Induction Machine

ELECTROMAGNETIC TORQUE:
1. Slip and rotor frequency:-
120 f N N
Synchronous Speed N s  , Slip S  s r ,  N s  Nr  SN s
P Ns
 N  Nr  P SN s P
Rotor frequency, fr  s   Sf f r  Sf
120 120
IM 3Ph 80% of motors used in large no. in Industries
(cranes, pumps, lathes, etc)
1 Ph most of rest 20% motors, domestic fan, refrigerator,
washing m/c.

Invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891

IM asynchronous motor,
2. Construction:-
Two parts Stator, uniformly distributed balanced 3ph winding are present
on stator
Rotor

Cylindrical

Squirrel cage wound rotor

(90% of IM) ( has the advantage to vary rotor
Rugged and robust resistance)
Structure
Rugged and robust
structure conductor

Short
circuiting ring

3. Rotor emf, current and power:-

At standstill, the relative speed between rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors is
synchronous speed N s .
Per phase generated emf on rotor conductor depends upon relative speed between rotating magnetic
field and rotor i.e. on slip, S
 At any slip, per phase generated voltage on rotor is  SE2
Rotor leakage reactance = 2 (rotating frequency).(rotating leakage inductance )
= 2 f r L2
= 2 sf s L2
At standstill, rotor leakage reactance = 2 f s L2  x 2
 rotor leakage reactance at any slip S = 2 f r L2  Sx2
 rotor leakage impedance at stand still  r22  x22

Page 1 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
Rotor leakage impedance at any slip S  r22   Sx2 2
[ r2 = rotor resistance per phase, L2 = rotor leakage inductance per phase ]
E2
Per phase rotor current at stand still, I 
 r22  x22 
SE2
Per phase rotor current at any slip, I 
r
2   Sx2 
2 2

E2
 (1)
  r 2 
  2   x2 
 S  2
 
 rotor current lags the rotor voltage by rotor power factor angle  2 as,
 x2  1  Sx2 
 2  tan 1    tan  
 r2 S   r2 
 2
+
I2
r2
E2
s
Air-gap
Power
-
 Per phase rotor power input,
Pg  E2 I 2 cos 2
r2
 E2 I 2 S
2
 r2  2
 S   x2
 
E2 r r
 I 2 2  I 22 2
2 S S
 r2  2
 S   x2
 
Pg is the power transferred from stator to rotor across the air gap. In view of this, Pg is called the air-
gap power Per phase
r  1 S 
 Pg  I 22 2  I 22 r2  I 22 r2  
S  S 
= rotor ohomic loss + Internal mechanical power developed in rotor ( Pm )
 SPg  1  S  Pg (Electrical eqv to mechanical power)
 Internal mechanical power developed.
Pm  1  S  Pg per phase
Rotor ohmic loss = 
S 
 Pm  SPg per phase
1 S  
 S ( Power input to rotor )
Internal / gross torque developed is
3Pm 3 1  S  Pg 3Pg
Te   
r 1  S  s s
where s  2ns , synchronous speed in mech. rad./sec.
Also the electromagnetic torque Te is

Page 2 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
3Pg 3I 22 r2
Te   , rotor ohmic loss /( s *slip)
s s s
Output or shaft power per phase
Psh  Pm  mechanical losses ( friction and wend age losses )
 Pg  rotor ohmic loss  stator I 2 r loss
3Psh
Tsh =3 Psh / rotor speed =
1  s  s
If stator input is known
Pg = stator power input – stator I2R loss – stator core loss, per phase

Equivalent circuit:-
r1 1 r2 s 2
I1
I0

Ic I
V1 sE 2

Complete circuit equation

r2 `
r1  1 j 2 `
s

E1 R c m
V1

Power flow:
r1 1 r2 `  2`

I0
1 s 
r2 `  
Supply
Voltage Rc m  s 

Stator Stator Stator I 2R Rotor I 2R

input Loss Mechanical Power
core loss loss Developed in Rotor

4. Approximate equivalent circuit of an IM :-

j 1 r2 `
I1 I 2` r1 j 2 `
s

I0

V1 R0 j0

Electromagnetic torque,
3Pg 2ns
Te  , where s  rad. / sec, ns rpm
s 60

Page 3 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
3I ' 2 r '
 2 2
s S

3r2' V12

S s   ' 2 
 r  r2   x  x' 2 
 1 S  1 2   
  
r2'
At small slip S i.e. near rated speed  r1
S
r'
3V12 2 3V 2 S
 Te  S  1
2 r2'
 r' 
 2
S 
 
 T  S , at small slip
 Shunt characteristic: at large slip i.e. at small speed
3V12 r2' S 2
Te 
 
2
Ss Sx2'

1 r2'
Te  , at maximum torque S 
S x2'

Maximum Torque
Tm
Stable

T st Starting Torque

S=0
Slip

I. Maximum Torque :-
3V12 RL r'
Tl  , where RL  2 , R  r1, X  x1  x2'
s  R  RL 2  X 2  S
 
dTL
for maxm torque,  0,
dRL
RL2  R2  X 2

 
2
 RL  R 2  X 2  r12  x1  x2'

r2'
 
2
  r12  x1  x2'
Smt
r2' r' r'
 Smt  ,,  Smt  2 ,, Smt  2 ,.X  x1  x2'
  x2'
2 X
r12  x1  x2'

3V12 R 2  X 2 3V12 R 2  X 2
Tmax  
 2   
s  R  R 2  X 2   X 2  2s R 2  X 2  R  R 2  X 2 
 
  

Page 4 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
3V12
Tmax  N-m
 
2s  R  R 2  X 2 
 
3V12
 , Independent of rotor resistance r2'
 2
2s  r1  r12  x1  x2' 
 
 
3V12
Tmax 
2s x2'

r 23 ` r 22 ` r 21 `

r22`
Tm Maximum Torque

Tst3 Stable

Tst2
r23` r21`
Tst1 Starting Torque

S=0
Slip

Speed

II. Ratio of motor torque to maximum torque ;-

r'
3V12 2
T S
2
 r' 
 r1  2   X2
 S 
 
r' r'
3V12 2 3V12 2  r' 
 S  S ,  Smt  2 
 r' 
2 2
 r'   r' 
2  X

 2   X2  2   2 
S  S   Smt 
     
1
3V12
 S
 2 2
1  1 
r2'      
 S   Smt  
 
1
2
3V1 Smt 3V12
Tmax   Smt
r2'  1 2  1 
2 2r2'
   
 Smt   Smt 
T 2

Tmax Smt S

S Smt

Page 5 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
5. Starting of squirrel cage motor :-
Starting of a particular squirrel cage motor is generally chosen on the basis of ;-
a. Design of size of the motor.
b. Type of given load.
c. Capacity of the supply lines.
Two methods for SCIM;-
a. Full voltage starting / DOL starting
b. Reduced voltage starting.
D.O.L
* Simplest and the most inexpensive method.
* Motor starting current 6 to 10 times its full load current at low power factor.
* May can be objectionable voltage drop in supply main which may affect the operation of other
equipment.
Stator

Rotor

Poly phase supply

 Limited to 3 hp motor.
'
' 2 r2 2
Tst I 2 st  ' 
 1   I 2st  S
T fl r'  I'  fl
I 2' fl 2 2  2 fl 
S fl

I 2' st I
If no load current is neglected,  st
I 2' fl I fl
2 2
Tst  I st
 I 
  S fl   sc  S fl
T fl  I fl


 I fl 
 
Since, the stator current I st at start is equal to the short circuit current I sc at rated voltage.
Reduced voltage starting;- (for SCIM)
a> Stator reactor (or resistor) starting,
b> Auto-transformer starting and,
c> Star delta starting

a> Stator reactor (or resistor) starting:-

V1
Stator

Three phase AC
supply
V1
Rotor

Stator reactor

 Reactor starting is preferable because small power loss.

 Reactor is more effective in reducing the stator voltage at starting.

Page 6 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
xV1
I st  , starting current
Z sc
 xI sc
2 2
Tst  I st  I 
  S fl  x 2  sc  S fl
T fl  I fl   I fl



Starting torque with reactor starting/starting torque with DOL starting  x 2
b> Auto transformer starting :-
V1
Stator
I st

IL V1 Rotor
Three phase AC
supply

Auto-
transformer

 Voltage is reduced by transformation not by dropping the exact in resistor or reactor.

xV1
I st   xI sc
Z sc
Per-phase input VA = output VA for Auto transformer
 I LV1  xV1I st
I
I st  L
x
 per-phase starting current with auto transformer/ per phase starting current with stator reactor
=x

I
xI sc  L
x
I L  x2 I sc
Now
2 2
Tst  I st  I 
  S fl  x 2  sc  S fl
T fl  I fl 

 I fl



Starting torque with auto transformer starting / starting torque with DOL starting
 x2
and starting torque with auto transformer starting = starting torque with stator reactor starting.
c> Star – delta starting : -
This method is applicable for motor designed to run normally with delta connected stator
winding.
VL
Star-connection: starting current per phase I y 
3Z sc
VL
Delta-connection: starting current per phase I 
Z sc
Delta-connection: starting line current per phase I Ld  3I d
VL I
For star-connection: line current at starting, I Ly  I y   d
3Z sc 3
VL
1
Starting line current with stator is star / starting line current with stator is delta = 3Z sc 
3VL 3
Z sc
Page 7 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]
 Induction Machine
Three phase
supply

Stator

Rotor
Triple pole
switch

In delta, Starting line current with star-delta starter / starting line current with direct switching
= 1/3

In star, starting torque with star-delta starter / starting torque with direct switching
= 1/3
This method is chief and effective, used extensively, not used for voltage greater than 3.3 KV as
delta connected stator winding becomes very expensive.

Page 8 of 8
Dr. Sukanta Das, EE, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad [Ref. Electrical Machinery-Dr. P.S. Bimbhra]