 4y

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 − 9 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = 3x + 4 y + λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 9 ) .
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
∂F
= 3 + 2λ x = 0 (1)
∂x
∂F
= 4 + 2λ y = 0 ( 2)
∂y
∂F
= x2 + y2 −9 = 0 ( 3)
∂λ
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and λ.
3
λ=− (1)
2x
⎛ 3 ⎞
4 + 2⎜ − ⎟y=0 ( 2)
⎝ 2x ⎠
3y
4− =0
x
4x
y=
3
2
⎛ 4x ⎞
x2 +⎜ ⎟ −9 = 0 ( 3)
⎝ 3 ⎠
9 x 2 + 16 x 2 = 81
25 x 2 = 81
81 9
x= ± =±
25 5
4 ⎛ 9⎞ 12 3 ⎛ 5⎞ 5
y = ⋅⎜ ± ⎟ = ± , and λ = − ⋅ ⎜ ± ⎟ = ±
3 ⎝ 5⎠ 5 2 ⎝ 9⎠ 6
 SECTION 8.5 485

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wxx = ⋅ = Wy y = [50] = Wx y = [ −1] = −
100 10 1000 100 2 100 100
2
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1 5 −1 4
D= ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢− ⎥ = − = = >0
⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 100 ⎦ 2000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000
Since Wxx ( 50, 1) > 0 and D > 0, waste is minimized when the manufacturer uses 50 tons
of steel at the rate of 1 ton per week.

8.5 Lagrange Multipliers

1. STEP 1 Find the maximum of z = f (x, y) = 3x + 4y

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 − 9 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = 3x + 4 y + λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 9 ) .
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
∂F
= 3 + 2λ x = 0 (1)
∂x
∂F
= 4 + 2λ y = 0 ( 2)
∂y
∂F
= x2 + y2 −9 = 0 ( 3)
∂λ
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and λ.
3
λ=− (1)
2x
⎛ 3 ⎞
4 + 2⎜ − ⎟y=0 ( 2)
⎝ 2x ⎠
3y
4− =0
x
4x
y=
3
2
⎛ 4x ⎞
x2 +⎜ ⎟ −9 = 0 ( 3)
⎝ 3 ⎠
9 x 2 + 16 x 2 = 81
25 x 2 = 81
81 9
x= ± =±
25 5
4 ⎛ 9⎞ 12 3 ⎛ 5⎞ 5
y = ⋅⎜ ± ⎟ = ± , and λ = − ⋅ ⎜ ± ⎟ = ±
3 ⎝ 5⎠ 5 2 ⎝ 9⎠ 6
486 SECTION 8.5

STEP 5 Evaluate z = f (x, y).

⎛ 9 12 ⎞ 9 12 27 + 48 75
z = f ⎜ , ⎟ = 3⋅ + 4 ⋅ = = = 15
⎝5 5 ⎠ 5 5 5 5
⎛ 9 12 ⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞ − 27 − 48 − 75
z = f ⎜− ,− ⎟ = 3⋅ ⎜− ⎟ + 4 ⋅ ⎜− ⎟= = = − 15
⎝ 5 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 5 5
The maximum value of z subject to constraint g, is 15.

3. STEP 1 Find the minimum of z = f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x + y – 1 = 0

STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = f (x, y) + λ g(x, y).

F(x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + λ ( x + y − 1) = 0

STEP 3 Set up the system of equations

F x ( x, y , λ ) = 2 x + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2x (1)
F y ( x, y , λ ) = 2 y + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2y ( 2)
F λ ( x, y , λ ) = x + y − 1 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and λ..
From (1) and (2) we find that – 2x = – 2y or x = y.
1 1
Substituting this result in (3) gives y + y = 1 or 2y = 1 or y = and x = .
2 2
2 2
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1
STEP 5 z = f ⎜ , ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ 2
⎛1 1⎞ 1
We conclude that z attains its minimum value at ⎜ , ⎟ . The minimum value is .
⎝2 2⎠ 2

5. STEP 1 Find the maximum of z = f (x, y) = 12 xy − 3 y 2 − x 2

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x + y – 16 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = f (x, y) + λ g(x, y)
F(x, y, λ ) = 12 xy − 3 y 2 − x 2 + λ ( x + y − 16 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
F x ( x, y, λ ) = 12 y − 2 x + λ = 0 (1)
F y ( x, y, λ ) = 12 x − 6 y + λ = 0 ( 2)
F λ ( x, y , λ ) = x + y − 16 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x and y.
Subtracting (2) from (1) we get 18y – 14 x = 0
18 9
x= y= y
14 7
 SECTION 8.5 487

9
Substituting for x in (3), gives y + y = 16
7
16
y = 16 or y = 7 and x = 9.
7
STEP 5 Evaluate z = f (x, y) at (9, 7).

z = 12 ( 9 )( 7 ) − 3 ( 7 2 ) − 9 2 = 528
We conclude that z attains its maximum value at (9, 7). The maximum value is 528.

7. STEP 1 Find the minimum of z = f (x, y) = 5 x 2 + 6 y 2 − xy

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x + 2 y − 24 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = f (x, y) + λ g(x, y)
F(x, y, λ ) = 5 x 2 + 6 y 2 − xy + λ ( x + 2 y − 24 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
F x ( x, y, λ ) = 10 x − y + λ = 0 (1)
F y ( x, y, λ ) = 12 y − x + 2λ = 0 ( 2)
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = x + 2 y − 24 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x and y.
Subtracting twice (1) from (2) gives − 21x + 14 y = 0
21x 3
y= = x
14 2
⎛3 ⎞
Substituting for y in (3) we get x + 2 ⎜ x ⎟ = 24
⎝2 ⎠
3
4x = 24 or x = 6 and y = ⋅6=9
2
STEP 5 Evaluate z = f (x, y) at (6, 9).
z = 5 ( 6 2 ) + 6 ( 9 2 ) − ( 6 )( 9 ) = 612
We conclude that z attains its minimum value at (6, 9). The minimum value is 612.

9. STEP 1 Find the maximum of w= f (x, y, z) = xyz

Subject to the constraint g(x, y, z) = x + 2 y + 2 z − 120 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, z, λ ) = f (x, y, z) + λ g(x, y, z)
= xyz + x ( x + 2 y + 2 z − 120 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
488 SECTION 8.5

F x ( x, y, z , λ ) = yz + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − yz (1)
xz
F y ( x, y, z , λ ) = xz + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 2)
2
xy
F z ( x, y, z , λ ) = xy + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 3)
2
Fλ ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + 2 y + 2 z − 120 = 0 ( 4)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and z.
xz x
From (1) and (2) we find − yz = − or y = .
2 2
xy x
From (1) and (3) we find − yz = − or z = .
2 2
⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞
Substituting for y and z in (4) gives x + 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 120 or 3x = 120 or x = 40.
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
Back substituting we find y = 20 and z = 20.
STEP 5 Evaluate w = f (x, y, z) at (40, 20, 20).
w = (40)(20)(20) = 16,000
We conclude that w attains its maximum value at (40, 20, 20). The maximum is 16,000.

11. STEP 1 Find the minimum of w= f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − 3 y − 5 z

Subject to the constraint g(x, y, z) = x + y + 2 z − 20 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, z, λ ) = f (x, y, z) + λ g(x, y, z)
F(x, y, z, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − 3 y − 5 z + λ ( x + y + 2 z − 20 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
F x ( x, y , z , λ ) = 2 x − 1 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 1− 2x (1)
F y ( x, y , z , λ ) = 2 y − 3 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 3− 2y ( 2)
5 − 2z
F z ( x, y, z , λ ) = 2 z − 5 + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ= ( 3)
2
Fλ ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + y + 2 z − 20 = 0 ( 4)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and z.
From (1) and (2) we find 1 − 2 x = 3 − 2 y
− 2 x = 2 − 2 y or x = y – 1
5 − 2z
From (2) and (3) we find 3 − 2 y =
2
6 − 4 y = 5 − 2z
1 – 4y = – 2z
1
− + 2y = z
2
Substituting for x and z in (4) gives
⎛ 1 ⎞
y − 1 + y + 2 ⎜ − + 2 y ⎟ = 20
⎝ 2 ⎠
 SECTION 8.5 489

y − 1 + y − 1 + 4 y = 20
22 11
6y = 22 or y = =
6 3
8 1 1 22 − 3 + 44 41
Back substituting we get x = y – 1 = and z = − + 2 y = − + = = .
3 2 2 3 6 6
⎛ 8 11 41 ⎞
STEP 5 Evaluate w = f (x, y, z) at ⎜ , , ⎟ .
⎝3 3 6 ⎠
2 2 2
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 41 ⎞ 8 ⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 41 ⎞ 233
w = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ − − 3⎜ ⎟ − 5 ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 19.417
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 12
⎛ 8 11 41 ⎞ 233
We conclude that w attains its minimum at ⎜ , , ⎟ . The minimum value is .
⎝3 3 6 ⎠ 12

13. STEP 1 Maximize z = f (x, y) = xy

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x + y – 100 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = f (x, y) + λ g(x, y)
F(x, y, λ ) = xy + λ ( x + y − 100 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
F x ( x, y , λ ) = y + λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− y (1)
F y ( x, y , λ ) = x + λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− x ( 2)
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = x + y − 100 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x and y.
From (1) and (2) we find − y = − x or y = x.
Substituting for y in (3) gives x + x = 100
2x = 100 or x = 50
Since x = 50, y = 50.

STEP 5 Evaluate z = f (x, y) at (50, 50).

z = (50)(50) = 2500
The two numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum are 50 and 50.

15. STEP 1 Find the maximum of w = f (x, y, z) = x + y + z

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 25 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, z, λ ) = f (x, y, z) + λ g(x, y, z)
F(x, y, z, λ ) = x + y + z + λ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 25 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
490 SECTION 8.5

1
F x ( x , y , z , λ ) = 1 + 2 xλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− (1)
2x
1
F y ( x, y , z , λ ) = 1 + 2 y λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 2)
2y
1
F z ( x, y , z , λ ) = 1 + 2 z λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 3)
2z
Fλ ( x, y, z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 25 = 0 ( 4)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and z.
1 1
From (1) and (2) we find − =−
2x 2y
2y = 2x or y = x

1 1
From (1) and (3) we find − =−
2x 2z
2z = 2x or z = x
Substituting for y and z in (4) gives
x 2 + x 2 + x 2 = 25
3x 2 = 25
25 5 5 3
x2 = or x = ± =±
3 3 3
5 3 5 3 5 3
When x = ,y=x= and z = x = .
3 3 3
5 3 5 3 5 3
When x = − ,y=x= − and z = x = −
3 3 3

STEP 5 Evaluate w = f (x, y, z) at each solution (x0, y0, z0).

⎛5 3 5 3 5 3⎞ 5 3 5 3 5 3
At ⎜ , , ⎟, w = + + =5 3.
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠ 3 3 3
⎛ 5 3 5 3 5 3⎞ ⎛ 5 3⎞ ⎛ 5 3⎞ ⎛ 5 3⎞
At ⎜ − ,− ,− ⎟ , w = ⎜− ⎟+⎜− ⎟+⎜− ⎟=−5 3
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
We conclude the sum of the three numbers that satisfy the constraint is maximum when
5 3
each of the numbers equals .
3

17. We solve the problem using the method of Lagrange multipliers.

STEP 1 Find the minimum cost C = C(x, y) = 18 x 2 + 9 y 2
Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x + y − 54 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = C(x, y) + λ g(x, y)
F(x, y, λ ) = 18 x 2 + 9 y 2 + λ ( x + y − 54 )
 SECTION 8.5 491

STEP 3 Set up the system of equations

F x ( x, y, λ ) = 36 x + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 36 x (1)
F y ( x, y, λ ) = 18 y + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 18 y ( 2)
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = x + y − 54 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x and y.
From (1) and (2) we find − 36 x = − 18 y or y = 2x.

Substituting for y in (3) gives x + 2 x = 54

3 x = 54 or x = 18 and y = 2x = 2(18) = 36
STEP 5 Evaluate C = f (x, y) at (18, 36).
C = 18 ⋅ 18 2 + 9 ⋅ 36 2 = 17,496
Cost is minimized when 18 units of product x and 36 units of product y are produced.
The minimum cost is $17,496.

19. We solve the problem using the method of Lagrange multipliers.

STEP 1 Find the maximum of w = V(l, w, h)= lwh
Subject to the constraint g(l, w, h) = l + w + h − 62 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(l, w, h, λ ) = f (l, w, h) + λ g(l, w, h)
F(l, w, h, λ ) = lwh + λ ( l + w + h − 62 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
Fl ( l , w, h, λ ) = wh + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − wh (1)
F w ( l , w, h, λ ) = lh + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − lh ( 2)
Fh ( l , w, h, λ ) = wl + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − wl ( 3)
Fλ ( l , w, h, λ ) == l + w + h − 62 = 0 ( 4)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x, y, and z.
From (1) and (2) we find wh = lh or w = l.
From (1) and (3) we find wh = wl or h = l.
Substituting for w and h in (4) gives
l + l + l – 62 = 0
3l = 62
62
l= = 20.667
3
Then w = l = 20.667 and h = l = 20.667.
3
⎛ 62 ⎞ 238328
STEP 5 Evaluate w = V(l, w, h) = ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 8826.96 cubic inches. The box of
⎝ 3 ⎠ 27
greatest volume has dimensions 20.667 inches by 20.667 inches by 20.667 inches.

21. (a) Maximize production P ( K , L ) = 1.01K 0.25 L0.75

Subject to the constraint g ( K , L ) = 175 K + 125 L − 125,000 = 0
We use the Method of Lagrange Multipliers and construct the function
492 SECTION 8.5

F(K, L, λ) = 1.01K 0.25 L0.75 + λ (175 K + 125 L − 125,000 )

The system of equations formed by the partial derivatives is

F K ( K , L, λ ) = (1.01)(.25 ) K − .75 L .75 + 175λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −

(1.01)(.25) K − .75 L.75
(1)
175
(1.01)(.75) K .25 L− .25
F L ( K , L, λ ) = (1.01)(.75 ) K .25 L − .25 + 125λ = 0 ⇒ λ =− ( 2)
125
Fλ ( K , L, λ ) = 175K + 125L − 125,000 = 0 ( 3)

From (1) and (2) we find

(1.01) (.25 ) K − .75 L.75 (1.01) (.75) K .25 L− .25
=
175 125
.75 .25
1 L 1 3 K 1
⋅ .75 ⋅ = ⋅ .25 ⋅
4 K 175 4 L 125
L 3K
=
175 125
L = 4.2 K
Substitute for L in (3)
175 K + 125 ( 4.2 K ) = 125,000
175 K + 525K = 125,000
700K = 125,000
1250
K= = 178.57
7
Back-substituting for K, we get L = 4.2K = 750.
To maximize total production, the company should use 178.87 units of capital and 750
units of labor.
.25
⎛ 1250 ⎞ ⎛ 1250 ⎞
, 750 ⎟ = (1.01) ⎜ ( 750 )
.75
(b) The maximum production is P ⎜ ⎟ = 529.140 .
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠

23. Minimize the amount of material used A(l, w, h) = 2lw + 2lh + 2 wh

Subject to the constraint g(l, w, h) = lwh – 175 = 0
We use the Method of Lagrange Multipliers and construct the function
F(l, w, z, λ) = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh + λ ( lwh − 175 )
The system of equations formed by the partial derivatives is
 SECTION 8.5 493

2 w + 2h
Fl ( l , w, h, λ ) = 2 w + 2h + whλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− (1)
wh
2l + 2h
F w ( l , w, h, λ ) = 2l + 2h + lhλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 2)
lh
2l + 2 w
Fh ( l , w, h, λ ) = 2l + 2 w + lwλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 3)
lw
Fλ ( l , w, h, λ ) = lwh − 175 = 0 ( 4)
To solve the system of equations we first use (1) and (2)
2w + 2h 2l + 2h
=
wh lh
w+ h l + h
=
w l
lw + lh = lw + wh

lh = wh
l=w
We use (2) and (3) and find
2l + 2h 2l + 2 w
=
lh lw
l+h l+w
=
h w
lw + wh = lh + wh
lw = lh
w=h
We substitute for h and l in (4), and get w 3 = 175 or w = 3 175 ≈ 5.593 . Since w = l = h,
we have the dimensions of the container that uses the least material and holds 175 cubic
feet are 3 175 ≈ 5.593 feet by 3 175 ≈ 5.593 feet by 3 175 ≈ 5.593 feet.

25. Minimize the cost C of making a box

C(l, w, h) = 2lw + lw + 2lh + 2 wh = 3lw + 2lh + 2 wh
Subject to the constraint V(l, w, h) = lwh – 18 = 0
We use the Method of Lagrange Multipliers and construct the function
F(l, w, z, λ) = 3lw + 2lh + 2 wh + λ ( lwh − 18 )
The system of equations formed by the partial derivatives is
3w + 2 h
Fl ( l , w, h, λ ) = 3w + 2h + whλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− (1)
wh
3l + 2h
F w ( l , w, h, λ ) = 3l + 2h + lhλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 2)
lh
2l + 2 w
Fh ( l , w, h, λ ) = 2l + 2 w + lwλ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 3)
lw
Fλ ( l , w, h, λ ) = lwh − 18 = 0 ( 4)
We solve the system of equations.
494 SECTION 8.6

3w + 2h 3l + 2h
From (1) and (2) we find =
wh lh
3w + 2h 3l + 2h
=
w l
3lw + 2lh = 3lw + 2 wh
2lh = 2 wh
l=w
3l + 2h 2l + 2 w
From (2) and (3) we find =
lh lw
3l + 2h 2l + 2 w
=
h w
3lw + 2 wh = 2lh + 2 wh
3
3w = 2 h w or h=
2
⎛ 3w ⎞
We substitute for l and h in (4), and get w ⋅ w ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 18
⎝ 2 ⎠
w 3 = 12 or w = 3 12 ≈ 2.289
3 3
So we find l = w = 2.289 and h = w = 3 12 ≈ 3.434 .
2 2
The cost is minimized if the box has a bottom measuring 2.289 feet by 2.289 feet and a
height measuring 3.343 feet.

8.6 The Double Integral

1. ⎛ x2y3 x3 ⎞
2
⎡4y 3 8⎤ 8
∫0 ( ) ⎜ 2 +3⎟ + ⎥ − [ 0] = 2 y 3 +
2
xy + 3
x 2
dx = =⎢
⎝ ⎠ 0 ⎣ 2 3⎦ 3

3. ⎛ 2 y2 ⎞
4
⎡ 16 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
∫ 2 ( 3x y + 2 x ) dy = ⎝⎜ 3x ⋅ 2 + 2 xy ⎠⎟
4
2
= ⎢ 3 x 2 ⋅ + 2 x ⋅ 4 ⎥ − ⎢3 x 2 ⋅ + 2 x ⋅ 2 ⎥
2
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
= 24 x 2 + 8 x − 6 x 2 − 4 x = 18 x 2 + 4 x

5. ⎛ x2 ⎞
3
3 ⎡9 ⎤ ⎡4 ⎤ 5
∫2 ( x + 3 y ) dx = ⎜ + 3 xy ⎟ = ⎢ + 9 y⎥ − ⎢ + 6 y⎥ = + 3y
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦ 2

7. ⎛ ⎞
4
6y 2
= [16 x − 3 ⋅ 16 + 28] − [8 x − 3 ⋅ 4 + 14] = 8 x − 22
4
∫ 2 ( 4 x − 6 y + 7 ) dy = ⎜⎝ 4 xy − 2 + 7 y ⎟⎠
2
494 SECTION 8.6

3w + 2h 3l + 2h
From (1) and (2) we find =
wh lh
3w + 2h 3l + 2h
=
w l
3lw + 2lh = 3lw + 2 wh
2lh = 2 wh
l=w
3l + 2h 2l + 2 w
From (2) and (3) we find =
lh lw
3l + 2h 2l + 2 w
=
h w
3lw + 2 wh = 2lh + 2 wh
3
3w = 2 h w or h=
2
⎛ 3w ⎞
We substitute for l and h in (4), and get w ⋅ w ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 18
⎝ 2 ⎠
w 3 = 12 or w = 3 12 ≈ 2.289
3 3
So we find l = w = 2.289 and h = w = 3 12 ≈ 3.434 .
2 2
The cost is minimized if the box has a bottom measuring 2.289 feet by 2.289 feet and a
height measuring 3.343 feet.

8.6 The Double Integral

1. ⎛ x2y3 x3 ⎞
2
⎡4y 3 8⎤ 8
∫0 ( ) ⎜ 2 +3⎟ + ⎥ − [ 0] = 2 y 3 +
2
xy + 3
x 2
dx = =⎢
⎝ ⎠ 0 ⎣ 2 3⎦ 3

3. ⎛ 2 y2 ⎞
4
⎡ 16 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
∫ 2 ( 3x y + 2 x ) dy = ⎝⎜ 3x ⋅ 2 + 2 xy ⎠⎟
4
2
= ⎢ 3 x 2 ⋅ + 2 x ⋅ 4 ⎥ − ⎢3 x 2 ⋅ + 2 x ⋅ 2 ⎥
2
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
= 24 x 2 + 8 x − 6 x 2 − 4 x = 18 x 2 + 4 x

5. ⎛ x2 ⎞
3
3 ⎡9 ⎤ ⎡4 ⎤ 5
∫2 ( x + 3 y ) dx = ⎜ + 3 xy ⎟ = ⎢ + 9 y⎥ − ⎢ + 6 y⎥ = + 3y
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦ 2

7. ⎛ ⎞
4
6y 2
= [16 x − 3 ⋅ 16 + 28] − [8 x − 3 ⋅ 4 + 14] = 8 x − 22
4
∫ 2 ( 4 x − 6 y + 7 ) dy = ⎜⎝ 4 xy − 2 + 7 y ⎟⎠
2
 SECTION 8.6 495

9. ⌠
1 1
x2 1 1 1 x3 1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1
dx = ∫ x dx = ⋅ = ⎢⎣ 3 − 0 ⎥⎦ =
2
⎮
⌡0 1 + y
2
1+ y 2 0
1+ y 2 3 0 1+ y 2
3 1+ y 2

11. e x + y dx = e y ∫ e x dx = e y ⎡⎢e x
2 2 2
⎤ = e y ⎡e 2 − e 0 ⎤ = e y ( e 2 − 1)
∫0 0 ⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦

13. e x − 4 y dx = e − 4 y ∫ e x dx = e − 4 y ⎡⎢e x
4 4 4
⎤ = e − 4 y ( e 4 − 1)
∫0 0 ⎣ 0 ⎦⎥

15. 2
⎡x2 2
⎤
⌠ x 1 2 1 1 2
⎮ dx = ∫ x dx = ⎢ ⎥= ( 2 − 0) =
⌡0 y+6 y+6 0
y + 6 ⎢⎣ 2 0⎥
⎦ y+6 y+6

17. ⌠
2
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ y dx ⎤⎥ dy
4

⌡0 ⎣ 0 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first.
( ) = y [ 4 − 0] = 4 y
4 4
∫ ∫
4
y dx = y dx = y ⋅ x 0
0 0

Then
2
⌠
2
4y 2
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ y dx ⎤⎥ dy =
4 2

⌡0 ⎣ 0 ⎦ ∫0 4 y dy =
2
=8−0 = 8
0

19. 2
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( x 2 + y ) dx ⎤⎥ dy
⌠ 3

⌡1 ⎣ 1 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first.
3
⎛ x3 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎤ 26
( )
3
∫1 x + y2
dx = ⎜ + yx ⎟ = ⎢( 9 + 3 y ) − ⎜ + y ⎟ ⎥ = + 2y
⎝ 3 ⎠ 1 ⎣ ⎝3 ⎠⎦ 3
Then
2 2
2
⌠ ⎛ 26 ⎞ ⎛ 26 2y 2 ⎞
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( x 2 + y ) dx ⎤⎥ dy = ⎮ ⎜ + 2 y ⎟ dy = ⎜ y +
⌠ 3

⌡1 ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎟
⌡1 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 1

⎛ 52 ⎞ ⎛ 26 ⎞ 26 35
= ⎜ + 4 ⎟ − ⎜ + 1⎟ = +3=
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3

21. 1
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( x 2 + y ) dx ⎤⎥ dy
⌠ 2

⌡0 ⎣ 1 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first.
2
⎛ x3 ⎞ ⎛8 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 7
( x + y ) dx = ⎜ 3 + yx ⎟
2
∫ = ⎜ + 2y⎟ −⎜ + y⎟ = + y
2
1
⎝ ⎠ 1
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 3
496 SECTION 8.6

Then
1 1
1
⌠ ⎛7 ⎞ ⎛7 y2 ⎞ ⎛7 1⎞ 14 + 3 17
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( x 2 + y ) dx ⎤⎥ dy = ⎮ ⎜ + y ⎟ dy = ⎜ y +
⌠ 2
⎟ = ⎜ + ⎟ − (0) = =
⌡0 ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⌡0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 2 ⎠ ⎝3 2⎠ 6 6
0

23. ⌠
2
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 4 x + 2 y + 5 ) dx ⎤⎥ dy
4

⌡1 ⎣ 3 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first.
4
4 ⎛ 4x 2 ⎞
∫3 ( 4 x + 2 y + 5 ) dx = ⎜ + 2 yx + 5 x ⎟ = ( 32 + 8 y + 20 ) − (18 + 6 y + 15 ) = 2 y + 19
⎝ 2 ⎠ 3

Then
2
⌠
2
⎛ 2y 2 ⎞
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 4 x + 2 y + 5 ) dx ⎤⎥ dy =
4 2

⌡1 ⎣ 3 ⎦ ∫ ( 2 y + 19 ) dy = ⎜ + 19 y ⎟ = ( 4 + 38 ) − (1 + 19 ) = 22
1
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1

25. 4
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 6 xy 2 − 2 xy + 3) dy ⎤⎥ dx
⌠ 1

⌡2 ⎣ 0 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first.
1
⎛ 6 xy 3 2 xy 2 ⎞
( )
1
∫0 6 xy − 22
xy + 3 dy = ⎜ − + 3y ⎟ = ( 2 x − x + 3) − ( 0 ) = x + 3
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 0

Then
4
4
⎛ x2 ⎞
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 6 xy 2 − 2 xy + 3) dy ⎤⎥ dx =
⌠ 1 4

⌡2 ⎣ 0 ⎦ ∫2 ( ) ⎜⎝ 2 + 3x ⎟⎠
x + 3 dx = = ( 8 + 12 ) − ( 2 + 6 ) = 12
2

27. ⌠
3
⎡⎛ 2
⎤
3
3x 3 ⎞
∫∫R ( y + 3x ) dx dy = ⌠⎮⌡1 ⎢⎣⎡ ∫0 ( y + 3x ) dx ⎥⎦⎤
2
2 2
dy = ⎮ ⎢⎜ yx + ⎟ ⎥ dy
⎮ ⎢⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥
⌡1 0⎦
3 3
⌠ ⎛ 2y 2 ⎞
= ⎮ ( 2 y + 8 ) dy = ⎜ + 8y ⎟
⎮ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⌡1 1

= ( 9 + 24 ) − (1 + 8 ) = 24

29. 2
⌠ ⎡⎛ 4
⎤
2
y2 ⎞
∫∫R ( x + y ) dy dx = ⌠⎮⌡0 ⎡⎢⎣ ∫1 ( x + y ) dy ⎤⎥⎦
4
dx = ⎮ ⎢⎜ xy + ⎟ ⎥ dx
⎮ ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
⌡0 ⎣ 1⎦
2 2
⌠ ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⌠ ⎛ 15 ⎞
= ⎮ ⎢( 4 x + 8 ) − ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ dx = ⎮ ⎜ 3x + ⎟ dx
⌡0 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⌡0 ⎝ 2⎠
 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 497

2
⎛ 3 x 2 15 ⎞
=⎜ + x⎟ = ( 6 + 15 ) − ( 0 ) = 21
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 0

31. ⌠
2
⎡⎛ 4
⎤
2
3y 2 ⎞
f ( x, y ) dy dx = ⌠
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 2 x + 3 y + 4 ) dy ⎤⎥ dx = ⎮
4
V = ∫∫ ⎢⎜ 2 xy + + 4y ⎟ ⎥ dx
⌡1 ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎮ ⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
R
⌡1 3⎦
2
⌠ ⎡ ⎛ 27 ⎞⎤
= ⎮ ⎢( 8 x + 24 + 16 ) − ⎜ 6 x + + 12 ⎟ ⎥ dx
⌡1 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
2 2
⌠ ⎛ 29 ⎞ ⎛ 2 x 2 29 ⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ dx = ⎜ + x⎟
⌡1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 1

⎛ 29 ⎞
= ( 4 + 29 ) − ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
29 64 − 29 35
= 32 − = = cubic units
2 2 2

Chapter 8 Review
TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. False

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. surface 3. x = x 0

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (1, 6, – 2) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (2, 4, 0).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2

( 2 − 1) + ( 4 − 6 ) + (0 − ( − 2))
2 2 2
d=
d = 1+ 4 + 4 = 9 = 3

3. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (4, 6, 8) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (6, 2, 1).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2
508 CHAPTER 8 PROJECT

To maximize productivity $50(306) = $15,300 should be allotted for capital and

$100(357) = $35,700 should be allotted for labor.

(b) The maximum number of units that can be produced is 3409 units.
P ( 306, 357 ) = 10 ( 306 0.3 )( 357 0.7 ) = 3408.66

CHAPTER 8 PROJECT

1. Total cost C is the sum of holding cost and reorder cost. If we let x denote the lot size of
the vacuum cleaners and y denote the lot size of the microwave ovens, we find
⎛ 30 x 15 y ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 500 ⎞ ⎛ 800 ⎞ ⎞
C ( x, y ) = ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ 40 ⎜ ⎟ + 60 ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠⎠
20,000 48,000
= 15 x + 7.5 y + +
x y

37 80
3. Assuming that there are = 19 vacuum cleaners in the store and = 40 microwave
2 2
ovens in the store, you would need
19 (20) + 40 (10) = 780 cubic feet of storage.

20,000 48,000
5. The problem is to now minimize cost C ( x, y ) = 15 x + 7.5 y + +
x y
subject to the constraint g ( x, y ) = 20 x + 10 y − 1000 = 0

To use the method of Lagrange multipliers we need to construct function F.

20,000 48,000
F ( x, y, λ ) = 15 x + 7.5 y + + + λ ( 20 x + 10 y − 1000 )
x y
The system of equations that are used to determine the minimum C is formed by the
partial derivatives of F.
20,000 20,000 − 15 x 2
F x ( x, y, λ ) = 15 − + 20 λ = 0 ⇒ λ = (1)
x2 20 x 2
48,000 48,000 − 7.5 y 2
F y ( x, y, λ ) = 7.5 − + 10λ = 0 ⇒ λ= ( 2)
y2 10 y 2
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = 20 x + 10 y − 1000 = 0 ( 3)

7. If the demand for vacuum cleaners is 500 units, and they are ordered in lots of 24, then
⎛ 500 ⎞
there will be 21 orders placed per year. ⎜ = 20.833 ⎟
⎝ 24 ⎠
 CHAPTER 8 PROJECT 509

If the demand for microwave ovens is 800 units, and they are ordered in lots of 52, then
there will be 15 orders placed per year (with the last order of size 20).

On the average there will be 12 vacuum cleaners and 26 microwave ovens in the store.
The space occupied by these items is 20 (12) + 10(26) = 500 cubic feet.
 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 497

2
⎛ 3 x 2 15 ⎞
=⎜ + x⎟ = ( 6 + 15 ) − ( 0 ) = 21
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 0

31. ⌠
2
⎡⎛ 4
⎤
2
3y 2 ⎞
f ( x, y ) dy dx = ⌠
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 2 x + 3 y + 4 ) dy ⎤⎥ dx = ⎮
4
V = ∫∫ ⎢⎜ 2 xy + + 4y ⎟ ⎥ dx
⌡1 ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎮ ⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
R
⌡1 3⎦
2
⌠ ⎡ ⎛ 27 ⎞⎤
= ⎮ ⎢( 8 x + 24 + 16 ) − ⎜ 6 x + + 12 ⎟ ⎥ dx
⌡1 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
2 2
⌠ ⎛ 29 ⎞ ⎛ 2 x 2 29 ⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ dx = ⎜ + x⎟
⌡1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 1

⎛ 29 ⎞
= ( 4 + 29 ) − ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
29 64 − 29 35
= 32 − = = cubic units
2 2 2

Chapter 8 Review
TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

1. True 3. False

FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS

1. surface 3. x = x 0

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (1, 6, – 2) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (2, 4, 0).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2

( 2 − 1) + ( 4 − 6 ) + (0 − ( − 2))
2 2 2
d=
d = 1+ 4 + 4 = 9 = 3

3. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (4, 6, 8) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (6, 2, 1).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2
498 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

( 6 − 4) + ( 2 − 6) + (1 − 8 )
2 2 2
d=
d = 4 + 16 + 49 = 69

5. We use the distance formula with ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) = (– 3, 7, –1) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) = (0, 3, –1).

(x − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z 1 )
2 2 2
d= 2

( 0 − ( − 3) ) + ( 3 − 7 ) + ( − 1 − ( −1) )
2 2 2
d=
d= 9 + 16 + 0 = 25 = 5

7. The radius is the distance between the center and a point on the edge of the sphere.
(x − x 0 ) + ( y1 − y 0 ) + ( z1 − z 0 )
2 2 2
r= 1

(3 − 2) + ( 4 − 2) + ( 0 − 2)
2 2 2
r=
r = 1+ 4 + 4 = 9 = 3

9. The standard equation of the sphere with radius r = 2 and center at

( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = (– 6, 3, 1) is
(x − x ) +( y − y ) +(z − z )
2 2 2
0 0 0 =r2

( x − ( − 6 ) ) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1)
2 2 2
= 22
( x + 6) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1) = 4
2 2 2

11. ( x − 1)
+ ( y + 3) + ( z + 8 ) = 25
2 2 2

Compare the equation to the standard equation of the sphere

(x − x ) +( y − y ) +(z − z )
2 2 2
0 0 0 =r2

( x − 1) + ( y − ( − 3) ) + ( z − ( − 8 ) ) = 5 2
2 2 2

The center of the sphere is (1, – 3, – 8) and its radius is 5.

13. (a) Complete the squares and put the equation into standard form.
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 6 z = 10
( x − 2 x ) + ( y + 8 y ) + ( z − 6 z ) = 10
2 2 2

( x − 2 x + 1) + ( y + 8 y + 16 ) + ( z − 6 z + 9 ) = 10 + 1 + 16 + 9
2 2 2

( x − 1)
+ ( y + 4 ) + ( z − 3) = 36
2 2 2

(b) The center of the sphere is (1, – 4, 3) and its radius is 6.

 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 499

15. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 6 xy − y 3
(a) f(1, – 3) = 2 (1 2 ) + 6 (1)( − 3) − ( − 3) = 2 − 18 + 27 = 11
3

(b) f(4, – 2) = 2 ( 4 2 ) + 6 ( 4 )( − 2 ) − ( − 2 ) = 32 − 48 + 8 = − 8
3

17. x + 2y
f ( x, y ) =
x − 3y
1 + 2 ( − 3) − 5 1 4 + 2( − 2)
(a) f(1, – 3) = = =− (b) f(4, – 2) = =0
1 − 3 ( − 3) 10 2 4 − 3( − 2)

19. x 2 + 3 y + 5 is a polynomial, and polynomials are defined for all real numbers. So the
domain of z = f(x, y) is the entire xy-plane.

21. Since only logarithms of positive numbers are allowed, y − x 2 − 4 > 0 or y > x 2 + 4 .
The domain of z = f(x, y) is the set or ordered pairs {(x, y) | y > x 2 + 4 }. This describes
the set of points (x, y) inside the parabola y = x 2 + 4 .

23. Since only square roots of nonnegative numbers are allowed in the real number system,
x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 5 ≥ 0
(x 2
+ 4x) + y 2 ≥ 5
(x 2
+ 4 x + 4) + y 2 ≥ 5 + 4
( x + 2)
2
+ y2 ≥9
The domain of z = f(x, y) is the set or ordered pairs {( x, y ) ( x + 2) 2
}
+ y 2 ≥ 9 . This
describes the set of points either on the circle centered at (– 2, 0) and having a radius of
3 or outside the circle.

25. z = f(x, y) = x 2 y + 4 x
f x ( x, y ) = 2xy + 4 f y ( x, y ) = x 2
f xx ( x, y ) = 2y f yy ( x, y ) = 0
f xy ( x, y ) = 2x f yx ( x, y ) = 2x

27. z = f(x, y) = y 2 e x + x ln y
x
f x ( x, y ) = y 2 e x + ln y f y ( x, y ) = 2 y e x +
y
x
f xx ( x, y ) = y 2 e x f yy ( x, y ) = 2 e x − 2
y
500 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

1 1
f xy ( x, y ) = 2 y e x + f yx ( x, y ) = 2 y e x +
y y

29. z = f(x, y) = x2 + y2 = (x2 + y2 )

1/ 2

1 2 x x
( x + y2)
− 1/ 2
f x ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2x = =
2 (x + y )
2 2 1/ 2
x + y2
2

1 2 y y
( x + y2)
− 1/ 2
f y ( x, y ) = ⋅ 2y = =
(x2 + y 2 )
1/ 2
2 x + y2
2

1 2
1⋅ (x2 + y 2 ) ( x + y2)
1/ 2 − 1/ 2
−x⋅ ⋅ 2x ( x 2 + y 2 ) − x 2
2 y2
f xx ( x, y ) = = =
x2 + y2 (x2 + y2 ) (x2 + y2 )
3/ 2 3/ 2

⎡1 ⋅ ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1/ 2 ⎤ − ⎡ y ⋅ 1 ( x 2 + y 2 )− 1/ 2 ⋅ 2 y ⎤
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
f yy ( x, y ) =
x +y
2 2

⎡ x + y ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ y ⎤⎦
2 2 2
x2
=⎣ =
(x2 + y2 ) (x2 + y 2 )
3/ 2 3/ 2

1 xy
x( x 2 + y 3 )
− 3/ 2
f xy ( x, y ) = − ⋅ 2y = −
(x + y3)
3/ 2
2 2

1 xy
y(x 2 + y 3 )
− 3/ 2
f yx ( x, y ) = − ⋅ 2x = −
(x2 + y3)
3/ 2
2

31. z = f(x, y) = e x ln ( 5 x + 2 y )
5 5 ex
f x ( x, y ) = e x ⋅ + e x ln ( 5 x + 2 y ) = + e x ln ( 5 x + 2 y )
5x + 2 y 5x + 2 y
2 2e x
f y ( x, y ) = e ⋅ x
=
5x + 2 y 5x + 2 y
5 e x ( 5 x + 2 y ) − 25 e x 5e x
f xx ( x, y ) = + + e x ln ( 5 x + 2 y )
(5x + 2 y ) 5x + 2 y
2

10e x ( 5 x + 2 y ) − 25 e x
= + e x ln ( 5 x + 2 y )
(5x + 2 y )
2
 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 501

5 e x (10 x + 4 y − 5 )
= + e x ln ( 5 x + 2 y )
(5x + 2 y )
2

− 2e x ⋅ ( 2 ) 4e x
f yy ( x, y ) = = −
(5x + 2 y ) (5x + 2 y )
2 2

− 5 e x ( 2) 2 − 10 e x + 2 e x ( 5 x + 2 y )
f xy ( x, y ) = +e ⋅x
=
(5x + 2 y ) 5x + 2 y (5x + 2 y )
2 2

2 e x (10 x + 2 y − 5 )
=
(5x + 2 y )
2

2 e x ( 5 x + 2 y ) − 2 e x ( 5) 2 e x ( 5 x + 2 y − 5)
f yx ( x, y ) = =
(5x + 2 y ) (5x + 2 y )
2 2

33. f(x, y, z) = 3x e y + xy e z − 12 x 2 y
f x ( x, y, z ) = 3e y + y e z − 24 xy
f y ( x, y, z ) = 3x e y + x e z − 12 x 2
f z ( x, y, z ) = xy e z

35. The slope of the line tangent to the 37. The slope of the line tangent to the
intersection of z and the plane y = 2 is intersection of z and the plane x = 1 is
f x ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 f y ( x, y ) = x 2 e x y
At the point (1, 2, 12) the slope is At the point (1, 0, 1) the slope is
f x (1, 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 2 2 = 12 f y (1, 0 ) = 1 2 ⋅ e 1 ⋅ 0 = 1

39. z = f(x, y) = xy − 6 x − x 2 − y 2
(a) Find the partial derivatives of z, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = y − 6 − 2 x = 0 f y ( x, y ) = x − 2 y = 0
⎧⎪ y − 6 − 2 x = 0 (1)
⎨
⎪⎩ x − 2 y = 0 ⇒ x = 2y ( 2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives y − 6 − 2 ( 2 y ) = 0
y − 4y = 6
− 3y = 6
y=–2
Solving for x in (2) we get x = 2(– 2) = – 4.
The critical point is (– 4, – 2).
(b) Find the second-order partial derivatives, and find the value of D.
f xx ( x, y ) = − 2 f yy ( x, y ) = − 2 f xy ( x, y ) = 1
502 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

2
D = f xx ( − 4, − 2 ) ⋅ f yy ( − 4, − 2 ) − ⎡⎣ f xy ( − 4, − 2 ) ⎤⎦ = ( − 2 )( − 2 ) − 1 2 = 3 > 0
Since f xx ( − 4, − 2 ) < 0 and D > 0, the function z has a local maximum at (– 4, – 2). The
value of the local maximum is z = 12.

41. z = f(x, y) = 2 x − x 2 + 4 y − y 2 + 10
(a) Find the partial derivatives of z, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2 – 2x = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 4 – 2y = 0
x=1 y=2

The critical point is (1, 2).

(b) Find the second-order partial derivatives, and find the value of D.
f xx ( x, y ) = – 2 f yy ( x, y ) = – 2 f xy ( x, y ) = 0
2
D = f xx (1, 2 ) ⋅ f yy (1, 2 ) − ⎡⎣ f xy (1, 2 ) ⎤⎦ == ( − 2 )( − 2 ) − 0 2 = 4 > 0
Since f xx (1, 2 ) < 0 and D > 0, the function z has a local maximum at (1, 2). The value of
the local maximum is z = 15.

43. z = f(x, y) = x 2 − 9 y + y 2
(a) Find the partial derivatives of z, set each equal to zero, and solve the system of
equations.
f x ( x, y ) = 2x = 0 f y ( x, y ) = – 9 + 2y = 0
9
x=0 y=
2
⎛ 9⎞
The critical point is ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠

(b) Find the second-order partial derivatives, and find the value of D.
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 f yy ( x, y ) = 2 f xy ( x, y ) = 0
2
⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 9 ⎞⎤
D = f xx ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⋅ f yy ⎜ 0, ⎟ − ⎢ f xy ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⎥ = 2 ⋅ 2 − 0 2 = 4 > 0
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 9⎞
Since f xx ⎜ 0, ⎟ > 0 and D > 0, the function z has a local minimum at ⎜ 0, ⎟ . The value
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
81
of the local minimum is z = − .
4
45. STEP 1 Find the maximum of z = f (x, y) = 5 x 2 + 3 y 2 + xy
Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 2 x − y − 20 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = f (x, y) + λ g(x, y)
 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 503

F(x, y, λ ) = 5 x 2 + 3 y 2 + xy + λ ( 2 x − y − 20 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
F x ( x, y, λ ) = 10 x + y + 2λ = 0 (1)
F y ( x, y , λ ) = 6 y + x − λ = 0 ( 2)
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − y − 20 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x and y.
Add twice (2) to (1) to eliminate λ .
(10 x + y + 2λ ) + 2 ( 6 y + x − λ ) = 0
10 x + y + 2λ + 12 y + 2 x − 2λ = 0
12x + 13y = 0 (1)
Subtract six times (3) from (1) to eliminate x.
(12 x + 13 y ) − 6 ( 2 x − y − 20 ) = 0
12 x + 13 y − 12 x + 6 y + 120 = 0
13y + 6y = −120
19y = −120
−120
y=
19
Substituting for y in (3) we get
⎛ −120 ⎞
2x − ⎜ ⎟ − 20 = 0 (3)
⎝ 19 ⎠
260 130
2x = or x =
19 19
⎛ 130 −120 ⎞
STEP 5 Evaluate z = f (x, y) at ⎜ , ⎟.
⎝ 19 19 ⎠
2 2
⎛ 130 ⎞ ⎛ −120 ⎞ ⎛ 130 ⎞⎛ −120 ⎞ 112,100
z = = 5⎜ ⎟ + 3⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= ≈ 310.526
⎝ 19 ⎠ ⎝ 19 ⎠ ⎝ 19 ⎠⎝ 19 ⎠ 19 2
The maximum value of z subject to the condition is 310.526.

47. STEP 1 Find the minimum of z = f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2

Subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 2x + y – 4 = 0
STEP 2 Construct the function F(x, y, λ ) = f (x, y) + λ g(x, y)
F(x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + λ ( 2 x + y − 4 )
STEP 3 Set up the system of equations
F x ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− x (1)
F y ( x, y , λ ) = 2 y + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2y ( 2)
F λ ( x, y , λ ) = 2 x + y − 4 = 0 ( 3)
STEP 4 Solve the system of equations for x and y.
From (1) and (2) we find x = 2y.
Substituting for x in (3) gives 2(2y) + y – 4 = 0
504 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

5y = 4
4 8
y= and x = 2y =
5 5
⎛8 4⎞
STEP 5 Evaluate z = f (x, y) at ⎜ , ⎟ .
⎝5 5⎠
2 2
⎛8⎞ ⎛4⎞ 64 + 16 80 16
z = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = = = = 3.2
⎝5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 25 25 5
The minimum value of z subject to the constraint is 3.2.

49. ⎛ 4x 3 y ⎞
2
4 ⋅ 23 y 32 40
∫0 ( ) ⎜ 3 − 12 xy ⎟
2
4 x 2
y − 12 y dx = = − 12 ⋅ 2 y = y − 24 y = − y
⎝ ⎠ 0
3 3 3

51. 3

( )
⎛ 6x 2 y 2 2 y 2 ⎞
(
= ( 3 x 2 ⋅ 3 2 + 3 2 ) − 3 x 2 ( −1) + ( − 1) )
3
∫− 1
2 2
6 2
x y + 2 y dy = ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ −1

= 27 x 2 + 9 − 3x 2 − 1 = 24 x 2 + 8

53. 2
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 6 x 2 + 2 x ) dy ⎤⎥ dx
⌠ 3

⌡1 ⎣ 0 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first,

∫ (6x + 2 x ) dy = ( 6 x 2 y + 2 xy )
3 3
2
= 18 x 2 + 6 x
0 0

Then
2
2
⎛ 18 x 3 6 x 2 ⎞
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( 6 x 2 + 2 x ) dy ⎤⎥ dx =
⌠ ( ) ⎜ 3 + 2 ⎟
3 2
∫ + =
2
18 x 6 x dx
⌡1 ⎣ 0 ⎦ 1
⎝ ⎠ 1

= (6 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 2
3 2
) − ( 6 + 3) = 48 + 12 − 9 = 51
55. 2
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 ) dx ⎤⎥ dy
⌠ 8

⌡0 ⎣ 1 ⎦
Evaluating the inner integral first,
8
⎛ x 3 2x 2 y 2⎞
∫1 ( x + 2 xy − y ) dx = ⎜⎝ 3 + 2 − xy ⎟⎠
8
2 2

⎛ 83 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 511
= ⎜ + 64 y − 8 y 2 ⎟ − ⎜ + y − y 2 ⎟ = + 63 y − 7 y 2
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 3

Then
 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 505

2 2
2
⌠ ⎛ 511 ⎞ ⎛ 511 63 y 2 7 y 3 ⎞
⎮ ⎡⎢ ∫ ( x + 2 xy − y
⌠ ) dx ⎤⎥⎦
8
2 2
dy = ⎮ ⎜ + 63 y − 7 y 2 ⎟ dy = ⎜ y+ − ⎟
⌡0 ⎣ 1 ⌡0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 3 ⎠ 0

1022 56 966
= + 126 − = + 126 = 448
3 3 3

57. ⌠ ⎡⎛
1
4y 2 ⎞ ⎤
3
1 3
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dy dx = ∫ ∫ ( 2 x + 4 y ) dy dx = ⎮ ⎢⎜ 2 xy + ⎟ ⎥ dx
−1 1 ⎮ ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ 1⎥
R ⌡− 1 ⎣ ⎦
1
= ∫ ⎡⎣( 6 x + 18 ) − ( 2 x + 2 ) ⎤⎦ dx
−1
1
1 ⎛ 4x 2 ⎞
= ∫ ( 4 x + 16 ) dx = ⎜ + 16 x ⎟
−1
⎝ 2 ⎠ −1

= ( 2 + 16 ) − ( 2 − 16 ) = 32

59. ⌠ ⎡⎛ 2 xy 2 ⎞
3
⎤ 2
3 2 3
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dy dx = ∫ ∫ ( 2xy ) dy dx = ⎮ ⎢⎜ ⎥ dx = ∫ ( 4 x − x ) dx
0 1 ⎮ ⎢⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ 0
R ⌡0 ⎣ 1⎦
3
3 3x 2 27
= ∫ 3x dx = =
0 2 0
2

61. ⌠
8
⎡⎛ 6
⎤
8 6 2y 2 ⎞
V= ∫∫ f ( x, y ) dy dx = ∫ ∫0 ( 2 x + 2 y + 1) dy dx = ⎮
⎮
⎢⎜ 2 xy + + y⎟ ⎥ dx
1
⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
R ⌡1 0⎦
8 8
= ∫ (12 x + 36 + 6 ) dx = ∫ (12 x + 42 ) dx
1 1

8
⎛ 12 x 2 ⎞
=⎜ + 42 x ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1

= 6 ⋅ 64 + 42 ⋅ 8 − 6 − 42 = 672 cubic units

63. ∂z 1 ⎛L⎞
3/ 4
∂z 3 ⎛K⎞
1/ 4

(a) = 80 ⋅ K − 3 / 4 L3 / 4 = 20 ⎜ ⎟ = 80 ⋅ K 1/ 4 L − 1/ 4 = 60 ⎜ ⎟
∂K 4 ⎝K⎠ ∂L 4 ⎝L⎠

(b) When K = $800,000 and L = 20,000 labor hours

3/ 4 3/ 4
∂z ⎛ 20,000 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 20 ⎜ ⎟ = 20 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.257
∂K ⎝ 800,000 ⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠
506 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

1/ 4
∂z ⎛ 800,000 ⎞
= 60 ( 40 )
1/ 4
= 60 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 150.892
∂L ⎝ 20,000 ⎠

(c) The factory should increase the use of labor. Explanations will vary.

65. C ( x, y ) = 1050 + 40 x + 45 y
C x ( x, y ) = 40 C y ( x, y ) = 45
Explanations will vary.

67. (a) R ( x, y ) = px + qy
= ( 350 − 6 x + y ) x + ( 400 + 2 x − 8 y ) y
= 350 x − 6 x 2 + xy + 400 y + 2 xy − 8 y 2
= 350 x − 6 x 2 + 3xy + 400 y − 8 y 2

(b) R x ( x, y ) = 350 − 12 x + 3 y
R y ( x, y ) = 3x + 400 − 16 y
Explanations will vary.

69. (a) P ( x, y ) = R ( x, y ) − C ( x, y )
= ⎡⎣350 x − 6 x 2 + 3 xy + 400 y − 8 y 2 ⎤⎦ − [1050 + 40 x + 45 y ]
= 310 x − 6 x 2 + 3xy + 355 y − 8 y 2 – 1050
(b) Px ( x, y ) = 310 − 12 x + 3 y
Px ( 50, 30 ) = 310 − 12 ( 50 ) + 3 ( 30 ) = − 200

Py ( x, y ) = 3x + 355 − 16 y
Py ( 50, 30 ) = 3 ( 50 ) + 355 − 16 ( 30 ) = 25
Explanations will vary.

71. (a) P ( x, y ) = R ( x, y ) − C ( x, y )
First we find R. R ( x, y ) = px + qy = ( 9 − x ) x + ( 21 − 2 y ) y = 9 x − x 2 + 21 y − 2 y 2
P ( x, y ) = ⎡⎣9 x − x 2 + 21y − 2 y 2 ⎤⎦ − ( x + y + 225 )
= 8 x − x 2 + 20 y − 2 y 2 − 225
We find the critical points of function P.

Px ( x, y ) = 8 − 2 x = 0 Py ( x, y ) = 20 − 4 y = 0
x=4 y=5
The critical point is (4, 5).
 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW 507

We find the second-order partial derivatives and D to determine the character of the
critical point.
Pxx ( x, y ) = − 2 Pyy ( x, y ) = − 4 Pxy ( x, y ) = 0
2
D = Pxx ( 4, 5 ) ⋅ Pyy ( 4, 5 ) − ⎡⎣ Pxy ( 4, 5 ) ⎤⎦ = ( − 2 )( − 4 ) − 0 = 8
Since Pxx ( 4, 5 ) < 0 and D > 0, there is a local maximum at (4, 5). The supermarket
should sell 4000 units of juice x and 5000 units of juice y to maximize profit.

(b) The maximum profit attainable from the orange juice sales is given by P(4, 5).
P ( 4, 5 ) = 8 ( 4 ) − 4 2 + 20 ( 5 ) − 2 ( 5 2 ) − 225 = − 159
Since x and y are in thousands, the maximum profit is a loss of $159,000.

73. We want to find the maximum production P ( K , L ) = 10 K 0.3 L0.7

subject to the condition g ( K , L ) = 50 K + 100 L − 51,000 = 0
We use the method of Lagrange multipliers, and construct the function
F ( K , L, λ ) = 10 K 0.3 L0.7 + λ ( 50 K + 100 L − 51,000 )

The system of equations formed by the partial derivatives is

3K −0 .7 L0.7
F K ( K , L, λ ) = 3K −0 .7 L 0.7 + 50λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− (1)
50
0.3 − 0.3
7K L
F L ( K , L, λ ) = 7 K 0.3 L − 0.3 + 100λ = 0 ⇒ λ=− ( 2)
100
Fλ ( K , L, λ ) = 50 K + 100 L − 51,000 = 0 ( 3)
From (1) and (2) we find
3K −0 .7 L0.7 7 K 0.3 L− 0.3
=
50 100
0.7
300 L 350 K 0.3
=
K 0 .7 L 0.3
300L = 350K
350 7
L= K= K
300 6
Substitute for L in (3)
⎛7 ⎞
50 K + 100 ⎜ K ⎟ = 51,000
⎝6 ⎠
1000
K = 51,000
6
K = 306
7 7
Substituting back and solving for L gives L = K = ⋅ 306 = 357
6 6
508 CHAPTER 8 PROJECT

To maximize productivity $50(306) = $15,300 should be allotted for capital and

$100(357) = $35,700 should be allotted for labor.

(b) The maximum number of units that can be produced is 3409 units.
P ( 306, 357 ) = 10 ( 306 0.3 )( 357 0.7 ) = 3408.66

CHAPTER 8 PROJECT

1. Total cost C is the sum of holding cost and reorder cost. If we let x denote the lot size of
the vacuum cleaners and y denote the lot size of the microwave ovens, we find
⎛ 30 x 15 y ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 500 ⎞ ⎛ 800 ⎞ ⎞
C ( x, y ) = ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ 40 ⎜ ⎟ + 60 ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠⎠
20,000 48,000
= 15 x + 7.5 y + +
x y

37 80
3. Assuming that there are = 19 vacuum cleaners in the store and = 40 microwave
2 2
ovens in the store, you would need
19 (20) + 40 (10) = 780 cubic feet of storage.

20,000 48,000
5. The problem is to now minimize cost C ( x, y ) = 15 x + 7.5 y + +
x y
subject to the constraint g ( x, y ) = 20 x + 10 y − 1000 = 0

To use the method of Lagrange multipliers we need to construct function F.

20,000 48,000
F ( x, y, λ ) = 15 x + 7.5 y + + + λ ( 20 x + 10 y − 1000 )
x y
The system of equations that are used to determine the minimum C is formed by the
partial derivatives of F.
20,000 20,000 − 15 x 2
F x ( x, y, λ ) = 15 − + 20 λ = 0 ⇒ λ = (1)
x2 20 x 2
48,000 48,000 − 7.5 y 2
F y ( x, y, λ ) = 7.5 − + 10λ = 0 ⇒ λ= ( 2)
y2 10 y 2
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = 20 x + 10 y − 1000 = 0 ( 3)

7. If the demand for vacuum cleaners is 500 units, and they are ordered in lots of 24, then
⎛ 500 ⎞
there will be 21 orders placed per year. ⎜ = 20.833 ⎟
⎝ 24 ⎠
 Appendix A
Graphing Utilities
A.1 The Viewing Rectangle

1. Using the window shown, X-scale = 1, and Y-scale = 2, we get the point (-1, 4).

3. Using the window shown, X-scale = 1, and Y-scale = 1, we get the point (3, 1).

5. Xmin = -6 Ymin = -4 7. Xmin = -6 Ymin = -1

Xmax = 6 Ymax = 4 Xmax = 6 Ymax = 3
Xscl = 2 Yscl = 2 Xscl = 2 Yscl = 1

9. Xmin = 3 Ymin = 2
Xmax = 9 Ymax = 10
Xscl = 1 Yscl = 2

11. Answers will vary, but an appropriate viewing window would be

Xmin = -12 Ymin = -4
Xmax = 6 Ymax = 8
Xscl = 1 Yscl = 1

13. Answers will vary, but an appropriate viewing window would be

Xmin = -30 Ymin = -100
Xmax = 50 Ymax = 50
Xscl = 10 Yscl = 10

15. Answers will vary, but an appropriate viewing window would be

Xmin = -10 Ymin = -20
Xmax = 110 Ymax = 180
Xscl = 10 Yscl = 20

A.2 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph Equations

1. (a) (b) (c) (d)

 APPENDIX A.2 511

3. (a) (b) (c) (d)

5. (a) (b) (c) (d)

7. (a) (b) (c) (d)

9. (a) (b) (c) (d)

11. (a) (b) (c) (d)

13. (a) (b) (c) (d)

15. (a) (b) (c) (d)

512 APPENDIX A.3

17. y = x + 2 19. y = -x + 2

21. y = 2x + 2 23. y = -2x + 2

25. y = x 2 + 2 27. y = -x 2 + 2

29. 3x + 2y = 6 31. -3x + 2y = 6

A.3 Square Screens

1. A square screen results if 2(Xmax – Xmin) = 3(Ymax – Ymin)
In this window we test
2(3 – (-3)) ? 3(2 – (-2))
2·6 3·4
12 = 12
The window is square.

3. A square screen results if 2(Xmax – Xmin) = 3(Ymax – Ymin)

In this window we test
2(9 – 0) ? 3(4 – (-2))
2·9 3·6
18 = 18
The window is square.
 APPENDIX A.4 513

5. A square screen results if 2(Xmax – Xmin) = 3(Ymax – Ymin)

In this window we test
2(6 – (-6)) ? 3(2 – (-2))
2 · 12 3·4
24 ≠ 12
The window is not square.

7. A square screen results if 2(Xmax – Xmin) = 3(Ymax – Ymin)

In this window we test
2(9 – 0) ? 3(3 – (-3))
2·9 3·6
18 = 18
The window is square.

9. Answers may vary.

If Xmin = -4 and Xmax = 8, then 2(Xmax – Xmin) = 2(8 – (-4)) = 2 · 12 = 24.
To make the screen square, the difference between Ymin and Ymax must be 24 ÷ 3 = 8.
To include the point (4, 8), the y-axis must go at least as high as 8. A possible choice is
Ymin = 1 and Ymax = 9.

A.4 Using a Graphing Utility to Locate Intercepts

and Check for Symmetry

1.

The smaller x-intercept is (– 3.41, 0).

3.

The smaller x-intercept is (– 1.71, 0).

5.

The smaller x-intercept is (– 0.28, 0).

514 APPENDIX A.4

7.

The positive x-intercept is (3, 0).

9.

The positive x-intercept is (4.50, 0).

11.

There are two positive x-intercepts; they are (0.32, 0) and (12.3, 0).

13.

There are two positive x-intercepts; they are (1, 0) and (23, 0).

15. (a) The x-intercepts are (– 1, 0) and (1, 0). The y-intercept is (0, – 1).
(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

17. (a) There is no x-intercept and there is no y-intercept.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
 CHAPTER 0 Review

Exercise 0.1

1.

(a) 2 and 5 are natural numbers.

(b) −6, 2, and 5 are integers.

(c) , and 5 are rational numbers.

(d) π is an irrational number.

(e) All the numbers are real numbers.

3.

(a) 1 is a natural number.

(b) 0 and 1 are integers.

(c) All the numbers are rational numbers.

(d) There are no irrational numbers in the set C.

(e) All the numbers are real numbers.

5.

(a) There are no natural numbers in the set E.

(b) There are no integers in the set E.

 (c) There are no rational numbers in the set E.

(d) All the numbers are irrational.

(e) All the numbers are real numbers.

7.

(a) 18.953

(b) 18.952

9.

(a) 28.653

(b) 28.653

11.

(a) 0.063

(b) 0.062

13.

(a) 9.999

(b) 9.998

15.

(a) 0.429
 (b) 0.428

17.

(a) 34.733

(b) 34.733

19.
3+2=5

21.
x+2=3·4

23.
3y = 1 + 2

25.
x−2=6

27.

29.
7

31.
6

33.
1

35.

37.
−11
39.
11

41.
−4

43.
1

45.
6

47.

49.

51.

53.

55.

57.

59.

61.

63.
6x + 24
 65.
x2 − 4x

67.
x2 + 6x + 8

69.
x2 − x − 2

71.
x2 − 10x + 16

73.
x2 − 4

75.
Answers will vary.

77.
Answers will vary.

79.
Subtraction is not commutative. Examples will vary.

81.
Division is not commutative. Examples will vary.

83.
This is true by the symmetric property of real numbers.

85.
All real numbers are either rational or irrational; no real number is both.

87.
0.9999… = 1

Exercise 0.2

1.
3.
>

5.
>

7.
>

9.
=

11.
<

13.
x>0

15.
x<2

17.
x≤1

19.

21.

23.
1

25.
2

27.
6

29.
4
31.
−28

33.

35.
0

37.
1

39.
5

41.
1

43.
22

45.
2

47.
(c) x = 0

49.
(a) x = 3

51.
none

53.
(b) x = 1, (c) x = 0, (d) x = −1

55.

57.
59.
C = 0°

61.
C = 25°

63.
16

65.

67.

69.
9

71.
5

73.
4

75.
64x6

77.

79.

81.

83.
85.
−4

87.
5

89.
4

91.
2

93.

95.

97.
10; 0

99.
81

101.
304,006.671

103.
0.004

105.
481.890

107.
0.000

109.
4.542 × 102

111.
1.3 × 10−2
113.
3.2155 × 104

115.
4.23 × 10−4

117.
61,500

119.
0.001214

121.
110,000,000

123.
0.081

125.

127.

129.

131.

133.

135.

(a) It costs $6,000 to produce 1000 watches.

(b) It costs $8,000 to produce 2000 watches.

 137.

(a)

(b)

139.

(a) Yes, |2.999 − 3| = |−0.001| = 0.001 ≤ 0.01.

(b) No, |2.89 − 3| = |−0.11| = 0.11 > 0.01.

141.
No, is larger by 0.000333….

143.
No; answers will vary.

145.
Answers will vary.

Exercise 0.3

1.
10x5 + 3x3 − 10x2 + 6

3.
2ax + a2

5.
2x2 + 17x + 8

7.
x4 − x2 + 2x − 1

9.
6x2 + 2
11.
(x − 6)(x + 6)

13.
(1 − 2x)(1 + 2x)

15.
(x + 2)(x + 5)

17.
prime

19.
prime

21.
(x + 3)(5 − x)

23.
3(x − 6)(x + 2)

25.
y2(y + 5)(y + 6)

27.
(2x + 3)2

29.
(3x + 1)(x + 1)

31.
(x − 3)(x + 3)(x2 + 9)

33.
(x − 1)2(x2 + x + 1)2

35.
x5(x − 1)(x + 1)

37.
(4x + 1)(5 − 4x)
39.
(2y − 3)(2y − 5)

41.
(x2 + 1)(3x + 1)(1 − 3x)

43.
(x − 6)(x + 3)

45.
(x + 2)(x − 3)

47.
3x(x − 2)3(5x − 4)

49.
(x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)

51.
(x − 1)(x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)

53.

55.

57.

59.

61.

63.
 65.
2(3x + 4)(9x + 13)

67.
2x(3x + 5)

69.
5(x + 3)(x + 1)(x − 2)2

71.
3(4x − 1)(4x − 3)

73.
6(3x − 5)(5x − 4)(2x + 1)2

75.

77.

79.

81.

Exercise 0.4

1.
{7}

3.
{−3}

5.
{4}
7.

9.
{−1}

11.
{−18}

13.
{−3}

15.
{−16}

17.
{0.5}

19.
{2}

21.
{2}

23.
{3}

25.
{0, 9}

27.
{0, 9}

29.
{21}

31.
{−2, 2}

33.
{6}
35.
{−3, 3}

37.
{−4, 1}

39.

41.
{−4, 4}

43.
{2}

45.
The equation has no solution.

47.
{−2, 2}

49.
{−1, 3}

51.
{−2, −1, 0, 1}

53.
{0, 4}

55.
{−6, 2}

57.

59.
{3, 4}

61.
63.

65.

67.
{−5, 5}

69.
{−1, 3}

71.
{−3, 0}

73.
16

75.

77.

79.
{−7, 3}

81.

83.

85.

87.
89.

91.
The equation has no real solution.

93.

95.

97.
The equation has no real solution.

99.
The equation has a repeated real solution.

101.
The equation has two unequal real solutions.

103.

105.

107.
{ a2}

109.

111.

113.
 115.
The solution set to the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 is

Adding the two roots, we obtain

117.

119.
Because b2 − 4ac = (− b)2 − 4ac ≥ 0, both equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and ax2 − bx + c = 0
have real solutions. The solutions to the first equation are

and the solutions to the second equation are

121.
The equations in (b) are equivalent, because . In (a), −3 is a solution of x2 = 9 but
not of x = 3. In (c), 1 is a solution of (x − 1)(x − 2) = (x − 1)2 but not of x − 2 = x − 1.

123.
Answers will vary.

125.
Answers will vary.

127.
Answers will vary.

Exercise 0.5
1.
(0, 2), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2

3.
(−1, 2), −1 < x < 2

5.
[0, 3), 0 ≤ x < 3

7.
[0, 4)

9.
[4, 6)

11.
[4, ∞)

13.
(− ∞, −4)

15.
2≤x≤5

17.
−3 < x < 2

19.
x≥4

21.
x < −3
23.

(a) 6 < 8

(b) −2 < 0

(c) 9 < 15

(d) −6 > −10

25.

(a) 7 > 0

(b) −1 > −8

(c) 12 > −9

(d) −8 < 6

27.

(a) 2x + 4 < 5

(b) 2x − 4 < −3

(c) 6x + 3 < 6

(d) −4x − 2 > −4

29.
<
31.
>

33.
≥

35.
<

37.
≤

39.
>

41.
≥

43.
(−∞, 4) = { x| x < 4}

45.
[−1, ∞) = { x| x ≥ −1}

47.
(3, ∞) = { x| x > 3}

49.
[2, ∞) = { x| x ≥ 2}

51.
(−7, ∞) = { x| x > −7}
53.

55.
(−∞, −20) = { x| < x−20}

57.

59.
[3,5] = { x|3 ≤ x ≤ 5}

61.

63.

65.
(−6, 0) = { x|−6 < x < 0}

67.
69.

71.
(−1, 3) = { x|−1 < x < 3}

73.
(−3, 3) = { x|−3 < x < 3}

75.
(−∞, −4) (3, ∞) = { x| x < −4 or x > 3}

77.
(−∞, −3) (4, ∞) = { x| x < −3 or x > 4}

79.
{}

81.
(1, ∞) = { x| x > 1}

83.
(−∞, 1) (2, 3) = { x| x < 1 or 2 < x < 3}

85.
(−2, 0) (4, ∞) = { x|−2 < x < 0 or x > 4}

87.
(−1, 0) (1, ∞) = { x|−1 < x < 0 or x > 1}
89.
(1, ∞) = { x| x > 1}

91.
(−∞ −1) (1, ∞) = { x| x < −1 or x > 1}

93.
(−∞, −1) (4, 1) = { x| x < −1 or 0 < x < 1}

95.
(−1, 1) [2, ∞) = { x|−1 < x < 1 or x ≥ 2}

97.
(−∞, 2) = { x| x < 2}

99.
(−∞, −3) (−1, 1) (2, ∞) = { x| x < −3 or −1 < x < 1 or x > 2}

101.
The solution is 74 ≤ x < 124, but assuming that the highest possible test score is 100, the
range of possible exam scores that will enable you to earn a B is from 74 to 100.

103.
The range of possible commissions is $45, 00 to $95, 00. The commission varies from 5% of
the selling price to 8.6% of the selling price.

105.
The amount withheld varies from $81.35 to $131.35.
 107.
Usage ranged from 657.41 kilowatt-hours to 2500.91 kilowatt-hours.

109.
The dealer’s cost range from $7457.63 to $7857.14.

111.
Answers will vary.

113.
Answers will vary.

Exercise 0.6

1.
3

3.
−2

5.

7.

9.
x3 y2

11.
x2 y

13.

15.

17.
19.

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.

31.

33.

35.

37.

39.

41.

43.
{3}
45.
4

47.
−3

49.
64

51.

53.

55.

57.
x7/12

59.
xy2

61.
x4/3 y5/3

63.

65.

67.
 69.

71.

73.

75.

77.

79.

81.
2x1/2(x + 1)(3x − 4)

83.
(x2 + 4)1/3(11x2 + 12)

85.
(2x + 3)1/2(3x + 5)1/3(17x + 27)

87.

89.

Exercise 0.7
1.
c = 13

3.
c = 26

5.
c = 25

7.
This is a right triangle. The hypotenuse is the side of length 5.

9.
This is not a right triangle.

11.
This is a right triangle. The hypotenuse is the side of length 25.

13.
This is not a right triangle.

15.
A = 8 inches2

17.
A = 4 inches2

19.
A = 25πm2, C = 10 m

21.
V = 224 ft3, S = 232 ft2

23.

25.
V = 648 π inches3, S = 306 π inches2

27.
The area is π units2.
 29.
The area is 2 π units2.

31.
The wheel travels 64 π inches after four revolutions.

33.
The area is 64 ft2.

35.
The area of the window is 24 + 2 π ft2 ≈ 30.28 ft2. 16 + 2π ≈ 22.28 ft of wood frame are
needed to enclose the window.

37.
You can see a distance of 28,920 ft, which is about 5.478 miles.

39.
A person can see 64,667 ft or 12.248 miles from the deck. A person can see 79,200 ft or 15.0
miles from the bridge.

41.
The areas of the rectangular pools vary from 0 ft2 to 62,500 ft2. The shape of the rectangle
of largest area is a square with side length 250 ft. The area of the circular pool is
ft2 ≈ 79, 577 ft2. The best choice for a pool of largest area would be the circular pool.

Exercise 0.8

1.

(a) Quadrant II

(b) Positive x-axis

(c) Quadrant III

(d) Quadrant I

(e) Negative y-axis

 (f) Quadrant IV

3.
The points will be on a vertical line that is 2 units to the right of the y-axis.

5.

7.

9.

11.

13.

15.
17.

19.

21.
23.

25.
(2, 2); (2, −4)

27.
(0, 0); (8, 0)

29.

31.

33.

35.

(a) First base (90, 0); second base (90, 90); third base (0, 90)

(b)

(c)
 37.
d = 50 t

Exercise 0.9

1.

x 0 −2 2 −2 4 −4

y 4 0 8 0 12 −4

3.

x 0 3 2 −2 4 −4

y −6 0 −2 −10 2 −14
5.

(a) Vertical line: x = 2

(b) Horizontal line: y = −3

7.

(a) Vertical line: x = −4

(b) Horizontal line: y = 1

9.
A slope of means that for every 2 unit change in x, y changes 1 unit.

11.
m = −1; A slope of −1 means that for every 1 unit change in x, y changes by (−1) units.

13.
m = 3; A slope of 3 means that for every 1 unit change in x, y will change 3 units.

15.
A slope of means that for every 2 unit change in x, y will change (−1) unit.

17.
m = 0; A slope of 0 means that regardless how x changes, y remains constant.
19.
The slope is not defined.

21.

23.

25.
27.

29.
x − 2y = 0

31.
x+y=2

33.
2x − y = −9

35.
2x + 3y = −1

37.
x − 2y = −5

39.
2x + y = 3

41.
3x − y = −12

43.
4x − 5y = 0

45.
x − 2y = 2
47.
x=1

49.
y=4

51.
slope: m = 2; y-intercept: (0, 3)

53.
slope: m = 2; y-intercept: (0, −2)

55.
slope: y-intercept: (0, −2)

57.
slope: m = 1; y-intercept: (0, 1)
59.
Slope is not defined; there is no y-intercept.

61.
slope: m = 0; y-intercept: (0, 5)

63.
slope: m = 1; y-intercept: (0, 0)

65.
slope: ; y-intercept: (0, 0)
67.
y = −3

69.
C = 0.122x

71.

(a) C = 0.08275x + 7.58, 0 ≤ x ≤ 400

(b)

(c) The monthly charge for using 100 KWH is $15.86.

(d) The monthly charge for using 300 KWH is $32.41.

(e) The slope indicates that for every extra KWH used (up to 400
KWH), the electric bill increases by 8.275 cents.

73.
w = 4h − 129

75.
C = 0.53x + 1,070,000
77.

(a)

(b) C = 20°

79.

(a)

(b) A = 52.74 billion gallons

(c) The slope tells us that the reservoir loses 1 billion gallons of water
every 75 days.

(d) A = 52.194 billion gallons

(e) In 10.89 years the reservoir will be empty.

(f) Answers will vary.

81.
Window: X min = −10; X max = 10 Y min = −10; Y max = 10 x-intercept: (1.67, 0);
y-intercept: (0, 2.50)

83.
Window: X min = −10; X max = 10 Y min = −10; Y max = 10 x-intercept: (2.52, 0);
y-intercept: (0, −3.53)
85.
Window: X min = −10; X max = 10 Y min = −10; Y max = 10 x-intercept: (2.83, 0);
y-intercept: (0, 2.56)

87.
Window: X min = −10; X max = 10; Y min = −10; Y max = 10 x-intercept: (0.78, 0);
y-intercept: (0, −1.41)

89.
(b)

91.
(d)

93.
y = x + 2 or x − y = −2

95.

97.
(b), (c), (e), (g)
99.
y=0

101.
Answers will vary.

103.
No; answers will vary; No; answers will vary.

105.
The lines are identical.

107.
Two lines can have the same y-intercept and the same x-intercept but different slopes only
if their y-intercept is the point (0, 0).
 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Their Graphs

Exercise 1.1

1.

(a) (3, −4)

(b) (−3, 4)

(c) (−3, −4)

3.

(a) (−2, −1)

(b) (2, 1)

(c) (2, −1)

5.

(a) (1, −1)

(b) (−1, 1)

(c) (−1, −1)

7.

(a) (−3, 4)

(b) (3, −4)

(c) (3, 4)

9.

(a) (0, 3)

(b) (0, −3)

 (c) (0, 3)

11.

(a) The x-intercepts are (−1, 0) and (1, 0). There is no y-intercept.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis, and the
origin.

13.

(a) The x-intercepts are and . The y-intercept is (0, 1).

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

15.

(a) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0, 0).

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

17.

(a) The x-intercept is (1, 0). There is no y-intercept.

(b) The graph is not symmetric with respect to either axis or to the
origin.
19.

(a) The x-intercepts are (−1, 0) and (1, 0). The y-intercept is (0, −1).

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

21.

(a) There are no intercepts.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

23.
The point (0, 0) is on the graph. The points (1, 1) and (−1, 0) are not on the graph.

25.
The point (0, 3) is on the graph. The points (3, 0) and (−3, 0) are not on the graph.

27.
The points (0, 2) and are on the graph. The point (−2, 2) is not on the graph.

29.
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are (0, 0). The graph is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis.

31.
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are (0, 0). The graph is symmetric with respect to the
origin.

33.
The x-intercepts are (−3, 0) and (3, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 9). The graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis.

35.
The x-intercepts are (−2, 0) and (2, 0). The y-intercepts are (0, −3) and (0, 3). The graph is
symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin.

37.
The x-intercept is (3, 0). The y-intercept is (0, −27). The graph is not symmetric with respect
to either axis or to the origin.
39.
The x-intercepts are (−1, 0) and (4, 0). The y-intercept is (0, −4). The graph is not symmetric
with respect to either axis or to the origin.

41.
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0, 0). The graph is symmetric with respect to
the origin.

43.
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0, 0). The graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis.

45.

47.

49.
a = −1

51.

53.
(a)
 The graphs of and y = | x| are the same.

55.
Let (x, y) be a point on the graph of the equation. Assume that the graph is symmetric with
respect to both axes. Because of symmetry with respect to the y-axis, the point (− x, y) is on
the graph. Similarly, because of symmetry with respect to the x-axis, the point (− x, − y) is
also on the graph. Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

Assume that the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis and to the origin. Because of
symmetry with respect to the x-axis, (x, − y) is on the graph. Because of symmetry with
respect to the origin, (− x, y) is also on the graph. Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect
to the y-axis.

Assume that the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis and to the origin. Because of
 symmetry with respect to the y-axis, (− x, y) is on the graph. Because of symmetry with
respect to the origin, (x, − y) is also on the graph. Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect
to the x-axis.

Exercise 1.2

1.

(a) f(0) = −4

(b) f(1) = 1

(c) f(−1) = −3

(d) f(− x) = 3x2 − 2x − 4

(e) − f(x) = −3x2 − 2x + 4

(f) f(x + 1) = 3x2 + 8x + 1

(g) f(2x) = 12x2 + 4x − 4

(h) f(x + h) = 3x2 + 6xh + 2x + 3h2 + 2h − 4

3.

(a) f(0) = 0

(b)

(c)

(d)
 (e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

5.

(a) f(0) = 4

(b) f(1) = 5

(c) f(−1) = 5

(d) f(− x) = | x| + 4

(e) − f(x) = −| x| − 4

(f) f(x + 1) = | x + 1| + 4

(g) f(2x) = 2| x| + 4

(h) f(x + h) = | x + h| + 4

7.

(a)

(b)
9.
4

11.
2x + h − 1

13.
3x2 + 3xh + h2

15.
4x3 + 6hx2 + 4h2 x + h3

17.
function

19.
function

21.
not a function

23.
not a function
25.
function

27.
not a function

29.
all real numbers

31.
all real numbers

33.
{ x| x ≠ −4, x ≠ 4}

35.
{ x| x ≠ 0

37.
{ x| x ≥ 4} or the interval [4, ∞)

39.
{ x| x > 9} or the interval (9, ∞)

41.
{ x| x > 1} or the interval (1, ∞)

43.

45.
A = −4, f is undefined at x = −2

47.
A = 8, f is undefined at x = 3

49.
G(x) = 10x

51.
 53.

55.
28,027 thousand acres of wheat will be planted in 2010.

57.
The expected Mathematics SAT score would be 456 in 2010.

59.

(a) The cost per passenger is $222.

(b) The cost per passenger is $225.

(c) The cost per passenger is $220.

(d) The cost per passenger is $230.

61.

(a) Yes

(b) No

(c) No

(d) No

63.
Answers will vary.

Exercise 1.3

1.
This is not the graph of a function.
3.
This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is { x|−p ≤ x ≤ p} or the interval [−π, π]. The range is {
y|−1 ≤ y ≤ 1} or the interval [−1, 1].

(b) The x-intercepts are and . The y-intercept is (0, 1).

(c) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

5.
This is not the graph of a function.

7.
This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is { x| x > 0} or the interval (0, ∞). The range is all real
numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

(b) The x-intercept is (1, 0). There is no y-intercept.

(c) This graph does not have symmetry with respect to the x-axis, y-axis,
or the origin.

9.
This is the graph of a function.

(a) The domain is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞). The range is {
y| y ≤ 2} or the interval (−∞, 2].

(b) The x-intercepts are (−3, 0) and (3, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 2).

(c) The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

11.
This is the graph of a function.
 (a) The domain is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞). The range is
{ y| y ≥ −3} or the interval [−3, ∞).

(b) The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (3, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 9).

(c) This graph does not have symmetry with respect to the x-axis,
y-axis, or the origin.

13.

(a) f(0) = 3, f(−6) = −3

(b) f(6) = 0, f(11) = −1

(c) f(3) is positive.

(d) f(−4) is negative.

(e) x = −3, x = 6, and x = 10

(f) f(x) > 0 on the intervals (−3, 6) and (10, 11].

(g) The domain of f is { x|−6 ≤ x ≤ 11} or the interval [−6, 11].

(h) The range of f is { y|−3 ≤ y ≤ 4} or the interval [−3, 4].

(i) The x-intercepts are (−3, 0), (6, 0), and (10, 0).

(j) The y-intercept is (0, 3).

(k) The line intersects the graph 3 times.

 (l) The line x = 5 intersects the graph once.

(m) f(x) = 3 when x = 0 and x = 4.

(n) f(x) = −2 when x = −5 and x = 8.

15.

(a) Yes

(b) f(−2) = 9; the point (−2, 9) is on the graph of f.

(c) x = 0 or ; the points (0, −1) and are on the graph of f.

(d) The domain of f is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

(e) The x-intercepts are and (1, 0).

(f) The y-intercept is (0, −1)

17.

(a) No

(b) f(4) = −3; the point (4, −3) is on the graph of f.

(c) x = 14; the point (14, 2) is on the graph of f.

(d) The domain is the set { x| x ≠ 6}.

(e) The x-intercept is (−2, 0).

 (f) The y-intercept is .

19.

(a) Yes

(b) ; the point is on the graph of f.

(c) x = −1 or x = 1; the points (−1, 1)and (1, 1) are on the graph of f.

(d) The domain is the set of all real numbers or the interval (−∞ ∞).

(e) The x-intercept is (0, 0).

(f) The y-intercept is (0, 0).

21.
Yes

23.
No

25.
f is increasing on the intervals (−8, −2), (0, 2), and (5, ∞) or for −8 < x < 2, 0 < x < 2 and
x > 5.

27.
There is a local maximum at x = 2. The local maximum is f(2) = 10.

29.
f has local maxima at x = −2 and x = 2. The local maxima are f(−2) = 6, and f(2) = 10.

31.

(a) The x-intercepts are (−2, 0) and (2, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 3).
 (b) The domain is { x|−4 ≤ x ≤ 4} or the interval [−4, 4]. The range is {
y|0 ≤ y ≤ 3} or [0, 3].

(c) The function is increasing on (−2, 0) and (2, 4) or for −2 < x < 0 and
2 < x < 4. The function is decreasing on (−4, −2) and (0, 2) or for
−4 < x < −2 and 0 < x < 2.

(d) The function is even.

33.

(a) The y-intercept is (0, 1). There is no x-intercept.

(b) The domain is the set of all real numbers. The range is set of positive
numbers or { y| y > 0} or the interval (0, ∞).

(c) The function is increasing on (−∞, ∞) or for all x-values.

(d) The function is neither even nor odd.

35.

(a) The x-intercepts are (−π, 0), (0, 0) and (π, 0). The y-intercept is (0,
0).

(b) The domain is [−π, π]. The range is [−1, 1].

(c) The function is increasing on or for . The

function is decreasing on and or for
and .

(d) The function is odd.

37.

(a) The x-intercepts are and . The y-intercept is .

(b) The domain is { x|−3 ≤ x ≤ 3} or the interval [−3, 3]. The range is {
y|−1 ≤ y ≤ 2} or the inerval [−1, 2].

(c) The function is increasing on (2, 3) or for 2 < x < 3. The function is
decreasing on (−1, 1) or for − 1 < x < 1. The function is constant on
(−3, −1) and (1, 2) or for −3 < x < 1 and 1 < x < 2.

(d) The function is neither even nor odd.

39.

(a) The function has a local maximum of 3 at x = 0.

(b) The function has local minima of 0 at x = −2 and x = 2.

41.

(a) The function has a local maximum of 1 at .

(b) The function has a local minimum of −1 at .

43.

(a)

(b)

(c)
45.

(a)

(b)

(c) y = 5x

47.

(a)

(b)

(c) y = −3x + 1

49.

(a)

(b)

(c) y = x − 2

51.

(a)

(b)

(c) y = 6x − 6
53.

(a)

(b)

(c)

55.

(a)

(b)

(c)

57.
odd

59.
even

61.
odd

63.
neither even nor odd

65.
even

67.
odd

69.
 The function has a local minimum of 0 at x = 1 and a local maximum of 4 at x = −1. The
function is increasing on (−2, −1) and (1, 2) and is decreasing on (−1, 1).

71.

The function has a local minimum of −0.19 at x = 0.77 and a local maximum of 0.19 at
x = −0.77. The function is increasing on (−2, −0.77) and (0.77, 2) and is decreasing on
(−0.77, 0.77).

73.

The function has a local minimum of −18.89 at x = −3.77 and a local maximum of −1.91 at
x = 1.77. The function is increasing on (−3.77, 1.77) and it is decreasing on (−6, −3.77) and
(1.77, 4).

75.
 The function has a local minimum of 0.95 at x = −1.87, a local maximum of 3 at x = 0, and a
local minimum of 2.65 at x = 0.97. The function is increasing on (−1.87,0) and (0.97, 2) and
is decreasing on (−3, −1.87) and (0, 0.97).

77.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g) The secant lines are approaching the tangent line to the graph of f at
x = 0.
 (h) The slopes of the secant lines are approach the slope of the tangent
line to the graph of f at x = 0, which is 0.

79.

(a) 81.07 ft.

(b) 129.59 ft.

(c) 26.63 ft.

(d) The golf ball was hit 528.13 feet.

(e)

(f) The ball is at a height of 90 feet when it has traveled 115.07 feet and
413.05 feet.

(g)
 (h) The ball travels about 275 feet before reaching its maximum height.
The maximum height of the ball is 132 feet.

(i) The ball travels 264 feet before reaching its maximum height.

81.

(a) V(x) = x(24 − 2x)2 = 4x3 − 96x2 + 576x

(b) The volume is 972 in3.

(c) The volume is 160 in3.

(d)

The volume V is largest when x = 4 in.

83.

(a)
 (b) Producing 10 riding lawn mowers minimizes average cost.

(c) The minimum average cost is $239.

85.
Reasons will vary. (a) II (b) V (c) IV (d) III (e) I

87.
Answers will vary.

89.
Answers will vary.

91.
Answers will vary.

93.
Answers will vary.

Exercise 1.4

1.
C.

3.
E.

5.
B.

7.
F.

9.
11.

13.

15.
17.

(a) f(−2) = 4

(b) f(0) = 2

(c) f(2) = 5

19.

(a) f(1.2) = 2

(b) f(1.6) = 3

(c) f(−1.8) = −4.

21.

(a) The domain is all real numbers, or the interval (−∞, ∞).

(b) There is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

(c)

(d) The range is { y| y ≠ 0} or the intervals (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞).

23.

(a) The domain is all real numbers.

 (b) There is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is (0, 3).

(c)

(d) The range is { y| y ≥ 1} or the interval [1, ∞).

25.

(a) The domain is the set of real numbers greater than or equal to −2, {
x| x ≥ −2} or [−2, ∞).

(b) The x-intercept is (2, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 3).

(c)

(d)

27.

(a) The domain is set of all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

(b) The x-intercepts are (−1, 0) and (0, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 0).
 (c)

(d) The range is all real numbers or the interval (−∞, ∞).

29.

(a) The domain is { x| x ≥ −2} or the interval [−2, ∞).

(b) There is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is (0, 1).

(c)

(d) The range is { y| y > 0} or the interval (0, ∞).

31.

(a) The domain is all real numbers.

(b) The x-intercepts lie in the interval [0, 1). The y-intercept is (0, 0).

(c)
 (d) The range is the set of even integers.

33.

35.

37.

(a) $39.99

(b) $43.74

(c) $40.24

39.

(a) $59.33

(b) $396.04

(c)
 (d)

41.

(a) 10 °C.

(b) 3.98 °C.

(c) −2.67 °C.

(d) −3.70 °C.

(e) For wind speeds under 1.79 m/sec, the wind chill factor is simply the
air temperature.

(f) For wind speeds above 20 m/sec, the wind chill factor is a function
of the air temperature.

43.

45.
 If a>0, the graph of y = x2 + a is a vertical shift of the graph of y = x2 upward by a units. If
a<0, the graph of y = x2 + a is a vertical shift of the graph of y = x2 downward by a units.
The graph of y = x2−4 is a vertical shift of the graph of y = x2 downward by 4 units. The
graph of y = x2 + 5 is a vertical shift of the graph of y = x2 upward by 5 units.

47.

The graph of y = − x2 is the reflection of y = x2 in the x-axis. The graph of y = −| x| is the

reflection of y = | x| in the x-axis.

49.
 The graph of y = (x − h)3 + k is obtained by shifting the graph of y = x3 h units to the right
and k units upward.

51.

Each of the graphs increases in height as x increases. The graphs become increasingly flatter
at x = 0 as the exponent increases.

Exercise 1.5

1.
B.

3.
H.

5.
A.

7.
F.

9.
y = (x − 4)3
11.
y = x3 + 4

13.
y = − x3

15.

17.

19.
(c) (3, 0)

21.

23.

25.
27.

29.

31.

33.
35.

37.

39.

(a)

(b)
 (c)

(d)

(e)

41.

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d) The graph of y = | f(x)| is obtained from the graph of y = f(x) by

reflecting the portions of the graph of y = f(x) below the x-axis
across the x-axis.

43.

(a)
(b)
CHAPTER 1 Review

True-False Items

1.
False

2.
False

3.
False

4.
False

5.
True

6.
False

Fill In The Blanks

1.
independent, dependent

2.
vertical

3.
5, −3

4.
a = −2

5.
(−5, 0), (−2, 0), (2, 0)

Review Exercises

1.
3.
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0, 0). The graph is symmetric with respect to the
x-axis.

5.
The x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (4, 0). The y-intercepts are (0,−2) and (0, 2). The graph is
symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin.

7.
There is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is (0, 1). The graph is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis.

9.
The x-intercepts are (−1, 0) and (0, 0). The y-intercepts are (0, 0) and (0,−2). The graph is not
symmetric with respect to either axis nor the origin.

11.

(a) f(2) = 2

(b) f(−2) = −2

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)
13.

(a) f(2) = 0

(b) f(−2) = 0

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

15.

(a) f(2) = 0

(b) f(−2) = 0

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

17.
{ x| x ≠ −3,x ≠ 3}
19.
{ x| x ≤ 2} or the interval (−∞,2]

21.
{ x| x ≠ 0}

23.
{ x| x ≠ −3, x ≠ 1}

25.
−4x − 2h + 1

27.

(a) Domain is { y|−4 ≤ x ≤ 3} or the interval [−4, 3], range is {

y|−3 ≤ y ≤ 3} or the interval [−3, 3].

(b) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0, 0).

(c) f(−2) = −1

(d) x = −4

(e) The interval (0, 3] or { x|0 < x ≤ 3}

29.

(a) Domain is the interval (−∞,∞), range is the interval (−∞,1).

(b) The function f is increasing on the intervals (−∞,−1) and (3, 4) and is
decreasing on the intervals (−1, 3) and (4,∞).

(c) The function has a local maximum of 1 at x = −1 and a local

maximum of 0 at x = 4. The function has a local minimum of −3 at
x = 3.

(d) The graph is not symmetric with respect to either axis nor the origin.
 (e) The function is neither even nor odd.

(f) The x-intercepts are (−2, 0), (0, 0), and (4, 0). The y-intercept is (0,
0).

31.
odd

33.
even

35.
neither even nor odd

37.
odd

39.

The function has a local maximum of 4.043 at x = −0.913 and a local minimum of −2.043 at
x = 0.913. The function is increasing on the intervals (−3,−0.913) and (0.913, 3) and is
decreasing on the interval (−0.913, 0.913).

41.
 The function has local minima f(−0.336) = 0.543 and f(1.798) = −3.565, and a local
maximum f(0.414) = 1.532. The function is increasing on the intervals (−0.336, 0.414) and
(1.798, 3) and is decreasing on the intervals (−2,−0.336) and (0.414, 1.798).

43.

(a)

(b)

(c)

45.

47.

49.
Graphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) are graphs of functions.

51.

53.

(a) (a) The domain is { x| x > −2} or the interval (−2,∞).

 (b) The x-intercept and y-intercept are both (0, 0).

(c)

(d) The range is { y| y > −6} or the interval (−6,∞).

55.

(a) The domain is { x| x − 4} or the interval [−4,∞).

(b) The y-intercept is (0, 1). There is no x-intercept.

(c)

(d) The range is the intervals [−4, 0) and (0,∞).

57.
 The x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (4, 0). The y-intercept is (0,−4). The domain is all real
numbers or the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is { y| y ≥ −4} or the interval [−4,∞).

59.

The x-intercept is (1, 0). There is no y-intercept. The domain is { x| x ≥ 1} or [1, ∞), and the
range is { y| y ≥ 0} or the interval [0, ∞).

61.

The x-intercept is (1, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 1). The domain is { x| x ≤ 1} or the interval
(−∞, 1], and the range is { y| y ≥ 0} or the interval [0, ∞).

63.
 There is no x-intercept. The y-intercept is (0, 3). The domain is (−∞,∞), and the range is { y|
y ≥ 2} or [2, ∞).

65.

(a)

(b)

(c)
 (d)

67.
f(x) = −2x + 3

69.
A = 11

71.
V(r) = 2π r3

73.

(a)

(b) The revenue is $13,333.33.

75.

(a)
 (b) The revenue is $255.

77.

(a) The total cost C in dollars is given by .

(b) The cost is $16.03.

(c) The cost is $29.13.

(d)

The cost is least when the radius is 3.758 cm.

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.
(d) 0 ≤ y < 4

2.
(d) 87

3.
(c) [−1, 0] [1,∞)
 CHAPTER 2 Classes of Functions

Exercise 2.1

1.
C.

3.
F.

5.
G.

7.
H

9.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is located at the point (−1,−1). The axis of symmetry is
the line x = −1. The y-intercept is (0,0). The x-intercepts are (−2, 0) and (0, 0). The domain is
the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval [−1,∞). The function is increasing on the
interval (−1,∞), and is decreasing on the interval (−∞,1).

11.

The graph opens downward. The vertex is located at the point (−3,9). The axis of symmetry
is the line x = −3. The y-intercept is (0,0). The x-intercepts are (−6,0) and (0,0). The domain
 is the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval (−∞,9]. The function is increasing on the
interval (−∞,−3), and is decreasing on the interval (−3,∞).

13.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is located at the point (2, −8). The axis of symmetry is
the line x = 2. The y-intercept is (0,0). The x-intercepts are and (0,0) and (4,0). The domain is
the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval [−8,∞]. The function is increasing on the
interval (2,∞), and is decreasing on the interval (−∞,2).

15.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is located at the point (−1,−9). The axis of symmetry is
the line x = −1. The y-intercept is (0,−8). The x-intercepts are (−4,0) and (2,0). The domain
is the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval [−9,∞]. The function is increasing on the
interval (−1,∞), and is decreasing on the interval (−∞,−1).

17.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is located at the point (−1,0). The axis of symmetry is
the line x = −1. The y-intercept is (0,1). The x-intercept is (−1,0). The domain is the interval
(−∞,∞), and the range is the interval [0,∞). The function is increasing on the interval (−1,∞),
and is decreasing on the interval (−∞,−1).
19.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is located at the point . The axis of symmetry is
the line . The y-intercept is (0,2). There is no x-intercept is (−1,0). The domain is the
interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval [ ,∞). The function is increasing on the
interval ( ), and is decreasing on the interval (−∞, )

21.

The graph opens downward. The vertex is located at the point . The axis of
symmetry is the line . The y-intercept is (0,−3). There is no x-intercept. The domain is
the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval . The function is increasing
on the interval , and is decreasing on the interval .

23.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is located at the point (−1,−1). The axis of symmetry is
the line x = −1. The y-intercept is (0,2). The x-intercepts are and

. The domain is the interval (−∞,∞), and the range is the interval

[−1,∞). The function is increasing on the interval (−1,∞), and is decreasing on the interval
(−∞,−1).
25.

The graphs opens downward. The vertex is located at the point . The axis of
symmetry is the line . The y-intercept is (0,2). The x-intercepts are

and . The domain is the interval

(−∞,∞), and the range is the interval . The function is increasing on the interval
, and is decreasing on the interval .

27.
The function has a minimum value of f(−3) = −18.

29.
The function has a minimum value of f(−3) = −21.

31.
The function has a maximum value of f(5) = 21.

33.
The function has a maximum value of f(2) = 13.

35.

(a) f(x) = (x + 3)(x − 1), f(x) = 2(x + 3)(x − 1), f(x) = −2(x + 3)(x − 1),
f(x) = 5(x + 3)(x − 1)

(b) The x-intercepts are unaffected. The y-coordinate of the y-intercept

changes from that of y = (x + 3)(x − 1) by a factor of a.

(c) The value of a has no effect on the axis of symmetry.

(d) The x-coordinate of the vertex is the same for each function. The
y-coordinate of the vertex changes from that of y = (x + 3)(x − 1) by
a factor of a.
 (e) The x-coordinate of the vertex is equal to the x-coordinate of the
midpoint of the x-intercepts.

37.
A unit price of $500 should be established to maximize revenue. The maximum revenue is
$1,000,000.

39.

(a)

(b) The revenue is $13, 333.33.

(c) A quantity of 300 units maximizes revenue. The maximum revenue

is $15, 000.

(d) The company should charge $50.

41.

(a)

(b) The revenue is $255.

(c) A quantity of 50 units maximizes revenue. The maximum revenue is

$500.

(d) The company should charge $10.

43.

(a)

(b) x = 100
 (c) The maximum area is 10, 000 square yards.

45.
The largest area is 2,000,000 m2.

47.

(a) The projectile is 39.0625 feet horizontally from the base of the cliff
when it achieves is maximum height.

(b) The maximum height is 219.53125 feet above the water.

(c) The projectile strikes the water 170.024 feet from the base of the
cliff.

(d)

(e) The projectile is 135.698 feet from the cliff.

49.
A depth of 3 inches will provide the maximum cross-sectional area.

51.
100 meters by by 31.8 meters

53.

(a) There are the most hunters at the income level of $56,584. At this
income level, there are about 3685 hunters.
 (b)

The number of hunters is increasing between the $20,000 and

$40,000 income levels.

55.

(a) The number of 23-year old male murder victims is 1795.

(b) The number of male murder victims at age 28 years is about 1456.

(c)

(d) The number of male murder victims decreases with age until age 70
and then begins to increase.

57.

59.
 61.

63.
A = 25 units2

65.
Answers will vary.

67.

Each parabola opens upward, has its vertex at , and has the line as its
axis of symmetry.

69.
Write the formula for a quadratic function as . If a > 0, then
is zero if and is positive otherwise. Hence the function has a
minimum at , and the graph opens upward. If a < 0, then is zero if
and is negative otherwise. Hence the function has a maximum at , and
the graph opens downward.

Exercise 2.2

1.
Answers will vary. Possible answers include (−1,−1), (0, 0) and (1, 1).

3.
origin

5.
7.

9.

11.
This is a polynomial function of degree 3.

13.
This is a polynomial function of degree 2.

15.
This is not a polynomial function because the term has the monomial x in the denominator.

17.
This is not a polynomial function because the exponent of the term x3/2 is not a nonnegative
integer.

19.
This is a polynomial function of degree 4.

21.
This is a polynomial function of degree 4.

23.
y = 3x4
 25.
y = −2x5

27.
y = 5x3

29.

31.

33.

35.

37.
(−∞,∞)

39.

41.

(a) The percentage of union membership in the labor force in 2000 was
13.2%.

(b) u(75) = 18.02. The percentage of union membership in the labor

force in 2005 will be 18.02%.

Exercise 2.3

1.

(a) 11.2116

(b) 11.5873
 (c) 11.6639

(d) 11.6648

3.

(a) 8.8152

(b) 8.8214

(c) 8.8244

(d) 8.8250

5.

(a) 21.2166

(b) 22.2167

(c) 22.4404

(d) 22.4592

7.
3.3201

9.
0.4274

11.
This is not an exponential function.

13.
This is an exponential function with base a = 4.
15.
This is an exponential function with base a = 2.

17.
This is not an exponential function.

19.
B.

21.
D.

23.
A.

25.
E.

27.

Domain = (−∞,∞), Range = (1,∞); the horizontal asymptote is y = 1.

29.

Domain = (−∞,∞), Range = (−2,∞); the horizontal asymptote is y = −2.

31.
 Domain = (−∞,∞), Range = (0,∞); the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

33.

Domain = (−∞,∞), Range = (−1,∞); the horizontal asymptote is y = −1.

35.

37.

39.

41.
{0}

43.
{4}

45.

47.
{1, 2}
49.

51.

53.
y = 3x

55.
y = −6x

57.

(a) 74.1% of light will pass through 10 panes.

(b) 47.2% of light will pass through 25 panes.

59.

(a) There will be 44.35 watts after 30 days.

(b) There will be 11.61 watts after one year.

61.
There will be 3.35 mg of the drug in the bloodstream after 1 hour. There will be 0.45 mg of
the drug in the bloodstream after 6 hours.

63.

(a) The probability that a car will arrive within 10 minutes of 12:00 PM
is 0.632.

(b) The probability that a car will arrive within 40 minutes of 12:00 PM
is 0.982.

(c) F(t) approaches 1 as t becomes unbounded in the positive direction.

 (d)

(e) About 6.931 minutes are needed for the probability to reach 50%.

65.

(a) The probability that 15 cars will arrive between 5:00 PM and 6:00
PM is 5.2%.

(b) The probability that 20 cars will arrive between 5:00 PM and 6:00
PM is 8.9%.

67.

(a) A 3-year old Civic DX Sedan costs $12,123.27.

(b) A 9-year old Civic DX Sedan costs $6442.80.

69.

(a) 5.4 amperes, 7.6 amperes, 10.4 amperes

(b)
 (c) The maximum current is 12 amperes.

(d) 3.3 amperes, 5.3 amperes, 9.4 amperes

(e)

(f) The maximum current is 24 amperes.

71.

n Difference

4 2.7083333333 0.0099484951

6 2.7180555556 0.0002262729

8 2.7182787698 0.0000030586

10 2.7182818011 0.0000000273
73.

75.

77.

(a) The relative humidity is 71%.

(b) The relative humidity is 73%.

(c) The relative humidity is 100%.

79.

(a)

(b)
 81.
It took 59 minutes to fill half of the container.

83.
There is no power function that increases more rapidly than an exponential function whose
base is greater than 1. Explanations will vary.

85.
The graphs are identical because y = a− x and represent the same function.

Exercise 2.4

1.
log3 9 = 2

3.
loga 1.6 = 2

5.
log1.1 M = 2

7.
log2 7.2 = x

9.

11.
ln 8 = x

13.
23 = 8

15.
a6 = 3

17.
3x =2
19.
21.3 = M

21.

23.

25.
0

27.
2

29.
−4

31.

33.
4

35.

37.

39.

41.

43.

45.
0.511
47.
30.099

49.

51.

53.

55.
B.

57.
D.

59.
A.

61.
E.

63.
 Domain (−4, ∞), Range = (−∞,∞); the vertical asymptote is x = −4.

65.

Domain = (0,∞), Range = (−∞,∞); the vertical asymptote is x = 0.

67.

Domain = (4,∞), Range = (−∞,∞); the vertical asymptote is x = 4.

69.

Domain = (0,∞), Range = (−∞,∞); the vertical asymptote is x = 0.

71.
{9}

73.
75.
{2}

77.
{5}

79.
{3}

81.
{2}

83.

85.

87.

89.
{−1}

91.

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) The pH increases as the hydrogen ion concentration decreases.

(e) [H+ ] = 0.000316

(f) [H+ ] = 3.981 × 10−8

93.

(a) The aircraft is 5.965 km above sea level.

(b) The height of the mountain is 0.900 km above sea level.

95.

(a) It will take 6.931 minutes for the probability to reach 50%.

(b) It will take 16.094 minutes for the probability to reach 80%.

(c) No, the probability cannot equal 100% because the exponential term
e−0.1t is never equal to zero.

97.
The time between injections is about 2 hours, 17 minutes and 27 seconds.

99.
It takes 0.269 seconds to achieve a current of 0.5 ampere and 0.896 seconds to achieve a
current of 1.0 ampere.

101.
The population will be 309,123,927 people.

103.
50 decibels

105.
110 decibels

107.
The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1 on the Richter scale.

109.

(a)
 (b) The risk is 90.9%.

(c) A blood alcohol concentration of 0.175 corresponds to a risk of

100%.

(d) A driver should be arrested with a blood alcohol concentration of

0.08 or greater.

(e) Answers will vary.

111.
Explanations will vary.

Exercise 2.5

1.
71

3.
−4

5.
7

7.
1

9.
1

11.
2

13.

15.
4
17.
a+b

19.
b−a

21.
3a

23.

25.
2 log55 − log5 x

27.
3 log2 z

29.
ln e + ln x

31.
ln x + x ln e

33.
2 log u + 3 log a v

35.

37.
3 log2 x − log2(x − 3)

39.
logx + log(x + 2) − 3 log(x + 3)

41.

43.
45.
log5 u3 v4

47.
log3 x7/2

49.

51.

53.
log2 x(3x − 2)4

55.

57.

59.
2.771

61.
−3.880

63.
5.615

65.
0.874

67.
69.

71.

73.
y = Cx

75.
y = C(x2 + x)

77.
y = Ce3x

79.
y = Ce−4x + 3
81.

83.
3

85.
1

87.

89.

91.

93.
 95.

97.
The functions are not equivalent. Explanations will vary.

Exercise 2.6

1.
$1127.50

3.
$580.92

5.
$98.02

7.
$466.20

9.
The amount is $1020.20, and the interest is $20.20.

11.

(a) $4434.60

(b) $3933.14

13.
A 23.1% interest rate is required.

15.
It will take approximately 11 years for the investment to triple.

17.
$913.93 is needed to get $1000 in 1 year. $835.27 is needed to get $1000 in 2 years.
19.
They should invest $35,476.82.

21.
A 22.0% interest rate is required.

23.

(a) The Rule of 70 approximation is 70 years, which is greater than the

actual solution of 69.3147 years by about 0.685 year.

(b) The Rule of 70 approximation is 14 years, which is greater than the

actual solution of 13.8629 years by about 0.137 year.

(c) The Rule of 70 approximation is 7 years, which is greater than the

actual solution of 6.9315 years by about 0.069 year.
CHAPTER 2 Review

True-False Items

1.
True

2.
False

3.
True

4.
True

5.
False

6.
False

7.
False

8.
True

9.
False

Fill In The Blanks

1.
parabola

2.
axis of symmetry

3.
 4.

5.
1

6.
4

7.
(0, ∞)

8.

9.
1

10.
r loga M

Review Exercises

1.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is (2,2). The axis of symmetry is the linex = 2. The
y-intercept is (0,6). There is no x-intercept.

3.
 The graph opens up. The vertex is (0,−16). The axis of symmetry is the linex = 0. The
y-intercept is (0,−16). The x-intercepts are (−8,0) and (8,0).

5.

The graph opens downward. The vertex is . The axis of symmetry is the . The
y-intercept is (0,0). The x-intercepts are (0,0) and (1,0).

7.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is . The axis of symmetry is the .
The y-intercept is (0,1). There is no x-intercept.

9.

The graph opens upward. The vertex is . The axis of symmetry is the .

The y-intercept is (0,−1). The x-intercepts are and or approximately

(−1.55, 0) and (0.22, 0)

11.
Minimum value = 1
13.
Maximum value = 12

15.
Maximum value = 16

17.
Answers will vary. Possibilities include (−1, 1), (0, 0), and (1, 1).

19.

21.

23.
This is a polynomial function of degree 5.

25.
This is not a polynomial function because the exponent in the term 5x1/2 is not a nonnegative
integer.

27.
y = −2x4

29.
The domain is .
31.
The domain is .

33.

(a) 81

(b) 2

(c)

(d) −3

35.
log5 z = 2

37.
513 = u

39.

41.

43.
−3

45.
4

47.
2

49.
51.
0.4

53.
log3 u + 2log3 v − log3 w

55.

57.

59.
log4 x25/4

61.

63.

65.
2.124

67.

Domain = (−∞,∞), Range = (0,∞); the x-axis is an asymptote.

69.
 Domain = (−∞,∞) , Range = (−∞,1) ; the line y = 1 is an asymptote.

71.

Domain = (0,∞), Range = (−∞,∞); the y-axis is an asymptote.

73.

75.

77.

79.
{4}

81.
{11}

83.
$125.23

85.
$923.12

87.
It will take almost 11.6 years to double.

89.
The Piper Cub is 3229.5 meters above sea level.
 91.
50 feet by 50 feet

93.
25 feet by by 15.92 feet

95.

(a) The limiting magnitude is 11.77.

(b) A diameter of 9.56 inches is required.

97.

(a) The annual interest rate was 10.436%.

(b) The actual value will be $32,249.24.

99.

(a) 63 clubs should be manufactured.

(b) The marginal cost is $151.90.

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.
(e) 2b + log627

2.
(e) I, II, and III

3.
(c)

4.
(e) 125
5.
(b) 1

6.
(a) 2

7.
(a) 3
CHAPTER 3 Review

True-False Items

1.
True

2.
False

3.
True

4.
True

5.
True

6.
True

7.
True

Fill In The Blanks

1.

2.
equals

3.
not exist

4.
continuous

5.
≠
 6.
equals

7.
y=2, horizontal

Review Exercises

1.
12

3.

5.
9

7.
25

9.
4

11.
0

13.
64

15.
−16

17.
19.

21.
0

23.

25.

27.

29.
−∞

31.
−∞

33.
∞

35.
Continuous

37.
Discontinuous

39.
Discontinuous

41.
Continuous

43.
The line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. The lines x = − 1 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes.

45.
The y = 5 is a horizontal asymptote. The line x = −2 is a vertical asymptote.
47.

(a) (−∞,2) (2,5) (5,∞)

(b) (−∞,∞)

(c) (−2,0),(0,0),(1,0)(6,0)

(d) (0,0)

(e) f(−6) = 2, f(−4) = 1

(f) f(−2) = 0, f(6) = 0

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j) does not exist.

(k) does not exist.

(l) No

(m) No

(n) No

(o) No
 (p) Yes

(q) No

(r) (−6,−4) (−2, 0) (6,∞)

(s) (−∞,−6) (0, 2) (2, 5) (5, 6)

(t)

(u) There is no local maximum. There is a local minimum of 2 at

x = −6, a local minimum of 0 at x = 0, and a local minimum of 0 at
x = 6.

(v) The line y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote. The line x = 2 is a vertical

asymptote.

49.
−11

51.

53.
The graph has a hole at x = −4 because , but R is not defined at x = −4. The
graph has a vertical asymptote at x = 4 because and .

55.
R(x) is undefined at and x = 2 and x = 9. A hole appears at x = 2, and a vertical asymptote
appears at x = 9.

57.
Answers will vary. One possibility is graphed below.
 59.

(a)

(b) For larger and larger advertising expenditures, the sales level will
eventually level off at 571 units.

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.
(b)

2.
(c) III

3.
(d)

4.
(e) x ≠ −1
 CHAPTER 3 The Limit of a Function

Exercise 3.1

1.

x 0.9 0.99 0.999

f(x) = 2x 1.8 1.98 1.998

x 1.1 1.01 1.001

f(x) = 2x 2.2 2.02 2.002

3.

x −0.1 −0.01 −0.001

f(x) = x2 + x 2.01 2.0001 2.000001

x 0.1 0.01 0.001

f(x)= x2+ x 2.01 2.0001 2.000001

5.

x −2.1 −2.01 −2.001

−4.1 −4.01 −4.001

 x −1.9 −1.99 −1.999

−3.9 −3.99 −3.999

7.

x −1.1 −1.01 −1.001

3.31 3.0301 3.003001

x −0.9 −0.99 −0.999

2.71 2.9701 2.997001

9.
32

11.
1

13.
4

15.
2

17.
3

19.
4

21.
The limit does not exit.
23.

25.

27.

29.
31.

33.

35.
 The limit does not exist.

37.

39.

41.
0.67

43.
1.6

45.
0

Exercise 3.2
1.
5

3.
4

5.
8

7.
8

9.
−1

11.
8

13.
3

15.
−1

17.
32

19.
2

21.

23.
3

25.
0

27.
 29.

31.
0

33.
5

35.
6

37.
−1

39.
0

41.
−1

43.

45.
10

47.
8

49.

51.
10

Exercise 3.3

1.
3.
(−8,0),(−5,0)

5.
f(−8) = 0, f(−4) = 2

7.
3

9.
2

11.
1

13.
Yes,

15.
No.

17.
Yes

19.
No.

21.
5

23.
7

25.
1

27.
4

29.
31.

33.
Continuous

35.
Continuous

37.
Discontinuous

39.
Discontinuous

41.
Discontinuous

43.
Continuous

45.
Discontinuous

47.
Continuous

49.
f is continuous on the interval (−∞, ∞).

51.
f is continuous on the interval (−∞, ∞).

53.
f is continuous on the interval (0, ∞). f is not discontinuous for any numbers in its domain.

55.
f is continuous on the interval (−∞, ∞).

57.
f is continuous for all numbers in the set { x| x≠−2, x≠2}. f is discontinuous at x=−2 and x=2.
59.
f is continuous on the intervals (0,1) and (1,∞). f is discontinuous at x=1.

61.
f is continuous for all number in the set { x| x≠0}. f is discontinuous at x=0.

63.

(a)

(b)

(c) The function C(x) is continuous at x=350.

(d) Answers will vary.

65.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f) W is not continuous at v=1.79 since 10≠10.00095.

 (g) , W(1.79)=10.00; W is
continuous at v=1.79.

(h) Answers will vary.

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l) W is not continuous at v=20 since −3.70332≠−3.7034.

(m) , W(20)=−3.70; W is
continuous at v=20.

(n) Answers will vary.

Exercise 3.4

1.
1

3.
2

5.
3

7.
0

9.
∞
11.
−∞

13.
∞

15.
∞

17.
∞

19.
∞

21.
The horizontal asymptote is y=3. The vertical asymptote is x=0.

23.
The horizontal asymptote is y=2. The vertical asymptote is x=1.

25.
The horizontal asymptote is y=1. The vertical asymptotes are x=−2 and x=2.

27.

(a) { x| x≠6}

(b) [0,∞)

(c) The x-intercepts are (−4, 0), and (0, 0). The y-intercept is (0, 0).

(d) f(−2)=2

(e) x=4 or x=8

(f) f is discontinuous at x=6.

(g) x=6
 (h) y=4

(i) There is a local maximum of 2 at x=−2.

(j) There are local minima of 0 at x=−4 and x=0 and a local minimum
of 4 at x=8.

(k) f is increasing on (−4, −2) (0, 6) (4,∞)

(l) f is decreasing on (−∞, −4) (−2, 0) (6, 8)

(m) 4

(n) ∞

(o) ∞

(p) ∞

29.
R(x)=−∞, and , R(x)=∞, so the graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at
x=−1. , but R is not defined at x=1, so the graph of R will have a hole at .

31.
, but R is not defined at x=1, so the graph of R will have a hole at .
and , so the graph of R will have a vertical asymptote at
x=1.

33.
R(x) is undefined at x=1, where a hole appears, and at x=−2, where a vertical asymptote
occurs.

35.
R(x) is undefined at x=2, where a hole appears, and at x=−3, where a vertical asymptote
occurs.
37.
R(x) is undefined at x=−1, where a hole appears.

39.

(a) C(x)=79,000+10x

(b) { x| x≥0}

(c)

(d) { x| x>0}.

(e) ; the average cost of producing a few calculators is

very high due to the fixed costs. Therefore, the average cost of
producing no calculators is unbounded.

(f) ; the more calculators that are produced, the closer

the average cost gets to $10 per calculator.

41.

(a)

(b) No, it is not possible to remove 100% of the pollutant. Explanations

will vary.

43.
Answers will vary. One possibility is graphed below.
CHAPTER 4 Review

True-False Items

1.
True

2.
False

3.
True

4.
True

5.
False

6.
False

7.
True

Fill In The Blanks

1.
tangent

2.
marginal cost

3.
chain rule

4.
velocity

5.
0
 6.
implicit

Review Exercises

1.
f ′(2) = 2

3.
f ′(2) = 4

5.
f ′(1) = 0

7.
f ′(0) = 3

9.
f ′(x) = 4

11.
f ′(x) = 4x

13.
f ′(x) = 5x4

15.
f ′(x) = x3

17.
f ′(x) = 4x − 3

19.
f ′(x) = 14x

21.
f ′(x) = 15(x2 − 6x + 6)

23.
f ′(x) = 24(16x3 + 3x2 − 5x + 1)
25.

27.

29.

31.

33.
f ′(x) = 10x4(3x − 1)(3x − 2)4

35.
f ′(x) = 7(x + 1)3(5x + 1)

37.

39.

41.

43.
f ′(x) = 3e x + 2x

45.
f ′(x) = 3e3x + 1

47.
f ′(x) = e x (2x2 + 11x + 7)
49.

51.

53.

55.
f ′(x) = x + 2x ln x

57.

59.
f ′(x) = (ln 2)2 x + 2x

61.

63.

65.
f ′(x) = 5x2/3

67.

69.

71.
73.

75.
f ′(x) = 3x2, f″(x) = 6x

77.
f ′(x) = −3e−3x , f″(x) = 9e−3x

79.

81.

83.

85.
mtan = −1, y = − x − 9

87.
mtan = 1, y = x + 1

89.

(a) The average rate of change is 7.

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at 2 is f ′(2) = 15.

91.

(a) 2.5 seconds elapse before the stone hits the water.

(b) The average velocity is −40 feet per second.

(c) The instantaneous velocity is −80 feet per second.

93.

(a) The ball reaches its maximum height 4 seconds after it is thrown.

(b) The maximum height that the ball reaches is 262 feet.

(c) The total distance the ball travels is 518 feet.

(d) The velocity of the ball at any time t is v(t) = 128 − 32t feet per
second.

(e) The velocity of the ball is zero at t = 4 seconds, which is the time at
which the ball’s velocity changes from upward motion to downward
motion.

(f) The ball is in the air for 8.0 seconds.

(g) The velocity of ball is −129.5 feet per second when it hits the
ground.

(h) The acceleration at any time t is −32 feet per second per second.

(i) The velocity of ball is 64 feet per second when it has been in the air
for 2 seconds and is −64 feet per second when it has been in the air
for 6 seconds.

(j) Answers will vary.

95.

(a) R(x) = −0.50x2 + 75x

(b) R′(x) = −1.00x + 75

(c) C″(x) = 15
 (d) The break even points are x = 10 and x = 110.

(e) The marginal revenue and the marginal cost are equal when x = 60
units are produced.

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.
(e)

2.
(d) x≠−3

3.
(d)

4.
(a)

5.
(e) 15

6.
(c) t = 2
 CHAPTER 4 The Derivative of a Function

Exercise 4.1

1.
mtan = 3, y = 3x + 5

3.
mtan = −2, y = −2x + 1

5.
mtan = 12, y = 12x − 12

7.
mtan = 5, y = 5x − 2
9.
mtan = −4, y = −4x + 2

11.
mtan = 1, y = x + 1

13.
f ′(3) = −4

15.
f ′(0) = 0

17.
f ′(1) = 7

19.
f ′(0) = 4

21.
f ′(1) = 3
23.
f ′(1) = −1

25.
f ′(x) = 2

27.
f ′(x) = −2

29.
f ′(x) = 2x

31.
f ′(x) = 6x − 2

33.
f ′(x) = 3x2

35.
f ′(x) = m

37.

(a) The average rate of change is 3.

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is 3.

39.

(a) The average rate of change is 12.

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is 6.

41.

(a) The average rate of change is 6.

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is 4.

43.

(a) The average rate of change is 7.

(b) The instantaneous rate of change at x = 1 is 3.

45.
f ′(−2) = 60

47.

49.
f ′(0) = 1

51.
f ′(1) = 3e≈8.155

53.
f ′(1) = 0

55.
No

57.
The pilot should release the bomb at the point (2, 4).

59.

(a) The average rate of change in sales is 74 tickets per day.

(b) The average rate of change in sales is 94 tickets per day.

(c) The average rate of change in sales is 110 tickets per day.

(d) The instantaneous rate of change of sales on day 5 is 90 tickets per

day.
 (e) The instantaneous rate of change of sales on day 10 is 130 tickets
per day.

61.

(a) The farmer is willing to supply 4500 crates for $10 per crate.

(b) The farmer is willing to supply 7800 crates for $13 per crate.

(c) The average rate of change in supply is 1100 crates per dollar.

(d) The instantaneous rate of change is 950 crates per dollar.

(e) Answers will vary.

63.

(a) R′(x) = 8 − 2x

(b) C′(x) = 2

(c) The break-even points are x = 1 and x = 5.

(d) x = 3

(e)
 65.

(a) R(x) = − 10x2 + 2000x

(b) R′(x) = −20x + 2000

(c) R′(100) = $0

(d) The average rate of change in revenue is −10 dollars per ton.

67.

(a) R(x) = 90x − 0.02x2

(b) R′(x) = 90x − 0.04x

(c) C′(x) = 10

(d) The break-even points are x = 0 and x = 4000.

(e) The marginal revenue equals marginal cost at a production level of

2000 units.

69.
The instantaneous rate of change of the volume with respect to the radius is 18π ≈ 56.55
cubic feet per foot.

Exercise 4.2

1.
f ′(x) = 0

3.
f ′(x) = 3x2

5.
f ′(x) = 12x
7.
f ′(t) = t3

9.
f ′(t) = 2x + 1

11.
f ′(x) = 3x2 − 2x

13.
f ′(t) = 4t − 1

15.
f ′(x) = 4x7 + 3

17.

19.
f ′(x) = 2ax + b

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.
f ′(−3) = −24

31.
f ′(4) = 15
33.
f ′(3) = −4

35.
f ′(1) = 1

37.

39.

41.

43.

45.

47.

49.

51.
x=2

53.
x = −1, x = 1

55.
There are no such values of x.

57.
59.
y = − 4x + 1, y = 4x − 7

61.

(a) The average cost is $45.00.

(b) C′(x) = 0.4x + 3

(c) The marginal cost of production level of 100 pairs of eyeglasses is

$43.00

(d) We can interpret C′(100) to be the cost of producing the 101st pair
of eyeglasses.

63.

(a) V′(R) = 4kR3

(b) V′(0.3) = 0.108k cm3/cm

(c) V′(0.4) = 0.256k cm3/cm

(d) The amount of blood flowing through the artery increases by about
0.0175k cm3.

65.

(a) The daily cost of producing 40 microwave ovens is $3920.

(b) The marginal cost function is C′(x) = 50 − 0.1x.

(c) C′(40) = 46. The marginal cost of producing 40 microwave ovens

may be interpreted as the cost to produce the 41st microwave oven.
 (d) The cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is approximately $3966.

(e) The actual cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is $3965.95. The

actual cost is $0.05 less than the estimated cost.

(f) The actual cost of producing the 41st microwave oven is $45.95.

(g) The average cost function is .

(h) The average cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is $96.73.

(i) The average cost of producing 41 microwave ovens is $50.78 greater

than the actual cost of producing the 41st microwave oven, and
$50.73 greater than the estimated cost of producing the 41st
microwave oven. Explanations will vary.

67.

(a) The marginal price of beans in 1995 was −$2.431.

(b) The marginal price of beans in 2002 was −$9.634.

(c) Answers will vary.

69.
V′(2) = 16π≈50.27 cubic feet per foot

71.
A′(t) = 3a3 t2 + 2a2 t + a1

73.
Let f(x) = x n .
Exercise 4.3

1.
f ′(x) = 16x − 2

3.
f ′(t) = 4t3 − 6t

5.
f ′(x) = 18x2 − 20x + 3

7.
f ′(x) = 24x7 + 40x4 + 9x2

9.

11.

13.

15.
17.

19.

21.
mtan = 3, y = 3x − 1

23.

25.

27.
x = −2, x = 0

29.
y′ = 9x2 − 4x

31.

33.

35.

37.

39.
41.

(a) The average rate of change is −$1000 per year.

(b) dollars per year.

(c) The instantaneous rate of change after two years is −$2500 per year.

(d) The instantaneous rate of change after five years is −$400 per year.

(e) Answers will vary.

43.

(a) R(x) = 10x + 40

(b) R′(x) = 10

(c) R′(4) = 10

(d) R′(6) = 10

45.

(a)
47.

(a) The population is growing at a rate of 38.820 bacteria per hour.

(b) The population is growing at a rate of 35.503 bacteria per hour.

(c) The population is growing at a rate of 30.637 bacteria per hour.

(d) The population is growing at a rate of 24.970 bacteria per hour.

49.
The rate of change of the intensity is −2 units per meter.

51.

(a)

(b) The marginal cost is −$0.044 dollars per mph.

(c) The marginal cost is −$0.019 dollars per mph.

(d) The marginal cost is −$0.078 dollars per mph.

 53.

(a)

(b) Answers will vary.

Exercise 4.4

1.
f ′(x) = 8(2x − 3)3

3.
f ′(x) = 6x(x2 + 4)2

5.
f ′(x) = 12x(3x2 + 4)

7.
f ′(x) = (4x + 1)(x + 1)2

9.
f ′(x) = 8x(6x + 1)(2x + 1)3

11.
f ′(x) = 3x2(2x − 1)(x − 1)2

13.

15.
17.

19.

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.

(a) The car is depreciating at a rate of $7733.33 per year.

(b) The car is depreciating at a rate of $4793.39 per year.

(c) The car is depreciating at a rate of $3017.69 per year.

(d) The car is depreciating at a rate of $1972.79 per year.

31.

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d) R′(10) = 39.44 dollars per pound, R′(40) = 6.11 dollars per pound

(e) Answers will vary.

33.

(a) The average rate of change in mass is −3.5 grams per hour.

(b) M′(0) = −7 grams per hour

(c) Answers will vary.

Exercise 4.5

1.
f ′(x) = 3x2 − e x

3.
f ′(x) = e x (x2 + 2x)

5.

7.

9.
11.

13.

15.

17.

19.

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.

31.

33.
35.

37.

39.

41.

43.

45.

47.

49.

51.

53.

55.

57.

59.
61.

63.

65.

(a) The reaction rate is 1.1 per unit.

(b) The reaction rate is 0.55 per unit.

(c) Answers will vary.

67.
The rate of change of the pressure with respect to the height is −1.130 kilograms per square
meter per meter at a height of 500 meters and is −1.103 kilograms per square meter per
meter at a height of 700 meters.

69.

(a) A′(t) = 18.9e−0.21t percent of the market per year

(b) A′(5) = 6.614 percent of the market per year. In the sixth year, DVD
players will penetrate approximately an additional 6.614 percent of
the market.

(c) A′(10) = 2.314 percent of the market per year. In the eleventh year,
DVD players will penetrate approximately an additional 2.314
percent of the market

(d) A′(30) = 0.035 percent of the market per year. In the thirty-first
year, DVD players will penetrate approximatenly an additional 0.035
percent of the market.

71.

(a) dollars in sales per thousands of dollars of

advertising cost
 (b) S′(10) = 40,000 dollars in sales per thousands of dollars of
advertising cost

(c) S′(20) = 20,000 dollars in sales per thousands of dollars of

advertising cost

(d) Answers will vary.

73.

(a) 1000 t-shirts can be sold at $40.41.

(b) 5000 t-shirts can be sold at $34.27.

(c) p′(1000) = − $0.0036. This means that another t-shirt will be

demanded if the price were reduced by $0.0036.

(d) p′(5000) = −$0.00078. This means that another t-shirt will be

demanded if the price were reduced by $0.00078.

(e)

(f) R′(1000) = $36.77. The revenue received for selling the 1001st
t-shirt is $36.77.

(g) R′(5000) = $30.35. The revenue received for selling the 5001st
t-shirt is $30.35.

(h)

(i) P(1000) = $36,408.42

(j) P(5000) = $151,363.49

 (k) For x = 3,631,550, the profit is the greatest.

(l) A price of $8.00 should be charged to maximize profit.

75.

(a) dollars per year

(b) p′(5) = 0.0052 dollars per year

(c) p′(10) = 0.0026 dollars per year

(d) Answers will vary.

77.
Let y = ln u and u = g(x). Thus y(u(x)) = ln(g(x)). Thus
.

Exercise 4.6

1.
f ′(x) = 2, f″(x) = 0

3.
f ′(x) = 6x + 1, f″(x) = 6

5.
f ′(x) = −12x3 + 4x, f″(x) = −36x2 + 4

7.

9.
11.

13.

15.

17.

19.

21.

23.

25.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) f ′(x) = 2x

(c) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(d) x = 0

(e) The derivative f ′(x) exists for all values of x.

(f) f″(x) = 2

(g) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

27.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) f ′(x) = 3x2 − 18x + 27

(c) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(d) x = 3

(e) The derivative f ′(x) exists for all values of x.

(f) f″(x) = 6x − 18

(g) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

29.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) f ′(x) = 12x3 − 36x2

(c) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(d) x = 0, x = 3

(e) The derivative f ′(x) exists for all values of x.

(f) f″(x) = 36x2 − 72x

(g) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

31.

(a) The domain is the set { x| x≠−2, x≠2}.

(b)

(c) The domain is the set { x| x≠−2, x≠2}.

(d) The derivative f ′(x) is never zero.

(e) The derivative f ′(x) does not exist for x = − 2 and x = 2.

(f)

(g) The domain is the set { x| x≠−2, x≠2}.

33.
f (4)(x) = 0

35.
f (20)(x) = 0

37.
f (8)(x) = 5040

39.
v = 32t + 20, a = 32

41.
v = 9.8t + 4, a = 9.8

43.
45.

47.

49.

51.

53.

55.
y″ − 4y = 0

57.
f″(x) = x2 g″(x) + 4xg′(x) + 2g(x)

59.

(a) The velocity is 16 feet per second.

(b) The ball will reach its maximum height 2.5 seconds after it is thrown.

(c) The maximum height of the ball is 106 feet.

(d) The acceleration is −32 feet per second per second.

(e) The ball is in the for air 5.074 seconds.

(f) The velocity of the ball is −82.365 feet per second upon impact.

(g) The total distance traveled by the ball is 206 feet.

 61.
v(1) = 3 meters per second, a(t) = 6t − 12 meters per second.

63.

(a) It takes 4.24 seconds for the rock to hit the ground.

(b) The average velocity is −20.8 meters per second.

(c) The average velocity is −14.7 meters per second.

(d) The velocity is −41.6 meters per second when the rock hits the
ground.

Exercise 4.7

1.

3.

5.

7.

9.

11.
13.

15.

17.

19.

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.

31.

33.
 35.

37.
There is no tangent line at (0, 0).

39.
(0, −2) and (0, 2)

41.
(0, −4) and (0, 4)

43.

(a)

(b)

(c) (2,1)

45.

47.

(a)

(b)

(c) Answers will vary.

Exercise 4.8
1.

3.

5.

7.
f ′(x) = 3(2x + 3)1/2

9.
f ′(x) = 3x(x2 + 4)1/2

11.

13.

15.

17.

19.

21.

23.
25.

27.

29.

31.

33.

35.

37.

39.

41.

(a) The domain is the interval [0,∞).

(b)

(c) The domain is the interval [0,∞).

(d) The derivative f ′(x) is nonzero on its domain.

 (e) x = 0

(f)

(g) The domain is the interval (0,∞).

43.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b)

(c) The domain is the set { x| x≠0}.

(d) The derivative f ′(x) is nonzero on its domain.

(e) x = 0

(f)

(g) The domain is the set { x| x≠0}.

45.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b)

(c) The domain is the set { x| x≠0}.

(d) x = −1
 (e) x = 0

(f)

(g) The domain is the set { x| x≠0}.

47.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b)

(c) The domaon is the set { x| x≠−1, x≠1}.

(d) x = 0

(e) x = −1, x = 1

(f)

(g) The domain is the set { x| x≠−1, x≠1}.

49.

(a) The domain is the interval [−1, 1].

(b)

(c) The domain is the interval (−1, 1).

 (d)

(e) x = − 1, x = 1

(f)

(g) The domain is the interval (−1, 1).

51.

(a)

(b) Student enrollment will be increasing at the rate of 176.78 students

per year.

53.

55.

(a)
units per year

(b) The instantaneous rate of change of pollution is 2.34 units per year.

57.
After 1 second, the child’s velocity is 1.5 feet per second. The child strikes the ground with a
velocity of 3 feet per second.
 CHAPTER 5 Applications: Graphing Functions; Optimization

Exercise 5.1

1.
There is a horizontal tangent at (2, 0).

3.
There is a horizontal tangent at (4, 16).

5.
There is a horizontal tangent at (2, 9).

7.
There is a vertical tangent at (0, 1).

9.
There are horizontal tangents at (−1,−1) and (1, 3).

11.
There is a vertical tangent at (0,−2).

13.
There are horizontal tangents at (0, 0) and (8, −8192).

15.
There is a horizontal tangent at (0,−1).

17.
There is a horizontal tangent at (−1, −1), and there is a vertical tangent at (0, 0).

19.
There is a horizontal tangent at , and ( ), there is a vertical tangent at
(0, 0).

21.
There are horizontal tangents at and , and there is a vertical
tangent at (0, 0).

23.
There is a horizontal tangent at , and there is a vertical tangent at (0, 0).
25.
There is a horizontal tangent at , and a vertical tangent at (0, 0).

27.

(a) Yes

(b) No

(c) vertical tangent at (0, 0)

29.

(a) No

(b) No

(c) f is not continuous at x = 1.

31.

(a) Yes

(b) No

(c) no tangent at (0, 0)

(d)
33.

(a) No

(b) No

(c) f is not continuous at x = 2.

(d)

35.

(a) Yes
 (b) Yes, f (0) =

(c) f (0) does exist.

(d)

Exercise 5.2

1.
The domain is the interval [x1,x9]

3.
The graph is increasing on the intervals (x1,x4), (x5,x7), and (x8,x9).

5.
x = x4, x = x6, x = x7, and x = x8

7.
f has a local maximum at (x4,y4) and at (x7,y7).

9.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercept is (1,0), and the y-intercept is (0,−2).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (−∞,1) and is decreasing on the interval (1,∞).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (1,0).

 Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (1,0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = −2x2.

11.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercept is (3,0), and the y-intercept is (0,−27).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 4: There are no local extrema.

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (3,0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x3.

13.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,2) and (3,∞) and is decreasing on the
interval (2,3).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (2,28), and there is a local minimum at (3,27).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at the points (2,28) and (3,27).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = 2x3.

15.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The y-intercept is (0,−1).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (−1,1) and is decreasing on the intervals
(−∞,−1) and (1,∞).

Step 4: There is a local minimum at (−1,−3), and there is a local maximum at (1,1).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at the points (−1,−3) and (1, 1).
 Step 6: The end behavior is y = − x3.

17.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The y-intercept is (0,2).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (3,∞)and is decreasing on the interval
(−∞,3).

Step 4: There is a local minimum at (3,−79).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at the points (0,2) and (3,−79).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = 3x4.

19.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

21.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The y-intercept is (0,1).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,−2) and (2,∞) and is decreasing on
(−2,2).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (−2,65), and there is a local minimum at (2,−63).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (−2,65),(0,1), and (2,−63).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = 3x5.

23.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (0,0) and (0,−8), and the y-intercept is (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (−1,∞), and is decreasing on the interval
(−∞,−1).

Step 4: There is a local minimum at (−1,−1).

Step 5: The tangent line is vertical at (0,0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x2/3.

25.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

 Step 2: The x-intercepts are (−1,0) and (1,0), and the y-intercept is (0,1).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−1,0) and (1,∞) and is decreasing on the
intervals (−∞,−1) and (0,1).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0,1), and there are local minima at (−1,0) and (1,0).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0,1) and is vertical at (−1,0) and (1, 0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x4/3.

27.

Step 1: The domain is the set { x| x ≠ −4, x ≠ 4}.

Step 2: The y-intercept is (0,−½).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,−4) and (−4,0) and is decreasing on the
intervals (0,4) and (4,∞).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0,−½).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0,−½).

Step 6: The end behavior is the horizontal asymptote y = 0. The lines x = −4 and x = 4 are
vertical asymptotes.
29.

Step 1: The domain is the set { x| x ≠ −3, x ≠ 3}.

Step 2: The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is decreasing on the intervals (−∞,−3), (−3,3), and (3,∞).

Step 4: There are no local extrema.

Step 5: There are no horizontal tangents or vertical tangents.

Step 6: The end behavior is the horizontal asymptote y = 0. The lines x = −3 and x = 3 are
vertical asymptotes.

31.

Step 1: The domain is the set { x| x ≠ −2, x ≠ 2}.

Step 2: The x-intercept and y-intercept are both (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,−2) and (2,0), and is decreasing on the
intervals (0,2) and (2,∞).
 Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0,0).

Step 5: There is a horizontal tangent at (0, 0).

Step 6: The end behavior is the horizontal asymptote y = 1. The lines x = −2 and x = 2 are
vertical asymptotes.

33.

Step 1: The domain is the set { x| x > 0}.

Step 2: The x-intercept is (1,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (0.37,∞) and is decreasing on the interval
(0.037).

Step 4: There is a local minimum at (0.37,−0.37).

Step 5: There is a horizontal tangent at (0.37,−0.37).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x ln x. and

35.
S(x) = 8x + 50 > for 1 ≤ x ≤ 10. Therefore S is an increasing function.

37.

(a) The graph of R is increasing on (0,2000) and is decreasing on

(2000,∞).

(b) 2000 trucks need to be sold.

(c) The maximum revenue is $20,000.

(d)

39.

(a) The function is increasing on the interval .

(b) The acreage of wheat planted from 2004 to 2008 will be decreasing.

41.

(a) The yield will be increasing for amounts of nitrogen between 0 units
and units.

(b) The yield will be decreasing for amounts of nitrogen greater than
units.
 43.
c=½

45.
c=0

47.

49.

Exercise 5.3

1.
The domain is

3.
The graph of f is increasing on the intervals (x1,x3), (0,x4), and (x4,x6).

5.
x = 0 and x = x6

7.
(x3,y3),(x6,y6)

9.
The graph of f is concave up on the intervals (x1,x3) and (x3,x4).

11.
The line x = 4 is a vertical asymptote.

13.
The graph is concave down on (−∞,2) and is concave up on (2,∞). The point (2,−15) is the
only inflection point.

15.
The graph is concave down on (0,1) and is concave up on (−∞,0) and (1,∞). The points
(−0,1) and (1,4) are the inflection points.

17.
The graph is concave down on (−∞,1) and is concave up on (1,∞). The point (1,1) is the only
 inflection point.

19.
The graph is concave down on (−∞,−1) and (0,1) and is concave up on (−1,0) and (1,∞). The
points (−1,7),(0,10),and (1,13) are the inflection points.

21.
The graph is concave down on (−∞, 1) and is concave up on (1, ∞). The point (1, −5) is the
only inflection point.

23.
The graph is concave down on (0, ∞) and is concave up on (−∞, 0). The point (0, 2) is the
only inflection point.

25.
The graph is concave down on (−∞, −2) and is concave up on (−2, 0) and (0, ∞). The point
is the inflection point.

27.
The graph is concave up on (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞). There are no inflection points.

29.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞, ∞).

Step 2: The y-intercept is (0, 1).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞, 0)and (4, ∞) and is decreasing on the
interval (0, 4).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0, 1), and there is a local minimum at (4, −31).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0, 1) and (4, −31).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x3.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the interval (2, ∞) and is concave down on the interval
(−∞, 2). The point (2, −15) is the only inflection point.
31.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞, ∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (−1, 0) and (1, 0), and the y-intercept is (0,1).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−1, 0) and (1, ∞) and is decreasing on the
intervals (−∞, −1) and (0, 1).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0, 1), and there are local minima at (−1, 0) and (1, 0).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (−1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x4.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the intervals and and is

concave down on the interval . The points and are the

inflection points.

33.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞, ∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (10, 0) and (0, 0), and the y-intercept is (0, 0).
 Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞, 0) and (8, ∞) and is decreasing on (0,
8).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0, 0), and there is a local minimum at (8, −8192).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0, 0) and (8, −8192).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x5.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the interval (6, ∞) and is concave down on the interval
(−∞, 6). The point (6, −5184) is the only inflection point.

35.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞, ∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (3, 0) and (0,0), and the y-intercept is (0, 0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval and is decreasing on the intervals
(−∞, 0) and .

Step 4: There is a local minimum at .

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0, 0) and .

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x6.

 Step 7: The graph is concave up on the intervals (−∞, 0), and (2, ∞) and is concave down
on the interval (0, 2). The points (0, 0) and (2, −32) are the inflection points.

37.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞, ∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (4, 0) and (0, 0), and the y-intercept is (0, 0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (3, ∞) and is decreasing on the intervals (−∞,
0) and (0, 3).

Step 4: There is a local minimum at (3, −81).

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0, 0) and (3, −81).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = 3x4.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the intervals (−∞, 0) and (2, ∞), and is concave down
on the interval (0, 2). The points (0, 0) and (2, −48) are the inflection points.
39.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞, ∞).

Step 2: The y-intercept is (0, 4).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞, 0) and and is decreasing on
the interval .

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0, 4), and there is a local minimum at
.

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at (0, 4) and .

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x5.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the interval (1,∞) and is concave down on the interval
(−∞,1). The point (1,−5) is the only inflection point.

41.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (10,0), and (0,0) and the y-intercept is (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,0) and (4,∞) and is decreasing on the
interval (0,4).
 Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0,0), and there is a local minimum at .

Step 5: The tangent line is horisontal at and is vertical at (0,0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x5/3.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the intervals (−2,0), (0,∞) and is concave down on the
interval (−∞,−2). The point is the only inflection point.

43.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercepts are (−4,0),(4,0), and (0,0), and the y-intercept is (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the intervals (−2,0) and (2,∞) and is decreasing on the
intervals (−∞,−2) and (0,2).

Step 4: There is a local maximum at (0,0), and there are local minima at
and .

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at and and is vertical

at (0,0).

Step 6: The end behavior is y = x8/3.

 Step 7: The graph is concave up on the intervals (−∞,0) and (0,∞). There is no inflection
point.

45.

Step 1: The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

Step 2: The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0,0).

Step 3: The graph is increasing on the interval (−1,∞) and is decreasing on the interval
(−∞,−1).

Step 4: There is a local minimum at .

Step 5: The tangent line is horizontal at .

Step 6: The end behavior is and. . The line y = 0 is a

horizontal asymptote.

Step 7: The graph is concave up on the interval (−2,∞) and is concave down on the interval
(−∞,−2). The point (2,−15) is the only inflection point.
47.
There is a local maximum at (−1,4) and a local minimum at (1,0).

49.
There is a local minimum at (−1,−4).

51.
There is a local maximum at (0,2) and a local minimum at (4,−254).

53.
There is a local maximum at (−1,−2) and a local minimum at (1,2).

55.
Answers will vary.

57.
Answers will vary.

59.
a = −3, b = 9

61.

(a)

(b) The minimum average cost per item is $20.

(c) C(x) = 4x

(d)
 Point of intersection is (5, 20).

(e) The minimum average costs occurs at the production level for which
the average cost equals the marginal cost.

63.

(a)

(b) The minimum average cost per item is $12.

(c)

(d)

Point of intersection is (500, 12).

(e) The minimum average costs occurs at the production level for which
the average cost equals the marginal cost.
65.

(a) The domain of N is the interval [0,∞].

(b) The N-intercept is (0,1). There is no t-intercept.

(c) N is increasing on the interval (0,∞).

(d) N is concave up on the interval (0,ln(49,999)) and is concave down

on the interval (ln(49,999),∞).

(e) The inflection point is (ln(49,999),25,000)).

(f)

(g) The rumor is spreading at its greatest rate at t = ln(49,999)≈10.82

units of time since the rumor began to spread.

67.

(a)

(b) The maximum growth rate occurs at t = ln (9) ≈ 2.20 days.

(c) The equilibrium population is 8000.

(d)
 69.

(a) The sales rate is a maximum at x = ln (50) ≈ 3.91 months.

(b)

Exercise 5.4

1.
The absolute maximum is 15, and the absolute minimum is −1.

3.
The absolute maximum is 1, and the absolute minimum is −39.

5.
The absolute maximum is 16, and the absolute minimum is −4.

7.
The absolute maximum is 1, and the absolute minimum is 0.

9.
The absolute maximum is 1, and the absolute minimum is 0.
11.
The absolute maximum is 4, and the absolute minimum is 2.

13.
The absolute maximum is , and the absolute minimum is .

15.
The absolute maximum is 0, and the absolute minimum is .

17.
The absolute maximum is 98 , and the absolute minimum is 0.

19.
The absolute maximum is , and the absolute minimum is .

21.
The absolute maximum is 10e10, and the absolute minimum is .

23.
The absolute maximum is , and the absolute minimum is 0.

25.
The dimensions are 2 cm × 8 cm × 8 cm.

27.
The dimensions are .

29.
The radius is , and the height is .

31.
The company should connect the telephone line 1.98 km from the box.

33.
The most economical speed is 40 miles per hour.

35.
The dimensions are 7 inches by 14 inches.
 37.

Demand for the product decreases as the tax rate increases. The optimal tax rate is 12%, and
the revenue generated by this tax rate is 16.97 monetary units.

39.
Let r be the radius, h be the height, and S be the surface area of the cylinder of volume V.
We know that V = π r 2 h, and hence . The formula for is
. Now . The only critical number of S is
.

Furthermore, and S(r)>0 if r>rc . Therefore, by the First Derivative

Test, the surface area is least when . The height of the cylinder when r = rc
is , as desired.

41.
The concentration is greatest two hours after the injection.

Exercise 5.5

1.

(a) x = 4000 − 100p

(b)

(c) E(5) = −0.143, The demand decreases by approximately 1.43%.

(d) E(15) = −0.6, The demand decreases by approximately 6%.

 (e) E(20) = −1, The demand decreases by approximately 10%.

3.

(a) x = 10,000 − 200p

(b)

(c) E(10) = −0.25, The demand decreases by approximately 1.25%.

(d) E(25) = −1, The demand decreases by approximately 5%.

(e) E(35) = −2.333, The demand decreases by approximately 11.665%.

5.
, The demand is inelastic.

7.
, The demand is inelastic.

9.
, The demand is inelastic.

11.
, The demand is inelastic.

13.
, The demand is elastic.

15.
, The demand is inelastic.

17.
E(4) = −1.23
 19.
E(5) = −1.18

21.
E(5) = −39

23.
E(2) = −0.125

25.
E(100) = −3

27.

(a) The demand is elastic.

(b) The revenue will decrease.

29.

(a) The demand is inelastic.

(b) The revenue will decrease.

31.

(a)

(b) E(18) = − 0.667

(c) The demand will decrease by approximately 3.33%.

(d) The revenue will increase.

Exercise 5.6
1.

3.

5.

7.

9.
The volume is increasing at a rate of 900 cubic centimeters per second.

11.
The length of the leg of side length is decreasing at a rate of centimeters
per minute.

13.
The surface area is shrinking at a rate of −0.75 square meters per minute.

15.
The water level is rising at a rate of meter per minute.

17.
The area of the spill is increasing at a rate of 316.67 square feet per minute.

19.

(a) The rate of change in daily cost is $500 per day.

(b) The rate of change in daily revenues is $1480 per day.

(c) Revenue is increasing.

(d)
 (e) The rate of change in daily profit is $980 per day.

21.
Revenues are increasing at a rate of $260,000 per year.

Exercise 5.7

1.
dy = (3x2 − 2)dx

3.

5.

7.

9.

11.

13.
d(x3 − x − 4) = (3x2 − 1)dx

15.
y = 2x − 3
17.

19.
y=x+1

21.

(a) The change is approximately 0.006.

(b) The change is approximately 0.00125.

23.
The approximate increase in surface area is square centimeters.
25.
The approximate increase in volume is cubic meters.

27.
The percentage error is 6%.

29.
The approximate loss is cubic centimeters.

31.
The estimated height is 30 meters, and the percentage error of this estimate is 0.9%.

33.
The clock will lose 70.28 minutes each day.
CHAPTER 5 Review

True-False Items

1.
False

2.
True

3.
False

4.
False

5.
True

6.
False

Fill In The Blanks

1.
decreasing

2.
decreasing, increasing

3.
concave up

4.
horizontal

5.
concavity

6.
f ′(x)dx
 7.
linear approximation

Review Exercises

1.
The graph has no horizontal or vertical tangent lines.

3.
The graph has a horizontal tangent line at and a vertical tangent line at (0, 0).

5.

(a) Yes

(b) No

(c) vertical tangent line

7.

(a) Yes

(b) No

(c) no tangent line

9.

(a) The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,−2) and (2,∞) and is
decreasing on the interval (−2,2).

(b) There is a local maximum at and a local minimum at

.
11.

(a) The graph is increasing on the intervals and

and is decreasing on the intervals and
.

(b) The graph has a local maximum at (0,0).

13.

(a) The graph is decreasing on (−∞,∞).

(b) The graph has no local maxima or minima.

15.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) The x-intercept is (1,0), and the y-intercept is (0,−1).

(c) The graph is increasing on the interval (−∞,∞).

(d) The graph has no local maxima or minima.

(e) The graph has a horizontal tangent at (1,0).

(f) The end behavior is y = x3.

(g) The graph is concave down on the interval (−∞,1) and is concave up
on the interval (1,∞). The point (1,0) is the only inflection point.
17.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) The x-intercepts are ,(0,0), and , and the

y-intercept is (0,0).

(c) The graph is increasing on the intervals (−∞,−1) and (1,∞) and is
decreasing on the interval (−1,1).

(d) The graph has a local maximum at (−1,4) and a local minimum at
(1,−4).

(e) The tangent lines to the graph are horizontal at (−1,4) and (1,−4).

(f) The end behavior is y = x5.

(g) The graph is concave down on the interval (−∞,0) and is concave up
on the interval (0,∞). The point (0,0) is the only inflection point.
19.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) The x-intercepts are (−4,0) and (0,0). The y-intercept is (0,0).

(c) The graph is increasing on the interval (−1,∞) and is decreasing on

the interval (−∞,−1).

(d) The graph has a local minimum at (−1,−3).

(e) The graph has a horizontal tangent at (−1,−3) and a vertical tangent
at (0,0).

(f) The end behavior is y = x4/3.

(g) The graph is concave up on the intervals (−∞,0) and (2,∞) and is
concave down on the interval (0, 2).

The points (0,0) and are the inflection points.

21.

(a) The domain is the interval (−∞,∞).

(b) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are both (0,0).

(c) The graph is increasing on the interval (−1,1) and is decreasing on

the intervals (−∞,−1) and (1,∞).

(d) The graph has a local maximum at (1,1) and a local minimum at
(−1,−1).

(e) The graph has horizontal tangent lines at (−1,−1) and (1,1).

(f) The end behavior is y = 0, which is a horizontal asymptote.

(g) The graph is concave down on the intervals and

and is concave up on the intervals and .
The points , , (0,0) and , are the inflection
points.

23.
There is a local maximum at ,1 ) and a local minimum at , −1 ).

25.
There is a local maximum at (0,0) and local minima at (−1,−1) and (1,−1).

27.
There is a local minimum at ( − 1, .
29.
The absolute maximum is 8, and the absolute minimum is −1.

31.
The absolute maximum is 9, and the absolute minimum is 0.

33.
The absolute maximum is 8, and the absolute minimum is −3.

35.
, The demand is elastic at p = 20.

37.
, The demand is inelastic at p = 10.

39.

(a) The demand function is elastic.

(b) Revenue will decrease if the price is raised.

dy = (12x3 − 6x2 + 1)dx

41.

43.

45.
y = 6x − 18
47.

49.

51.
The surface area is increasing at a rate of square meters per minute.

53.

(a)

(b) The minimum average cost is $150.

(c) C(x) = 10x

(d)

Intersection point is (15,150).

 (e) The minimum average cost occurs at the production level where the
average cost equals the marginal cost.

55.
98 units need to be sold.

57.
The radius is centimeters, and the height is centimeters.

59.
The decrease in area is approximately square millimeters.

61.

(a) The demand decreases by approximately 1800 pounds.

(b) The demand decreases by approximately 9000 pounds.

63.

(a) The concentration increases by approximately 0.0071 units.

(b) The concentration decreases by approximately 0.0208 units.

65.
(b)

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.
(b)6X2 + 8X + 3

2.
(d)

3.
(a) The average cost function multiplied by X.
4.
(c) Substitute the solution(s) in the second derivative equation, and a positive solution
indicates a minimum.

5.
(a)

6.
(b) Dec, 96

7.
(d) 8,645 per year

8.
(d) 1, −2

9.
(c)(0,2)

10.
(c)

11.
(c)

12.
(b)

13.
(a)

14.
(b) 0

15.
(d) 54

16.
(b)
CHAPTER 6 Review

True-False Items

1.
True

2.
False

3.
False

3.
False

4.
False

5.
False

6.
True

7.
True

8.
True

9.
False

10.
True

Fill In The Blanks

1.
F(x) = f(x)
 2.
∫ f(x)dx

3.
integration by parts

4.
lower, upper limits, integration

5.
0

6.
F(b) − F(a)

7.

Review Exercises

1.
F(x) = x6 + K

3.

5.

7.
7x + K

9.

11.

13.
15.

17.

19.

21.

23.

25.

27.

29.

31.

33.
; the cost is minimum at a production level of zero.

35.

(a) R(x) = 500x − 0.005x2

(b) 50,000 televisions need to be sold.

 (c) The maximum revenue is $12,500,000.

(d) The increase in revenue is $625,000.

37.

39.

41.

43.

45.

47.

49.
1

51.
−10

53.
15
55.

57.
59.

61.
8

63.
The monthly profit stays the same. The increase in profit is 0.

65.

(a) 1 time unit

(b) 6 monetary units

67.

(a)
 (b) A ≈ 28

(c) A ≈ 20

(d) A ≈ 26

(e) A ≈ 22

(f)

(g) A = 24

69.
90.38

71.

73.

75.
y = e10x
77.
There will be 23,689 bacteria.

79.
The burial ground is 7403 years old.

81.

(a)

(b) The economy will total $18.33 million.

83.
Margo should allow for 5432 labor-hours.

85.

(a) The market price is $10, and the demand level is 100 units.

(b) The consumer’s surplus is $100, and the producer’s surplus is $250.

(c)

87.

(a)
 (b) A price of $389.71 should be charged.

(c) A price of $325.58 should be charged.

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.
(c) 1

2.
(d)

3.
(c) x2 e x + 2xe x

4.
(e) None of the above

5.
(c) 62,208

6.
(c) (ln x)2 + C
 CHAPTER 6 The Integral of a Function and Applications

Exercise 6.1

1.

3.
f(x)= x2 + 3x + K

5.
F(x) = 4 ln | x| + K

7.

9.
3x + K

11.

13.

15.

17.
2x1/2 + K

19.

21.
23.

25.
x − ln | x| + K

27.
2e x − 3 ln | x| + K

29.

31.

33.

35.

37.
4x + e x + K

39.
R(x) = 600x

41.
R(x) = 10x2 + 5x

43.
C(x) = 7x2 − 2800x + 4300, The cost is a minimum when x = 200.

45.
C(x) = 10x2 − 8000x + 500, The cost is a minimum when x = 400.

47.

(a)
 (b) R(x) = 3400x

(c)

(d) A sales volume of 60 units yields maximum profit.

(e) The profit is $99,000.

(f)

49.
There will be 1,142,462 inmates in 2008.

51.
The population will be 20,055 people in 10 months.

53.
There will be 22,700 voting citizens in 3 years.

55.
2 − 2 ln 2 ≈ 0.614 milligrams were produced.

57.
The reservoir will be empty after 500.28 days.

Exercise 6.2
1.

3.

5.

7.

9.

11.

13.

15.

17.

19.

21.

23.
25.

27.

29.

31.

33.

35.
The value of the car after two years is $19,414.55. The value of the car after four years is
$16,624.02.

37.

(a) B(t) = 68.6e0.025t

(b) The budget will exceed $100 billion when t = 15.08, which is during
January, 2016.

39.

(a) N(t) = 2000 e0.01t − 1600

(b) The work force will reach 800 employees in 18.23 years.

41.
Let u = ax + b. Then du = adx, so du = dx. Substituting, we have
Exercise 6.3

1.

3.

5.

7.

9.

11.

13.

15.

17.
The population is 5389 ants after four days and is 6012 ants after one week.

19.
The car is worth $14,061.64 after 2 years. The car is worth $9,640.02 after 4 years.
Exercise 6.4

1.

3.
e

5.

7.

9.

11.

13.

15.

17.
0

19.

21.

23.

25.
ln 2
27.

29.

31.

33.
5 ln 5 − 4

35.
0

37.
0

39.
2

41.
64

43.
36

45.
12

47.
The cost increase is 567,000.

49.

(a) The total number of labor-hours needed is 15,921.

(b) The total number of labor-hours needed is 35,089.

(c) The quantity represents the difficulty of learning a new skill. The
closer is to 0, the longer the time required to master the new skill.
 51.
The projected deficit is $197 billion.

53.
The total sales during the first year were $13,450.01.

55.
The total number of labor-hours needed is 3660.

57.

(a)

(b)

Exercise 6.5

1.
56

3.
5.

7.
9.
e−1

11.

13.
15.

17.

19.
21.

23.

25.
8
27.

29.

(a) The integral represents area below the line y = 3x + 1, above the the
x-axis, and between the vertical lines x = 0 and x = 4.

(b)

(c) 28

31.

(a) The integral represents area below the curve y = x2 − 1, above the
the x-axis, and between the vertical lines x = 2 and x = 5.

(b)
 36

33.

(a) The integral represents area below the curve y = e x , above the the
x-axis, and between the vertical lines x = 0 and x = 2.

(b)

(c) e2 − 1

35.
The consumer’s surplus is , and the producer’s surplus is .
37.
The operation should continue for 16 years. The profit that can be generated during this
period is $85.33 million.

39.

(a)

(b) c = 2
 41.

(a) x2

(b)

(c)

Exercise 6.6

1.
A≈3

3.
A ≈ 56

5.

(a)

(b) A ≈ 36

(c) A ≈ 72

(d) A ≈ 45
 (e) A ≈ 63

(f) A ≈ 54

7.

(a)

(b) A ≈ 18

(c) A ≈ 9

(d)

(e)

(f)

9.

(a)
 (b) A ≈ 22

(c)

(d)

(e)

11.

(a)

(b) A ≈ 36

(c) A ≈ 49
 (d)

(e) A = 64

13.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) A = ln 5

15.

(a)
 (b) A ≈ 11.475

(c) A ≈ 15.197

(d)

(e)

17.
1.46

19.
38.29

21.

(a)
 (b) A ≈ 1.42

(c) A ≈ 1.52

(d)

(e) A = 1.57

(f) The area is .

Exercise 6.7

1.

3.

5.

7.
y=ex +3

9.

11.
There are 12,975 bacteria after one hour. There are 147,789 bacteria after 90 minutes. It will
take 113.58 minutes to reach 1,000,000 bacteria.

13.
There will be 7.68 grams of radium

15.
The tree died 9727 years ago.
17.
The population size is 6944 mosquitoes.

19.
There are 55,418 bacteria.

21.

(a) P(t) = 10,000 5 t/10 bacteria

(b) There were 250,000 bacteria.

(c) There were 20,000 bacteria after minutes.

23.
The half-life is 4,620,981 years.

25.

(a)

(b) A price of $106.07 should be charged.

(c) A price of $89.19 should be charged.

 CHAPTER 7 Other Applications and Extensions of the Integral

Exercise 7.1

1.
This integral is improper because the upper limit of integration is infinite.

3.
This integral is improper because the integrand is discontinuous at the lower limit of
integration.

5.
This integral is improper because the integrand is discontinuous at the lower limit of
integration.

7.

9.
The improper integral has no value.

11.

13.
The improper integral has no value.

15.
Area = 2 square units

17.
The capital value of the apartment is $102,480.

19.

(a) The area is equal to the integral, which is the total

reaction.

(b) This total reaction is units.

 21.

(a) The improper integral has no value.

(b)

Exercise 7.2

1.

3.

5.
9

7.
−26

9.

11.
The average population would be 8.22 · 109 people.

13.
The average temperature is 37.5 degrees Celsius.

15.
The average speed is 12 meters per second.

17.
The average annual revenue is $207.32 billion.

19.
The average rainfall is 0.188118 inches.

Exercise 7.3
1.
on [0, 2]. .

3.
on [0, 1]. .

5.
on [0. 5] .

7.
on [1, e] .

9.

11.

13.

15.

17.
E(x) = 1

19.

21.

23.

25.
The probability is .
27.
The probability is .

29.
The probability is 0.865.

31.

(a) The probability is 0.0737.

(b) The probability is 0.2865.

33.

(a) The probability is 0.5276.

(b) The probability is 0.0490.

(c) The probability is 0.3867.

(d) Answers will vary.

35.
The probability is 0.2865.

37.

(a)

(b) The probability is 0.1954.

(c) The probability is 0.2231.

(d) The probability is 0.7769.

39.
The expected waiting time is 9 minutes.

41.
The contractor can be expected to be off by 2.29% on average.

43.

(a) The probability is 0.242.

(b) The probability is 0.516.

45.

(a) Let x be the cost of a new car, in thousands of dollars.

(b) The probability is .

(c)

(d) The expected price is about $16,000.

(e) The expected price is $15,666.67.

 (f) Answers will vary.

47.

(a) Answers will vary.

(b) Pr (0.6 ≤ X < 0.9) = 0.3.

49.
Let on [a, b]. Then
CHAPTER 7 Review

True-False Items

1.
False

2.
True

3.
False

Fill-In-The-Blanks

1.
average value

2.
random variable

3.
probability density

4.

5.

Review Exercises

1.
1

3.
6

5.
The improper integral has no value.
7.
Area = 1 square unit.

9.
5

11.

13.
4

15.

(a)

(b) E(x) = 1

17.

(a) .

(b)

19.
The average yearly sales is 1255 units.

21.
The average price is $14.47.

23.

(a) The probability is .

(b) The probability is .

 (c) E(X) = 4

25.

(a)
.

(b) The probability is .

(c) The probability is .

(d) The man’s expected age of death is 78.52 years.

27.

(a) .

(b) The probability is .

(c) The probability is .

(d) The probability is .

(e) .

29.

(a) The probability is .

(b) The probability is .

 (c) The expected wait time is 7.5 minutes.

31.
The probability is 0.0821.

33.

(a) The probability is 0.1055.

(b) The probability is 0.3189.

35.
The probability is 0.5134.

Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams

1.

2.
(e) 0

3.

4.

5.
 CHAPTER 8 Calculus of Functions of Two or More Variables

Exercise 8.1

1.

3.

5.
7.
(0, 0, 3), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 3), (2, 0, 0), (2, 0, 3), (2, 1, 0)

9.
(1, 2, 5), (1, 4, 3), (1, 4, 5), (3, 2, 3), (3, 2, 5), (3, 4, 3)

11.
(− 1, 0, 5), (− 1, 2, 2), (− 1, 2, 5), (4, 0, 2), (4, 0, 5), (4, 2, 2)

13.
The plane through the point (0, 3, 0) that is parallel to the xz-plane

15.
The yz-plain

17.
The plain through the point (0, 0, 5) that is parallel to the xy-plane

19.
2 units

21.
2 units

23.
2 units
 25.

27.

29.
Center = (−1, 1, 0), radius = 2

31.
Center = (−2, −2, −1), radius = 3

33.
Center = (2, 0, −1), radius = 2

35.
x2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 6)2 = 17

Exercise 8.2

1.
f(2, 1) = 5

3.

5.

7.
f(2, 1) = 3

9.
f(2, 1) = 0

11.

(a) f(1, 0) = 3

(b) f(0, 1) = 2
 (c) f(2, 1) = 10

(d)

(e)

13.

(a) f(0, 0) = 0

(b) f(0, 1) = 0

(c) f(a2, t2) = at + a2

(d)

(e)

15.

(a) f(1, 2, 3) = 14

(b) f(0, 1, 2) = 2

(c) f(− 1, −2, −3) = −14

17.
The domain is the set {(x, y) | x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0}. This set is the first quadrant together with its
border.
19.
The domain is the set {(x, y | x2 + y2 ≤ 9}. This set is the circle of radius 3 centered at the
origin and its interior.
21.
The domain is the set {(x, y)| x > 0 and y > 0 and y ≠ 1}. This set is the first quadrant.

23.
The domain is the set {(x, y) | x2 + y2 ≠ 4}. This set is the union of the regions inside and
outside of the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin.

25.
The domain is the set {(x, y) | (x, y) ≠ (0, 0)}. This set is the entire xy-plane except for the
origin.
27.
The domain is the set {(x, y, z)| x2 + y2 + z2 ≥ 16}. This set is the region on and outside of the
sphere of radius 4 centered at the origin.

29.
The domain is the set {(x, y, z)| x2 + y2 + z2 ≠ 0}. This set is the set of all points in space
except for the origin (0, 0, 0).

31.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

33.
C(r, h) = 600π r2 + 1000π rh dollars
 35.

(a) 6.75

(b) 18

(c) 2

(d) 1.5

37.
The total monthly bill is $159.99.

39.

(a) The heat index is 105.2°F.

(b) The relative humidity is 43%.

(c) The relative humidity is 55%.

Exercise 8.3

1.

3.

5.
7.

9.

11.

13.

15.

17.
f xy = 0 = f yx

19.
f xy = 24x3 y + 14x = f yx

21.
23.

25.

27.

29.

31.
The slope is 20.

33.
The slope is

35.
The slope is 1.

37.
The slope is 1.

39.
We have that and . Now
41.
We have that and . Then and .

Now

43.

(a)

(b) If the average price per pound of margarine remains fixed and the
average price per pound of butter is increased by $1, is the
change in demand for butter. If the average price per pound of butter
remains fixed and the average price per pound of margarine is
increased by $1 is the change in demand for margarine.

45.

(a)

(b) .

(c) If he pitched 217 innings and he gave up 79 earned runs, his earned
run average would increase by 0.041. If he pitched 218 innings and
gave up 78 earned runs, his earned run average would decrease by
0.015.
 47.

(a)

(b) is the change in the heat index with respect to temperature, given
a fixed humidity.

(c)

(d) is the change in the heat index with respect to humidity, given a
fixed temperature.

49.
No. Explanations will vary.

Exercise 8.4

1.
(−1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0)

3.
(−1, −1), (0, 0), (1, 1)

5.
(0, 0)

7.
The point (0, 0) is a local minimum.
9.
The point is b a local minimum.

11.
The point (− 2, 4) is a saddle point.

13.
The point (2, −1) is a local minimum.

15.
The point (4, −2) is a local minimum.

17.
The point (0, 0) is a saddle point.

19.
The point (0, 0) is a saddle point, and the point (2, 2) is a local minimum.

21.
The point (0, 0) is a critical point that is neither a saddle point nor a local extremum, and the
point is a saddle point.

23.
The funtion has no critical points.

25.
The maximize profits, the quantities sold should be units and
units. The corresponding prices are and
. The maximum profit is .

27.
The manufacturer should produce 15,250 tons of grade A and 4100 tons of grade B to
maximize profit.

29.
For a fixed amount of the first drug, an amount of of the second drug maximizes the
reaction. For a fixed amount of the second drug, an amount of of the first drug maximizes
the reaction. If the amounts of both drugs are variable, units of the first drug and units
of the second drug maximize the reaction.

31.
There are no such values of x and t that will maximize y.
 33.

(a) The dimensions are inches by inches by inches.

(b) For the cylinder of maximum volume, the radius is

inches and the height is inches.

35.
x = 50 tons, y = 1 ton per week

Exercise 8.5

1.
The maximum value is 15.

3.
The minimum value is .

5.
The maximum value is 528.

7.
The minimum value is 612.

9.
The maximum value is 16,000.

11.
The minimum value is .

13.
The two numbers are both 50.

15.
The three numbers are all .

17.
To minimize cost, the factory should produce 18 units of type x and 36 units of type y.
 19.
The dimensions are inches by inches by .

21.

(a) units of capital 750 and units of labor will maximize the total
production.

(b) The maximum number of units of production is 529.14 units.

23.
The dimensions are feet by feet by feet, which is approximately 5.593
feet by 5.593 feet by 5.593 feet.

25.
The dimensions are feet by feet by feet, which is approximately 2.29 feet by
2.29 feet by 3.43 feet.

Exercise 8.6

1.

3.
18x2 + 4x

5.

7.
8x − 22

9.

11.
e y (e2 − 1)
13.

15.
(e4 − 1) e−4y

17.
8

19.

21.

23.
22

25.
12

27.
24

29.
21

31.
CHAPTER 8 Review

True-False Items

1.
True

2.
False

3.
False

4.
False

Fill In The Blanks

1.
surface

2.

3.
x = x0

4.
saddle point

Review Exercises

1.
3 units

3.

5.
5 units
7.
The radius is 3 units.

9.
(x + 6)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 1)2 = 4

11.
The center is the point (1, −3, −8), and the radius is 5.

13.

(a) (x − 1)2 + (y + 4)2 + (z − 3)2 = 36

(b) The center is the point (1, −4, 3), and the radius is 6.

15.

(a) f(1, −3) = 11

(b) f(4, − 2) = −8

17.

(a)

(b) f(4, −2) = 0

19.
The domain is the entire xy-plane.

21.
The domain is the set {(x, y)| y > x2 + 4}, which is the set of points above the parabola y = x2
+ 4.

23.
The domain is the set {(x, y)| (x + 2)2 + y2 ≥ 9}, which is the set of points on or outside of
the circle of radius 3 centered at the point (−2, 0).
25.

27.

29.

31.

33.
35.
The slope is 12.

37.
The slope is 1.

39.

(a) The only critical point (− 4, −2).

(b) The point (−4, −2) is a local maximum.

41.

(a) The only critical point is (1, 2).

(b) The point (1, 2) is a local maximum.

43.

(a) The only critical point is a .

(b) The point a is a local minimum.

45.
The maximum value is .

47.
The minimum value is .

49.

51.
24x2 + 8
53.
51

55.
448

57.
32

59.

61.
The volume is 672 cubic units.

63.

(a)

(b) .

(c) The factory should increase the use of labor. Explanations will vary.

65.

67.
Cx (x, y) = 40, Cy (x, y) = 45, If the number of deluxe vacuum cleaners produced remains
fixed, increasing the production of standard vacuum cleaners by one will increase cost by
$40. If the number of standard vacuum cleaners produced remains fixed, increasing the
production of deluxe vacuum cleaners by one will increase cost by $45.

69.

(a)

(b) If the
demand for deluxe vacuum cleaners produced remains fixed, an
increase of one in the demand for standard vacuum cleaners will
change revenue by Rx dollars. If the demand for standard vacuum
cleaners produced remains fixed, an increase of one in the demand
for deluxe vacuum cleaners will change revenue by Ry dollars.
71.

(a)

(b) , If the demand for deluxe

vacuum cleaners produced remains at 30 vacuum cleaners,
increasing the demand of standard vacuum cleaners from 50 to 51
will decrease profit by $160. If the demand for standard vacuum
cleaners produced remains at 50 vacuum cleaners, increasing the
demand of deluxe vacuum cleaners from 30 to 31 will increase profit
by $70.

73.

(a) 4000 units of brand x at a price of $4,000 and 5000 units of brand y
at a price of $11,000 will maximize profit.

(b) The maximum profit is a loss of $159,000.

75.

(a) $15,300 should be allocated to capital, and $35,700 should be

allocated to labor.

(b) The maximum number of units is 3409 units.

 APPENDIX A Graphing Utilities

Exercise Appendix A.1

1.
(−1, 2) quadrant II

3.
(3, 1) quadrant I

5.

X min = −6

X max = 6

X scl = 2

Y min = −4

Y max = 4

Y scl = 2

7.

X min = −6

X max = 6

X scl = 2

Y min = −1

Y max = 3

Y scl = 1
9.

X min = 3

X max = 9

X scl = 1

Y min = 2

Y max = 10

Y scl = 2

11.

X min = −12

X max = 6

X scl = 1

Y min = −4

Y max = 8

Y scl = 1

13.

X min = −30

X max = 50

X scl = 10

Y min = −100
 Y max = 50

Y scl = 10

15.

X min = −10

X max = 110

X scl = 10

Y min = −20

Y max = 180

Y scl = 20

Exercise Appendix A.2

1.

(a)

(b)

(c)
 (d)

3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

9.

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d)

11.

(a)

(b)
 (c)

(d)

13.

(a)

(b)

(c)
 (d)

15.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
17.

(a)

19.

(a)

21.

(a)

23.

(a)

25.

(a)
 27.

(a)

29.

(a)

31.

(a)

Exercise Appendix A.3

1.
Yes

3.
Yes

5.
No

7.
Yes
 9.

Y min = 1

Y max = 9

Y scl = 1

Exercise Appendix A.4

1.
The smaller of the two x-intercepts is −3.41.

3.
The smaller of the two x-intercepts is −1.71.

5.
The smaller of the two x-intercepts is −0.28.

7.
The positive x-intercept is 3.

9.
The positive x-intercept is 4.5.

11.
The positive x-intercepts are 0.32 and 12.3.

13.
The positive x-intercepts are 1 and 23.

15.

(a) The x-intercepts are −1 and 1. The y-intercept is −1.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respects to the y-axis.

17.

(a) The graph has no intercepts.

(b) The graph is symmetric with respects to the origin.