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Review of Cardiovascular System

The patient, a 31-year-old man, arrived at the emergency department after suffering a laceration to his left thigh from a falling piece of steel at work, which cut his femoral artery and caused him to lose 1.5 liters of blood. His bleeding was controlled with direct pressure and he received 2 liters of saline during transport. The document discusses the case details of a patient who suffered a significant femoral artery laceration and blood loss from an industrial accident.

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80 views20 pages

Review of Cardiovascular System

The patient, a 31-year-old man, arrived at the emergency department after suffering a laceration to his left thigh from a falling piece of steel at work, which cut his femoral artery and caused him to lose 1.5 liters of blood. His bleeding was controlled with direct pressure and he received 2 liters of saline during transport. The document discusses the case details of a patient who suffered a significant femoral artery laceration and blood loss from an industrial accident.

Uploaded by

Văn Đức
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

English For Health Sciences

REVIEW OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM


THE REPETITIVE PROCESS OF BLOOD PUMPING
REFERENCE 1
CARDIAC CYCLE

The contraction of the heart leads to pressure


changes in the cardiac chambers. This results in
blood movement from areas of high pressure to
areas of low pressure.
The pumping process begins with the onset of
myocardial contraction and ends with the
beginning of the next contraction. This
repetitive process is termed the cardiac cycle.
The pumping of blood into the systemic and
pulmonary circulation during ventricular
contraction is known as systole.
The pressure created within the arteries during
systole and diastole can be recorded as the
systolic pressure and diastolic pressure,
respectively.
REFERENCE 2 CARDIAC CYCLE

The series of movements by which the heart


pumps blood through the body is the cardiac
cycle.
First, atria relax and fill with blood while the
ventricles contract, forcing blood through
the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
Next, the ventricles relax, and fill with blood
from the contracting upper chambers.
The cycle repeats # 70 to 80 times per minute.
The pulse you feel at the wrist corresponds with
ventricular contraction. The sounds you hear
when taking the apical pulse or measuring blood
pressure are the sounds of valves closing during
the cardiac cycle.
REFERENCE 2 CARDIAC CYCLE
REFERENCE 3 CARDIAC CYCLE

In a normal heartbeat, the two atria contract


nearly simultaneously while the two ventricles
relax. Then, when the two ventricles contract,
the two atria relax.
Systole is the term used to refer to a phase of
contraction and diastole is the term for a phase
of relaxation.
A cardiac cycle, therefore, consists of the systole
and diastole of both atria and the systole and
diastole of both ventricles.
The pressure developed in a heart chamber is
related to the chamber size and the volume of
blood it contains. The greater the volume of
blood, the higher the pressure.
REFERENCE 4 CARDIAC CYCLE

The main purpose of the heart is to pump blood


through the body; it does so in a repeating
sequence called the cardiac cycle.
The cardiac cycle is the coordination of the
filling and emptying of the heart of blood by
electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to
contract and relax.
The human heart beats over 100,000 times per
day. In each cardiac cycle, the heart contracts
(systole), pushing out the blood and pumping it
through the body; this is followed by a
relaxation phase (diastole), where the heart fills
with blood, as illustrated in the figure.
REFERENCE 4 CARDIAC CYCLE

During (a) cardiac diastole, the heart muscle is relaxed and blood flows into the heart.
During (b) atrial systole, the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. During
(c) atrial diastole, the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart.
REFERENCE 5 CARDIAC CYCLE

At rest, the healthy adult heart is likely to beat


at a rate of 60–80 beats per minute.
During each heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, the
heart contracts (systole) and then relaxes
(diastole).
Stages of the cardiac cycle
Taking 74 b.p.m. as an example, each cycle lasts
about 0.8. of a second and consists of:
➢ atrial systole – contraction of the atria
➢ ventricular systole – contraction of the
ventricles
➢ complete cardiac diastole – relaxation
of the atria and ventricles.
REFERENCE 5 CARDIAC CYCLE
REFERENCE 6 THE PROCESS OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION

The main function of the electrical conduction


system is to create an electrical impulse and
transmit it through the heart in an organized
manner.
Electrical conduction in the heart occurs through
this pathway of special cells.
As the impulse travels this system, it is conducted
to the “working” myocardial cells that contract in
response to this stimulus and cause the heart to
squeeze.
The electrical conduction system contains several
components: the sinoatrial node, internodal
pathways, atrioventricular node, bundle of Hiss,
right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje
fibers.
REFERENCE 7 THE PROCESS OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION

An electrical stimulus is generated by the


sinoatrial node (or SA node). This is a small mass
of specialized tissue located in the atria.
The sinus node generates an electrical stimulus
regularly, 60 to 100 times per minute under
normal conditions. The atria are then activated.
The electrical stimulus travels down through the
conduction pathways and causes the heart's
ventricles to contract and pump out blood.
The two atria are stimulated first and contract
for a short period of time before the 2 ventricles.
REFERENCE 7 THE PROCESS OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION

The electrical impulse travels from the sinus


node to the atrioventricular node (or AV node).
There, impulses are slowed down for a very
short period, then continue down the
conduction pathway via the bundle of His into
the ventricles.
The bundle of His divides into right and left
bundle branches, to stimulate the right and left
ventricles.
Each contraction of the ventricles represents
one heartbeat. The atria contract a fraction of a
second before the ventricles so their blood
empties into the ventricles before the ventricles
contract.
REVIEW

Fibrous pericardium ❸

❶
❻
REVIEW

Aortic arch ❽

❺ Superior vena cava


Left pulmonary veins ❼

❶ Tricuspid valve

❻ Inferior vena cava

❷ Pulmonary valve
❹ Bicuspid valve
❸ Aortic valve

Anterior view
REVIEW

❶
❽
❷

❼
❹

❺
REVIEW

His bundle ❸

❶ Sinoatrial node
(SA node)

❷ Atrioventricular node
(AV node)

❹ Right & left


Bundle branches

❺ Purkinje fibers
REVIEW

⓬
❶
❷

❸
⓫ ❹
❺

❿ ❻

❾ ❼

❽
A 31-year-old man arrived by ambulance at the emergency department
after suffering a laceration to the left thigh in an industrial accident that
cut the femoral artery.*
The patient was working in a metal fabrication plant. A falling piece of steel
lacerated the artery in his left thigh, causing the loss of 1.5 L of blood, an
estimated 30% of blood volume. Bleeding was controlled by direct
pressure, and the patient received 2 L of 0.9% saline during transport.

Femoral artery

*
A 60-year-old man visited a cardiologist and complained that he
was feeling pressure/tightness within his chest, accompanied by
profuse sweating and pain in the left precordium which is radiating
along the medial side of the arm and forearm.
On questioning he told that earlier also he suffered from such
symptoms which always occurred on exertion, e.g., when climbing
stairs or digging in the garden. He also told that these symptoms
disappear after resting.

He was diagnosed as a case of angina pectoris.

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