Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory

Volumes and Calculating Capacities Lab

Pre-lab Quiz Results

Which of the following statements describing the mechanics of breathing is false?
You correctly answered: d. Ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal
muscles.
1. The contraction of which of the following muscles will increase the thoracic
cavity volume during inspiration?
You correctly answered: c. the external intercoatals.
2. At the beginning of inspiration, the
You correctly answered: b. thoracic cavity volume increases.
3. At the beginning of expiration, the
You correctly answered: a. pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.
4. A tidal volume refers to the
You correctly answered: b. amount of air inspired and then expired with each
breath under resting conditions.

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Lung diseases are often classified as obstructive or restrictive. An
obstructive disease affects airflow, and a restrictive disease usually reduces volumes
and capacities. Although they are not diagnostic, pulmonary function tests such as
forced expiratory volume (FEV1) can help a clinician determine the difference
between obstructive and restrictive diseases. Specifically, an FEV1 is the forced volume
expired in 1 second. In obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma,
airway radius is decreased. Thus, FEV1 will
Your answer : a. decrease proportionately.

Stop & Think Questions:

Which muscles contract during quiet expiration?
You correctly answered: d. None of these muscles contract during quiet expiration.
1. Minute ventilation is the amount of air that flows into and then out of the lungs
in a minute. Minute ventilation (ml/min) =
TV (ml/breath) x BPM (breaths/min).

Using the values from the second recorded measurement, enter the minute ventilation
in the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 7500 ml/min
1. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity
(FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC values
from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the
FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to
the FVC) and multiply by 100%.
Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 5.00 mm in the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 74
1. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity
(FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC values
from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the
FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to
the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 3.00 mm in the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the
lab report.
You answered: 70

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results
1. To calculate a person's vital capacity, you need to know the TV, ERV, and
You correctly answered: c. IRV.
2. Measuring a person's FVC means that you are measuring
You correctly answered: d. the amount of air that can be expelled when the
subject takes the deepest possible inspiration
and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible.
3. Measuring a person's FEV1 means that you are measuring
You correctly answered: b. the amount of the VC that is expired during the first
second of the FVC test.
4. For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to
You correctly answered: a. reduce the airway resistance.
5. Which of the following values does not include the ERV?
You correctly answered: c. TV

Review Sheet Results

1. What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates?
Your answer:
Forced expiration.
2. What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity?
Your answer:
Abdominal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles contract.
3. What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm?
Your answer:
73.9%
4. What happened to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How
well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
FEV1 decresed with radius decreasing, as predicted.
5. Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an
obstructive, rather than a restrictive, pulmonary
problem.
Your answer:
In obstructive situation, the radius decreases. As the radius decresed, FEV1
decreases.
Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry Lab

Pre-lab Quiz Results

A normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around
You correctly answered: d. 500 ml.
1. Which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema?
You correctly answered: c. expiration
2. During an asthma attack
You correctly answered: b. inspiration and expiration are impaired.
3. During moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the
most?
You correctly answered: a. tidal volume
4. Inhaler medications for an asthma patient are designed to
You correctly answered: b. dilate the patient's bronchioles.

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: With emphysema, there is a significant loss of elastic recoil in the
lung tissue and a noticeable, exhausting muscular effort is required for each
expiration. Inspiration actually becomes easier because the lung is now overly
compliant. What lung values will change (from those of the normal patient) in the
spirogram when the patient with emphysema is selected (select all that apply)?
Your answer : b. ERV d. RV g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 2: During an acute asthma attack, airway resistance is significantly

increased by (1) increased thick mucous secretions and (2) airway smooth muscle
spasms. What lung values will change (from those of the normal patient) in the
spirogram when the patient suffering an acute asthma attack is selected (select all that
apply)?
Your answer : a. TV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 3: When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek relief from
the increased airway resistance by using an inhaler. This device atomizes the
medication and induces bronchiole dilation (though it can also contain an anti-
inflammatory agent). What lung values will change back to those of the normal patient
in the spirogram after the asthma patient uses an inhaler (select all that apply)?
Your answer : a. TV b. ERV c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 4: During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body will change its
respiratory cycle in order to meet increased metabolic demands. During heavy
exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme metabolic
demands of the body. Which lung value will change more during moderate exercise,
the ERV or the IRV?
Your answer : b. ERV
Stop & Think Questions:
1. When obstructive lung disease develops, what happens to the FEV1 (%)?
You correctly answered: b. It decreases.
2. Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.
3. Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.
4. Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.
5. Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.
6. Which values in this spirogram have not returned to those of the normal patient
(select all that apply)?
7. You correctly answered: c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1
8. For both types of exercise, the tidal volumes and breathing rates were increased.
Compared with normal values, did tidal
volume or breathing rate increase more during moderate exercise? (Determine
the percentage by which each value
changed.)
9. You correctly answered: b. tidal volume

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results
Which of the following respiratory values represents a decreased flow rate during the
obstructive lung disease(s)?
You correctly answered: c. FEV1
1. Calculate the ERV of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: TLC =
6000 ml, FVC = 4800 ml, RV = 1200
ml, IRV = 2900 ml, TV = 500 ml.
You correctly answered: d. 1400 ml
2. Calculate the FVC of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: RV =
1000 ml, IRV = 3000 ml, TV = 500 ml,
ERV = 1500 ml.
You correctly answered: b. 5000 ml
3. What is the largest volume for the normal patient?
You correctly answered: a. IRV
4. What happened to the RV for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient?
You correctly answered: d. It increased for both patients.

Review Sheet Results

1. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram
when the patient with emphysema was
selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
ERV, RV, FVC, FEV1, FEV1(%). I missed FVC. Because of increasing mucous
secretion, airway resistance increases. So
the spinogram changed.
2. Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema,
the FVC or the FEV1?
Your answer:
From 4000 to 1625 in FEV1.
3. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram
when the patient experiencing an acute
asthma attack was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well
did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Because of mucous changes, TV, ERV, FVC, FEV1, FEV1(%). Just missed ERV.
4. How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it
different?
Your answer:
Before end of expiration, the airway goes closed both in acute asthma attack and
emphysema. Elastic recoil of lung is not
diminished only in asthma attack.
5. Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did
all spirogram values return to "normal"?
Why do you think some values did not return all the way to normal? How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Only TV, ERV, FEV1(%) goes to normal. Smooth muscles in the bronchioles did
not return to normal.
6. How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be
considered significantly improved by the
medication?
Your answer:
From 40% to 80%.
7. With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing,
the ERV or the IRV? How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
ERV changes more. 1125ml from 1500ml in ERV, but in IRV same with before.
8. Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise, and
heavy exercise.
Your answer:
As exercise intensity goes hard, breathing rates increases.
 Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 3: Effect of Surfactant and
Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration Lab

Pre-lab Quiz Results

Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?
You correctly answered: c. Surface tension acts to increase the size of the alveoli within
the lungs.
1. Which of the following statements about surfactant is false?
You correctly answered: d. Surfactant works by increasing the attraction of
water molecules to each other.
2. Just before an inspiration begins, the pressure within the intrapleural cavity
You correctly answered: b. is less than the pressure within the alveoli.
3. The respiratory condition of pneumothorax refers to
You correctly answered: c. any opening that equalizes the intrapleural pressure
with the atmospheric pressure.
4. A pneumothorax can lead to
You correctly answered: b. atelectasis.

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
1. Predict Question 1: What effect will adding more surfactant have on these lungs?
Your answer : b. Airflows will further increase.
2. Predict Question 2: What will happen to the collapsed lung in the left side of the
glass bell jar if you close the valve?
Your answer : c. The lung will remain collapsed.
3. Stop & Think Questions:
Why did the sequential additions of surfactant change this lung system?
You correctly answered: a. Surface tension was sequentially decreased.
4. Premature infants often have difficulty breathing because the amount of
surfactant in their lungs is
You correctly answered: b. too low.
5. What happened to the left side of the bell jar when the valve was opened?
You correctly answered: b. The intrapleural pressure equalized with the
atmospheric pressure.
6. Did the collapsed left lung reinflate?
You correctly answered: b. No, it did not.

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results

1. The addition of surfactant to the lung interior

You correctly answered: c. increased airflow.
2. Opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar
You correctly answered: d. simulated pneumothorax.
3. In this activity a pneumothorax is automatically followed by
You correctly answered: b. atelectasis.
4. The best way to rapidly reinflate a person's collapsed lung is to
You correctly answered: a. pump air out of the intrapleural space to recreate
negative pressure.

Review Sheet Results

1. What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did
the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Airflows incresead as predicted.
2. Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?
Your answer:
Because surfactant reduces the resistance and increase gas exchange surface.
3. What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung? Why does this happen?
Your answer:
The left lungs lose its fuction, because the pressure of intrapleural space and of
intrapulmonary are equal, so the pressure
 of atmosphere and of intrapulmonary are same so that air could not go to the
left lungs.
4. What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you
observe when you closed the valve? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
The lung remained collapse, as predicted. because pressure difference with
intrapleural space and lung did not established.
5. What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?
Your answer:
When there is no negative pressure in intrapleural space, lung could not do its
function that get air in.
6. In the last part of this activity, you clicked the Reset button to draw the air out of
the intrapleural space and return the
lung to its normal resting condition. What emergency procedure would be used
to achieve this result if these were the lungs
in a living person?
Your answer:
Take air out of intrapleural space, for example by using tube.
7. What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were
in a single large cavity rather than
separate cavities?
Your answer:
In case that lungs divided with 2 cavity, when one of the cavities got wrong, the
other one do its function. But In case that
lungs make just single large cavity, when there is some accident with
intrapleural space, there is no replacement to breathe.