Ratio, Proportion, and

Variations: Commercial
Mathematics
5
Reference: Coursebook - IIT Foundation Mathematics Class 8; Chapters - Ratio Proportion Variations; Percentages;
Profit and Loss, Discount and Partnership; Simple Interest and Compound Interest; pp. 6.1–6.14; 7.1–7.9; 8.1–8.11; 9.1–9.13

Assessment Test I Time: 30 min.

Direction for questions 1 to 11: Select the correct answer from the given options.
Space for rough work
1 1
1. If two numbers are in the ratio : , then the following steps are involved
7 5
in calculating by what percentage is the second number more than the first.
Arrange them in sequential order.
(A) i.e., the second number is 2x more than the first number.
(B) Difference between the two numbers is 7x - 5x = 2x.
1 1
(C) Given that the ratio of two numbers = : = 5:7.
7 5
∴ Let the numbers be 5x and 7x.
(D) The percentage by which the second number is more than the first number
2x
= × 100% = 40%
5x
(a) ABCD (b) CBAD (c) BCAD (d) CABD
q + 6p
2. If 2.7 p = 0.09q, then = ______.
q − 6p
4 3 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 4 5
a c e a+c
3. If = = , then what will be the value of ?
b d f b+d
a+e c+e
(a) (b)
b+ f d+ f
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

4. In which of the following situations can it be concluded that A varies directly

with B?
3
A  A
(a) 3 is a constant. (b)   is constant.
B  B

(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

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 5.2 Chapter 5  Ratio, Proportion, and Variations: Commercial Mathematics

The ratio of the incomes of P and Q is 2:3. The ratio of their expenditures is
5. Space for rough work
5:6. Who saves a greater part of his income?
(a) P
(b) Q
(c) Both save equal parts of their incomes.
(d) Cannot say

P, Q and R had some stamps among them. The ratio of the stamps with
6.
1 1 1
them was : : . If the ratio of the stamps with them had been 2:3:6 instead,
2 3 6
which of the following can be concluded?
(a) Q would have less stamps than he actually does.
(b) P would have less stamps than he actually does.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).

In an exam, a student gets 30% of the maximum marks and failing by 30

7.
marks. If 40% of the maximum marks is required for passing, then find the
maximum marks.
(a) 200 (b) 250 (c) 100 (d) 300

A trader professes to sell his goods at cost price but sells 900 g weight for
8.
every 1 kg. What is the profit percentage?
(a) 20% (b) 15%
1
(c) 10% (d) 11 %
9

A trader marks his product 30% above the cost price and then gives a dis-
9.
count of 10%. Find his profit percentage.
(a) 21% (b) 15% (c) 13% (d) 17%

10. Trader A gives a single discount of 30% on an article whose marked price
is `x and trader B gives two discounts of 25% and 5% on an article whose
marked price is `x. Which is a better discount offered to the customers?
(a) Discount offered by trader A.
(b) Discount offered by trader B.
(c) Both are same.
(d) Cannot be determined.

11. A merchant gets `1160 by selling article A at 30% profit and B at 20% loss. He
gets the same amount if he sells A at 20% loss and B at 5% profit. What is the
cost price of article B?
(a) `400 (b) `800 (c) `500 (d) `600

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 Assessment Test I 5.3

Directions for questions 12 to 15: Match the statements of Column A with the values Space for rough work
of Column B.

Column A Column B
12. A number when increased by 60%  (a)  8
becomes 16. The number is ______.
13. A man sells 150 mangoes at the cost price  (b) 12
of 225 mangoes. His profit is _______%.
14. A certain sum doubles in 6 years under   (c) 20
simple interest. The time taken to it to
become 4 times itself is_______ years.
15. If `125 amounts to `216 under compound (d) 10
interest in 3 years, then the rate of interest
is_______%.
 (e)  50

  (f) 15

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 5.4 Chapter 5  Ratio, Proportion, and Variations: Commercial Mathematics

Assessment Test II Time: 30 min. Space for rough work

Directions for questions 1 to 11: Select the correct answer from the given options.
1 1
If two numbers are in the ratio
1. : , then the following steps are involved
15 20
in finding by what percentage is the second number less than the first.
Arrange them in sequential order.
(A) Difference between the two numbers is 4x - 3x = x.
1 1
(B) Given that the ratio of two numbers = : = 20:15 = 4:3.
15 20
Let the numbers be 4x and 3x.
(C) The percentage by which the second number is less than the first num-
x
ber = × 100% = 25%.
4x
(D) i.e., the second number is x less than the first number.
(a) BADC (b)BDAC (c) DBAC (d) ABDC

4 x +5 y
If x:y = 4:9, then find the value of
2. .
6 x +7 y
21 19 27 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
31 29 37 33
b a c
If
3. = = , then each of these ratios can be equal to ____.
a+b−c a+c−b b+c−a
1 2 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3

In which of the following situations can we conclude that P varies inversely

4.
with Q?
(a) PQ is a constant. (b) 2PQ is a constant.
(c) (PQ)3 is a constant. (d) All of the above

The ratio of the incomes of X and Y is 3:4. The ratio of their expenditures is
5.
4:5. Who spends a greater part of his income?
(a) X
(b) Y
(c) Both spend equal parts of their incomes.
(d) Cannot say

A, B and C intended to divide a certain sum among themselves in the ratio

6.
1 1 1
2:3:4. By mistake, they divided it in the ratio : : . How many of A, B and
2 3 4
C lost due to this mistake?
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

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 Assessment Test II 5.5

Amar gets 20% of the total marks in an examination and fails by 20 marks.
7. Space for rough work
Ajay gets 40% of the total marks and gets 10 marks more than the passing
marks. Find the total marks.
(a) 120 (b) 300 (c) 150 (d) 125

A trader professes to sell his goods at cost price and still earns a profit of
8.
25%. What weight has he used for 1 Kg?
(a) 1250 g (b) 750 g (c) 800 g (d) 600 g

A trader marks his product 60% above the cost price and then gives a dis-
9.
count of 30%. Find his profit percentage.
(a) 30% (b) 24% (c) 48% (d) 12%

10. Three traders A, B and C sell an article of the same marked price. Trader A
gives a single discount of 30%. Trader B gives two successive discounts of
20% and 10%. Trader C gives successive discounts of 15%, 10% and 5%. Who
gives the maximum discount?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) B or C

11. A trader presently earns 15% profit by selling his product. If he increases the
price of the product by `24, then his gain per cent increases to 27%. Find the
cost price of the product.
(a) `20 (b) `200 (c) `150 (d) `160

Direction for questions 12 to 15: Match the statements of Column A with the values
of Column B.

Column A Column B
12. A number when decreased by 40%  (a) 20
becomes 12. The number is _______.
13. A man sells 150 mangoes at the cost  (b)  20
price of 100 mangoes. His loss is
_______ percentage.
14. A certain sum triples in 3 years   (c)  6
under simple interest. The time
taken to it to become 5 times itself is
_______ years.
15. If `1000 amounts to `1331 under  (d) 10
compound interest in 3 years, then
rate of interest is _______%.
 (e) 5
1
   (f) 33
3
 (g)  16

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 5.6 Chapter 5  Ratio, Proportion, and Variations: Commercial Mathematics

Assessment Test III Time: 30 min. Space for rough work

Direction for questions 1 to 15: Select the correct answer from the given options.

If x:y = 3:4, then the following steps are involved in finding the value of (3x
1.
+ y):(x + 3y). Arrange them in sequential order.
(A) x = 3a, y = 4a
(B) (9a + 4a):(3a + 12a)
(C) (3x + y):(x + 3y)
(D) 13a:15a = 13:15
(a) ABCD (b) BACD (c) CBAD (d) ACBD

If A:B = B:C = 4:5, then find the ratio of A:B:C.

2.
(a) 8:20:25 (b) 20:15:25
(c) 4:5:6 (d) 16:20:25

1 1
The ratio of incomes of A and B is : . By what percentage A’s income less
3.
3 2
than that of B?
2 1 3
(a) 20% (b) 16 % (c) 33 % (d) 23 %
3 3 7

The compounded ratio of (x + 5):25 and 9:x is 12:25. Find the value of x.
4.
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25

Two successive discounts of 25% and 28% are equal to a single discount of
5.
_________.
(a) 33% (b) 40% (c) 46% (d) 53%

A certain sum amounts to `4300 in 3 years and to `5100 in 4 years at simple

6.
interest. Find the initial sum.
(a) `1900 (b) `2700 (c) `3100 (d) `3300

9 + 8x + 9 − 8x 3
What will be the value of x, if
7. = ?
9 + 8x − 9 − 8x 2
52 26 53 27
(a) (b) (c) (d)
53 27 56 26

What is the least number that should be subtracted from each of the num-
8.
bers 14, 11, 17 and 13 so that the resulting numbers are in proportion?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 3

250 men consume 2250 kg of rice in 60 days. In how many days will 150 men
9.
consume 720 kg of rice?
(a) 60 (b) 32 (c) 45 (d) 30

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 Assessment Test III 5.7

10. If y is mean proportion of x and z, then (x − y)4:(y − z)4 = ________. Space for rough work
(a) x3:y3 (b) x4:y4 (c) x2:y2 (d) x:y

11. X, Y and Z together completed a work and earned `86,000. But X worked
for 3 days, Y for 4 days and Z for 5 days. If their daily wages are in the ratio
6:7:8, then how much amount will be received by X?
(a) `10,000 (b) `28,000
(c) `20,000 (d) `18,000

12. A shopkeeper sells two articles at the same selling price, one at 15% profit
and other 15% loss. What is the overall profit or loss percentage?
(a) 2.25% profit (b) 22.5% loss
(c) 2.25% loss (d) 0%

13. The selling price of 50 articles is equal to cost price of 75 articles. Find profit
or loss percentage.
(a) 50% profit (b) 50% loss
1 1
(c) 33 % profit (d) 33 % loss
3 3

14. In a school, there are 1320 students. The ratio of the number of boys to the
number of girls is 5:6. If the number of boys is increased by 18%, then what
will be the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls?
(a) 59:69 (b) 69:59 (c) 59:60 (d) 60:59

15. Match the values of Column A with those of Column B.

Column A Column B
 .P. = `200;
(i) C (A) Profit% = 20%
S.P.  = `250
(ii) C.P. = `200;   (B) Profit% = 25%
S.P.  = `150
(iii) C.P. = `150;  (C) Loss% = 25%
S.P.  = `180
(iv) C.P. = `150; (D) Loss% = 20%
S.P.  = `120

(a) (i) → (C);  (ii) → (D);  (iii) → (A);  (iv) → (B)

(b) (i) → (B);  (ii) → (C);  (iii) → (A);  (iv) → (D)
(c) (i) → (D);  (ii) → (B);  (iii) → (C);   (iv) → (A)
(d) (i) → (B);  (ii) → (C);  (iii) → (D);  (iv) → (A)

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 5.8 Chapter 5  Ratio, Proportion, and Variations: Commercial Mathematics

Assessment Test IV Time: 30 min. Space for rough work

Directions for questions 1 to 15: Select the correct answer from the given options.

By selling an article for `49, a shopkeeper earns a profit of 40%. The follow-
1.
ing steps are involved in finding at what price should he sell it to earn a
profit of 50%. Arrange them in a sequential order.
 100 × S.P. 
(a) C.P. =  = `35
 100 + Profit% 
C.P. (100 + Profit %)
(b) S.P. = = `52.5
100
(c) Profit% = 40% and S.P. = `49
(d) Profit% = 50% and C.P. = `35
(a) DACB (b) CDAB
(c) CADB (d) ACBD

If A:B = 2:5 and B:C = 4:3, then find the ratio of A:C.
2.
(a) 2:3 (b) 5:3 (c) 8:15 (d) 16:9

1 1
The ratio of the incomes of P and Q is : . By what percentage is Q’s income
3.
3 4
less than that of P?
2 1
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 16 % (d) 33 %
3 3

If the compound ratio of (x + 6):x and 3:7 is 12:7, then what will be the value
4.
of x?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Two successive discounts of 20% and 25% are equal to a single discount of
5.
_______.
(a) 30% (b) 45% (c) 35% (d) 40%

A certain sum amounts to `4300 in 4 years and to `5200 in 6 years at simple

6.
interest. Find the amount of interest for 3 years.
(a) `1350 (b) `1500 (c) `1225 (d) `1200

7 + 3x + 7 − 3x
Find the value of x, if
7. = 9.
7 + 3x − 7 − 3x
21 41 41 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
41 21 9 3

What is the number that must be added to each of the numbers 5, 2, 12, and
8.
6 so that the resulting numbers will be in proportion?
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 2

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 Assessment Test IV 5.9

30 men working 6 hours per day can complete a work in 24 days. In how
9. Space for rough work
many days, 18 men can complete the same work, working 8 hours per day?
(a) 33 (b) 28 (c) 35 (d) 30

10. If b is the mean proportional of a and c, then (a + b)3:(b + c)3 = _______.

(a) a3:b3 (b) a3:c3
(c) b3:c3 (d) Both (a) and (c)

11. A, B and C completed a work for `90,000. A worked for 6 days, B for 7
days and C for 9 days. If their daily wages are in the ratio 8:6:5, how much
amount will be received by B?
(a) `28,000 (b) `32,000
(c) `30,000 (d) `26,000

12. If a trader sold two articles at `2250 each and gains 9% on the first and loses
9% on the second, then his profit or loss per cent on the whole is _____.
(a) 0.81% loss (b) 0.81% profit
(c) 0% (d) 8.1% loss

13. If the cost price of 125 articles is equal to the selling price of 150 articles, then
the profit or loss percentage is _________.
2
(a) 20% profit (b) 16 % profit
2 3
(c) 16 % loss (d) 20% loss
3

14. In a school, there are 800 students. The ratio of the number of boys to girls
is 2:3. By what percentage of the number of the boys, should the strength of
the boys increase so that the ratio of boys to girls would be 3:2?
(a) 80% (b) 125% (c) 120% (d) 100%

15. Match the values of Column A with those of Column B.

Column A Column B
(i) Sub triplicate ratio of a:b (A) a2:b2
(ii) Duplicate ratio of a:b   (B)  a: b
(iii) Triplicate ratio of a:b  (C) a3:b3
3
(iv) Sub duplicate ratio of a:b (D) a:3 b

(a) (i) → (C);  (ii) → (A);  (iii) → (D);  (iv) → (B)

(b) (i) → (D);  (ii) → (B);  (iii) → (C);  (iv) → (A)
(c) (i) → (C);  (ii) → (B);  (iii) → (A);  (iv) → (D)
(d) (i) → (D);  (ii) → (A);  (iii) → (C);  (iv) → (B)

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 5.10 Chapter 5  Ratio, Proportion, and Variations: Commercial Mathematics

Answer Keys
Assessment Test I
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (e) 14. (a) 15. (c)

Assessment Test II
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (f) 14. (c) 15. (d)

Assessment Test III

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b)

Assessment Test IV
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)

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