CHAPTER 10: Reinforced Concrete Material

Properties, Development, and Splice Lengths

10.1 Material Properties,
Development, and Splice Lengths

Description

This application computes factors and properties and defines constants required to compute
shear strength, flexural strength, minimum thickness, and the development and splice lengths
of reinforcing bars, in accordance with ACI 318-89.

The user must enter the compressive strength of concrete, yield strength of reinforcement, unit
weight of concrete, strength reduction factor for lightweight concrete and the factor for
increasing development and splice lengths for lightweight concrete.

Development and splice lengths in this document are limited to bars which meet the
requirements of ACI 318 Section 12.2.3.1 for no increase in basic development length to
account for bar cover, bar spacing and enclosing transverse reinforcement. The factors of
Sections 12.2.3.4 and 12.2.3.5 for reducing basic development length are not applied.
Development lengths that are determined by bar cover, bar spacing, and confinement
reinforcement cannot be tabulated and must be calculated on a case by case basis.

A summary of input and calculated values is shown on pages 10-12.

Reference:
ACI 318-89 "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete." (Revised 1992).
Input

Variables

Specified compressive strength of concrete: f'c ≔ 4 ⋅

Specified yield strength of reinforcement

fy ≔ 60 ⋅
(fy may not exceed 60 ksi, ACI 318 11.5.2):

Unit weight of concrete: wc ≔ 145 ⋅

Weight of reinforced concrete: wrc ≔ 150 ⋅

Shear strength reduction factor for lightweight concrete kv ≔ 1

kv = 1 for normal weight, 0.75 for all-lightweight and
0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete (ACI 318, 11.2.1.2.):

Weight factor for increasing development and splice kw ≔ 1

lengths kw = 1 for normal weight and 1.3 for
lightweight aggregate concrete (ACI 318, 12.2.4.2):

Limit the value of f'c for computing shear and

f'c_max ≔ ⎛⎝f'c > 10 , 10 , f'c⎞⎠
development lengths to 10 ksi by substituting f'c_max
for f'c in formulas for computing shear (ACI 318, f'c_max = 4 ksi
11.1.2, 12.1.2):

Input
Constants

Modulus of elasticity of
reinforcement (ACI 318, 8.5.2): Es ≔ 29000

Strain in concrete at compression

failure (ACI 318, 10.3.2): εc ≔ 0.003

Strength reduction factor for flexure

ϕf ≔ 0.9
(ACI 318, 9.3.2.1):

Strength reduction factor for shear ϕv ≔ 0.85

(ACI 318, 9.3.2.3):
Reinforcing bar number designations, diameters and areas:
T
No ≔ [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ]

T
db ≔ [ 0 0 0 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1.00 1.128 1.27 1.41 0 0 1.693 0 0 0 2.257 ] ⋅

T 2
Ab ≔ [ 0 0 0 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56 0 0 2.25 0 0 0 4.00 ] ⋅

Bar numbers, diameters and areas are in the vector rows (or columns in the transposed vectors
shown) corresponding to the bar numbers. Individual bar numbers, diameters, areas and
development lengths and splices of a specific bar can be referred to by using the vector
subscripts as shown in the example below.

2
Example: No = 5 db = 0.625 in Ab = 0.31 in
5 5 5
Calculations

The following values are computed from the entered material properties.

Nominal "one way" shear strength per unit area in concrete (ACI 318, 11.3.1.1, Eq. (11-3),
11.5.4.3):
‾‾‾‾‾‾
f'c_max
vc ≔ kv ⋅ 2 ⋅ ――― ⋅ vc = 126 psi

Nominal "two way" concrete shear strength per unit area in slabs and footings, expressed as a
function of c, d, s and bo. c is the ratio of the long side to the short side of concentrated load
or reaction area. d is the effective depth. s is equal to 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
columns and 20 for corner columns, and bo is the critical shear perimeter for slabs and footings
(ACI 318, 11.12.2.1, Eqs. (11-36), (11-37) and (11-38)):

⎛⎡ 4 ⎤⎞
⎜⎢ 2 + ― βc ⎥ ⎟
⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
αs ⋅ d f'c_max
⎜
vcp ⎛⎝βc , d , αs , bo⎞⎠ ≔ min ――+ 2 ⎥⎟ ⋅ kv ⋅
⎢ ――― ⋅
⎜⎢ bo ⎥⎟
⎜⎝⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦⎟⎠

Modulus of elasticity of concrete for values of wc between 90 pcf and 155 pcf
(ACI 318, 8.5.1):

1.5
⎛ wc ⎞ ‾‾‾‾
f'c
Ec ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 33 ⋅ ―― ⋅ = 3644.147
⎝ ⎠

Strain in reinforcement at yield stress:

fy
εy ≔ ―= 0.00207
Es

Factor used to calculate depth of equivalent rectangular stress block (ACI 318, 10.2.7.3):
⎛ f'c − 4 ⋅ ⎞
β1 ≔ ⎜⎛⎝f'c ≥ 4 ⋅ ⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎛⎝f'c ≤ 8 ⋅ ⎞⎠ , 0.85 − 0.05 ⋅ ―――― , ⎛⎝⎛⎝f'c ≤ 4 ⋅ ⎞⎠ , 0.85 , 0.65⎞⎠⎟
⎝ ⎠

β1 = 0.85
Reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions (ACI 318, 10.3.2):
β1 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ f'c Es ⋅ εc
ρb ≔ ―――― ⋅ ―――― = 2.851%
fy Es ⋅ εc + fy

Maximum reinforcement ratio (ACI 318, 10.3.3):

3
ρmax ≔ ―⋅ ρb = 2.138%
4

Minimum reinforcement ratio for beams (ACI 318, 10.5.1, Eq. (10-3)):

200
ρmin ≔ ―― ⋅ ―― = 0.333%
2
fy

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement ratio (ACI 318, 7.12.2.1):

ρtemp ≔ ‖ if fy ≤ 50 | | = 0.18%
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.002 ||
‖ else if fy ≤ 60 ||
‖ ‖ ||
fy
‖ ‖ 0.002 − ――― ⋅ 0.0002 ||
‖ ‖ 60 ||
‖ 0.0018 ⋅ (60 ) ||
‖ else if ―――――― ≥ 0.0014 |
|
fy
‖ ||
‖ ‖ 0.0018 ⋅ (60 ) ||
‖ ‖ ―――――― fy ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ 0.0014
‖ ‖ ||

Preferred reinforcement ratio:

1
ρ ≔ ―⋅ ρmax = 1.069%
2

Flexural coefficient K, for rectangular beams or slabs, as a function of (ACI 318, 10.2):
(Moment capacity Mn = K(F, where F = bd²)
⎛ ρ ⋅ fy ⎞
K (ρ) ≔ ϕf ⋅ ρ ⋅ ⎜1 − ―――― ⎟ ⋅ fy
⎝ 2 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⎠

Factors for adjusting minimum beam and slab thickness hmin for use of lightweight concrete
and yield strengths other than 60 ksi (ACI 318, 9.5.2.1, see footnotes to Table 9.5 (a)):
 Adjustment factor for minimum thickness for concrete weights between 90 and 120 pcf:
⎛ wc ⎞
q1 ≔ ⎜wc ≤ 112 ⋅ , 1.65 − 0.005 ⋅ ―― , ⎛⎝wc ≤ 120 ⋅ , 1.09 , 1⎞⎠⎟ = 1
⎝ ⎠

Adjustment factor for minimum thickness for yield strengths other than 60 ksi:
fy
q2 ≔ 0.4 + ――― =1
100 ⋅

Adjustment factor for minimum thickness combining factors for concrete weight and for
yield strengths other than 60 ksi:

Q ≔ q1 ⋅ q2 = 1

Development and splice lengths of reinforcing bars

Basic tension development length ldbt (ACI 318, 12.2.2 and 12.2.3.6):

No. 3 through No. 11 bars: n ≔ 3 ‥ 11

fy fy
X1 ≔ 0.04 ⋅ Ab ⋅ ――――― X2 ≔ 0.03 ⋅ db ⋅ ―――――
n n n n ‾‾‾‾‾‾
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
f'c_max ⋅ f'c_max
――― ⋅

ldbt ≔ ⎛X1 > X2 , X1 , X2 ⎞

n ⎝ n n n n⎠

T
ldbt = [ 0 0 0 10.7 14.2 17.8 21.3 24.9 30 37.9 48.2 59.2 ] in

2
fy ⋅
No. 14 bars: ldbt ≔ 0.085 ⋅ ――――― = 80.638
14
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
f'c_max ⋅

2
fy ⋅
No. 18 bars: ldbt ≔ 0.125 ⋅ ――――― = 118.585
18
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
f'c_max ⋅

Tension development length (ACI 318, 12.2.1):

No. 3 through No. 11 bars:

ldt ≔ ⎛kw ⋅ ldbt ≥ 12 ⋅ , kw ⋅ ldbt , ⎛kw ⋅ ldbt > 0 ⋅ , 12 ⋅ ,0⋅ ⎞⎞
n n n n
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
T
ldt = [ 0 0 0 12 14.2 17.8 21.3 24.9 30 37.9 48.2 59.2 ] in
 No. 14 bars: ldt ≔ kw ⋅ ldbt = 80.638 No. 18 bars: ldt ≔ kw ⋅ ldbt = 118.585
14 14 18 18

"Top Reinforcement" (ACI 318, 12.2.4.1):

ldt_top ≔ ⎛1.3 ⋅ kw ⋅ ldbt ≥ 12 ⋅ , 1.3 ⋅ kw ⋅ ldbt , ⎛1.3 kw ⋅ ldbt > 0 , 12 ,0 ⎞⎞

n n n n
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠

T
ldt_top = [ 0 0 0 13.9 18.5 23.1 27.7 32.4 39 49.3 62.7 77 ] in

ldt_top ≔ 1.3 ⋅ kw ⋅ ldbt

14 14

ldt_top = 104.8 in
14

ldt_top ≔ 1.3 ⋅ kw ⋅ ldbt

18 18

ldt_top = 154.2 in
18

Tension lap splice lengths, (ACI 318, 12.15.1):

No. 3 through No. 11 bars:

A_splice ≔ ⎛ldt > 12 ⋅ , ldt , 12 ⋅ ⎞

n
⎝ n n
⎠
T
A_splice = [ 0 0 0 12 14.2 17.8 21.3 24.9 30 37.9 48.2 59.2 ] in

B_splice ≔ ⎛1.3 ⋅ ldt > 12 ⋅ , 1.3 ⋅ ldt , 12 ⋅ ⎞

n n n
⎝ ⎠
T
B_splice = [ 0 0 0 15.6 18.5 23.1 27.7 32.4 39 49.3 62.7 77 ] in

"Top Reinforcement" (ACI 318, 12.2.4.1):

A_top ≔ ⎛ldt_top > 12 ⋅ , ldt_top , 12 ⋅ ⎞

n n n
⎝ ⎠
T
A_top = [ 0 0 0 13.9 18.5 23.1 27.7 32.4 39 49.3 62.7 77 ] in

B_top ≔ ⎛1.3 ⋅ ldt_top > 12 ⋅ , 1.3 ⋅ ldt_top , 12 ⋅ ⎞

n n n
⎝ ⎠
 T
B_top = [ 0 0 0 18 24 30.1 36.1 42.1 50.7 64.1 81.4 100 ] in

Lap splices of No. 14 and No. 18 bars are not permitted except as provided in ACI 318, 12.16.2
and 15.8.2.3.

Basic compression development length (ACI 318, 12.3.2):

No. 3 through No. 11 bars:

2
fy ⋅
X3 ≔ 0.02 ⋅ db ⋅ ――― X4 ≔ 0.0003 ⋅ ――
⋅ db ⋅ fy
n n n n
‾‾‾‾‾‾
f'c ⋅

ldbc ≔ ⎛X3 ≥ X4 , X3 , X4 ⎞
n ⎝ n n n n⎠

T
ldbc = [ 0 0 0 7.1 9.5 11.9 14.2 16.6 19 21.4 24.1 26.8 ] in

No. 14 bars:
2
fy ⋅
X3 ≔ 0.02 ⋅ db ⋅ ――― X4 ≔ 0.0003 ⋅ ――
⋅ db ⋅ fy
14 14 14 14
‾‾‾‾‾‾
f'c ⋅

ldbc ≔ ⎛X3 ≥ X4 , X3 , X4 ⎞ ldbc = 32.1 in

14 ⎝ 14 14 14 14⎠ 14

No. 18 bars:
fy ⋅ 2
X3 ≔ 0.02 ⋅ db ⋅ ―――
18 18
‾‾‾‾‾‾ X4 ≔ 0.0003 ⋅ ――
⋅ db ⋅ fy
f'c ⋅ 18 18

ldbc ≔ ⎛X3 ≥ X4 , X3 , X4 ⎞ ldbc = 42.8 in

18 ⎝ 18 18 18 18⎠ 18

Compression development length (ACI 318, 12.3.1 and 12.3.2):

ldc ≔ ⎛ldbc > 8 ⋅ , ldbc , ⎛ldbc > 0 ⋅ ,8⋅ ,0⋅ ⎞⎞

n
⎝ n n
⎝ n ⎠⎠
T
ldc = [ 0 0 0 8 9.5 11.9 14.2 16.6 19 21.4 24.1 26.8 ] in

ldc ≔ ldbc ldc = 32.1 in

14 14 14

l l l 42 8 i
 ldc ≔ ldbc ldc = 42.8 in
18 18 18

Compression lap splice lengths (ACI 318 12.16.1):

No. 3 through No. 11 bars:

⎛ ⎛ fy ⎞ fy ⎞
X5 ≔ ⎜fy > 60 ⋅ , ⎜0.0009 ⋅ ―― − 24⎟ ⋅ db , 0.0005 ⋅ ―― ⋅ db ⎟
n n n
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠

⎛ 4 ⎞
X6 ≔ ⎜f'c < 3 ⋅ , ―, 1⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠

CompSpl ≔ ⎛ldc ≥ X5 ⋅ X6 , ldc , X5 ⋅ X6⎞

n
⎝ n n n n
⎠
T
CompSpl = [ 0 0 0 11.3 15 18.8 22.5 26.3 30 33.8 38.1 42.3 ] in

Lap splices of No. 14 and No. 18 bars are not permitted except as provided in ACI 318, 12.16.2
and 15.8.2.3.
Summary

Specified compressive
f'c = 4 ksi
strength of concrete:

Specified yield strength

fy = 60 ksi
of reinforcement:

Unit weight of concrete: wc = 145 pcf

Modulus of elasticity of
reinforcement (ACI 318, 8.5.2): Es ≔ 29000 ⋅

Modulus of elasticity of concrete

(ACI 318, 8.5.1): Ec = 3644 ksi

Strain in concrete at compression

εc ≔ 0.003
failure (ACI 318, 10.3.2):
Strain in reinforcement
εy = 0.002069
at yield stress:
Strength reduction factor for light weight
kv = 1
concrete (ACI 318, 11.2.1.1.):
Factor for increasing development and splice kw = 1
lengths for lightweight aggregate concrete
(ACI 318, 12.2.4.2):

Strength reduction factor for flexure (ACI 318, 9.3.2.1): ϕf ≔ 0.9

Strength reduction factor for shear (ACI 318, 9.3.2.3): ϕv ≔ 0.85

Factor used to calculate depth of equivalent β1 = 0.85

rectangular stress block (ACI 318, 10.2.7.3):

Reinforcing bar numbers, diameters, and areas:

2
No = 14 db = 1.693 in Ab = 2.25 in
14 14 14

2
No = 18 db = 2.257 in Ab = 4 in
18 18 18

⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 0.375 ⎤ ⎡ 0.11 ⎤
⎢ 4⎥ ⎢ 0.5 ⎥ ⎢ 0.2 ⎥
⎢ 5⎥ ⎢ 0.625 ⎥ ⎢ 0.31 ⎥
 ⎢ 5⎥ ⎢ 0.625 ⎥ ⎢ 0.31 ⎥
⎢ 6⎥ ⎢ 0.75 ⎥ ⎢ 0.44 ⎥
No = ⎢ 7 ⎥ db = ⎢ 0.875 ⎥ Ab = ⎢ 0.6 ⎥
2
n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥
8 1 0.79
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9⎥ ⎢ 1.128 ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
⎢ 10 ⎥ ⎢ 1.27 ⎥ ⎢ 1.27 ⎥
⎣ 11 ⎦ ⎣ 1.41 ⎦ ⎣ 1.56 ⎦

Bar sizes No. 3 through No. 11:

Tension Development Length and Splices

⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 12 ⎤ ⎡ 12 ⎤ ⎡ 15.6 ⎤
⎢ 4⎥ ⎢ 14.23 ⎥ ⎢ 14.23 ⎥ ⎢ 18.499 ⎥
⎢ 5⎥ ⎢ 17.788 ⎥ ⎢ 17.788 ⎥ ⎢ 23.124 ⎥
⎢ 6⎥ ⎢ 21.345 ⎥ ⎢ 21.345 ⎥ ⎢ 27.749 ⎥
No = ⎢ 7 ⎥ ldt = ⎢ 24.903 ⎥ A_splice = ⎢ 24.903 ⎥ B_splice = ⎢ 32.374 ⎥
n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥
8 29.978 29.978 38.972
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9⎥ ⎢ 37.947 ⎥ ⎢ 37.947 ⎥ ⎢ 49.332 ⎥
⎢ 10 ⎥ ⎢ 48.193 ⎥ ⎢ 48.193 ⎥ ⎢ 62.651 ⎥
⎣ 11 ⎦ ⎣ 59.198 ⎦ ⎣ 59.198 ⎦ ⎣ 76.957 ⎦

"Top Bars" Compression Development Length and Splices

⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 13.874 ⎤ ⎡ 18.037 ⎤
⎢ 4⎥ ⎢ 18.499 ⎥ ⎢ 24.049 ⎥
⎢ 5⎥ ⎢ 23.124 ⎥ ⎢ 30.061 ⎥
⎢ 6⎥ ⎢ 27.749 ⎥ ⎢ 36.074 ⎥
No = ⎢ 7 ⎥ A_top = ⎢ 32.374 ⎥ B_top = ⎢ 42.086 ⎥
n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥
8 38.972 50.663
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9⎥ ⎢ 49.332 ⎥ ⎢ 64.131 ⎥
⎢ 10 ⎥ ⎢ 62.651 ⎥ ⎢ 81.446 ⎥
⎣ 11 ⎦ ⎣ 76.957 ⎦ ⎣ 100.044 ⎦

⎡ 8 ⎤ ⎡ 11.25 ⎤
⎢ 9.487 ⎥ ⎢ 15 ⎥
⎢ 11.859 ⎥ ⎢ 18.75 ⎥
⎢ 14.23 ⎥ ⎢ 22.5 ⎥
ldc = ⎢ 16.602 ⎥ CompSpl = ⎢ 26.25 ⎥
n ⎢ ⎥ n ⎢ ⎥
18.974 30
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 21.402 ⎥ ⎢ 33.84 ⎥
⎢ 24.097 ⎥ ⎢ 38.1 ⎥
⎣ 26.753 ⎦ ⎣ 42.3 ⎦
Bar size No. 14:

ldt = 80.6 in ldt_top = 104.8 in ldc = 32.1 in

14 14 14

Bar size No. 18:

ldt = 118.6 in ldt_top = 154.2 in ldc = 42.8 in

18 18 18

Notes

1) This application is limited to bars which meet the requirements of ACI Section 12.2.3.1
for no increase in basic development length to account for bar cover, bar spacing and
enclosing transverse reinforcement.
2) The factors of ACI 318 Sections 12.2.3.4 and 12.2.3.5 for reducing basic development
length are not applied.