1.

The ottoman’s Empire Police System

The Ottoman Empire Law Enforcement System

The evolution of the Ottoman empire in building is law enforcement

services emanates from religion doctrines of Islamic conquest through
sultana that claims several territories and establish control through
militaristic and barbaric mode of law enforcement.

To further understand these scenarios, It best is To look back on its

historical briefs and the manner they conquer territories in the European
continents to the middle East and established their territorial control.

Religious Change and the Ottoman Empire, 1450- 1750

What did the rise and expansion of the Ottoman empire look like in the
eyes of European observers? How did the Ottomans shape the political
and religious history of early modern Europe?

The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest-lasting empires in
world history, stretching Across the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and
Northern Africa at its zenith in the sixteenth century. Many European
observers of the time experienced and Depicted the Ottomans as a
relentless force that not only conquered formats Byzantine lands, but also
lay siege to Vienna in 1529 and threatened further expansion Into the heart
of the European continent. At the same time, powers like France, Venice,
and England actively engaged the Ottomans as partners in diplomatic and
commercial projects connecting Europe and the Middle east. After the
second failed siege of Vienna in 16883, the Ottomans gradually began to
lose territory in the eighteenth century while at the same time intensifying
their political and cultural connections with European states.

Going beyond the conventional image of the Turks as the Western “Other,”
this collection of documents reveals a variety of European encounters of
the Ottomans in the early modern period. Such Has show the multiple ways
in which Ottomans and Europeans shaped each other's histories: as
military well as trading partners, as religious rivals and as well as cultural
interlocutors.

A View of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman state emerged in the early fourteen century as a small but
enterprising principally locate on the Byzantine frontier n northwestern
Anatolia. As Osman (the eponymous founder of the Ottoman dynasty)
And his successors led lucrative raids and built a ce of regional alliances,
they assemble an impressive military force as well as an evolving
administrative structure. The Byzantine and Balkan states became Deeply
familiar with the Ottoman state as it grew into a Formidable empire by
waging war, negotiating diplomatic relations (including strategic marriages),
and forging a variety of local alliances.

The Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine power of Constantinople in 1453

marked a major moment in the evolution of the Ottoman state into a
powerful Empire. To Mehmed II, the sultan who orchestrated the
unrelenting siege and eventual sack of the city, the taking of
Constantinople was a crowning achievement To many European observers
of the time, it signaled the establishment of the Ottomans as a monumental
threat that they had fight on every front. Indeed, over the next three
centuries, European states developed several ways to reckon with the
specter of “the Turks” (a broad label often applied to both rulers and Muslim
subjects of the Ottoman Empire; the Ottoman dynasty itself did not use this
name in its titles).

The French cartographer Nicolas Sanson (1600 Br) went beyond the earlier
European depictions of the Ottoman Empire by providing an n ted new
perspective. Sanson not only clearly demarcated Ottoman borders in
different colors, but he also Subdivided the imperial domains by continents
helping shape new geopolitical terms like Turkey-in-Europe turkey-in-Asia.

Early Encounters

Alarmed by the all of Constantinople, Pope Pius II(1405-1464) composed a

long letter to sultan Mehmed II (1432-1481). While styled as a missive
addressed to the illustrious prince of the ‘Turks, this document from 1461
was more of a theological treatise on Christianity And islam than a
conventional letter between two dignitaries. Throughout the letter, Pope
Pius Il urged Mehmed II to abandon lslam and convert to Christianity,
pointing to “the errors of Muhammed’s teachings and extoling the
superiority of the Christian faith. Given the high likelihood that Mehmed II
never read this letter (and the 1act that he never converted) the content of
this Papal document continues to invite questions about its purpose, Style,
and appeal.

The continuing Ottoman advances spurred other catholic bishops to issue

calls for a renewed crusade against the Turks. During the brief Ottoman
occupation of Otranto in southern Italy in 1480, many clergy across Europe
preached sermons and 1ssued indulgences in order to recruit soldiers and
collect money for a war against the Turks. While not as popular as the
earlier crusades, these efforts nonetheless mobilized a number of important
European religious and lay figures. A 1480 Letter of indulgence, issued by
the noted theologian Angelo Carletti da Chivasso, absolved a Florentine
Citizens of his sins in exchange for a contribution in a war against the
Ottomans, commonly depicted as barbarians,” “Scythians, or, in this
document, “Trojans Seizing the shores of Italy.”

Worlds of Captivity & Slavery

As Ottoman sultans directed new military campaigns in the fifteenth and

Sixteenth centuries, they seized not only land, but also tens or thousands
mostly Christian captives across the Mediterranean And Eastern Europe.
These men, women, and children were taken into the Ottoman society n a
wide variety ways. Many were sent to cities like Istanbul as dome servants
and concubines; others Worked as masone weavers, Scribes, translators,
or musicians; other still were sent to farms and mnes as laborer’s. Across
the Mediterranean, many captives were kept as galley Slaves.

Frequent trade, religious conversion, ransom Exchanges, manumission,

and escapes meant that many Captives crossed Ottoman-European
boundaries. When the Ottoman army conquered southern Transylvanian
In 1438, they captured a young man wh0 came to be known as Georgios of
Hungary (1422-1502). Georgius Spent some twenty years as a slave in the
Ottoman Empire, serving several Muslim masters in different holes before
finally making a successful escape in 1458, eventually settling in Rome. His
much-cited book provided Europeans with new information about Ottoman
social and especially religious life. Georgius of hungry stressed the dangers
of convers1on to Islam, a religion that he appears to have studied closely
through his everyday interactions with Muslim merchants, dervishes, and
urban dwellers.

In border areas like Hungary and especially in Mediterranean, European

and Ottoman actors continued too engage in slavery and prisoner-of-war
exchanges throughout the early modern period. Venetian, French Spanish,
and other Western European ships of captured, enslaved, and traded
Muslim captives the Mediterranean. For example, a series Spanish letters
from the 1720s and 1730s shows the discussion Between the Spanish
royal and naval officials regarding. Some thirty to fifty “Moorish and Turkish
some the second document below discusses the sale of some Muslim
slaves while considering others for ongoing Ransom exchanges

In the Ottoman Empire, European Christian captives were sometimes freed

through diplomatic negotiations and redemption campaigns by religious
orders. In the third document, the Trinitarian religious order published a list
of Christian prisoners redeemed from captivity in Constantinople,
Thessaloniki, Smyrna, and other Ottoman Cities in 1740 (shortly After the
conclusion of a major Habsburg-Ottoman War). The list shows the names,
ages, home regions, duration of captivity, and ransom amount paid to the
Ottomans. Europeans of prominent rank, such as army commanders or
court officials, were prime candidates For such rescue missions; this list
also names the women and children included in this campaign.

Depicting the Ottomans

During the Renaissance, many European Writers, Painters, and

intellectuals became keenly interested in Documenting the contemporary
affairs and the longer history of the Ottoman Empire. Two items below
present some common themes in European depictions of the Ottomans.

The advancement of the Ottoman armies into central Europe and the
Mediterranean meant that most Europeans usually associated the Turks
with war, violence, and conquest. In the first document below, the German
physician and chronicler Johannes Adelphus depicted in 1513 the
Ottomans primarily as a military force marching on horses or attacking
islands with their Navy. In other woodcuts, Adelphus also highlighted
Diplomatic negotiations carried out by Ottoman and venetian officials.
Other works capitalized on the growing European Interest in the lives of
Ottoman Sultans by providing Genealogies of the Ottoman dynasty and
visual Depictions of individual rulers. Ln the second item, the Italian artist
and writer Pietro Bertelli (ca. 1571-1621)

Composed biographies and full-page portraits of fifteen Ottoman sultans,

from Osman, the founder of Ottoman dynasty, to Mehmed III (1522-1603).

“The Turks” in Fiction and Fact

Building on these long histories of European Ottoman interaction, many

writers in Austria, Italy. France, and England incorporated a variety of
“Turkish” Characters into their histories, plays, operas, and novels
Many commentators in early modern England, for example, used and
sometimes invented examples from Ottoman history to advance their own
political causes or criticize opposing viewpoints. Essayist Francis Osborne
used (and misrepresented) aspects of the Ottoman court to make an
argument in favor of meritocracy while criticizing governments in Europe,
“where men ascend to the highest places by the mediation of Friends and
Money, rather than any advantage their worth brings to the
Commonwealth.”

Other English writers spent considerable time Debating the conversion of

the Turks to Christianity and Warning against the dangers of Christians
converting To Islam. Minister Thomas Warmstry focused on the conversion
of one Ottoman Muslim merchant (an evet that reportedly occurred in
London in 1657) to highlight the advantages of the Anglican faith over its o
Christian rivals, an argument that he suggested Relevant for “the
conversion of Jews, Turks, Heathens and others.
In France, Madame de Gomez (née Poisson, 1684 1770) deftly used real
events from Ottoman history as a stage for elaborating numerous romantic
an dramatic stories. In her interpretation of the reign o Sultan Osman II,
presented in the third source below, Gomez repeatedly highlighted the
power that Ottoman royal women-like the famous queen mother kosem
(1589-1651) exercised over political affairs. As the. Preface to the english
translation states, Gomez’s work may be called A real history of facts, set
off with all the Ornaments or a romance.”

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE HAS THE WORST POLICE FORCE

On Earth- The Sultan’s Force in Constantinople a barbaric Farce and He

Knows It Better Than Anybody EIse

Let us look on how the Sultans rule and impose their will to their territorial
control.

The police force of Constantinople Like overs-thing else in the Ottoman

Empire viewed from the standpoint Of civilization, it 1s a barbaric farce. It
promotes outrage out rage suppresses peace. It is the friend of the criminal
and the enemy of the honest man. It oppresses the weak and is a parasite
of the strong. Inhuman brutality is main foundations of its organization and
fiendish rottenness Its corner stone.

During the recent slaughter of Armenians in Constantinople the police force

of that city played an important part, An effort is made to organize it on the
complicated wishes of the Parisian police system, but it is a mere
caricature of the latter. It is immediately Under the control of the sultan
through hiss ministers.
There are about 8000 police in Constantinople, but they are so badly
organized and managed that they are of little or no use. The people seldom
think of calling upon them for aid, and even if they did, the solitary
Gendarme would not think of venturing into a place of Danger until he had
been reinforced by numbers of his comrades.

Years ago the Constantinople policeman was Picturesquely And that is

about all. Until a comparatively short time ago it was n0 Longer necessary
to police the city in daytime except near the great Bazaars, where rows
between buyer and seller sometimes occurred in those days the police
always walked about at night in threes and fours. Although armed with a
long gun and sword, a single policeman would not endanger himself By
doing patrol duty unaccompanied, later an alleged improvement was made,
when little stations were erected in different sections of the city at intervals
of every halt mile or so. When help was needed someone could to run to
one of these stations and it there was any danger of attack the officer
summoned would wait for reinforcements before going to the scene of
action. At night time the policeman was always asleep in the Station. The
young sultan fully appreciates the utter worthlessness of the system which
he gives to his subjects; lie has no faith in it.

The Constantinople policeman is not tolerated at the palace. Instead it has

five regiments of soldier’s station in there to guard him. Three of these is
composed of black; Quoins and the other of white Albanians. Joey regards
each other with all the intensity of racial hatred and he shrewdly trusts to
this rivalry for the surest promotion of his own duty. This is just a little
commentary upon the police system of Constantinople. But while the police
are nil abominable lot, tin prisons of Constantinople, and of all Turkey, for
Unit mate are infinitely worse. The principal prisons of the empire Are
located at Adrianople and at Krzoum.

At Constantinople there are live prisons, nil o them small affairs, the most
imposing being situated on the laced Hippodrome. It was in the latter that
many of the arrested Armenians captured during the recent riots were
placed, and a few of them may be there still Although the chances of any of
them being alive now are exceedingly remote. The prison system of Turkey
is a disgrace to us Civilized nations of the world. The Sufferings pictured by
Jingo of Jean Valens a V-galley Slave were thrills of paradise compared
with the cruel agonies indicted on the Turkish criminal. The compassion of
the universe is scarcely bread enough to enshroud the sufferings of a
single prisoner with sympathy. It is claimed by Turkish officials that the
abuses which existed in their prisons some years ago have been rectified.
This may be the ease with ordinary prisoner but not probable that it applies
to the Armenians, who are now the targets of the demoniacal rage of the
nation. It has been proven that horrible tortures where inflicted upon the
few prisoners taken during the massacre in the Single district in August and
September of 1894, That These tortures were repeated upon the
Constantinople Armenians is more than probable.

The prisons are all simply places of detention where prisoners or convicts
can be Kept more or less securely. No attempt is ever made to reform a
criminal. There is no such thing as a reformatory institution in Turkey,
Asiatic or European. In the provinces, the prisons are even worse than in
the large cities. Sexes are kept partially separated in theory, but it a woman
is convicted be young and pretty, she it usually sought After in a manner
that can hardly be printed here. In the strictly male prisons in the larger
Turkish cities there are separate apartments tor prisoners awaiting trial,
those under sentence, and for prisoners imprisoned Or debt. In the female
prisons this is not the case, so That a woman of good character imprisoned
for debt May be thrown into the same ward with women of the most
depraved habits. The food furnished to prisoners is absolutely Inadequate.

It consists of just two pounds of black bread a day. Prisoner has friends he
or she may receive a food Supply rom them, but if not the prisoners can
starve to death for all the sultan of all the Turks cares. Torture In the
prisons is a science. The Executioner is delighted in finding out exactly how
much pain could be infected Without destroying life. Lt was also a matter of
study to find out just how much pain a person Could undergo without
collapsing, so that no more torture could be as painfully administered
again. It is a conceded fact that the present mode of execution in Turkey is
by beheading and by strangling the victim to death with strong cords. But it
is also yet within the memory of living man that Turkish malefactors were
thrown down into a great gulf, which was filled with sharp steel spears,
upon which the victim was impaled. It the person was unfortunate enough
to tall upon one of the “pears and pierce a vital point, the agony was quickly
over, but to those who were only wounded, death came horribly, through
cheer starvation.

As it tins –[vie of butchery was not enough, the Turks were very 1ond ot
driving thorns in the heart of The victims. These thorns were not the little
tiny spears like those found on an average American ross uiish. Instead,
they were two and three inches in length. The Turkish executioner who
could without killing thrust the largest number of thorns in the body of a
Criminal was esteemed highest among his companions. Home or the
Turkish executioners could so fill a prisoner with thorns that not one-quartet
of an inch of skin could be Seen.

When this all torture was over the Victim was Dragged to a pile of wood
and was burned at the stake with all the horrid torments of a slow fire, so
that criminals agony could he prolonged. A common mode of punishment
was to bolt a criminal naked and then tie him with his face to the sky so he
could starve more the body of the prisoner was then covered with some
sticky Substance, which attracted to the we of the bugs, snakes, rats and
other vermin which are so prolixly in the east. The sweet stuff was
constantly renewed until the prisoner was actually eaten alive by these
tormentors. Modulation was administered at All time-. Hands, Feet, ears
and tooth were torn from Shrinking bodies. Dyes were made sightless;
noses Vere cut into bars, while other nameless mutilations were committed.
In fact, the whole gamut of torture was played over and over again. Even
women were not Exempt from the horrors of pain-racked bodies, und in all
cases were outraged, even when dying from the effects of their terrible
injuries. Forcing the unhappy wretches to swallow a cup of molten liquid:
skinning them alive, bit by bit, and stoning to death. Few Christians have
been allowed to Visit a Turkish prison. The one on the island of Cyprus,
now under English control was visited many years ago by “Archibald”.

“Here is what he wrote of it: “all average Turkism prison has nearly 880
inhabitants. Among them are Malefactors of every dye. Murderers, robbers,
political. Prisoners and forgotten suspects. If have seen several horrible
sights, (have ridden across a battlefield of Which Jay live and thirty
thousand dead and dying Soldiers; I have seen Whole levels full of famine-
stricken miserable; I have francium entered the pest houses of Et: after the
siege where lay neglected the wretched victims of black smallpox and
spotted typhus; I have trouble at the corridors of the Grand Hotel of l’aris.
Heartsick but a use of the fetid effluvium from slough 0ng wounds and
hospital gangrene; bodies of men who have been rousted alive: I have
been N a choleric hospital; but never have I Witnessed a more gruesome
spectacle than that which the foul Turkish prison dungeon affords.

Yet the Turks seem to accept it as a matter of Course. I entered the Konak,
and a Turkish officer, I asked him politely, can you me if I cared to see the
prison, much that he leads me to the warden at and asks that if he could
mind to see Queen Mary’s room in assented, and he handed me over to a
little low legged fellow, who sat outside a wicket gate in a pandemonium
that ran across the courtyard of the Konak, “Dante might have visited this
pandemonium to gain ideas, for his description of the inferno, but to the
Turks are no blessed with sentiment, and there is no inscription on the gate

Facing through the wall, one entered a narrow courtyard, surrounded, on

three sides by gloomy walls, braced heavily by barred Windows, With here
and there a strong wooden door. From underneath the door oozed a gutter
of inexpressible tilt, the rotted sewage of the Loathsome dungeon inside. I
was at once surrounded by a horde, of prisoners of villainous aspect, all
manacled in the most curiously diverse fashions. Some wore a heavy
chain, one end of which was fastened to a clumsily massive shackle round
the ankle, the other tied up Around the waist. Others merely wore this
granulite, with no chain attached. But others hail a huge link fastened to the
anklet, winch was worn against the outside of the knee and fastened into
position by a leather garter.

These were the liberty men, to whom nausea is accorded by reason of long
imprisonment coupled with good conduct who are not huddled into the
dungeons, but I’m allowed to loaf out here in the court yard. Lone, gloomy
passage opened out of one end of the courtyard and this entered,
encompassed by concourse of villains and with no other escort than u little
low-legged warden of the gate. Into this passage looked several barred
Windows, and behind the there glowered and strained the (dose-set faces
Or More dangerous prisoners.

“What ruffian faces most of them were faces The expression of which-
wolfish, ferocious, hungry Blood, sardonic, utterly devilish—made the flesh
creep.
With the very moment there was the clank of chain, For every man wore
fetters. The expression, hugging his chains, have hitherto regarded as a
mere allegorical figure of Speech, but now was to see the literal reality. The
crowd around the window gave back, and there approached a tall, stalwart
figure somewhat bowed Down by same heavy burden that he carried in his
arms. He stopped and laid his burden down, and then Stood erect-a
Herschel’s of a man with a face out of which everything human save the
more lineaments was Erased. And what, do you think, was his burden? It
consisted of a man of heavy iron links, knotted up into a grivet clump, and
fastened to the man’s ankles. Its weight was eighty kilos, or 100 pounds.

When he unraveled it and stretched it out on The ground I saw that it was
about fifteen feet long and resembled in the massiveness of its links the
chain cable of a trading schooner. “What has been this man’s crime,
warden? How long had he been in prison Six to twenty years. Had he worn
the chain all that time? Yes. Great Heaven, what he did to wore to death
infinitely to deserve such a fate?
Never to be able to move throughout all these long years without hugging
to his bosom that huge knot of iron.” THE CRY OF THE CHILDREN
ELIZABETH Do ye hear the children weeping, O my brothers, see the
sorrow comes with tears they are leaning their young heads against their
mother’s arms that cannot stop their tears. The young lambs are bloating in
the meadows, the young birds are chirping in the nest, The young fawns
are playing with the shadows, The young flowers are blowing toward the
west; But the young children, by brothers, they are weeping bitterly. They
are weeping in the playtime of the others, in the country of the free. Hand
well may the children weep before you. If they are Weary they run; they
have never seen the sunshine, nor line glory which is brighter than the sun;
they know the Grief of man, without his wisdom, they sink in man’s despair,
Without his calm cant survive.

Without the liberty in Christ, Are martyrs by the pang, without the palms
are worn, as ii With age, yet Unceremoniously the blessings of its memory
cannot keep orphans of the earthly love and heavenly Let them weep! Let
them weep! Daughters of the evolution Any woman above the age of 15
years is eligible to cluzenship in the daughters of the Revolution, who 1s a
heal descendant From an ancestor who was a military, naval or marine
officer, soldier, tailor or marine in actual service under The authority of any
of the thirteen colonies or -late or The continental congress and remained
always loyal to such authority, or a descendant of one who signs In the
Declaration of independence, Or one Who was a member of the continental
congress or the congress of the colonies or states, or as an official
appointed by or Under the authority of any such representative bodies
actually assisting in the establishment of American Independence by
service rendered during the war of the revolution. A Poor Rule Miss X. I’m
going to send this item about.

Our cloak to the Weekly Gossiper, Miss Y. The Wont take it, You’ve written
on both sides of the paper Miss X. Dear me, I don’t see why they need to
be so Strict about it. They print on both sides of their Own paper, don’t
they? The “Era of Marty”,” a famous era in use in the early Church,
commemorates the tenth Anniversary last great persecution, by Diocletian,
beginning February 28, 284 A. D.

On her last trip to Louganis, I order to save the Tide at the Mersey bar,
broke the cord between tweens town and Liverp0ol, making the 240 miles
in ten hours

This was the observation of a researcher o terrible the Turks treat their
controlled territories not barbaric manner. The law enforcement system is
not Systematic it is upon the order of the sultan and or capricious discretion
of those appointed to take security in the community. There were neither
specific rules nor allow to follow, it is all dependent on how they see fit in all
circumstances. Anyone who does not belong to the control of the empire is
considered an enemy and shall suffer the severest punishment as
presented above by Archibald.

D- LAW ENFORCEMENT IN A GLOBAL ARENA

How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human
dignity in a global scale?
The system and norms are codified in a widely endorsed set of
international undertakings, like:
a. The “International Bill of Human Rights” Universal declaration of
Human Rights, international covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
and
b. International Covenant on Social and Economic rights; phenomenon-
specific treaties on war crimes
c. Geneva Conventions, genocide, and torture; and protections for
vulnerable groups such as the UN convention on the Rights of the
Child and the convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against
Women.
 d. International dialogue On human has produced a distinction between
three “generations of human rights, labeled for their Historical
emergence.

e. Security rights encompass life, bodily integrity, liberty, and sometimes

associated rights of political participation and democratic governance.

f. Social and economic rights, highlighted in the eponymous

International Covenant, comprise

Both negative and positive freedoms, enacted by states and others:

prominently, lights to food health care, education, and free labor. With this
is the creation of an international regime to enforce these UN declarations,
bills and other international standards. We may call it Universal
declarations”. However, the very process of globalization blurs distinctions
among categories of law enforcement due to racial differences and states
own standards or laws.

Analyst on crime control have identified of psychological, social, economic,

and political patterns that put societies “at risk” of law and other violations.
These generally include authoritarian government, civil war, strong ethnic
cleavages, weak civil society, power vacuums, critical junctures in
economic development, and military dominance. Above all, the study of
human rights teaches us that human rights violations usually reflect a
calculated pursuit of political power, not inherited evil or ungovernable
passions.

The International Police (INTERPOL)

This body was formulated to serve as the International law enforcement

that will be responsible for the implementation of the mandates of the
above provisions if the UN declarations.
INTERPOL is the world’s largest international Police organization operating
world-wide with 186 and counting member countries. Its headquarters,
General Secretariat, are located in Lyon, France. Addition to a
representative office at United Nations Headquarters in New York,
INTERPOL currently Operates Six Sub-regional bureaus staffed by Law
enforcement representatives originating from the region these bureaus are
located in Argentina, Ivory a EI Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe
with a seventh regional office expected to commence functions in
Cameroun in early 2008. Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau, known as An NCB. The NCB which is fully staffed
and operated As By the relevant services of the member country is the
Designated contact point for the General Secretariat and other member
countries requiring assistance with transnational investigations, the
location and Apprehension of fugitives, and other international enquiries
relating to the work of law enforcement.

 INTERPOL’s Mandate

The mandate and the primary task of INTERPOL is to support police and
law enforcement agencies in its 186 member countries in their efforts to
prevent crime And conduct criminal investigations as efficiently and
Effectively as possible. Specifically, INTERPOL facilitates cross border
police cooperation and, as appropriated, Supports organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat Crime.

INTERPOL’s Core Functions

In order to carry out its mandate, INTERPOL provides its member countries
and designated partner organization’s four core functions or services:
 1. Secure global police communications services INTERPOL
recently designed and implemented a State-of-the-art global
communications system for the law enforcement community
which 1s called “I-24/7”. This new communication tool- to which
All member countries are already connected Allows for the
transmission of information about suspected individuals and
crimes to INTERPOL’s member countries requiring assistance
with Ongoing international Investigation in a secure manner
within real time.

2. Global databases and data services once police have the

capability to communicate internationally, they need access to
information which can assist investigations or help prevent
crime. INTERPOL has therefore developed and maintains a
range Of global databases and data services, covering Key
information such as names, fingerprints,
Photographs, DNA profiles or individuals under investigation or wanted for
arrest as well as data concerning Stolen and Lost identification and travel
Documents (SLTD), stolen vehicles, stolen works of art and illicit weapons
related to criminal cases.

3. Operational police support services INTERPOL provides

specific crime- related support through its third core function,
the provision of operational police support services. INTERPOL
has six priority crime areas: drugs and organized crime,
financial and high-tech crime, fugitives, public safety and
terrorism, trafficking in human beings (1ncluding crimes against
children), and corruption. Other crime areas of concern include,
inter allia, environmental and intellectual property crime
INTERPOL convenes theme-oriented specialized working
groups which bring together experts From around the world to
share expertise and develop and promote best practice in
investigation techniques. INTERPOL also conducts thematic
criminal analysis in order to, inter alia, detecting crime trends,
 trace criminal networks, determine modus operandi, and
identify perpetrators.

In addition to specific crime area support Interoperates a

Command and Coordinate Centre (CCC) 24 hours a day/7 days
a we linking the General Secretariat, regional offence and all
NCBS for urgent police-related matter emergency. The CcC co-
ordinates the exchange of Information between member
countries requesting assistance with international
investigations. CCC also assumes a crisis-management role
During Serious incidents and serves as the first Point of contact
for any member country which Might require assistance with a
crisis situation. In addition, upon request of a member country,
INTERPOL can deploy Incidence Response Teams (IRT) which
have the capacity to provide a range Of investigative and
analytical support to the local Law enforcement authorities at
the scene of the Incident.

4. Training and Development INTERPOL enhances the capacity

of member countries to effectively combat serious transnational
crime and terrorism, through the provision of (a) focused police
training initiatives and of (b) on-demand advice, guidance and
support in building dedicated crime-fighting Components with
national police forces. The latter Includes the sharing of
knowledge, skills and best practices in policing through
INTERPOL channels and the establishment of global standards
on how to combat specific forms of crimes.

ENSURING BORDER SECURITY AND PREVENTING TERRORIST

MOBILITY BORDER
One of greatest challenges facing law enforcement ensuring border
security is a lack of access to the crucial formation needed by frontline
police authorities, Particular those at border control checkpoints,
successfully identify suspected individuals and the them to take appropriate
action. Overcoming High and other challenges to border security requires
by coordinated and efficient international police To action, in particular the
capacity and willingness snare crucial information specific processing
persons entering a country, and information is needed to identify suspected
and wanted individuals and to enable border security authorities to make
informed decisions and take appropriate action. This includes accurate
information On “wanted” persons as well as the ability to verify the
authenticity of travel documents.

DETECTING WANTED PERSONS

With regard to suspected and wanted individuals, INTERPOL’s color-coded

international Notices system Informs member countries of the movements
of known International criminals either Subject to arrest and Extradition or
suspected of criminal involvements. The most widely known is the Red
Notice, an international Request by an INTERPOL member country for the
Provisional arrest of an individual who has been charged with a crime by a
judicial authority and based on the Requesting country’s commitment to
seek extradition.

In addition, INTERPOL in cooperation with The Security Council’s 1267

Committee created the INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special
notices. These Special Notices alert national police services to groups or
individuals associated with AL Qaida and the Taliban who are subject to
UN sanctions. The special Notice can be especially effective in promoting
enforcement of the travel ban as they are available too all of INTERPOL’s
member countries through organization’s I-24/7 communications system.
Date, approximately 290 of these Notices have been published.

VERIFY THE AUTHENTICITY OF TRAVB

DOCUMENTS

Bearing in mind that terrorists and other serious criminals often use false
documents to travel, Interpol created and launched its database on and
Lost Travel Documents (SLTD). This a her Se, which is also available to all
of INTERPOL’S members countries through the 1-24/7 system, currently by
contains more than 15.5 million documents report more than 120 countries.
However, in many countries this information may only available at the
INTERPOL national local point, or NCB. BRINGING INFORMATION To
THE BORDER recognizing that direct access to such information should
not be limited to INTERPOL's NCBs, it is INTERPOL policy to extend
access beyond these national focal points. In order to make reliable,
accurate and up- to-date information available to front-line officers in real-
time, INTERPOL has developed new integrated solutions to allow for direct
access to INTERPOL's databases. This. New technology called FIND
MIND refers to the two different ways of connecting INTERPOL'S
databases at border entry points or other remote field locations. At present,
this new technical solution is primarily used to access the INTERPOL
databases on Stolen and Lost travel Document and Stolen Motor vehicles.
Work is currently underway to also include direct access to INTERPOL's
other databases.

BORDERS AND PORTS SECURITY CENTER AT THE INTERPOL

GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Finally, to strengthen border protection, INTERPOL intends to establish a

Border and Ports Security Center Its General Secretariat in Lyon, France.
The goal of the Center will be to increase security at borders and al points
of entry by supporting member countries in the motoring, prevention and
investigation of fraudulent and illegal activities in these areas. The specific
adjective’ of this Center will be to monitor, analyze and report on the use of
INTERPOL'S tools, such as the stolen and starve Documents database, by
member countries aula to co-ordinate the delivery of training and other cy-
building measures that would help member Countries comply with the
present international security requirements for or ports-of-entry. The Center
will develop strong linkages with other international organizations involved
in port security and enforcement.