GEC 107

BSN1E –Friday 4:30-7:30

and
BSN1F – Tuesday 4:30-7:30
AY 2021-2022-1st Semester

Mr. Mark Gregor L. Udaundo

Opening Prayer
Name:
Age:
Birthday:
Present Address:
Hobbies:
How do you see yourself 10 years from now?
Course Description :
This course analyzes Philippine History from multiple perspectives through the
lens of selected primary sources coming from various disciplines and of
different genres. Students are given opportunities to analyze the author’s
background and main arguments, compare different points of views, identify
biases and examine the evidences presented in the document. The discussions
will tackle traditional topics in history and other interdisciplinary themes that
will deepen and broaden their understanding of Philippine political, economic,
cultural, scientific and religious history. Priority is given to primary materials
that could help students develop their analytical and communication skills. The
end goal is to develop the historical and critical consciousness of the students
so that they will become versatile, articulate, broadminded, and morally upright
citizens.
This course includes mandatory topics on the Constitution, Agrarian reform and
taxation.
Course Outcome : At the end of the course the students should be able to expected to:

1. evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance

2. analyze the context, context, and perspective of the different kinds of primary sources
3. determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding
Philippine history
4. develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources
5. demonstrate the ability to use primary sources to argue in favor of or against a
particular issue
6. effectively communicate using various techniques and genres, their historical analysis
of a particular event or issue that could help others understand the chosen topic
7. propose recommendations or solutions to present–day problems
based on the understanding of the past and anticipation of the future
through the study of history;
8. display the ability to work in a team and contribute to a group
project; and
9. manifest interest in local history and concern in promoting and
preserving our country’s national patrimony and cultural heritage
Concept Map

I. Meaning and relevance of history, distinction of primary and

secondary sources, external and internal criticism, repositories of
primary sources, and different kinds of primary sources
II. Content and contextual analysis of selected primary sources,
identification of the historical importance of the text, and
examination of the author’s main argument and point of view
III. “One past but many histories”, controversies and conflicting
views in Philippine History
a) Site of the first mass
b) Cavite Mutiny
c) Retraction of Rizal
d) Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin
e) Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Philippine Revolution
IV. Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine
History
Mandated topics
a) Agrarian Reform Policies
b) The Philippine Constitution 1899 [ Malolos Constitution], 1935
Constitution, 1973 Constitution, 1987 Constitution
c) Taxation
V. Critical evaluation and promotion of local and oral history
museums, historical shrines, cultural performances, indigenous
practices, religious rites, etc.
Presentation of the
Course Outline
Two Reasons why we study history….
 To determine a sense of direction or purpose
 Tojustify the need to learn the subject because any course of
study needs justification
 What is history and how it is written?

Facts constitute the “heart” of every historical writing. They are

collected from various sources and carefully investigated and written
by a historian.

History is concerned with the study of the human past (Barnes, 1963).
Three attributions to this concept:
a. It deals with the past events
b. The records of the past such as chronicle, annals, official records
like birth certificates, marriage certificates,
c. History as an academic discipline
Meaning and Importance of History

Definitions:
Dr. Zeus A. Salazar defined history as “mga pangyayari sa saysay
para sa grupo ng taong sinasaysayan nito” (2000). Salazar
advocated the use of Filipino in historical discourse.
History as defined by a foreign scholar “is the record of what one
age finds worthy of note in another”
For Carr, history is a study of human achievements.
• As defined by Medina,”History is not just the past but also and principally the present
and future”.
• Keith Jenkins , history can never be and will never be for one’s self. It is always for
one person.
• History as a discourse is a series of tactics of organizing, and sequencing events and
past systems according to individual outlook, interest, objective or goals.
• Samuel Tan defined history as a dynamic process of dealing with the past in which the
stages or aspects of development are interrelated, brought upon by the understanding
of the present and the future”
• Renato Constantino, who emphasized that history is the achievement of man not the
individual but the collective.
 What are “History” and “Historical Sources”?

History meant a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena,

whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the account; and
that usage, though rare, still prevails in English in the phrase natural
history.
The past of mankind for the most part is beyond recall. Even those who
are blessed with the best memories cannot re-create their own past.
A fortiori, the experience of a generation long dead, most of whom left
no records or whose records, if they exist have never been disturbed by
the historian’s touch, is beyond the possibility of total recollection.
“Objectivity” and “Subjectivity”
SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
• Objects like ruins, parchments and • The intention of acquiring detached
coins survive from the past. and truthful knowledge independent
• Derived from testimony and therefore of one’s personal reactions
are facts of meaning • Must have an independent existence
• Cannot be seen, felt, tasted, heard or outside the human mind.
smelled • Written or spoken testimony
• Symbolic or representative of
something that was once real (only on
historians’ mind
A vulgar prejudice exists against “subjective” knowledge
as inferior to “objective” knowledge, largely because the
word “subjective” has also come to mean “illusory” or
“based upon personal consideration's”, and hence either
“untrue” or “biased”.
History can be divided into different branches as follows:
general history which covers political, economic,
diplomatic and military; economic history, which
includes economic thoughts and economic system;
cultural history which covers local and ethnic history;
social history and myth history.
 Artifacts as Sources of History

Relics of human happenings

-potsherd,a coin, a ruin, a manuscript, a book, a portrait, a
stamp, a piece of wreckage, a stand of hair, or other
achaeological or anthropological remains
 Historical knowledge Limited by Incompleteness of the
Records

The whole history of the past (what has been called history-as-actuality) can be
known to him only through the surviving record of it (history-as-record) and most of
history-as-record is only the surviving part of the remembered part of the observed
past of that whole. Even when the recorded of the past is derived directly from the
archaeological or anthropological remains, they are yet only the scholar’s selected
parts of the discovered parts of the chance survivals from the total past.
History as the Subjective process of Re-creation

From this probably inadequate reminder the historian must do

what he can to restore the total past of mankind. He has no way
of doing it but in terms of his own experience. That experience,
however, has taught him (1) that yesterday was different from
today in some ways as well as the same as today in others, and
(2) that his own experience is both like and unlike other men’s.
History and Philippine Historiography

• Historiography is the art of writing. It also

refers to the theory and history of historical
writing.
• Data like oral history, folklore, indigenous
materials and the likes which traditionally
cannot be considered as a sources of history
are now considered as a possible sources of
history.
Zeus Salazar and the advocates of the pantayong
pananaw gave new direction to the study of history.
Using Filipino as medium, they defined history as “ang
kasaysayan ay isang salaysay tungkol sa nakalipas na
may saysay sa isang grupo ng tao.
 Historical Method and Historiography
Defined
Historical Method- the process of critically examining and analyzing
the records and survivals of the past.

Historiography (writing of history)- the imaginative reconstruction of

the past from the data derived by that process.
Imagination in Historiography
The historian is not permitted to imagine things that could not reasonably
have happened. For certain purposes that we shall later examine things that
have happened. Since the human mentality has not changed noticeably in
historic times, present generations can understand in terms of their own
experience. Synthesizing of historical data into narrative or expositions by
writing history books and articles or delivering history lectures, is not easily
made the subject of rules and regulations.
 History of Historical Method
Striking degree of unanimity regarding the methods of historical analysis. For
our purposes these methods will be considered under four headings: (1) the
selection of a subject for investigation;(2) collection of probable sources of
information of the subject; (3) the examination of those sources for
genuineness (either full or in part); and (4) the extraction of credible particulars
from sources (or parts of sources) proved genuine. The synthesis of the
particulars thus derived is historiography, about which there is less unanimity
among the textbooks. For purposes of clarity we shall have to treat analysis
and synthesis as if they were discreet processes.
The Development of Philippine Historiography

Historical consciousness is innate among Filipinos. As reflected

in a popular Filipino saying “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa
kanyang pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa kanyang
paroroonan”. This is indicative that the Filipinos have an
intrinsic love of their past.
 1.1 The Writing of History during the Spanish Period

• The early friars with their zeal to propagate Christianity. Early friars were
basically missionary history
• First order of friars to arrive in the Philippines was the Augustinian.
• Augustinian friars who contributed to the writings of history were Fray Juan
de Grijalva who wrote the book “Cronicca de la Order de N.P.S Agustin
en las provincias dela Nueva España, which showcased the Augustinian
missions
• Fray Casimiro Diaz wrote on the Filipino uprisings in the 17th and 18th
centuries
• Fray Joaquin Martinez de Zuñiga wrote “Historia de las Islas Filipinas”
which was the summary of the accounts of the early chronicles.
Cont….
Other Dominican Friars who gave valuable contributions in the development of Philippine
Historiography
• Fr. Diego de Advante, who wrote “Historia de la Provincial del Santo Rosario”
which showcased their missionary activities
• Fr. Baltazar de Santa Cruz, who accounted the Binalatongan Revolt of 1860 in
Pangasinan
• Fr. Vincent Salazar, Fr. Diego Colantes who gave a vivid account of the Dominican
mission in Batanes
• Fr. Juan Ferrando who worked on the history of the Dominican Order in the
Philippines
Cont…
• The order of St. Francis also held missionary posts in the country. The works of the
Franciscan friars like Fray Juan de la Plasencia and Fray Francisco de Santa Ines are
indispensable sources of knowledge regarding the cultures of the early Filipinos.
• Plasencia’s work “Los Casturibes de los Tagalogs” published in Nagcarlan in 1589,
showcased the customary laws of the pre-Spanish Philippines. This book of Plasencia is
considered as the first civil code of the of the Philippines.
• Fray Francisco de Santa Ines tackled the ancient Filipino cultures and the missionary
labor of the Franciscan Order in the Philippines, China and Japan.
Jesuit Fathers’ contributions
• Fr. Pedro Chirino considered as one of the most distinguished Jesuit historians,
authored the book “Relacion de las Islas Filipinas” which was published in Rome in
1604. The book is a narrative of the life of the Filipinos prior to their colonization.
• Fr. Francisco Collin wrote on the Jesuit missions
• Fr. Pedro Murillo y Velarde who made a very valuable contribution to the Philippine
historiography with his accounts of the history of the Philippines, mission and conquest
of Mindanao and the inclusion of the map of the archipelago
• Fr. Juan Delgado’s book gave a broader description of the Philippines by including
the political ecclesiastical, economic, social and cultural accounts of the country.
1.2 Secular Historians during the Spanish Period
Spanish
officials in the
island

Secular
Historians
during the
Spanish Period

Foreign
Filipino
residents
Ilustrado
and writers