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General Expressions For Flow Through Beds in Terms of Carman-Kozeny Equations

The document discusses equations for modeling flow through porous media like packed beds. It presents the Carman-Kozeny equation, which relates mean flow velocity to properties like voidage, specific surface area, viscosity and pressure drop. For spherical particles, it simplifies to the Kozeny equation. The equations apply to both laminar and turbulent flow when combined with a friction factor vs Reynolds number relationship. Wall effects are also accounted for using Coulson's correction factor.

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حاتم غيدان خلف
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87 views6 pages

General Expressions For Flow Through Beds in Terms of Carman-Kozeny Equations

The document discusses equations for modeling flow through porous media like packed beds. It presents the Carman-Kozeny equation, which relates mean flow velocity to properties like voidage, specific surface area, viscosity and pressure drop. For spherical particles, it simplifies to the Kozeny equation. The equations apply to both laminar and turbulent flow when combined with a friction factor vs Reynolds number relationship. Wall effects are also accounted for using Coulson's correction factor.

Uploaded by

حاتم غيدان خلف
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General expressions for flow through beds in terms of

Carman–Kozeny equations

Many attempts have been made to obtain general expressions for


pressure drop and mean velocity for flow through packings in
terms of voidage and specific surface.

Streamline flow-Carman _Kozeny equation


The equation for streamline flow through a circular tube is:

U 
d t2
.
  p 
(1) Hagen-Poiseuille eq. for
32  Lt
Streamline flow in tubes

Where:
μ : is the viscosity of the fluid
U: is the mean velocity of the fluid
dt : is the diameter of the tube
Lt : is the length of the tube.
Δp: the pressure drop.

If the free space in the bed is assumed to consist of a series of


tortuous channels, equation (1) may be rewritten for flow through
a bed as:

d m' 2   p 
U 1  . (2)
k ' L'

Where:
d' m : is same equivalent diameter of the pore channels .
k' : is a dimensionless constant whose value depends on the
structure of the bed .
U1: is the average velocity through the pore channels.
L': is the length of channel.

1
The average linear velocity through the pores,U1, is given by:

U
U 1  (3)
e

Kozeny proposed that dm' may be taken as:

' e e
d m   (4)
SB S 1  e 

Then taking U1=U/e and L'α L , equation(2) becomes:

3
1 e 1  p
U  "
. 2
. .
K S B  L

1 e3 1  p
U  . . . (5)
K "
S 2
1  e 2  L

Kozeny Eq. or
Carman-Kozeny Eq.
( for laminar flow)
Where:
K": Kozeny's constant = 5

For sphere
3
1 e 1  p
U  . . .
5 ( 6 ) 2
1  e 2  L
d
1 e 3  pd 2
U  . .
180 1  e 2  L

The permeability coefficient is equal to

1 e3
B  
K " S 2
(1  e ) 2

2
Streamline and turbulent flow

Equation (5) applies to streamline flow conditions, but1 Carman


and others have extended the analogy with pipe flow to cover both
streamline and turbulent flow conditions through packed beds. In
this treatment a friction factor (R1/ρU2) is plotted against
a Reynolds number Re1.

For both streamline and turbulent flow

U e  U
Re 1  . . 
e S 1  e   S 1  e 
(Reynolds number through packed bed)

Force Balance
p.e  R1 .S .L.(1  e)
e p
R1  .
S 1  e  L
R1 e3 p
 .
U 12
S 1  e   U 12 L
Carman Eq. used to calculate
∆p through packed beds for
turbulent and streamline flow
after knowing (R1/ρU21)

Fig.(Carman's graph of (R1/ρU21 and Re1) is (4-1) vol II, P 197.

3
Curve B: Sawistoki Eq.

R1
2
 5 Re 1  Re  0 . 1
U 1

Curve A: Carman Eq.

R1
2
 5 Re  1  0 . 4 Re  0 . 1
U 1

Curve C : Ergun Eq.


R1
2
 4 . 17 Re  1  0 . 29
U 1

* For Re1 ≤ 2
The plot is straight line ( the second term is small ) then :
R1
2
 5 Re  1
U 1

4
* For 2< Re1 < 100 , the slope of the plot gradually changes from
( -1) to about (-1/4)

* For Re1 ≥ 100 , the plot is take straight ( horizontal)

Wall effect

In a packed bed, the particles will not pack as closely in the


region near the wall as in the centre of the bed, so that the actual
resistance to flow in a bed of small diameter is less than it would
be in an infinite container for the same flow rate per unit area of
bed cross-section. A correction factor (fw) for this effect has
been determined experimentally by Coulson. This takes the
form:

2
 1  S c  
f  1    Coulson eq.
2  S  
w

Where:

Sc: is the surface of the container per unit volume of bed.

1 e3 1  p
U  . . . . f w (6)
K "
S 2
1  e 
2
 L

The values of (K") shown on figure (4-2) vol II.

5
6

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