Northern CPA Review Co.

(NCPAR)

EASY
1. Which is the correct accounting for a finance lease in the accounts of the
lessee (assuming fair value is used)?
(a)Dr Asset account
Cr Liability account } with fair value

Dr Income statement
Cr Asset account } with depreciation of asset

Dr Income statement
Cr Liability account } finance charge for period

Dr Liability account
Cr Cash } cash paid in period

(b)Dr Liability account

Cr Asset account } with fair value

Dr Income statement
Cr Asset account } with depreciation of asset

Dr Liability account
Cr Income statement } finance charge for period

Dr Liability account
Cr Cash } cash paid in period

(c)Dr Asset account

Cr Liability account } with fair value

Dr Asset account
Cr Income statement } with depreciation of asset

Dr Liability account
Cr Income statement } finance charge for period

Dr Liability account
Cr Cash } cash paid in period

(d)Dr Asset account

Cr Liability account } with fair value

Dr Income statement
Cr Asset account } with depreciation of asset

Dr Liability account
Cr Income statement } finance charge for period

Dr Liability account
Cr Cash } cash paid in period

2. The credit total of a trial balance exceeds the debit total by P700. In
investigating the cause of the difference, the following errors were
determined: a credit to accounts receivable of P1,100 was not posted; a
P10,000 debit to be made to the Purchases account was debited to Accounts
payable instead; a P6,000 credit to be made to the Sales account was
credited to the Accounts receivable account instead; the Interest payable
account balance of P9,000 was included in the trial balance as P10,800.
How much is the correct balance of the trial balance?
a. 16,700
b. 17,100
c. 14,900

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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
d. 13,500

3. Information on a country’s inflation rate is shown below:

Year CPI Change in CPI Annual inflation rate

(a) (b) % = (b ÷ a) x 100%
Jan. 1, 20x1 400
Dec. 31, 20x1 520 120 30.00%
Dec. 31, 20x2 720 200 38.46%
Dec. 31, 20x3 880 160 22.22%

What is the cumulative inflation rate in 20x3 to be used in determining if

there is hyperinflation?
a. 100%
b. 120%
c. 133.33%
d. 140%

4. On January 1, 20x1, SPAT QUARREL Co. acquired a biological asset at its

fair value of P40,000. Necessary costs incurred on the purchase totaled
P8,000. It was estimated that if the biological asset is to be sold
currently, costs to sell would amount to P2,000. How much is the loss
recognized on January 1, 20x1?
a. 38,000
b. 30,000
c. 10,000
d. 0

5. BLASé BORED Co. expects to earn P400,000 pre-tax profit each quarter.
BLASE has tax rates of 20% on the first P800,000 of annual earnings and
30% on all additional earnings. Actual earnings match expectations. How
much is the income tax expense recognized in the third quarter interim
financial statements?
a. 80,000
b. 100,000
c. 120,000
d. 132,000

6. VENERABLE RESPECTED Co.’s defined benefit plan provides a lump sum

retirement benefit of P8,000,000 to all employees
 who are still employed at the age of 55 after twenty years of service, or
 who are still employed at the age of 65, regardless of their length of
service.

Mr. Juan is hired at the age of 33. What is the attribution period for Mr.
Juan’s benefit and how much benefit is attributed each year?
Attribution period Benefit attributed each year
a. age 33 to 55 400,000
b. age 33 to 55 347,826
c. age 35 to 55 400,000
d. age 45 to 65 400,000

7. In September 2006, West Corp. made a dividend distribution of one right

for each of its 120,000 shares of outstanding common stock. Each right was
exercisable for the purchase of 1/100 of a share of West's P50 variable
rate preferred stock at an exercise price of P80 per share. On March 20,
2008, none of the rights had been exercised, and West redeemed them by
paying each stockholder P0.10 per right. As a result of this redemption,
West stockholder's equity was reduced by
a. 120
b. 2,400
c. 12,000
d. 36,000

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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
8. On January 1, 20x1, ABRIDGE TO SHORTEN Company issued a 4-year, P1,000,000
noninterest bearing note payable due in four equal annual installments.
The effective interest rate is 12%. ABRIDGE prepared the following pro-
forma amortization table on an electronic spreadsheet:

A B C D E
Cash Interest
1 Date paid expense Amortization Present value
2 Jan. 1, 20x1
3 Dec. 31, 20x1
4 Dec. 31, 20x2
5 Dec. 31, 20x3
6 Dec. 31, 20x4

The current portion of the note payable as of December 31, 20x2 is equal to
a. D4
b. D3
c. D5
d. E5

9. On January 1, 20x1, HEARTEN ENCOURAGE CHEER Company issued a 4-year,

P1,000,000, noninterest-bearing note due on December 31, 20x4. The
effective interest rate is 12%. HEARTEN prepared the following pro-forma
amortization table on an electronic spreadsheet:

A B C D
Interes
t Discoun Present
1 Date expense t value
2 Jan. 1, 20x1
Dec. 31,
3 20x1
Dec. 31,
4 20x2
Dec. 31,
5 20x3
Dec. 31,
6 20x4

The amount to be placed on cell D2 is computed as

a. (1M x PV of P1 @12%, n=4) + (1M x PV of ordinary annuity of P1 @ 12%,
n=4)
b. (1M x PV of P1 @12%, n=4)
c. (1M x PV of ordinary annuity of P1 @12%, n=4)
d. (1M x PV of P1 @12%, n=4) + (1M x 10% x PV of ordinary annuity of P1 @
12%, n=4)

10. On January 1, 20x1, SPECULATE THINK Insurance Co. issues a one-year,

fire insurance contract for a total premium of P48,000. How much is the
earned portion of the premium for the month ended January 31, 20x1?
a. 2,000
b. 46,000
c. 4,000
d. 0

MODERATE
1. A and B are co-owners of a parcel land. A donated his share to C. Can B
redeem the said share from C?
a. Yes, because the law looks with disfavor at co-ownership.
b. No, because legal redemption applies only in case of onerous alienation.
c. No, but in proportion to his interest in the land as co-owner.
d. Yes, but in proportion to his interest in the land as co-owner.

2. Which is correct?

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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
a. Tax condonation is a general pardon granted by the government.
b. BIR has five deputy commissioners
c. Taxation is the rule; exception is the exemption
d. The President of the Philippines can change tariff or imposts without
necessity of calling Congress to pass a law for that purpose

3. Which of the following would be considered the most conservative settings

for inherent risk and control risk?
Inherent Risk Control Risk
a. 1.0 1.0
b. 1.0 0.0
c. 0.0 0.0
d. 0.5 0.5
4. Mr. Chuchu submitted a sworn statement regarding the alleged tax evasion
practices of Bad Corporation. This led the BIR to recover P20,000,000
unpaid taxes. How much net tax informer’s reward shall be paid to Mr.
Chuchu?
a. P1,800,000
b. P1,600,000
c. P1,000,000
d. d. P900,000

5. Day Co. is a medium-sized manufacturer of lamps. During 2010 a new line

called “Twinkle” was made available by Day’s customers. The break-even
point in sales of Twinkle is P400,000 with a contribution margin of 40%.
Assuming that the operating profit for the Twinkle line for 2010 amounted
to P200,000, total sales for 2010 amounted to
a. P600,000
b. P840,000
c. P900,000
d. P950,000

6. PERPETUAL Co. owns 20% of EVERLASTING, Inc. and uses the equity method
because it has significant influence. In 20x1, PERPETUAL sells inventory
to EVERLASTING for P400,000 with a 60% gross profit on the transaction.
The inventory remains unsold during 20x1 and was sold by EVERLASTING to
external parties only in 20x2. PERPETUAL’s income tax rate is 30%.
EVERLASTING reports profit of P4,000,000 and P4,800,000 on December 31,
20x1 and 20x2, respectively. How much is the share in the profit of
associate in 20x1?
a. 560,000
b. 632,000
c. 728,000
d. 800,000

7. Information on QUELL PUT DOWN Co.’s defined benefit plan is shown below:

 Fair value of plan assets, Jan. 1 7,200,000

 Present value of defined benefit obligation, Jan. 1 8,000,000
 Vested past service cost 800,000
 Unvested past service cost (vesting period is 5 yrs.) 1,200,000
 Current service cost 2,400,000
 Benefits paid to retirees during the year 1,600,000
 Net loss on settlement of plan during the year 200,000
 Actuarial gains during the period 80,000
 Return on plan assets during the period 480,000
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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)

 Discount rate based on high quality corporate bonds 10%

How much is the defined benefit cost?

a. 4,840,000
b. 4,680,000
c. 4,360,000
d. 5,000,000

8. ENTITY BEING Co. incurred the following costs in self-generating computer

software.
 Completion of detailed program design P2,000,000
 Cost incurred for coding and testing to establish
technological feasibility 1,600,000
 Other coding costs after establishment of technological 4,000,000
feasibility
 Other testing costs after establishment of technological 3,200,000
feasibility
 Costs of producing product masters 2,400,000
 Reproduction and duplication costs from product masters 4,800,000
 Packaging costs for the reproduced software 1,200,000

How much is the cost of computer software recognized as intangible asset?

a. 13,200,000
b. 11,200,000
c. 7,200,000
d. 9,600,000

9. A, B, and C formed a joint operation which was completed during the year.
The accounts of the joint operators show the following balances:

Books of A Books of B Books of C

Account with A - 10 Dr. 10 Dr.

Account with B 16 Dr. - 16 Dr.

Account with C 26 Cr. 26 Cr.

On the cash settlement between the joint operators,

a. A receives P26; C pays P16
b. B pays P10; A pays P16
c. C receives P26; A pays P10
d. None of these

10. During the year, FATUITY FOOLISHNESS Insurance Co. wrote insurance
policies covering marine cargo risks. Premiums from these policies are
shown below:

Gross Premiums
premiums Ceded
January 240,000 144,000
February 400,000 328,000
March 460,000 280,000
April 432,000 340,000
May 308,000 216,000
June 424,000 332,000
July 280,000 200,000
August 228,000 132,000
September 388,000 304,000
October 380,000 296,000
November 584,000 476,000
December 200,000 136,000
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Totals 4,324,000 3,184,000

How much is the provision for unearned premiums as of December 31, 20x1?
a. 172,000
b. 127,000
c. 182,000
d. 197,000

DIFFICULT
1. WLETER TURMOIL Co. reported profit after tax of P420,000. WELTER’s income
tax rate is 30%. Operating expenses for the year were 15% of sales and 25%
of cost of sales. Other expenses were 10% of sales. How much is the sales?
a. 4,000,100
b. 3,900,000
c. 4,100,000
d. 4,000,000

2. An entity is the defendant in a patent infringement lawsuit. The entity’s

lawyers believe there is a 30% chance that the court will dismiss the case
and the entity will incur no outflow of economic benefits. However, if the
court rules in favor of the claimant, the lawyers believe that there is a
20% chance that the entity will be required to pay damages of P800,000
(the amount sought by the claimant) and an 80% chance that the entity will
be required to pay damages of P400,000 (the amount that was recently
awarded by the same judge in a similar case). Other outcomes are unlikely.

The court is expected to rule in late December 20x2. There is no indication

that the claimant will settle out of court. A 7% risk adjustment factor to
the probability-weighted expected cash flows is considered appropriate to
reflect the uncertainties in the cash flow estimates. An appropriate
discount rate is 10% per year.

How much is the provision for lawsuit at December 31, 20x1?

a. 436,360
b. 446,908
c. 326,836
d. 0

3. The partnership agreement of partners A, B and C stipulates the following:

 A shall receive a salary of P80,000.
 Interest of 10% shall be computed on the partners’ capital contributions
of P80,000, P200,000 and P400,000.
 Balance is divided among the partners on a 2:3:5 ratio. However, the
minimum amounts that B and C shall receive if the partnership earns profit
are P40,000 and P80,000, respectively, inclusive of interest and share in
remaining profit.

How much is the level of profit necessary so that A shall receive a total of
P100,000, inclusive of salaries, interest and share in remaining profit, and
all of the other partners shall receive their minimum allocable amounts?
a. 208,000
b. 220,000
c. 228,000
d. 240,000

4. ASTOUND SURPRISE Co. has several branches. The following information was
determined during its reconciliation procedures for its reciprocal account
with Ionian Branch.
a. Utilities expense of P16,000 that is properly allocable to Ionian Branch
was recorded by the home office in Dorian Branch’s account. Ionian
Branch made the correct entry.

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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
b. The home office recorded a cash remittance of P64,000 from Ionian Branch
as coming from Phrygian Branch.
c. A debit memo from the home office for P40,000 representing shipment of
merchandise was not recorded by the Ionian Branch.
d. The debit posting for a cash remittance to the home amounting to P28,000
was not recorded by Ionian Branch.
e. The credit posting for a credit memo received from the home office
representing collection by home office of the branch’s account
receivable amounting to P20,000 was not recorded by Ionian Branch.

How much is the difference between the unadjusted “Investment in Ionian

Branch” and “Home office” accounts?
a. 60,000
b. 36,000
c. 48,000
d. 52,000

5. On January 1, 20x1, LITHE Co. paid cash of P6,000,000 in exchange for all
of the net assets of FLEXIBLE, Inc. As of this date, the carrying amounts
and fair values of the assets and liabilities of FLEXIBLE acquired by
LITHE are shown below:

Carrying Fair
Assets amounts values
Cash 40,000 40,000
Receivables 2,760,000 1,480,000
Allowance for probable losses on
(400,000)
receivables
Property, plant and equipment 4,000,000 4,400,000
Computer software 400,000 -
Patent - 200,000
Goodwill 400,000 80,000
Total assets 7,200,000 6,200,000
Liabilities
Bonds payable (w/ face amount of
1,600,000 1,800,000
P1,600,000)

In applying the recognition and measurement principles under PFRS 3, LITHE

Co. has identified the following unrecorded intangible assets:
Type of intangible asset Fair value
Research and development
200,000
projects
Customer list 160,000
Customer contract #1 120,000
Customer contract #2 80,000
Order (production) backlog 40,000
Internet domain name 60,000
Trademark 100,000
Trade secret processes 140,000
Mask works 180,000
Total 1,080,000

Additional information:
 The computer software is considered obsolete.
 The patent has a remaining useful life of 10 years and a remaining legal
life of 12 years.
 FLEXIBLE, Inc. recognized the research and development costs as expenses
when they were incurred.
 Customer contract #1 refers to an agreement between FLEXIBLE, Inc. and
Numbers Co., a customer, wherein FLEXIBLE, Inc. is to supply goods to
Numbers Co. for a period of 5 years. As of acquisition date, the remaining
period in the agreement is 3 years. LITHE and FLEXIBLE believe that

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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
Numbers Co. will renew the agreement at the end of the current contract.
The agreement is not separable.
 Customer contract #2 refers to FLEXIBLE’s insurance segment’s portfolio of
one-year motor insurance contracts that are cancellable by policyholders.
 FLEXIBLE, Inc. transacts with its customers solely through purchase and
sales orders. As of acquisition date, has a backlog of customer purchase
orders from 60% of its customers, all of whom are recurring customers. The
other 40% of FLEXIBLE’s customers are also recurring customers. However,
as of acquisition date, FLEXIBLE has no open purchase orders or other
contracts with those customers.
 The internet domain name is registered.

How much is the goodwill (gain on bargain purchase)?

a. 900,000
b. 600,000
c. 420,000
d. 1,680,000

6. On January 1, 20x1, ABC Co. acquired 80% interest in XYZ, Inc. by issuing
5,000 shares with fair value of P60 per share and par value of P40 per
share. On acquisition date, ABC Co. elected to measure non-controlling
interest as its proportionate share in XYZ, Inc.’s net identifiable
assets.

XYZ’s shareholders’ equity as of January 1, 20x1 comprises the following:

(at carrying amounts)
Share capital 200,000
Retained earnings 96,000
Total equity 296,000

On January 1, 20x1, the fair values of the assets and liabilities of XYZ,
Inc. were determined by appraisal, as follows:
Fair
Carryin value
XYZ, Inc.
g Fair incremen
amounts values t
Cash 20,000 20,000 -
Accounts receivable 48,000 48,000 -
Inventory 92,000 124,000 32,000
Equipment 200,000 240,000 40,000
Accumulated depreciation (40,000) (48,000) (8,000)
Accounts payable (24,000) (24,000) -
Net assets 296,000 360,000 64,000

The remaining useful life of the equipment is 4 years.

During 20x1, no dividends were declared by either ABC or XYZ. There were also
no inter-company transactions. The group determined that there is no goodwill
impairment.

ABC’s and XYZ’s individual financial statements at year-end are shown below:

Statements of financial position

As at December 31, 20x1
ABC Co. XYZ, Inc.
ASSETS
92,00
228,000
Cash 0
Accounts receivable 300,000 88,000
Inventory 420,000 60,000
300,000
Investment in subsidiary -
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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
Equipment 800,000 200,000
Accumulated depreciation (240,000) (80,000)
TOTAL ASSETS 1,672,000 496,000
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable 172,000 120,000
120,000
Bonds payable -
Total liabilities 292,000 120,000
Share capital 680,000 200,000
260,000
Share premium -
Retained earnings 440,000 176,000
Total equity 1,380,000 376,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 1,672,000 496,000

Statements of profit or loss

For the year ended December 31, 20x1
ABC Co. XYZ, Inc.
Sales 1,200,000 480,000
Cost of goods sold (660,000) (288,000)
Gross profit 540,000 192,000
Depreciation expense (160,000) (40,000)
Distribution costs (128,000) (72,000)
(12,000
Interest expense ) -
Profit for the year 240,000 80,000

How much is the consolidated total assets as of December 31, 20x1?

a. 1,867,000
b. 1,907,000
c. 1,894,000
d. 1,904,000

7. HOMOLOGOUS MATCHING Co. has pretax income of P400,000. The following

information was gathered:

Loss on expropriation of property 140,000

Non-deductible premium on life insurance premium of
key employees 24,000
Interest income received on government securities
subjected to final tax 20,000
Excess of accelerated depreciation used in taxation over
straight line depreciation used in financial reporting 40,000
Warranty expense accrued for financial reporting
purposes but is tax deductible only when actually paid 60,000
Rent received in advance 32,000
Quarterly income tax payments
(1st quarter to 3rd quarter) 80,000
Tax rate 30%
Beginning balance of taxable temporary difference 48,000
Beginning balance of deductible temporary difference 36,000

How much is the current tax payable?

a. 163,020
b. 178,800
c. 98,800
d. 86,400

8. On January 1, 20x1, the partners of ABC Co. decided to liquidate their

partnership. The following information was made available:

Cash 80,000
Accounts receivable 240,000
Inventory 480,000
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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
1,200,00
Equipment
0
Total 2,000,000
Accounts payable 600,000
A, Capital (20%) 200,000
B, Capital (30%) 400,000
C, Capital (50%) 800,000
Total 2,000,000

The net proceeds from the sale of non-cash assets amounted to P160,000. The
personal assets and personal liabilities of the partners are as follows:
A B C
Personal assets 1,200,000 1,040,000 800,000
Personal liabilities (880,000) (880,000) (1,280,000)

How much did A receive from the settlement of his interest in the
partnership?
a. 68,800
b. 64,400
c. 82,600
d. 0

9. On January 1, 20x1, the biological assets of GENTEEL POLITE Co. consist of

ten 2-year old animals with fair value less cost to sell of P40,000 each
for a total of P400,000.

Transactions during the year include the following:

 One animal aged 2.5 years was purchased on July 1, 20X1 for P43,200.
 One animal was born on July 1, 20X1.
 Two animals from the January 1, 20x1 biological assets were sold for
P48,000 each on Sept. 1, 20x1.
 One animal from the January 1, 20x1 biological assets died of “mad cow”
disease on November 1, 20x1.

Per-unit fair values less costs to sell are as follows:

Newborn animal at July 1, 20X1 P28,000
2.5 year old animal at July 1, 20X1 43,200
Newborn animal at 31 December 20X1 28,800
0.5 year old animal at 31 December 20X1 32,000
2 year old animal at 31 December 20X1 42,000
2.5 year old animal at 31 December 20X1 44,400
3 year old animal at 31 December 20X1 48,000

How much is the gain on change in fair value less costs to sell due to price
change?
a. 22,000
b. 94,800
c. 34,800
d. 16,000

10. ABC Co. operates a chain of coffee shops nationally. On October 1, 20x1,
ABC Co. entered into a firm commitment to purchase 4,000 kilograms of
coffee beans for a contract price of P160 per kilogram on March 31, 20x2.

ABC Co. expects that there is a possible decrease in the price of coffee
beans, so on this date, ABC Co. entered into a six-month forward contract
with a bank to sell 4,000 kilograms of coffee beans at the current forward
rate of P160 per kilogram.

Information on fair values is shown below:

Date Spot Forward Fair value of Fair value of
price price forward contract firm
(asset) commitment

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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)

(liability)
Oct. 1, 20x1 155 160 - -
Dec. 31, 20x1 151 153 27,727 a (27,727)
Mar. 31, 20x2 147 147 52,000 b (52,000)
a
[(160 – 153) x 4,000] x present value factor using 4%, assumed appropriate
rate, for three months (or 0.9902427).
b
[(160 – 147) x 4,000.

The entries on December 31, 20x1 includes a

a. a debit to loss on firm commitment for P27,728, recognized in profit or
loss
b. a debit to loss on firm commitment for P27,728, recognized in OCI
c. a credit to gain on firm commitment for P27,728, recognized in profit or
loss
d. a credit to gain on firm commitment for P27,728, recognized in OCI

CLINCHER
1. Which of the following computations may properly result to the correct
balance of an investment in associate account at year-end?
a. Beginning balance of investment plus share in associate’s profit minus
share in dividends declared by associate, and minus amortization of
share in undervaluation of associate’s asset
b. Beginning balance of investment plus share in associate’s profit minus
share in dividends declared by associate, and plus amortization of share
in undervaluation of associate’s asset
c. Beginning balance of investment plus share in associate’s profit plus
share in dividends declared by associate, and minus amortization of
share in undervaluation of associate’s asset
d. Beginning balance of investment plus share in associate’s profit minus
share in dividends declared by associate, minus amortization of share in
undervaluation of associate’s asset, and minus separate impairment loss
on goodwill included in the carrying amount of the investment

2. If as part of a business combination, an acquirer reacquires a right that

it had previously granted to the acquiree, such reacquired right is
a. an identifiable intangible asset subsumed in goodwill.
b. an unidentifiable intangible asset that the acquirer recognizes as a
direct adjustment to the consideration transferred.
c. an identifiable intangible asset that the acquirer recognizes separately
from goodwill.
d. not accounted for because no consideration is transferred for the
reacquired right.

3. It is a type of sale in which the buyer takes title and accepts billing
but delivery of the goods is delayed at the buyer’s request.
a. buy and hold sale
b. lay away sale
c. cash and carry
d. bill and hold

4. Restructuring provisions
a. are generally not recognized as part of business combination unless the
acquiree has at the acquisition date an existing liability for
restructuring that has been recognized in accordance with PAS 37.
b. that do not meet the definition of a liability at the acquisition date
are recognized as post-combination expenses of the combined entity when
the costs are incurred.
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 Northern CPA Review Co. (NCPAR)
c. generally increases goodwill
d. a and b

5. A contingent liability assumed in a business combination

a. is not accounted for by the acquirer if the contingent liability has an
improbable outflow of economic resources
b. is recognized even if it has an improbable outflow of economic resources
for as long as there is present obligation and the fair value of the
obligation can be measured reliably
c. is recognized only if there is present obligation, probable outflow of
economic resources, and can be measured reliably
d. a and c

6. On July 1, 20x1, NUGATORY Co. was contracted by WORTHLESS, Inc. to

construct a subway. Information on the contract is shown below:
Estimated duration of the contract 3 years
Date of commencement September 1, 20x1
Total contract price P240M
Estimated total cost P120M

An independent surveyor certified the cumulative value of the work in

progress as follows:
 As of December 31, 20x1 P60M
 As of December 31, 20x2 P210M

Total actual costs incurred to date:

 As of December 31, 20x1 P32M
 As of December 31, 20x2 (excluding rectification costs) P90M

Progress billings to date:

As of December 31, 20x1 P40M
As of December 31, 20x2 P192M

On January 1, 20x2, NUGATORY Co. agreed to a contract variation that involves

an additional fee of P40M with associated additional estimated costs of P16M.

The costs incurred during 20x2 include P12M costs of rectification work
relating to the replacement of electric wires which had been made from
material that had been incorrectly specified by the firm of electrical
engineers who were subcontracted by NUGATORY to design the subway’s wirings.
These costs were not included in the original estimates, and although
reimbursement for rectification work is not included in the contract with the
subcontractor, NUGATORY is hopeful that these costs will be recovered from
the electrical engineers.

NUGATORY uses the percentage of completion based on the value of the work
certified to date compared to the total contract price.

How much is the cost of construction in 20x2?

a. 30M
b. 88M
c. 31.8M
d. 84M

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