OpenDSS Training

Workshop
PVSystem, InvControl, Storage,
StorageController – Parts I and III
Celso Rocha, Paulo Radatz
EPRI Knoxville, TN

August 26, 2020

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 Instructor

▪ Celso Rocha, Member, IEEE

Celso Rocha serves as Engineer Scientist II at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in
Knoxville, Tennessee USA. He received his degree in electrical engineering with emphasis in energy
and automation from University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (2017); Currently, he is pursuing his
Masters in electrical engineering at University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil under the supervision
of Dr. Nelson Kagan. He has 5 years of experience with OpenDSS, having taught several OpenDSS
trainings in Brazil at conferences, universities and industry.

▪ Paulo Radatz
Paulo Radatz serves as Engineer Scientist II at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in
Knoxville, Tennessee USA. He received both his Masters and Bachelors degree in electrical
engineering with emphasis in energy and automation from University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo,
Brazil. He was awarded a prize for being the best bachelor's student of Polytechnic School of
University of Sao Paulo (2015). He has 5 years of experience with OpenDSS, having taught several
OpenDSS trainings in Brazil at conferences, universities and industry.

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 1. Inverter Modeling in OpenDSS

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 “New inverter.*”?

▪ No standalone inverter component

▪ Features span over PVSystem, Storage and InvControl
– At PVSystem and Storage:
▪ Nameplate, settings and losses: kVA, kvarMax, …
▪ Basic functions: Constant PF, constant kvar, …
– At InvControl:
▪ More complex functionalities (Volt-Var, DRC, Volt-Watt, …)

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 Inverter Capability Curve

Storage (Ch)

PVSystem
and Storage
(Dch)

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 Inverter Capability Curve

▪ Customization: set the respective parameter to “0” to disable it

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 Inverter Capability Curve

▪ Violation of capability curve: application of priorities

– wattPriority [True/False*]
– pfPriority [True/False*]
Reactive Power Priority

Power Factor Priority

Active Power Priority

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 2. PVSystem + InvControl

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 PVSystem Element in OpenDSS

▪ The PVSystem model combines the photovoltaic (PV) array and

the PV inverter into one convenient model to use for distribution
system impacts studies

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 PVSystem Properties

PV Array
Pmpp
P-TCurve
PV Inverter
Inverter Connection and Efficiency Curve
kV, Phases, bus1, conn, EffCurve

Inverter Capability Curve

%cutin, %cutout, kvarMax, kvarMaxAbs, WattPriority,
PFPriority, %PminNoVars, %PminkvarMax Operating Conditions
Inverter Functions SnapShot
%Pmpp, PF, kvar, VarFollowInverter Irradiance, Temperature

QSTS
Irradiance,
irradiance curve (daily, yearly, or duty),
temperature curve (Tdaily, Tyearly, or Tduty)

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 Example Script

Clear

New Circuit.TheveninEquivalent bus1=A pu=1.0 basekv=13.8

New XYCurve.Eff npts=4 xarray=[.1 .2 .4 1.0] yarray=[.86 .9 .93 .97]

New XYCurve.FatorPvsT npts=4 xarray=[0 25 75 100] yarray=[1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6]

New Loadshape.Irrad npts=24 interval=1

~ mult=[0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .2 .3 .5 .8 .9 1.0 1.0 .99 .9 .7 .4 .1 0 0 0 0 0]

New Tshape.Temp npts=24 interval=1

~ temp=[25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 35 40 45 50 60 60 55 40 35 30 25 25 25 25 25 25]

New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1200 effcurve=Eff

~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp pf=0.9

Set voltagebases=[13.8]
Calcvoltagebases
Set mode=daily
Solve

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 Base Case
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1200 effcurve=Eff
~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp pf=0.9 %cutin=20 %cutout=20

Pdc < %cutin * kVA Pdc < %cutout * kVA

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 Base Case
New Monitor.PV_v element=PVSystem.PV terminal=1 mode=3

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 kVA exceeded under P priority
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1000 effcurve=Eff
~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp wattpriority=yes pf=0.8

Inverter kVA rating reached

Reactive power reduced

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 kVA exceeded under Q priority
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1000 effcurve=Eff
~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp wattpriority=no pf=0.8

Active power reduced

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 Active Power Limited – Limit DER Power
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1000 effcurve=Eff
~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=60 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp pf=1

Active power limited to %Pmpp x Pmpp

Curtailment

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 Reactive Power Limited
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1000 effcurve=Eff
~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp pf=0.6 kvarmax=300

Reactive power limited to kvarMax

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 Night Operation
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1000 effcurve=Eff
~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp kvar=300 varfollowinverter=no

Reactive power at night

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 InvControl Element in OpenDSS

▪ Works in conjunction with PVSystem/Storage object(s) to control

the DERs output according to advanced (‘smart’) inverter
functions

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 InvControl Properties
Common Properties
Mode and element controlled
REQUEST Reactive Power
DERList, mode, Combimode
RefReactivePower
Convergence Volt-var
VoltageChangeTolerance, VarChangeTolerance, ActivePChangeTolerance Vvc_curve1
deltaQ_factor, deltaP_factor (Set equal to -1 allows automatic algorithm) DRC (Dynamic Reactive Current)
Monitored Voltage DbvMin, DbvMax, ArGraLowV,
ArGraHiV, DynReacavgwindowlen
monBus, monBusesVbase, monVoltageCalc, voltage_curvex_ref
Watt-pf
Wattpf_curve

Watt-var
LIMIT Active Power Wattvar_curve
Volt-watt
VoltwattYAxis
Voltwatt_curve
VoltwattCH_curve (Storage Only)

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 Smart Inverter Functions

▪ Volt-Var
– Follows a voltage versus reactive power curve and REQUESTS the
reactive power generation (capacitive) or reactive power absorption
(inductive) according to the monitored voltage of each DER element

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 Smart Inverter Functions

▪ Volt-Watt
– Follows a voltage versus active power curve and defines the active power
output LIMIT according to the monitored voltage of each DER element

Allowed
Operating
Area

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 Smart Inverter Functions

▪ Watt-PF
– Follows an active power versus power factor curve to REQUEST the
reactive power according to the active power output of each DER
element
▪ Watt-Var
– Follows an active power versus reactive power curve and REQUESTS the
reactive power according to the active power output of each DER
element

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 Smart Inverter Functions

▪ Dynamic Reactive Current (DRC)

– Has several settings that REQUEST the reactive power generation or
absorption in response to fast changes in monitored voltage (e.g., during
a sag or swell)

▪ Volt-Var + Volt-Watt

▪ Volt-Var + DRC

▪ Volt-Watt + DRC

▪ Volt-Watt + PF or var constant

– Volt-Watt set in InvControl and PF or var constant set in
PVSystem/Storage

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 Volt-Var Example

New PVSystem.PV phases=3 bus1=A Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1010 effcurve=Eff

~ P-TCurve=FatorPvsT %Pmpp=100 daily=Irrad Tdaily=Temp wattpriority=yes

New XYcurve.generic npts=5 yarray=[1 1 0 -1 -1] xarray=[0.5 0.92 1.0 1.08 1.5]

New InvControl.VoltVar mode=VOLTVAR vvc_curve1=generic RefReactivePower=VARMAX

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 Monitor mode 3 – State Variables
New Monitor.PV_v element=PVSystem.PV terminal=1 mode=3
Function Flags

hour IrradiancePanelkW P_TFactor Efficiency Vreg Vavg (DRC) volt-var volt-watt DRC VV_DRC
1 0 0 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999
2 0 0 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999
3 0 0 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999
4 0 0 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999
5 0 0 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999
6 0 0 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999 Regulated Voltage
7 0.1 100 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999 used in the Smart
8 0.2 200 1 1 0.99 9999 0 9999 9999 9999 Inverter Functions
9 0.3 300 1 1 1.00 9999 -1 9999 9999 9999
10 0.5 500 1 1 1.01 9999 -1 9999 9999 9999

REQUEST Reactive Power

Volt-var, DRC, Watt-pf, Watt-var, and VV_DRC Flags
LIMIT Active Power
Negative value for var absorption
Positive value for var generation Volt-watt Flag
1 indicates the function operates without restriction 1 indicates active power limited

0.6 indicates inverter kVA rating exceed under P priority 0 otherwise

0.2 indicates reactive power limited by

kvarMax/kvarMaxAbs
0 indicates no reactive power requested
9999 indicates not applied

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 Volt-Var Example
New PVSystem.PV phases=3 Pmpp=1000 kV=13.8 kVA=1010 wattpriority=yes …
New XYcurve.generic npts=5 yarray=[1 1 0 -1 -1] xarray=[0.5 0.92 1.0 1.08 1.5]
New InvControl.VoltVar mode=VOLTVAR vvc_curve1=generic RefReactivePower=VARMAX

Voltage Reduced with Volt-var

Reactive power reduced Inverter kVA rating reached

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 Volt-Watt Example
New XYcurve.generic npts=3 yarray=[1 1 0] xarray=[1 1.02 1.1]
New InvControl.VoltWatt mode=VOLTWATT voltwatt_curve=generic VoltwattYAxis=PMPPPU

Active Power Limited

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 3. Storage + StorageController

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 Storage Element in OpenDSS

▪ General purpose energy storage

▪ In snapshot mode, same effect as a load/generator
▪ The strength is in time-varying (QSTS) simulation modes
– Storage is a variable resource, but it is also limited
– Account for energy stored, and losses

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 Modeling

“Same” as in PV System

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 Modeling

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 Operation – Power Flow within Storage

▪ In Charging state: Power that effectively charges the ES

𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ
𝐼𝑛𝑣
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Power that effectively charges the ES

𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑖𝑛

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 Operation – Power Flow within Storage

▪ In Discharging state: Power that effectively discharges the ES

𝐼𝑛𝑣 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑐ℎ

𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡

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 Operation – Power Flow within Storage

▪ In Idling state:

𝐼𝑛𝑣 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑖𝑛

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 Dispatch Modes
Measure Means Modes
▪ Someone needs to tell
Default
the element when Follow
charge/discharge and at Self- LoadLevel
Dispatch
what rate Price
External
▪ “Self-dispatch”: TimeChargeTrigger (Charge Only)

– Active power → dispmode Active Power PeakShave/I-PeakShave (Discharge Only)

Follow (Discharge Only)
– Reactive Power → pf, kvar Support (Discharge Only)
Storage
▪ Any combination of Controller
Schedule (Discharge Only)
PeakShaveLow/I-PeakShaveLow (Charge Only)
Active Power and Loadshape
Reactive Power control is Time

valid! Self- Constant PF

Dispatch Constant kvar
Reactive
Volt-Var
Power
InvControl Dynamic Reactive Current (DRC)
Volt-Var + DRC

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 Dispatch Modes – Self-Dispatch (Follow)

New LoadShape.dispatch_shape interval=1

npts=24 mult = [0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -0.5, -0.5, 0, 0, 0, %reserve
0, 0, 0, 0 , 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0,
0]
New Storage.Storage1 phases=3 bus1=A kv=0.48
~ kWrated=50 %reserve=20
~ kWhrated= 500 %stored=50
~ dispmode=follow daily=dispatch_shape

𝑷 𝒕 = 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒕 ∗ 𝒌𝑾𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅

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 Dispatch Modes – Self-Dispatch (External)
// 1am-2am
Set number=2
Solve
// 3am-7am
Edit Storage.Storage1 state=charging
New Storage.Storage1 phases=3 bus1=A kv=0.48 kWrated=50 %reserve=20
~ %charge=80 kWhrated= 500 %stored=50 state=idling dispmode=External
Set number=5
Solve
// 8am-5pm
Edit Storage.Storage1 state=idling
Set number= 10
Solve
// 6am-10pm
Edit Storage.Storage1 kW=25
Set number=5
Solve Implicitly sets state to discharge (>0)
// 11pm-12am
Edit Storage.Storage1 state=idling
Set number= 2
Solve

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 Storage Controller Element in OpenDSS
▪ Control Element
▪ Designed to control a fleet of ES
▪ Monitors a terminal of a current-carrying element (typically a PDE)

Fleet of Distributed Energy Storage Elements

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 Storage Controller - Dispatch Modes

Requested State Modes

Peakshave
I-Peakshave

Discharging Follow
Support
Schedule
PeakShaveLow
Charging
I-PeakShaveLow
Time
Discharging and
Charging Loadshape

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 Storage Controller - Dispatch Modes

▪ Examples – Base Circuit (IEEE 8500 Buses)

Substation Fleet Energy Capacity= 7.35 MWh

Fleet Power Capacity= 1.55 MW

New Storage.A phases=3 bus1=l3235258 kv=12.47 kWhrated=500.0 kWrated=100.0 %stored=70

New Storage.B phases=3 bus1=m1069483 kv=12.47 kWhrated=1000.0 kWrated=200.0 %stored=70
New Storage.C phases=3 bus1=p862322 kv=12.47 kWhrated=1650.0 kWrated=350.0 %stored=70
New Storage.D phases=3 bus1=m1047615 kv=12.47 kWhrated=1250.0 kWrated=300.0 %stored=70
New Storage.E phases=3 bus1=m1069556 kv=12.47 kWhrated=500.0 kWrated=150.0 %stored=70
New Storage.F phases=3 bus1=l2688692 kv=12.47 kWhrated=1200.0 kWrated=200.0 %stored=70
New Storage.G phases=3 bus1=m1089131 kv=12.47 kWhrated=1250.0 kWrated=250.0 %stored=70
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 Storage Controller - Dispatch Modes –
PeakShaving (Discharging) and Time (Charging)
New StorageController.SC element=Line.ln5815900-1 modedis=peakShave kwtarget=10200
~ modecharge=Time timeChargeTrigger=2 %rateCharge=50

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 Storage Controller - Dispatch Modes –
PeakShaving (Discharging) and Time (Charging)
New StorageController.SC element=Line.ln5815900-1 modedis=peakShave kwtarget=10200
~ modecharge=Time timeChargeTrigger=2 %rateCharge=50

No Power - Case

set casename=NoPower
Edit Storage.A kWrated=50
Edit Storage.B kWrated=100
Edit Storage.C kWrated=175
Edit Storage.D kWrated=150
Edit Storage.E kWrated=75
Edit Storage.F kWrated=100
Edit Storage.G kWrated=125

Original Fleet Power Capacity= 1.55 MW Fleet Power Capacity= 0.775 MW

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 Storage Controller - Dispatch Modes –
PeakShaving (Discharging) and Time (Charging)
New StorageController.SC element=Line.ln5815900-1 modedis=peakShave kwtarget=10200
~ modecharge=Time timeChargeTrigger=2 %rateCharge=50

No Energy - Case

set casename=NoEnergy
Edit Storage.A kWhrated=250
Edit Storage.B kWhrated=500
Edit Storage.C kWhrated=825
Edit Storage.D kWhrated=625
Edit Storage.E kWhrated=250
Edit Storage.F kWhrated=600
Edit Storage.G kWhrated=625

Original Fleet Energy Capacity= 7.35 MWh Fleet Energy Capacity= 3.675 MWh

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 Storage Controller + InvControl

A B Storage B C Storage C D Storage D

~
Load B

New Storage.B phases=3 bus1=B kv=13.8 kVA=1000 kWrated=1000 kWhrated= 10000 kvarMax=800
New Storage.C phases=3 bus1=C kv=13.8 kVA=1000 kWrated=1000 kWhrated= 10000 kvarMax=800
New Storage.D phases=3 bus1=D kv=13.8 kVA=1000 kWrated=1000 kWhrated= 10000 kvarMax=800

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 Storage Controller + InvControl
Storage
Controller

A B Storage B C Storage C D Storage D

𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑪
𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔
𝑽𝑫
~
Load B InvControl InvControl InvControl

set maxcontroliter=200
Set mode=Daily
! StorageController
!Cases Set stepsize=1h
new Storagecontroller.SC element=line.AB
set casename=NoControls
~ modedis=peakshave kwtarget=4000
Edit StorageController.SC enabled=False Set number=10
Edit InvControl.InvControl enabled=False Solve
! InvControl
New XYcurve.generic npts=5 yarray=[1 1 0 -1 -1]
set casename=Ppriority Edit Vsource.source pu=0.94
~ xarray=[0.5 0.92 1.0 1.08 1.5]
Batchedit Storage..* wattpriority = True set number=4
New InvControl.InvControl mode=VOLTVAR
~ vvc_curve1=generic Solve
set casename=Qpriority
~ RefReactivePower=VARMAX
Batchedit Storage..* wattpriority = False Edit Vsource.source pu=1
set number=10
Solve
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 Storage Controller + InvControl

Peak could not be completely

shaved with Q priority!

New Monitor.Mon_StorageD_State element=Storage.D mode=3

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 Storage Controller + InvControl

▪ Monitor in Mode 3 for Storage D and Q-priority case

Dispatched Power Requested by
Storage Controller
hour kWh kWOut kvarOut Vref kWDesired
11 8185.26 600.086 799.936 0.911377 801.688

Q Priority

P Priority

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 Where do I go from here?

▪ Detailed technical notes available at your

local OpenDSS installation Doc folder
(C:\Program Files\OpenDSS\Doc)
– Inverter Modeling
▪ DSS Scripts at “Examples/InverterTechNote/”
– PVSystem and InvControl Element Models
▪ DSS Scripts at “Examples/InverterModels/”
– Storage Element
▪ DSS Scripts at “Examples/StorageTechNote/”
– StorageController Element
▪ DSS Scripts at
“Examples/StorageControllerTechNote/”
▪ Official Forum at SourceForge

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 Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity

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