4.

Methodology
Methods of Elastic Analysis

Forces and displacements due to each horizontal component of ground motion are
separately determined by analysis of an idealized building having one lateral degree of
freedom per floor in the direction of the ground motion component being considered.
Such analysis may be carried out by

 The equivalent lateral force procedure(static method) or,

 Response spectrum analysis procedure (dynamic method) or,
 Another refined method of dynamic analysis is the elastic time-history method

4.1 Static Analysis (Equivalent Lateral Force Method)

I. This method of finding design lateral forces is also known as the static method or
the equivalent static method or the seismic coefficient method. This procedure
does not require dynamic analysis, however, it accounts for the dynamics of
building in an appropriate manner.
II. Design Seismic Base Shear :the total design lateral force or design seismic base
shear (VB) along any principal direction shall be determined by the following
expression

Vb=AhW

Where

Ah=design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per 6.4.2, IS 1893 (part 1):2002
using fundamental natural period Ta as per 7.6 in the considered direction of vibration;
and

Where
Z= Zone factor given in table 2, is for the maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and
service live of structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to
reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone factor to the factor for Design
Basis Earthquake (DBE)

Table 4.1 Zone factor Z:

Seismic zone Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
Seismic Intensity Low Moderate Severe Very Severe
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

I=Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structure, characterized by
hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value,
or economic importance (Table6).

Table 4.2 Importance factors, I

(Clause 6.4.2)

S.NO Structure Importance factor

1 Important service and 1.5
community buildings, such
as hospitals; schools;
monumental structures;
emergency buildings like
telephone exchange,
television stations, radio
stations, railway stations,
fire station buildings; large
community halls like
cinemas, assembly halls and
subway stations, power
stations
2 All other buildings 1

R= Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance

of the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. However, the ratio (I/R )
shall not be greater than 1.0( Table 7, IS 1893-2002). The values of R for buildings are
given in Table 4.3.
 Table 4.3 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

Lateral Load System R

Building Frame System
Ordinary RC moment-resisting frame 3.0
( OMRF )
Special RC moment-resisting frame ( SMRF ) 5.0
Steel frame with.
a) Concentric braces 4.0
b) Eccentric braces 5.0
Steel moment resisting frame designed as per 5.0
SP 6 ( 6 )
Building with Shear Walls4
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 3.0
Ductile shear walls7) 4.0
Buildings with Dual Systems
Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3.0
Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4.0
Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.5
Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5.0

Sa/g= Average response acceleration coefficient

 Fig 4.1 Design Acceleration spectrum

W=Seismic weight of the building as per 7.4.2

Seismic Weight of Floors (7.4.1)

The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed
load, as specified in 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. While computing the seismic weight of each floor,
the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors
above and below the storey.

Seismic Weight of Building (7.4.2)

The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the
floors.

7.4.3 Any weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to the floors above
and below in inverse proportion to its distance from the floors.

As per IS 1893: (part 1), the percentage of imposed load as given in Table 2 should be
used. For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure, the imposed load on the
roof need not be considered.
 Table 4.4 Reduction in imposed live load

Imposed Uniformly Distributed floor load Percentage of imposed load

kN
m2
Up to and including 3.0 25
Above 3.0 50

ⅲ. Fundamental Natural Period

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ( T, ), in seconds, of a moment-

resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical
expression:[Clause 7.6.1, IS-1893 (2002)]

For RC frame building

= for steel frame building

Where

h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls
are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it
includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ( T, ), in seconds, of all other

buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, may be
estimated by the empirical expression: [Clause 7.6.2, IS-1893 (2002)]

Where,

h= Height of building, in m
d = base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in meter, along the considered
direction of the lateral force.

Ⅳ. Distribution of Design Force:

The base shear is computed for the whole building, and it is then distributed along the
height of the building. The lateral forces at each floor level thus obtained are distributed
to individual lateral load resisting elements. Vertical distribution of base shear to the
different floor levels IS1893 (part1):2002, Clause 7.7.1. The base shear (VB) is
distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression

Where,

Qi=Design lateral force at floor I,

Wi=Seismic Weight of floor I,

H=height of floor i measured from base, and

n = Number of storeys in the building, i.e, number of levels in which the masses are
located .

4.2 Response Specrum method

The response spectrum represents an envelope of upper bound responses, based on

several different ground motion records. For the purpose of seismic analysis, the design
spectrum given in figure 1 of IS: 1893(part 1): 2002 is used. This spectrum is based on
strong motion records of eight Indian earthquakes. This method is an elastic dynamic
analysis approach that relies on the assumption that dynamic response of the structure
may be found by considering the independent response of each natural mode of vibration
and then combining the response of each in same way. This is advantageous in the fact
that generally only few of lowest modes of vibration have significance while calculating
moments, shear and deflections at different levels of the building.

Following procedure is generally used for the spectrum analysis:

1. Select the design spectrum

2. Determine the mode shapes and periods of vibration to be included in the analysis.

3. Read the level of response from the spectrum for the period of each of modes
considered.

4. Calculate the participation of each mode corresponding to the single-degree-of-

freedom response read from the curve

5. Add the effect of modes to obtain combined maximum response.

6. Convert the combined maximum response into shears and moments for use in design
of structure. Analyze the building for the resulting moments and shears in the same
manner as the static loads. In this method, natural frequencies and mode shapes are to be
obtained by a free vibration analysis. The design lateral force at each floor level in each
mode of vibration is given by equation. The peak shear force acting in storey i in mode k
is given by the equation.

The peak storey shear force in storey i due to all modes considered is obtained by
combining those due to each mode in accordance with using SRSS combination given by
equation. So the lateral force at each storey due to all modes considered is calculated by
the equation Froof = Vroof –Vi+1 in response spectrum method the peak response of the
structure is calculated from model combination, where the following two methods can be
used.

a) Square Root of Sum of Square (SRSS) Method

If the building does not have closely spaced modes, then the peak response quantity due
to all modes considered shall be obtained as per Square Root of Sum of Square method

b) Complete Quadratic Combination Method:

Where,

r = number of modes being considered,

ρ ij = Cross-modal Coefficient

λi = response quantity in mode i (including sign)

λj = Response quantity in mode j (including sign)

8 ζ 2 (1+ β) β 1.5
ρ ij =
( 1+ β ) + 4 ζ 2 ( 1+ β )2 β

Where,

ζ = modal damping ratio in fraction

β= frequency ratio
 5. MODELLING

ETABS is one of the powerful design software licensed by CSI. ETABS stands for
extended three dimensional analysis of building systems. Any object which is stable
under a given loading can be considered as structure. So first find the outline of the
structure, whereas analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts on the
beams and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage.
Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist the load. This
we do after the analysis. To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex loading beam it
takes about an hour. So when it comes into the building with several members it will take
a week. ETABS is a very powerful tool which does this job in just few minutes. ETABS
is a best alternative for high rise buildings. In ETABS the following steps should be
followed.

5.1 Equivalent Static Analysis and Design

1. Define plane girds and storey data

2. Define material properties

3. Define frame sections

4. Define Slab sections

5. Define load cases

6. Draw beam objects (frame members)

7. Draw column objects (frame members)

8. Assign Slab sections

9. Assign restrains

10. Assign Slab loads

11. View Input Data in Tabular form

12. Run the Analysis

13. View analysis Results Graphically

14. Design concrete frame Elements

5.2 Dynamic Analysis and Design:

1. Unlock the Model

2. Define Response Spectrum Function

3. Define Response Spectrum Cases

4. Run Analysis

5. View dynamic analysis results

6. Design Concrete Frame

For the analysis work a three storey building resting on a single column is made. Height
of typical story is 3m and the height of base column is 5m. Building is to be analyzed in
two different locations (Gujarat, Kabul). Building is designed as per IS 456-2000.material
concrete grade M25 and M60 are Used. While steel Fe 415and Fe 500are used. Masonry
brick having density of 18.5kN/m3 is used. Linear properties of material are considered.
For the analysis work ETABS software is used. The column is assumed to be fixed at the
ground level.

1st story 2nd story 3rd story 4th story

Column size 1.9m 1.6m 1.3m 1m
And And And
800x900 300x250 300x250
Beam size 1.7x1m 450x300mm 450x300mm 450x300mm
Slab in mm 150mm 150mm 150mm 150mm
fck 25 and 60N/mm^2
Building properties

Table 5.1 building properties

5.3 load considerations

 Height of building : 14m

 Number of bays in X direction: 3 Nos
 Number of bays in Z-direction : 3Nos
 Grade of Concrete: M-25,M-60
 Density of masonry: 18.5kN/m3
 Dead Load:
1. Slab load = 0.15x25=3.75kN/m
2. F.F. load = 1x1kN/m
3. Wall load = (3-0.45)x18.5x0.2 = 9.435kN/m
 Fig. 5.1 Building plan

fig 5.2 three dimensional view of building

5.4 Load combinations

Static analysis

Combination
1 Deadx1.5
2 (dead + Live )1.5
3 (dead + Live + EQX)1.2
4 (dead + Live - EQX)1.2
5 (dead + Live + EQY)1.2
6 (dead + Live - EQY)1.2
 7 (dead + EQX)1.5
8 (dead - EQX)1.5
9 (dead + EQY)1.5
10 (dead - EQY)1.5
11 (deadx0.9) + (EQX x 1.5)
12 (deadx0.9) + (EQX x -1.5)
13 (deadx0.9) + (EQY x 1.5)
14 (deadx0.9) + (EQY x -1.5)
Table 5.2 Load Combinations in Static analysis

5.5 Response spectrum analysis

Combinations
1 Deadx1.5
2 (dead + Live )1.5
3 (dead + Live + response )1.2
4 (dead + response )1.5
5 (deadx0.9) + (response x 1.5)
Table 5.3 Load combinations in response spectrum analysis

5.6 Auto Seismic load Calculations as per IS 1893-2002

This Calculation presents the automatically generated lateral loads for load pattern EQX
according to IS1893 2002, as Calculated by ETABS.

Direction and eccentricity

Direction = X

Structural Period

Period Calculation Method = User Specified

User Period

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z Z = 0.36

Response Reduction Factor, R R=5

Importance Factor, I I=1

Site Type = Ⅱ

Sa 1.36 Sa
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient
g
= T g
= 2.5

Equivalent Lateral forces

sa
ZI
Seismic Coefficient, Ah g
2R

Calculated Base Shear

Table 5.4 Calculated Base Shear in EQ X

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevatio X-Dir Y-Dir

n kN kN
m
Story4 14 229.6605 0
Story3 11 207.7087 0
Story2 8 125.6246 0
Story1 5 94.3404 0
Base 0 0 0

Table 5.5 Applied Storey Lateral Forces in EQ X

Fig 5.3 Apply Storey Forces in EQ X
Auto Seismic Load Calculation as per ASCE 16

This Calculation presents the automatically generated lateral loads for load pattern EQX
according to ASCE 16, as Calculated by ETABS.

Direction and Eccentricity

Direction = X

Structural Period

Period Calculation Method = User Specified

User Period T = 0.57

Ct = 0.016, X= 0.9

Factor and Coefficients

0.2 Sec Spectral Acceleration, Ss Ss = 1.13

1 Sec spectral Accel, S1 S1 = 0.53

Long – period transition period 8

Site Class D

Site coefficient, Fa Fa = 1.048

Site coefficient, Fv Fv = 1.77

Response modification, R R=8

System overstrength, omega 3

Deflection Amplitude, Cd Cd = 5.5

Occupancy, Importance, I I=1

Equivalent Lateral forces

SDS
Seismic Coefficient, Cs I
R
 Table 5.5 Calculated Base Shear in EQ X

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

m kN kN

Story4 14 172.0394 0

Story3 11 196.3671 0

Story2 8 161.4934 0

Story1 5 190.8793 0

Base 0 0 0

Table 5.6 Applied

Storey Lateral Forces in EQ
Fig 5.4 Applied Storey Forces in EQ X