Pedestrian Perception Based on Sidewalk Level of

Convenience at Pemuda Street

S Arifah1, R Hidayah2
1
Technology and Vocational Education Study Program, Yogyakarta State University,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Civil Engineering and Planning Education, Faculty of Engineering,
Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding author’s: shilmiarifah.2019@student.uny.ac.id

Abstract. The city of Jakarta is one of the largest metropolitan cities in Indonesia. Urban
development is often oriented towards transportation systems with two-wheeled and four-
wheeled vehicles. If there is little space for pedestrians, it cannot provide benefits and
advantages for pedestrians. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach, where data
collection is carried out through surveys with observations and questionnaires. Google form-
based questionnaires were given to respondents classified according to gender who passed the
Pemuda Street pedestrian path, this was due to conditions in the field that made it impossible to
meet many people during the Covid-19 pandemic. The sampling technique used in this study
was random sampling. The results showed 156 respondents with a percentage of 68.12% of
respondents stated that the Pemuda pedestrian path was comfortable for pedestrians to pass.
This is supported by several indicator factors, from some of these indicators, it can be seen that
the indicators of the surface condition of the pedestrian pathway at Pemuda Street, both men
and women, feel comfortable with a percentage of 78.93% and 75.08%, but the indicators of
Obstacle / obstruction on the pedestrian pathway Youth, both male and female, felt
uncomfortable with a percentage of 52.33% and 49.58%.

1. Introduction
The city of Jakarta is one of the largest metropolitan cities in Indonesia. Apart from being a
metropolitan city, Jakarta is also the capital city of Indonesia, where the population in Jakarta reaches
more than 10 million. This is because Jakarta is the center of the economy and center of government.
For this reason, infrastructure development in Jakarta needs attention given the large number of people
left in Jakarta. Development in cities is often oriented towards the transportation system with two-
wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. The space for pedestrians is reduced or even lost if there is one, it
cannot provide benefits and advantages for pedestrians. One of the currently neglected facilities is the
sidewalk that is intended for pedestrians on foot. Walking is considered to be one of the oldest and
most important elements in terms of the mode of transportation as every journey begins and ends with
a walk. The condition of the sidewalks plays an important role in increasing the number of walking
trips made by pedestrians with excellent standards of safety, safety and comfort [1][2].
 Pedestrians are entitled to the availability of special road facilities for walking activities in the form
of pedestrian paths, crossings, and other facilities [3]. The Director General of Land Transportation
states that pedestrians are an important form of transportation in urban areas. By having a high level of
mobility, and to improve the quality of the city's open spaces, now the City of Jakarta is starting to
reorganize its city infrastructure, one of which is the pedestrian route or commonly known as the
sidewalk [4]. Where improvements in the conditions of roads, sidewalks and maintenance of
completeness of pedestrian facilities can provide a level of comfort for visitors, both residents of
Bandung City and tourists who come [5]. More specifically, for pedestrians which function as support
for shopping tourism activities, the quality of pedestrians also has an impact on economic value.
Uncomfortable pedestrian paths can cause travelers to leave the area, so that business people are at
risk of experiencing losses [6].
In the city of Jakarta, the sidewalk in the Pemuda area is one of the pedestrian paths that is quite
crowded with pedestrians, this is because the area is close to shopping centers, culinary, education,
offices, and modes of transportation. The Jakarta city government has built pedestrian paths as best as
possible to provide comfort for its users, especially pedestrians. But in reality, pedestrian paths that
have been arranged in such a way as for pedestrians are used for selling by street vendors and parking
their vehicles on the pedestrian path. So that it makes pedestrians feel less comfortable to pass.
Planning for pedestrian lane needs must be well planned according to the rules and standards of
pedestrian path planning by considering pedestrian perceptions and preferences and prioritizing
pedestrian safety and comfort in order to improve their walking experience and create a sense of
belonging and pleasure in walking [7][8]. In terms of the function of the pedestrian is as a forum for
humans in terms of pedestrians to be able to carry out activities in the corridor space freely [9].
Factors Affecting Comfort: (1) Circulation; (2) Natural or climatic forces; (3) Noise; (4) Aroma or
smell; (5) Shape; (6) Security; (7) Cleanliness; (8) Beauty of space; (9) Lighting. In planning a
pedestrian path it is necessary to consider: 1. Balanced interactions between pedestrians and vehicles;
2. The safety factor, sufficient space for pedestrians; 3. Facilities that offer fun along the pedestrian
area; 4. The availability of public facilities that are integrated and become a supporting element [10].
The main function of the pedestrian path is to provide services to pedestrians so that it can improve
pedestrian smoothness, safety, and comfort [11].
Before this research was conducted, there were several journals and studies that discussed
pedestrians perceptions of the comfort level of the pedestrian path, Villaveces, et al. conducted a study
on Pedestrians' Perceptions of Walkability and Safety in Relation to the Built Environment.
pedestrians, causing a sense of insecurity and comfort in using the sidewalk [12]. Another research, on
the Identification of Service Levels for Sidewalks and Pedestrian Comfort in the Regional
Government Office Cibinong, Bogor Regency, which states that circulation, with the results of zone 1
presentation analysis, obtained results of 44% showed less comfort, zone 2 obtained results of 41%
indicated that it was still less comfortable, and Zone 3 obtained results of 34% indicating that it was
still less comfortable [13]. On the other hand, Muchtar conducted research on the Identification of
Pedestrian Comfort Levels. Case Study of Kedoya Raya Street-Arjuna Street, South Tangerang. The
research was conducted to restore the actual function of the sidewalk, so as to create a safe,
comfortable and pleasant atmosphere for the users of the infrastructure [14]. Park and Garcia made a
study whose results were shown in the form of proper street lighting as a major contributor to
increasing feelings of safety on the road followed by the morphological complexity of roads formed
by various types of businesses, outdoor eating places, street singers, and other pedestrian activities,
Apart from physical setting, this study also found that age and gender influence anxiety levels among
pedestrians [15]. And another study found that the majority of respondents did not like to use
sidewalks because of the bad road surface conditions and untidy pathways, while most respondents
felt that the side roads were not too wide [16].
After conducting a preliminary survey, it was identified that the conditions in the pedestrian
pathway on the Pemuda street had changed its function as a place to trade, an online motorcycle taxi
base, as well as a parking lot for visitors to shops / dining places along the Pemuda street which caused
the main function of the pedestrian path for pedestrians. feet are not a priority anymore. Therefore, the
aim of this study is to see whether gender differences affect pedestrians' perceptions of the comfort
level of the pedestrian paths located on Pemuda street Rawamangun. The results of this study can
assist planners, policy makers and facility providers in providing and improving optimal pedestrian
facilities that take into account local pedestrian travel preferences and characteristics rather than using
existing rules of thumb.

2. Methodology
The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive method [17]. The quantitative descriptive
method that is intended is to determine the perception of pedestrians on the level of comfort of the
pedestrian lane on Pemuda street and will be represented as a number of certain indicators so that it is
known how much the impact of comfort felt by road users in transportation [17]. Pemuda street is one
of the protocol roads in the Rawamangun area in the city of Jakarta. With these considerations,
Pemuda street Rawamangun is considered significant and representative to be the choice of location in
conducting this research.

Figure 1. Flow chart diagram

 Data collection was carried out through surveys with observations and questionnaires [18]. A
questionnaire is a data collection technique that is carried out by giving a set of questions or written
statements to respondents to answer [17]. Google form-based questionnaires will be given to
respondents related to this research, namely, pedestrian users who have done activities on Pemuda
street Jakarta City pedestrian path. While the sampling technique that will be taken in this research is
the method of taking random samples (random sampling). The advantage of this sampling technique is
that it is easy, and fast, just like accidental sampling [19]. Then the respondents consisted of at least
100 people who were pedestrians who had passed along Pemuda street Jakarta. The data obtained will
describe the perceptions of the comfort level of pedestrian lane users, especially pedestrians on
Pemuda street Jakarta. In order to easily analyze the data obtained from respondents, you can take the
following steps [20] :
a. Calculate the respondent’s score
b. Set the questionnaire score with agreed terms.
c. Determine the maximum score obtained from the multiplication of the lowest score, the number of
items, and the number of respondents. The lowest score is 1 (one) so: the minimum score = 1 x 5
xn = 5n.
Table 1. The comfort level criteria score interval ranking
Score Interval Percentage Interval Comfort Level Criteria
22n ≤ X ≤ 25n 84% ≤ X ≤ 100% Very Comfortable
18n ≤ X ≤ 21n 68% ≤ X ≤ 84% Comfortable
14n ≤ X ≤ 17n 52% ≤ X ≤ 68% Quite Comfortable
10n ≤ X ≤ 13n 36% ≤ X ≤ 52% Uncomfortable
5n ≤ X ≤ 9n 20% ≤ X ≤ 36% Very Uncomfortable

d. The calculation of the respondent's score and the percentage of pedestrian comfort level is as
follows:
1) Add up the scores obtained from each respondent.
2) Calculate the percentage of the comfort level by dividing the total acquisition score of the
respondent by the maximum total score multiplied by 100%.
e. Establishment of pedestrian comfort level criteria based on the specified criteria standards. The
instruments used in this study are an adaptation of the comfort factor proposed with development
and adjustment by researchers [20][21][22]. In implementation in the field, it is necessary to
understand that all instruments should be made as well as possible and comprehensive [23].

Table 2. Comfort level aspects and indicators

No Aspects Indicator
1 Accessibility and Circulation a. Pedestrian paths can be accessed/traversed by all
pedestrians, including those with special needs.
b. Pedestrian paths continuously from one point to another
(connected to each other).
c. The lane width is sufficient so that pedestrians are free
to move
d. There are adequate crossing routes
e. Public transportation is available to change the mode of
transportation.
f. There is a shelter from the hot sun during the day.
g. Available vegetation / trees along the pedestrian path.
h. Clarity of circulation between pedestrians & other
activities (street vendors, parking, roller skating, cycling,
etc.).
2 Pedestrian Conditions a. The pedestrian path is in decent condition and has no
 No Aspects Indicator
holes.
b. The surface of the pedestrian path is flat, does not go up
and down.
c. The surface of the pedestrian path is not slippery.
d. There is a difference in the surface height of the
pedestrian path and the traffic lane.
e. The slope of the pedestrian path is quite gentle.
3 Hygiene a. The pedestrian path is clean from trash.
b. The surface of the pedestrian path is maintained and not
overgrown with shrubs.
c. There is access to clean drainage channels.
d. The cover material has high absorption.
e. Odorless environment.
4 Beauty of Space a. Attractive pedestrian path design.
b. Patterned / patterned pedestrian path covering material.
c. Attractive colored cover material.
d. Decorative shade trees and curbside plants.
e. Attractive lighting design.
5 Pedestrians Obstacles a. Merchant furniture that is above the pedestrian path or
street vendors blocking the pedestrian path.
b. There are two-wheeled vehicles passing on the
pedestrian path.
c. Flower pots / trash cans above the pedestrian path block
pedestrians.
d. Parking of vehicles blocking pedestrian paths.
e. Protrusions of buildings, electric poles / billboards
blocking pedestrian paths.

3. Result and Discussion

After the research data is obtained, the data is processed to determine how much the percentage of the
comfort level of the pedestrian lane users based on the aspects and indicators as well as the
predetermined interval ranking. After the research survey, there were 156 respondents consisting of 96
female respondents and 60 male respondents with the following data.

4. General Condition
Pemuda street is one of the protocol roads that connects Ahmad Yani Street and Raya Bekasi Street,
therefore the existence of the pedestrian lane on Pemuda street is one of the access roads connecting
the road around the road. Not only that, Pemuda street is one of the roads that is used as a shopping
center, food center, sports center, and a new mode of transportation that has become the icon of
today's Pemuda street, namely the LRT. With these conditions, this area is always densely visited and
the majority of people passing through this road are female.
 Figure 2. Map and condition of Pemuda Rawamangun Street

Figure 3. Cross-sectional view of Pemuda Rawamangun Street

5. Analysis of Pedestrian Comfort Level on Pedestrian Paths on Pemuda street Rawamangun.

Pedestrians' perceptions of the comfort level of the pedestrian path include several factors, namely: the
level of accessibility and circulation, the level of surface conditions, the level of cleanliness, the level
of beauty, and the level of obstacles / obstacles to the pedestrian path. For the overall percentage of
respondents on the comfort level of the pedestrian path, it is obtained as follows:
Total respondents = 156 people
Percentage of pedestrian comfort level

(1)
Total respondent score = 14878

Maximum score = highest score x number of questions x number of respondents (2)

= 5 x 28 x 156

= 21840

Percentage of pedestrian comfort level = = 68,12%

By referring to table 1 above, it can be seen that overall respondents agree that the pedestrian path on
Pemuda street is comfortable. And can be seen in the following table
Table 3. The rangkng of the overall safety criteria score intervals
Score Interval Percentage Interval Comfort Level Criteria
22n ≤ X ≤ 25n 84% ≤ X ≤ 100% Very Comfortable
18n ≤ X ≤ 21n 68% ≤ X ≤ 84% Comfortable
14n ≤ X ≤ 17n 52% ≤ X ≤ 68% Comfortable Enough
10n ≤ X ≤ 13n 36% ≤ X ≤ 52% Uncomfortable
5n ≤ X ≤ 9n 20% ≤ X ≤ 36% Very Uncomfortable

6. Pedestrian Path Comfort Level Analysis Based on Gender per Indicator

Table 4. Pedestrian path comfort level analysis based on gender per indicator
Indicator Men (%) Women (%)
Accessibility and Circulation 72,29 70,08
Pedestrian Conditions 78,93 75,08
Hygiene 73,60 69,67
Beauty of Space 69,73 69,554
Pedestrians Obstacles 52,33 49,58

Based on the data obtained from each indicator, it can be concluded that the highest percentage is
found in the indicator of the surface condition of the male gender, namely 78.93%, while the female is
75.08% and the lowest percentage is found in the pedestrian path indicator. 52.33% male, while
49.58% female. This means that both men and women agree that the surface conditions of the Youth
pedestrian pathway are comfortable, but for obstacle indicators both men and women feel
uncomfortable. This needs to be reviewed again related to the causes of obstacles that make
pedestrians very uncomfortable so that it can be an input for the local government of the capital city of
Jakarta.
The results obtained in this study gender influencing the comfort level of a pedestrian on the
pedestrian path. This is reinforced by the results of research conducted by Park & Garcia, suggesting
that age and gender affect the level of anxiety among pedestrians. The results obtained in this study,
gender or female gender, have a fairly safe level of comfort when walking than men. This can be seen
from the percentage found that the percentage of women has a high enough score than men [15].
However, this is contrary to the results of research conducted by Arshad et al., which was conducted in
Kuala Lumpur and found that female pedestrians gave lower satisfaction scores for the overall travel
experience on Tuanku Abdul Rahman Street but the satisfaction scores were more high on Petaling
Street and Bukit Bintang compared to male pedestrians [24]. Meanwhile, based on research conducted
by Hidayat, Choocharukul, & Kishi, states that groups of women consider their comfort more than
other factors for their walking trip. The most important determinant (the largest total effect) of
sidewalk performance in the male group is the perception of pedestrian interaction, while the most
important determinant of sidewalk performance in the female group is the perception of the condition
of the sidewalk [25]. Research conducted by Wang, Schwebel, Tan, Shi, & Miao states that men and
women show different characteristics in pedestrian behavior [26]. The difference in the results of the
research obtained with the results of research that has been conducted by previous researchers is due to
the different research locations that affect the results obtained. This can also be influenced by several
factors, for example the condition of the sidewalks / pedestrian paths under review, the interactions
carried out by pedestrians, and having different characteristics between men and women in using the
pedestrian path.

7. Conclusion
Based on the results of data analysis carried out in research studies on pedestrian perceptions of the
level of comfort of the pedestrian paths on Pemuda street Rawamangun, the results is from 156
respondents who stated that overall the level of comfort was felt to be comfortable with a percentage
of 68.12%. This is supported by several indicator factors, namely: the level of accessibility and
circulation, the level of surface conditions, the level of cleanliness, the level of beauty, and the level of
obstacles / obstacles to pedestrian paths. From some of these indicators, it shows that the percentage of
surface condition indicators, both male gender is 78.93%, and female, 75.08%, agrees that the surface
condition of the Pedestrian lane on the Pemuda street is comfortable, but the percentage on the
indicator of obstacles to the pedestrian path both men 52.33% and women 49.58% felt uncomfortable.
So, recommendation from this paper are the results show that the comfort level of the pedestrian lane
on Pemuda street Rawamangun is in the comfort criteria. This must be maintained or even there must
be several things in terms of aspects that need to be improved, especially the level of comfort,
especially restoring the function of the sidewalk so that people feel more comfortable. This repair must
pay attention to various aspects of public interest, merchant activity, parking, and vehicle circulation.
Other than that, repairing sidewalk facilities must pay attention to several important elements in
supporting the interests of the community, among others, 1) distribution of pedestrian circulation with
traders on the sidewalk, 2) distribution of vehicle parking, 3) flower pots and trash cans are placed in
the right place so that do not obstruct pedestrians.

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