Grade

10

MATHEMATICS
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 2
MELC 4

Relationships
among Chords,
Arcs, Central
Angles, and
Inscribed Angles
PART I.
MELC 4: Derives inductively the relations among chords, arcs, central angles,
and inscribed angles

Lesson 1 – TERMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

A. Introduction and Discussion

One of the most useful geometric figures in our modern civilization is the circle. It is
the simplest and most perfect figure known. A circle can be turned on its center through any
angle and will still fit into its original position. Circles and circular forms are used in geography,
astronomy, and navigation. Circles are used as basic forms in fine arts and architecture
because they are pleasing to the eye. Examples of objects with circular shapes are the coins
in our pockets, the wheels on our cars, the lenses in our cameras, our dinner plates, and the
compact discs we play.
At the end of this module, you should be able to derive inductively the relations among
chords, arcs, central angles and inscribed angles.
Moreover, you are expected to:
1. define and identify chords, arcs, central angles and inscribed angles; and
2. describe inductively the relationships between circles.
A circle is the set of all points that are at a fixed distance from a fixed
point in the plane. The fixed point is the center of the circle and the fixed
distance is the radius. It is named by its center and indicated by the symbol
⊙. The figure at the right is circle P. The measure of the entire circle is
360o.

Below are some of the terms related to circle. Find out the definitions and examples
that will help you identify and describe chords, arcs, central angles, inscribed angle and
intercepted arc.

Terms Related to
Illustration Discussion/Explanation/Examples
Circles
SEGMENTS
A radius is a segment drawn from the center of the
circle to any point on the circle.
Radius Example: segment BC or 𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ is a radius

A chord is a segment joining any two points on the

circle
Chord
Example: segment EF or ̅̅̅̅ 𝐸𝐹 is a chord of ⊙B.
̅̅̅̅
and segment AD or 𝐴𝐷 is also a chord of ⊙B.
Diameter is a segment whose endpoints are on
the circle and it passes through the center of the
Diameter
circle. It is the longest chord.
Example: segment AD or ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐷 is a diameter

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 An arc is a part of circumference of a circle. It is
named by their endpoints and can be read
clockwise or counter-clockwise. The symbol for arc
is .
Arcs Example: The curve from point D to point A is an
arc. Which can be read as “arc DA or ”. Other
example of arcs at the left figure are

TYPES OF ARCS
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A semicircle is an arc measuring one-half (2) of
the circumference of a circle. Its measure is 180°.
It is named using two or three points of the arc.
Semicircle
One way to identify a semicircle is its endpoints are
the endpoints of a diameter.
Example:
A minor arc is an arc of a circle that measures
less than a semicircle.

Minor arc Example 1:

Example 2. What are the minor arcs of circle B?

Solution:

AC, CD, AD

A major arc is an arc of a circle that measures

greater than a semicircle. It measures greater than
180° but less than 360°. To indicate the major arc,
Major arc we must include the point between the endpoints
of the arc.
Example 1:

Example 2. What are the major arcs of circle B?

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 An intercepted arc is the arc that lies in the interior
of an angle and has endpoints on the angle.

Intercepted arc Example: is the intercepted arc of angle

∠𝐶𝐴𝐵.

ANGLES
A central angle is an angle whose vertex is at the
center of the circle and with two radii as its sides.
Central angle Example: angle ABC or ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the central angle
of ⊙B.

An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is

on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the
circle.
Inscribed angle
Example:∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 is the inscribed angle of the figure.

Lesson 2 – ARCS AND CHORDS

A. Introduction and Discussion

Theorems on Arcs and Chords

Theorem Diagram Explanation
Theorem 1. In the same circle or in
congruent circles: a. If MA≅ HT, then MA≅ HT
a. Congruent arcs have
congruent chords.
b. Congruent chords have b. If MA≅ HT, then MA≅HT
congruent arcs
Theorem 2. If a diameter is In circle A, RL is the diameter and MK
perpendicular to a chord, then it is a chord.
bisects the chord and its arc with the
same endpoints. If RL⊥MK, then, MS≅SK and ML≅LK

B. Illustrative Examples:

Application of Theorem 1
1. Let x be equal to ME in the figure.
Find the measure of ME.
Solution:

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 2. and ̅̅̅̅ .
Find 𝑆𝐶
Solution:
are congruent arcs in the congruent circles, so the corresponding
chords 𝑆𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝑂𝑇 are congruent.
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑂𝑇
𝑆𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
8𝑦 − 1 = 15𝑦 − 15
14 = 7𝑦
2=𝑦;
y=2
̅̅̅̅ = 8𝑦 − 1
So, 𝑆𝐶
̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝐶 = 15 unit
Application of Theorem 2
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
In circle H, 𝑆𝑅 𝐸𝐴. Find ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐴 if the measure of ̅̅̅̅
𝐻𝐸 = 5in.
Solution:
𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝐸̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐻𝐴̅̅̅̅, then
̅̅̅̅ = 5𝑖𝑛.
𝐻𝐴
̅̅̅̅ 𝐻𝐸 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐴 = ̅̅̅̅ 𝐻𝐴
̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐴 = 5𝑖𝑛 + 5𝑖𝑛
̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐴 = 10𝑖𝑛

Lesson 3 – ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLES

A. Introduction and Discussion
When two rays are drawn from the center of a given circle, an angle is formed and
parts of the circle are intercepted. The same is true when two rays forming an angle are drawn
from any point on the circle with the center of the circle in the interior of the angle. There are
relations existing among these parts of the circle.

Angle AOB in each of the figures are central angles.

Remember: An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle is called the central angle.

A central angle separates a circle into arcs. In the figure above, points A and B
determine two arcs. AB (arc AB) and AMB (arc AMB). Arc AB is a minor arc. A minor arc is
the union of points A and B, and all points of the circle in the interior of ∠ AOB.
Arc AMB is a major arc. A major arc is the union of points A and B, and all points
of the circle in the exterior of ∠ AOB. Notice that a major arc is named using three capital
letters, the middle letter names a third point in the arc.

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 The diameter of a circle separates the circle into two regions called semicircles.
In the figure at the right, PQR and PSR are semicircles. The two arcs make
up the entire circle. In fact, any pair of points on a circle determine two arcs. Since
the degree measure of a circle is 360o, that of a semicircle (half of a circle) is 180o.

Remember: The degree measure of a minor arc is the degree measure of its central angle.
The degree measure of a major arc is 360o minus the degree measure of the minor arc.

B. Illustrative Examples:

A. B. C.

ABC is a semicircle. MN is a minor arc. AEB is a major arc.

m∠MON = 60 m AEB = 360 - m AB
m ABC = 180o
m MN = 60o m AEB = 360 – 70
m AEB = 290 o
Two arcs of a circle are said to be adjacent if they intersect at exactly one point. In the
following figure, minor arc AB and minor arc BC are adjacent, and the major arc ABC is
adjacent to the minor arc CB.
We will assume that the measures of
adjacent arcs can be added in the same way
the measures of adjacent angles are added.

Arc Addition Postulate

If AB and BC are adjacent arcs, then m AB + m BC = m ABC

Refer to the figure at the right.

1. Find m AC if m AB = 40o and m BC = 30o
2. Find m BD if m BC = 25o and m∠COD = 95o.
Solution:
1. Using the Arc Addition Postulate, we have
m AC = m AB + m BC
= 40o + 30o
m AC = 70o

2. Since m∠COD = 95o, then CD = 95o. Using the Arc Addition Postulate, we have
m BD = m BC + m CD
m BD = 25o + 95o
m BD = 120o

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Lesson 4 – ARCS AND INSCRIBED ANGLES

A. Introduction and Discussion

Theorem Diagram Discussion

Theorem 1. If an angle is
inscribed in a circle, then ∠CAN is an inscribed
the measure of the angle and intercepts CN.
inscribed angle is equal
to one-half of its 1
∠CAN = CN
2
intercepted arc (or the
measure of the
intercepted arc is twice
the measure of the
inscribed angle).
Figure 1
∠PLN and ∠PAN
intercept PN.

Since ∠PLN and ∠PLO

intercept the same arc,
the two angles then are
Theorem 2. If two inscribed congruent.
angles of a circle (or
congruent circles)
Figure 2
intercept the same arc,
∠TIP and ∠SAM intercept
then the angles are
TP and SM, respectively.
congruent.
If SM ≅ TP, then
∠TIP ≅∠SAM

Theorem 3. If an inscribed
angle intercepts a ∠MPT intercepts MAT.
diameter or semicircle,
then the angle is a right Since MAT is a
angle. semicircle, then ∠MPT is
a right angle.

Theorem 4. If a quadrilateral Quadrilateral FARE is

is inscribed in a circle, inscribed in ⊙ 𝑀.
then its opposite angles
are supplementary. 𝑚∠𝐸𝐹𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐸𝑅𝐴 = 180°
and
𝑚∠𝐹𝐸𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐹𝐴𝑅 = 180°

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 B. Illustrative Examples:

Applying Theorem 1
1. Find the measure of ∠PEN, if ∠PEN is an inscribed angle
and intercepts PN.

1
Solution: ∠PEN = PN
2
1
∠PEN = (86O)
2
∠PEN = 43O ; Therefore, ∠PEN is 43O.

2. Find the measure of ∠PTQ

Solution:
1
∠PTQ = PQ
2
1
∠PTQ = (40O)
2
∠PTQ = 20O
Therefore, ∠PTQ is 20O.
Applying Theorem 2
1. Find the measure of ∠QPR and ∠QTR.
Solution:
∠QSR, ∠QPR and ∠QTR
Intercept the same arc which is QR.

∠QSR≅∠QPR≅∠QTR
∠QSR = 50O
Therefore, ∠QPR = 50O
∠QTR = 50O
2. Find the measure of ∠NIE.
Solution:
∠𝑁𝐼𝐸 ≅ ∠𝑁𝑉𝐸
(10𝑥 − 4)° = (7𝑥 + 2)°
3𝑥° = 6
𝑥° = 2
Therefore, ∠NIE = 10(2) − 4°
∠NIE = (20 -4)°
∠NIE = 16°

Applying Theorem 3
Find the value of x.
Solution:
An inscribed angle of a triangle intercepts a diameter or
semicircle if and only if the angle is a right angle.
So, m∠𝐻𝐼𝑇 = 90°
6𝑥°= 90°
𝑥 = 15

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Applying Theorem 4
Find the value of ∠𝑁𝑇𝐹.

Solution:
∠FON + ∠NTF =180°
(5y)° + (3y+12)° =180°
(8y)° =168°
y =21

Thus,
∠NTF = (5(21))°
∠NTF = 105°

PART II. Activities

Activity I.
Directions: Use the figure below to name one of the following terms. Use
appropriate notation.
_______1. semicircle
_______2. inscribed angle
_______3. major arc
_______4. central angle
_______5. chord

Activity II.
Directions: Find the following by using the figures at the right column.
1. Find x if ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐴 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐸. 3. Find XY

2. Find m WSE if ̅̅̅̅̅

𝑊𝑉 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝐸. 4. Find AF and EA

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Activity III. 100o
Directions: Using the figure at the right to find the measure
of the following: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐸 is a diameter of circle R.
1. mAN __________ 4. mDE __________
2. mANE __________ 5. m∠ERI __________
3. m∠DRA __________

Activity IV.
Directions: Find the value of each, given the following figures.
1. Find ∠GLP 3. Find ∠MEN

2. Find ∠LME 4. Find ∠NGE

Key Answers

50o 4.
155o 3.
80o 2.
84o 1.
Activity IV

65o 5.
80o 4.
100o 3.
180o 2.
30o 1.
Activity III

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PART III. Assessment
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
the letter of your answer on a sheet of paper.
_____1. What term is being described as the set of all points that are at a fixed distance
from a fixed point in the plane?
A. angle C. segment
B. chord D. circle
_____2. What do you call an angle whose vertex is on the circle and whose sides
contain chords of the circle?
A. central C. inscribed
B. chord D. intercepted
_____3. What arc measures exactly 180o?
A. minor C. semicircle
B. major D. central

For items 4-6, refer to the figure at the right.

_____4. What term describes MC?
A. chord
B. chord diameter
C. intercepted arc
D. radius

_____5. Which of the following is an example of a diameter in circle M?

A. ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐸 C. FM
̅̅̅̅̅
B. 𝑀𝐶 D. FE
̅̅̅̅̅ E. ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐸
C. 𝑀𝐶of the following is an example of a semicircle?
_____6. Which
A. CEF C. FCE
B. EFC D. all of the above
_____7. What would be the measure of the major arc if the measure of the minor arc is
86°?
A. 86° C. 274°
B. 108° D. 300°
For items 8-10, refer to the figure at the right.
_____8. What is the value of x?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40

_____9. What is the measure of IR?

A. 100° C. 120°
B. 110° D. 130°
_____10. What is the measure of AY?
A. 80° C. 100°
B. 90° D. 110°

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 For items 11-13, refer to the figure at the right.
_____11. What is the measure of ∠NET?
A. 20o
B. 30o
C. 60o
D. 90o
_____12. What is the measure of ∠SET?
A. 90° C. 140°
B. 120° D. 240°
_____13. What is the measure of NRA?
A. 60° C. 180°
B. 120° D. 360°
For items 14-15, refer to the figure at the right.
_____14. What is the measure of ∠1 if LT measures 65o?
A. 22.5o
B. 32.5o
C. 42.5o
D. 52.5o
_____15. What is the measure of ∠2 if AI measures 144o?
A. 65° C. 83°
B. 72° D. 95°

References:

Books:

Callanta, Melvin, et al. Mathematics Grade 10 Learners Module.

Bernabe, Julieta and Dilao, Soledad, Geometry Textbook for Third Year.
Dela cruz, Rizza, , et al. Geometry Based on Basic Education Curriculum.

Websites:

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Circle.html
http://www.math.com/tables/geometry/circles.htm

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