See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/272981998

Calculation of Radiant Section Temperatures in Fired Process Heaters

Article  in  Chemical Engineering and Science · January 2013

DOI: 10.12691/ces-1-4-2

CITATIONS READS

8 4,759

2 authors, including:

Hassan Al-Haj Ibrahim

Arab University for Science and technology
86 PUBLICATIONS   251 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Bioenergy View project

World religious heritage View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Hassan Al-Haj Ibrahim on 17 March 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Chemical Engineering and Science, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 4, 55-61
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ces/1/4/2
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/ces-1-4-2

Calculation of Radiant Section Temperatures in Fired

Process Heaters
Hassan Al-Haj Ibrahim*, M. Mourhaf Al-Qassimi

Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria

*Corresponding author: hasahi123@hotmail.com
Received May 15, 2013; Revised June 15, 2013; Accepted July 15, 2013
Abstract Flame and effective gas temperatures are key variables that need to be accurately determined before
analysis of heat transfer in the radiant section of fired heaters can be meaningfully undertaken. To facilitate the
calculation of these temperatures, appropriate equations were derived using two Computer Matlab programmes
specially written for the purpose. A third programme was also written for the solution of the derived equations using
the Newton-Raphson method. The whole calculation procedure was illustrated by an example worked out for an
actual process heater used in a crude oil topping unit.
Keywords: effective gas temperature, flame temperature, radiation section, fired heater, tubular heater
Cite This Article: Ibrahim, Hassan Al-Haj, and M. Mourhaf Al-Qassimi, “Calculation of Radiant Section
Temperatures in Fired Process Heaters.” Chemical Engineering and Science 1, no. 4 (2013): 55-61. doi:
10.12691/ces-1-4-2.

Total heat transfer to the process fluid can be estimated

using the following equation:
1. Introduction
Q= total =UC × A × LMTD (1)
Fired process heaters are furnaces in which a process
The radiant heat transfer follows the relationship:
fluid flowing inside tubes located in the furnace is heated
by gases produced by the combustion of a liquid or
gaseous fuel. Such heaters are widely used in oil refineries
( ) (
Q r =σ × α×A cp × F × Tg4 -Tw4 ) (2)
and petrochemical plants for heating purposes. They are of and convective heat transfer follows the relationship:
two basic types: vertical cylindrical or box-type heaters
[1,2,3]. For the most part, tubular heaters consist of two
main sections: a radiant section, variously called a
(
Qconv =h conv × A t × Tg -Tw ) (3)

combustion chamber or firebox, in which heat is A number of key variables serve as a basis for the
transferred mainly by radiation, and a convection section determination of heater performance. These include [5]:
followed by the stack. Roughly-speaking, about 45-55% 1. Inlet and outlet process fluid temperatures.
of the total heat release in the furnace is transferred to the 2. Effective flue gas and flame temperatures.
process fluid in the radiant section, leaving about 25-45% 3. Tube skin or tube wall temperature.
of the total heat release to be either transferred to the 4. Heat transfer rates to the process fluid.
process fluid in the convection section or carried by the 5. Flue gas composition.
flue gases through the stack and is lost [4]. 6. Process fluid flow rate.
7. Fuel flow rate.
8. Process fluid pressure drop.
2. Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Fired 9. Pressure profile in the heater and stack.
Heaters Of these variables, the effective gas and flame
temperatures are most important for a comprehensive heat
In the usual practice, the process fluid is first heated in transfer analysis of the heater radiant section. Furthermore,
the convection section preheat coil which is followed by efficiency calculations require prior calculation of these
further heating in the radiant section. In both sections heat two temperatures [6].
is transferred by both mechanisms of heat transfer, viz.
radiation and convection, where radiation is the dominant
mode of heat transfer in the radiant section and convection 3. Effective Gas Temperature (Tg)
predominates in the convection section as the average
temperature in this section is much lower. The heat- The effective gas temperature is the temperature
absorbing surface in both sections is the outside wall of controlling radiant transfer in the heater radiant section.
the tubes mounted inside the heater. For a "well mixed" radiant section this temperature is
56 Chemical Engineering and Science

assumed to be equal to the bridgewall temperature, i.e. the Substitution of the appropriate terms in Equation. 4:
exit temperature of the flue gases leaving the radiant
mfuel × NCV + mair × Cpair
section. For most applications, this is an acceptable
assumption with the notable exception of high temperature
heaters with tall narrow fireboxes and wall firing where
( )
× t air -t datum + mfuel × Cpfuel

the effective gas temperature may be 95 to 150°C higher × ( tfuel -tdatum ) =σ × ( α×Acp )
( )
than the bridgewall temperature. In this and other cases
where the two temperatures differ widely and an × F × Tg4 -Tw4 +h conv × A t (Tg -Tw ) (14)

)shld × F × ( Tg4 -Tw4 )

adjustment may be necessary, the use of a more accurate
gas temperature may have to be considered or the radiant (
+σ × α×A cp
section may have to be divided into zones for the energy
balance calculations [7]. + ( 2-3) % × mfuel × NCV
Furthermore, complete flue gas mixing in the firebox is
normally assumed in most methods used for the
(
+mfluegas Cpfluegas × Tg -Tdatum )
estimation of the effective gas and other radiant section The average tube wall temperature is given by [11] :
temperatures, including the widely-used Lobo-Evans
 T +T 
method [8]. This ignores in effect the existence of TW =100+0.5  in out  (15)
longitudinal and transverse temperature gradients. Cross,  2 
on the other hand, evaluated the temperature gradients in
fired heaters in order to predict the bridgewall temperature The Newton-Raphson method [12] was used to solve
[9]. the heat balance equation and determine the effective gas
temperature, for which two Matlab programmes were
written (Appendices 1 and 3).
4. Derivation of Effective Gas
Temperature Equation 5. Flame Temperature (tf)
There are two primary sources of heat input to the Flame temperature is the temperature attained by the
radiant section, the combustion heat of the fuel Qrls, and combustion of a fuel. This temperature depends essentially
the sensible heat of the combustion air Qair, fuel Qfuel and on the calorific value of the fuel. A theoretical or ideal
the fuel atomization fluid (for liquid fuel when applicable). flame temperature may be calculated assuming complete
Of this heat input some heat is absorbed in the radiant combustion of the fuel and perfect mixing. But even when
section by the radiant QR and shield tubes Qshld, while the complete combustion is assumed, the actual flame
remaining heat is either lost through the casing Qlosses or temperature would always be lower than the theoretical
carried by the flue gas to the convection section Qflue gases. temperature. There are several reasons for this, chiefly
By setting up a heat balance equation for fuel gas the flue dissociation of the combustion products at higher
gas temperature can then be calculated as follows [10]: temperatures and heat loss. Up to a flame temperature of
Qin = Q rls + Qair + Qfuel about 1370◦C, the burned mixture generally includes such
(4) ordinary gases as CO2, N2, SO2, H2O and residual O2
=Q R + Qshld + Qlosses + Qflue gases =Qout (from excess air). At higher temperatures, however, CO2
appreciably dissociates to CO and O2; H2O to O2 and OH-;
Where:
O2 to O-2; H2 to H+; N2 to N-3; and NO (produced by N2
=
Q rls mfuel × NCV (5) and O2) to N-3 and O-2. These dissociation reactions absorb
an enormous amount of energy, substantially lowering the
Qair = mair × Cpair × ( t air − t datum ) (6) flame temperature [13,14]. Further lowering of the flame
temperature is also caused by radiation and conduction to
Qfuel = mfuel × Cpfuel × ( t fuel − t datum ) (7) the walls of the combustion chamber. Highly turbulent
flames usually suffer an appreciable heat loss.
Q=
R Q r + Qconv . (8)
Some work has been done on the calculation of flame
Qr is the radiant heat transfer temperature, including work by Stehlik and others who
studied furnace combustion and drew furnace temperature
( )
Qr =σ α×A cp × F × Tg4 -Tw4 ( ) (9) and enthalpy profiles [4]. Vancini wrote a programme in
assembly language for the calculation of the average flame
and Q conv is the convective heat transfer in the radiant temperature, taking into account dissociation at higher
section. temperatures [13].

(
Q conv =h conv × At × Tg -Tw ) (10)
6. Derivation of Flame Temperature
(
Qshld =σ× α × A cp )shld (
× F × Tg4 -Tw4 ) (11) Equation
Qlosses =( 2 − 5 ) % × mfuel × NCV (12) In this paper, a simple heat balance serves as the basis
for calculating the flame temperature. The increase in
=
Qflue gases (
mflue gases × Cpflue gases × Tg − Tdatum ) (13) enthalpy between the unburned and burned mixtures is
assumed to be equal to the heat produced by the
 Chemical Engineering and Science 57

combustion. When the fuel is fired, the heat liberated Where, ai, bi, ci and di are constants dependent on the
raises the temperature of the combustion products from t1 nature of the gas. Assuming t1 to be negligible (= 0),
to t2 so that the following relationship is satisfied: Equation (16) thus becomes:
t2 t
(16) Qcombustion =Wi × ∫ (a i +bi × t+ci × t 2 +di × t 3 )dt (18)
Qcombustion =Wi × ∫ Cpi .dt 0
t1
Integrating:
Where:
b i × t ci × t 2 d i × t 3
Qcombustion = Heat of combustion of fuel. Qcombustion =Wi × (a i + + + ) × t (19)
Wi = Mass of a flue gas component. 2 3 4
Cpi = Molar heat of a flue gas component. It is customary to call the parenthetic term in Equation (19)
t1 and t2 = Initial and final temperatures. the mean molar heat:
The use of Equation (16) allows the calculation of the
flame temperature t by iteration using a programmable b i × t ci × t 2 d i × t 3
calculator. The variation of Cpi with temperature can be Cp m,i =a i × t+ + + (20)
2 3 4
approximated by a polynomial, having the obvious
advantage of being integrated easily. Using a third-degree By taking mean molar heats instead of true molar heats,
polynomial, Cpi can be written as: the integration of Equation (16) may be dispensed with.
The molar heats at constant pressure for air and flue gases
Cpi =a i +bi × t+ci × t 2 +di × t 3 (17) are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Molar heats at constant pressure for air and flue gases [15]
Gas Molar heat (kJ / kmol .deg.) Temp Range

Air 33.915 +1.214 ×10-3 ×T 50-1500 K

CO2 43.2936 +0.01147 ×T -818558.5/T2 273-1200 K

N2 27.2155 +4.187 ×10-3 ×T 300-3000 K

O2 34.63 +1.0802×10-3 ×T -785900/T2 300-5000 K

SO2 32.24 +0.0222 ×T -3.475 ×10-6×T2 300-2500 K

*
H2O(g) 34.42 +6.281 ×10-4×T +5.611×10-6×T2 300-2500 K
*
H2O(g) is gas phase For heat transfer at constant pressure
5 To illustrate the use of the programme, an example is
Qcombustion = ∑ Wi × Cp m,i × ( t 2 -t1 ) (21) worked out for an actual crude oil heater used in an
i=1 atmospheric topping unit at the Homs Oil Refinery (Cabin
Equation (21) allows the calculation of the theoretical 43-5-16/21 N). In this example, fuel gas is fired with 25%
flame temperature, t2, by iteration using a programmable excess air. Ambient temperature = 15°C, exit gas
calculator. In order to compensate for the factors that tend temperature = 400°C. Table 2 gives the furnace
to lower the theoretical flame temperature, the heat of characteristics for the radiant section and fuel and
combustion is usually multiplied by an empirical combustion air.
coefficient. The values normally used for this coefficient The effective gas temperature equation, derived using
are only estimates; this is why the temperature calculated programme (1), has the following form:
with any method can only approximate actual values. For
F(Tg)=C × Tg 4 +D × Tg-B (25)
an accurate calculation of the actual flame temperature,
account must be taken of heat losses through the casing by The first derivative of the effective gas temperature
setting up heat balance equation for fuel gas as follows: equation is:
5 dF(Tg)
Qcombustion -Qlosses = ∑ Wi × Cp m,i × (t 2 -t1 ) (22) =4 × C × Tg3 +D (26)
i=1
dTg

Where: where B, C and D are constants dependent on the type of

fuel, percentage of excess air, operating conditions and
=
Qcombustion M fuel × GCV (23) geometrical characteristics of the fired heater. These
=
Qlosses 5% × Qcombustion (24) constants can then be estimated using Programme 1 as
follows (Table 3):
The Newton-Raphson method [11] was used to solve
the heat balance equation and determine the actual flame F(Tg)=9.0748 × 10-5 × Tg 4 +7.9153 × 104 × Tg-1.5533 × 108 (27)
temperature, for which two Matlab programmes were dF(Tg)
written (Appendices 2 and 3). =3.6299 × 10-4 × Tg3 +7.9153 × 104 (28)
dTg
58 Chemical Engineering and Science

Table 2. Furnace characteristics

Geometrical Characteristics of Radiant Section
Number of passes 2
Number of tubes 60
Number of shield tubes 8
Overall tube length (m) 20.824
Effective tube length (m) 20.024
Tube spacing, centre-to-centre (mm) 394
centre-to-furnace wall (mm) 220
Outside diameter of tube (mm) 219
Wall thickness of tube (mm) 8
Stainless steel 18 Cr-8 Ni,
Tube materials
Type AISI 304
Fuel characteristics
Fuel Natural gas
Flow of fuel (kmol/h) 120
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) 19.99
Molar heat (kJ/kmol.K) 39.26
NCV (kJ/kmol) 927844.41
GCV (kJ/kmol) 976029.6
Film convective heat transfer
30.7
coefficient (kJ/h.m2.C)
CH4 (80.43), C2H6 (9.02), C3H8 (4.54), iso-C4H10 (0.20), n-C4H10 (0.32), iso-
Composition of fuel (% mol)
C5H12 (0.04), n-C5H12 (0.02), CO2 (3.52), H2S (0.09), N2 (1.735).
Air characteristics
Molar heat (kJ/kmol.K) 33.915+1.214×10-3×T
Flow of air (kmol/h) 1589.014
Air temperature (◦C) 25
Percentage of excess air 25%
Flue gas characteristics
Molar heat (kJ/kmol.K) 29.98+3.157×10-3×T
Specific heat (kJ/kg.K) 1.0775+1.1347×10-4×T
Flow of flue gas (kmol/h) 1720.9
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) 27.8234
Composition (% mol) CO2 (8.234), H2O (15.968), O2 (3.82), N2 (71.79), SO2 (0.188)
These equations were solved by the Newton-Raphson
method in programme (3) to give an effective gas Table 3. Data for determination of effective gas temperature equation
temperature in the fire box equal to 1278K. Inlet temperature of process fluid (˚C) = 210
The flame temperature equation, derived using Outlet temperature of process fluid (˚C) = 355
Stack temperature (˚C) = 400
programme (2), has the following form:
Flow rate of fuel (kmol/h) = 120
F(t f )=a × t f +b × t f2 +c × t -1
f +d × t f +e
3
(29) Flow rate of combustion air (kmol/h) = 1589.014
Flow rate of flue gases (kmol/h) = 1720.9
The first derivative of the flame temperature equation is: Number of tubes in radiation section = 60
Number of shield tubes = 8
dF(t f )
(30)
Effective tube length (m) = 20.024
=a+2 × b × t f -c × t f-2 +3 × d × t f2 External diameter of tube in convection section (m) = 0.219
dt f
Center-to-Center distance of tube spacing (m) = 0.394
Where a, b, c, d and e are constants estimated Nett Calorific Value of fuel (kJ/kmol) = 927844.41
dependent on the type of fuel and its gross calorific value, Molar heat of fuel (kJ/kmol.K) = 39.26
the percentage of excess air and the operating conditions
Table 4. Data for determination of flame temperature equation
of the fired heater. These constants can then be estimated
Flow rate of fuel (kmol/h) = 120
using Programme 2 as follows (Table 4):
Flow rate of flue gases (kmol/h) = 1720.9
F(t f )=29.9825 × t f +0.0021× t f2 Percentage of heat losses =:0.05
Gross calorific value of fuel (kJ/kmol) = 976029.6
+9.7421× 104 t -1
f (31) Molar fraction of CO2 = 0.08234
+2.9648 × 10 -7
× t 3f -6.4657 × 104 Molar fraction of H2O = 0.15968
Molar fraction of N2 = 0.7179
dF(t f )
=29.9825+0.0042 Molar fraction of O2 = 0.382
dt f Molar fraction of SO2 = 0.00188
× t f -9.7421 (32)
× 10 × t -2
4
f +8.8943 7. Conclusion
× 10 × t f2
-7
Using Matlab programming and the Newton-Raphson
These equations were solved by the Newton-Raphson method, it was possible to calculate simply and accurately
method using programme (3) to give the actual flame both the effective gas temperature in a fired heater and the
temperature of 2128K. actual flame temperature. The calculation was based on
 Chemical Engineering and Science 59

heat transfer analysis of the fired heater taking into α Relative effectiveness factor of the tubes bank.
account heat absorption and losses in the radiant section of σ Stefan-Boltzman constant = 2.041×10-7 kJ/h.m2.K4.
the heater. This calculation can be an important tool, not
only in the operation and daily running of fired heaters,
but also and more importantly for their design. References
[1] P. Wuithier (ed), Raffinage et génie chimique, L'institut français
Nomenclature [2]
du pétrole, Paris, 1972, Tome 1.
Nelson, W. L., Petroleum Refinery Engineering, 4th ed. McGraw-
2 Hill, New York, 1958.
A Heat exchange surface area (m ). [3] Al-Haj Ibrahim, H., Fired process heaters, Ch. 16, pp. 327-364, in:
Acp Cold plane area of tubes bank in Matlab, Modelling, programming and simulations, Ed. E. P. Leite,
radiation section (m2) Sciyo, 2010.
Acp shld Cold plane area of shield tubes bank (m2). [4] Stehlik, P., et al., Furnace integration into process justified by
detailed calculation using a simple mathematical model, Chemical
At Area of tubes bank in Radiation section (m2). Engineering and Processing, 34, pp. 9-23, 1995.
CP air Molar heat of combustion air [5] Fired Heaters: A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Prepared by
(kJ/kmol.K). Equipment Testing Procedures Committee, AIChI Equipment
CPfuel Specific heat of fuel (kJ/kg.deg). Testing Procedure, 1989.
CPflue gas Average specific heat of flue gases [6] Al-Haj Ibrahim, H., Al-Qassimi, M.; Matlab program computes
thermal efficiency of fired heater, Periodica Polytechnica,
flowing to a bank of bare tubes Chemical Engineering, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 61-69, 2008.
(kJ/kg.K). [7] Effective gas temperature in firebox, Available at:
Cpi Molar heat of a flue gas component www.firedheater.com.
(kJ/kmol.K). [8] Lobo, W. E, Evans, J. E.; Heat Transfer in Radiant Section of
Di, Do Inside and outside diameters of tube (mm). Petroleum Heaters, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. 35, pp. 748-778,
1939.
e Tube thickness (e = Ro-Ri) (mm) [9] Cross, A., Evaluate Temperature Gradients in Fired Heaters,
F Exchange factor = 0.97 Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 98, No.6, pp. 42-46, 2002.
GCV Gross calorific value of fuel (kJ/h). [10] Heat Balance in the Radiant Section, Available at:
hconv Film convection heat transfer coefficient www.firedheater.com.
(kJ/m2.K.h). [11] Walas, S. M., Fired heaters, Chemical Process Equipment,
Selection and Design, Butterworth-Heinmann, 1990.
Ltube Effective tube length (m) [12] Chapra Steven C., Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB
mair Flow rate of combustion air (kg/h). for Engineers and Scientists, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill Companies,
mfuel Flow rate of fuel (kg/h). Inc, 2005.
mflue gas Flow rate of flue gas (kg/h). [13] Vacini, C. A., Program calculates flame temperature, Chemical
NCV Nett calorific value of fuel (kJ/h). Engineering, pp.133-136, March 22, 1982.
[14] Flame Temperature Calculator, Available at:
nR Number of tubes in radiation section www.firedheater.com.
N tube (shld) Number of shield tubes. [15] Perry, R. H., Green, D. W.; Perry's Chemical Engineers'
Qair Sensible heat of combustion air (kJ/h). Handbook, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing, 2008.
QC Total heat transfer (kJ/h).
Q combustion Combustion heat of fuel (kJ/h)
Qconv. Convective heat transfer in the radiant Appendix 1
section(kJ/h).
Qfuel Sensible heat of fuel (kJ/h). % Program for determination of effective gas
Qflue gas Sensible heat of gas leaving the radiant temperature.
section(kJ/h) % Qin=Qrls+Qair+Qfuel
Qlosses Assumed radiation heat loss (kJ/h) % Input :
QR Total heat transferred to radiant tubes ti=input(' Inlet temperature of process fluid (C) =');
(heat absorbed by radiant tubes) (kJ/h). Tin=ti+273;
Qr Radiant heat transfer (kJ/h). to=input(' Outlet temperature of process fluid (C)= ');
Qrls Heat release by burners (kJ/h). Tout=to+273;
Qshld Radiant heat to shield tubes (kJ/h). ts=input('Stack Temperature (C)=');
Ri, R o Inside and outside radii of tube (mm). mfuel=input(' Flow rate of fuel (kmol/h)=');
Si, So Inside and outside heat surface areas of mair=input(' Flow rate of combustion air (kmol/h)=');
tube (m2). mflue=input(' Flow rate of flue gases (kmol/h)=');
Stube Tube spacing (m). N=input (' Number of tubes in radiation section=');
t1 Temperature of fuel and air (°C) Nshld=input(' Number of shield tube=');
tf Flame temperature (°C) L=input (' Effective tube length(m)=');
Tf Flame temperature (K). Do=input(' External diameter of tube in convection
Tg Effective gas temperature in firebox (K). section(m)=');
Tin Inlet process fluid temperature (K) C=input(' Center-to-Center distance of tube
Tout Outlet process fluid temperature ( K) spacing(m)=');
Tw Average tube-wall temperature (K). NCV=input('Net Calorific Value of fuel(kJ/kmol)=');
Wi Mass of flue gas component (kmol/h). Cpfuel=input(' Molar heat of fuel(kJ/kmol.deg.)=');
% Consrtant :
% Stefan-Boltzman Constant(kJ/h.m^2.K^4)
Greek symbols Sigma=2.041*10^(-7);
60 Chemical Engineering and Science

F=0.97; % Exchange factor dfunc=diff(func)

alpha=0.835; % Relative effectiveness factor of the
tubes bank
% Heat input to the radiant section Appendix 2
% Combustion heat of fuel
Qrls=mfuel*NCV; % Programme for determination of flame temperature
% Q=mair*Cpair*(tair-tdatum) equation.
tair=25; % Input :
tdatum=15; % Flow rate of fuel (kmol/h)
% Molar heat of air % Flow rate of flue gases (kmol/h)
Cpair=33.915+1.214*10^(-3)*(tair+tdatum)/2; % Molar Composition of flue gases: XCO2, XH2O,
% Sensible heat of air XN2,
Qair=mair*Cpair*(tair-15); % XO2 and XSO2
% Qfuel=mfuel*Cpfuel*(tfuel-tdatum) % Molar heats of flue gases (kJ/kmol.K)
tfuel=25; % Percentage of heat losses
% Sensible heat of fuel % Output:
Qfuel=mfuel*Cpfuel*(tfuel-tdatum); % Flame temperature (K)
Qin=Qrls+Qair+Qfuel; Mfuel=input('Flow rate of fuel(kmol/h)=:');
% Heat taken out of radiant section Mfluegas=input('Flow rate of flue gases(kmol/h)=:');
% Qout=QR+Qshld+Qlosses+Qflue X=input('percentage of heat losses=:');
% Heat absorbed by radiant tubes GCV=input('Gross calorific value of fuel (kJ/kmol)=:');
% QR=Qr+Qconv XC=input('Molar fraction of CO2=:');
% Radiant heat transfer XH=input('Molar fraction of H2O=:');
% Qr=sigma+(alpha*Acp)*F*(Tg^4-Tw^4) XN=input('Molar fraction of N2=:');
% Tw = Average tube wall temperature in degrees XO=input('Molar fraction of O2=:');
Kelvin XS=input('Molar fraction of SO2=:');
% Tg = Effective gas temperature in degrees Kelvin td=15; % Datum temperature (C)
Tw=100+0.5*(Tin+Tout); % Molar heats at constant pressure for flue gases
% Cold plane area of tube bank % CpCO2=43.2936+0.01147*T-818558.5*T^(-2)
Acp=N*C*L; % CpH2O=34.42+6.281*10^(-4)*T+5.611*10^(-6)*T^2
% Qconv=hconv*At*(Tg-Tw) % CpN2=27.2155+4.187*10^(-3)*T
At=N*pi*Do*L; % Area of tubes in bank % CpO2=34.63+1.0802*10^(-3)*T-785900*T^(-2)
hconv=30.66; % Film convective heat transfer % CpSO2=32.24+0.0222*T-3.475*10^(-6)*T^(2)
coefficient; (kJ/h.m2.c) % Heat evolved by fuel during combustion (kJ/h)
% Radiant heat to shield tubes Q=GCV*Mfuel;
% Qshld=Nshld*sigma*(alpha*Acp)shld*F*(Tg^4-Tw^4) % Heat losses (kJ/h)
% alpha=1, for the shield tubes can be taken to be equal Qloss=X*Q;
to one. Qt=Q-Qloss;
Acpshld=Nshld*C*L; syms tf
% Qshld=Nshld*sigma*(1*Acpshld)*F*(Tg^4-Tw^4) CpCO2=43.2936+0.01147*tf-818558.5*tf^(-2);
% Heat losses through setting CpH2O=34.42+6.281*10^(-4)*tf+5.611*10^(-6)*tf^2;
Qlosses=0.05*Qrls; CpN2=27.2155+4.187*10^(-3)*tf;
% Qflue=mflue*Cpflue*(Tg-Tdatum) CpO2=34.63+1.0802*10^(-3)*tf-785900*tf^(-2);
Tdatum=tdatum+273; CpSO2=32.24+0.0222*tf-3.475*10^(-6)*tf^(2);
% Molar heat of flue gases % Integration of mean molar heats
Ts=ts+273; Cpm=int(XC*CpCO2+XH*CpH2O+XN*CpN2+XO*
Cpflue=29.98+3.1157*10^(-3)*(Ts+Tdatum)/2; CpO2+XS*CpSO2);
% Sensible heat of flue gases H=Cpm-Qt/Mfluegas;
% Qflue=mflue*Cpflue*(Tg-Tdatium) disp('Equation of actual flame temperature')
% Output: func=H
A=Qin-Qlosses; % Finding of first derivative of flame temperature
B=A+Sigma*F*(alpha*Acp+Acpshld)*Tw^4+hconv* equation.
At*Tw+mflue*Cpflue*Tdatum; disp('Finding of first derivative of flame temperature
C=Sigma*F*(alpha*Acp+Acpshld); equation')
D=hconv*At+mflue*Cpflue; dfun=diff(func)
syms Tg
% Equation of effective temperature.
y=C*Tg^4+D*Tg-B; Appendix 3
disp('Equation for effective gas temperature')
func=y % Solution of effective gas and flame temperature by
% Finding of first derivative of effective gas % Newton Raphson method
temperature equation. function root=newtraph(func,dfunc,xr,es,maxit)
disp('first derivative of effective gas temperature % newtraph(func,dfunc,xguess,es,maxit):
equation') % Uses Newton-Raphson method to find a function
 Chemical Engineering and Science 61

% input: xr=xr-func(xr)/dfunc(xr);
% func=name of function iter=iter+1;
% dfunc=name of derivative of function if xr~=0, ea=abs((xr-xrold)/xr)*100; end
% xguess=initial guess if ea<=es|iter>=maxit, break, end
% es=(optional) stopping maximum allowable end
iterations root=xr;
% output: if root>1300
% root =real root root=root+273;
% if necessary, assign default values fprintf('The actual flame temperature is %8.0f
if nargin<5, maxit=50; end % if maxit blank set to 50 K\n',root)
if nargin<4, es=0.001; end % if es blank set to 0,001 else root=xr+273;
% Newton-Raphson fprintf('The Effective gas temperature is%8.0f
iter=0; K\n',root)
while (1) end
xrold=xr;

View publication stats