Received July 21, 2017, accepted September 7, 2017, date of publication September 13, 2017,

date of current version September 27, 2017.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2752002

Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in

Optical Communication Networks for
High Performance & Reliability
FARHAN QAMAR1 , MUHAMMAD KHAWAR ISLAM2 , SYED ZAFAR ALI SHAH3 ,
ROMANA FARHAN4 , MUDASSAR ALI1
1 Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Taxila 47050, Pakistan
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Air University, E-9 Islamabad, Pakistan
4 Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Taxila 47050, Pakistan

Corresponding author: Farhan Qamar (farhan.qamar@uettaxila.edu.pk)

This work was supported by the UET, TAXILA under Grant UET/ASR&TD/RG-357.

ABSTRACT A numerical study is presented in this paper based on semiconductor laser chaos generation
which is being used to hide multi-level data signal, i.e., duo-binary message to take the advantage of secure
environment & higher data rates at the same time. Duobinary message is generated by using the combination
of duobinary precoder, duobinary generator & RZ/NRZ pulse generator. Laser rate equations are used to
model chaos generation through semiconductor laser whereas message is made secured by hiding it through
chaos masking scheme. Propagation of chaos hiding the multi-format message is studied for long distance
communication model. Synchronization between transmitter & receiver is achieved to obtain the acceptable
eye-diagrams & quality factor (Q-factor). Q-factor is function of optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) that
gives a qualitative performance of receiver. It provides the minimum SNR to obtain specific bit error rate of
signal. A comparison is made with & without deployment of chaos masking scheme on RZ & NRZ duobinary
optical system to observe the penalty in terms of Q-factor. In addition, response of amplifier on chaotic signal
due to its nonlinearities is investigated by varying the gain of amplifier.

INDEX TERMS Duobinary modulation format, Semi-conductor lasers, Chaos synchronization, Chaos
message masking, Optical amplifier, DCF (Dispersion Compensation Fiber), Long haul.

I. INTRODUCTION already deployed [5]–[7] but the security issues explicit to

Now-a-days, telecom networks are going through various these formats are still need to be studied in detail. In this
technological changes to support huge data traffic. Newly paper, we analyzed & addressed the security features for the
developed technologies & applications such as internet ser- first time in multi-level format i.e. Duobinary.
vices, interactive games, telemedicine, large-scale comput- Due to some important features of chaotic waveform
ing, IPTV etc along with existing video and voice services such as noise-like time domain signal and broad spectrum,
are making traffic enormous day by day. In this situation, chaos communication can be used for secure communica-
the concept of multi-data formats has gained the attention of tion [8]–[15]. An attacker, who can get the modulated chaotic
researchers to efficiently utilize the bandwidth of channel [1]. signal, cannot interpret the information without knowing the
Duobinary, type of multi-level format, is a proficient opti- original chaotic signal produced by the chaotic sources. Many
cal modulation scheme which is the area of interest due to important discoveries are made in recent years in the field
its increased spectral efficiency. It is being used to increase of optical chaos generation [16]. Potential sources which
the channel capacity by improving the bandwidth utilization. are being used to generate chaos includes Semiconductor
Its simplicity of implementation, tolerance to high chromatic lasers [17]–[23], Semiconductor ring lasers [24], Erbium
dispersion [2] & increased spectral efficiency [3] are some of doped fiber ring lasers [25], [26], Vertical cavity surface
the attractive features which can be used in long haul com- emitting Lasers [27], [28], Random feedback fiber distributed
munication [4]. Although the concept of using duo-binary lasers [29], Optoelectronic oscillators [30], [31] etc. Of these
modulation scheme in long haul optical communication is chaotic sources semiconductor lasers are most commonly

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 F. Qamar et al.: Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in Optical Communication Networks

used in the field of secure optical communication when high

bandwidth chaos is intended. As multi-level formats are suit-
able for high data rates so our proposed study gives an idea to
ensure the security of multi-level formats by using semicon-
ductor chaotic lasers. Major contributions of this paper are as
follow:
1. This is the first time that we combined the advantages
of chaos masking & duobinary schemes (multi-level FIGURE 1. Basic CMS communication model.

format) to take the advantage of security & high data

rate at the same time.
2. Performance comparison of RZ-duobinary & available chaotic laser. Mathematically this model can be
NRZ-duobinary format is done when both are used in expressed as,
chaotic environment.
n (t) = m (t) + c(t) (1)
3. Amplifier response on chaotic signal due to its nonlin-
earities is investigated by varying the gain of amplifier r (t) = n (t) − c(t) (2)
according to different lengths of optical fiber. r (t) = [m (t) + c (t)] − c(t) (3)
4. Also, a complete step by step approach can be seen r (t) = m(t) (4)
in our paper starting from duobinary signal generation,
security feature addition, effects of channel & amplifier Where, n(t) is transmitted signal and r(t) is received signal.
on chaotic signal & finally the retrieval of original The essence of secure optical communication by using
message from chaos. chaos particularly in CMS lies in the fact that two spatially
This paper is arranged in following sections. Section-I deployed chaotic lasers must be synchronized with each
comprises introduction of paper. Section-II covers mathemat- other [37], [38]. Synchronization of chaotic lasers is the
ical model, operating parameters & their values. Section-III irregular optical pulses evolution of the transmitter side laser
shows proposed setup for simulations. Results & discus- that is well reproduced by the receiver side laser in similar
sions are included in Section-IV. Finally, paper is concluded fashion. In our study, this task is achieved by closely matching
in Section-V. the parameters of these two chaotic lasers. Also, the operating
conditions of both the lasers are also kept same for perfect
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL synchronization.
Three schemes which are used to make signal secure are Chaos produced through this model is of pulsating nature
chaos masking scheme (CMS), chaos shift keying (CSK) & which exhibits more chaotic behavior as compared to non-
chaos modulation (CM). The performance comparison of pulsating chaos. The degree of chaos is measured by calculat-
these three schemes can be seen in Table 1. ing Lyapunov exponents, which shows greater values towards
positive side for the pulsating chaos [39]. As the larger values
TABLE 1. Performance comparison of message encoding schemes. of Lyapunov exponents (towards positive side) show more
instability in system so on this basis we can suggest that the
generated chaos is highly unpredictable. Optical chaos gener-
ated by semiconductor laser can be represented by following
laser rate equations [40]:
dn J n
= − G (n) S − (5)
dt ed τn
dS S n
= G (n) S − + βsp (6)
dt τph τr
In eq (5), ‘n’ is the concentration of carrier, ‘J ’ is the injection
current density (in active layer it is electric current flowing
per unit area), ‘e’ represents the elementary charge, ‘d’ is the
As our goal is to design low cost efficient secure system thickness of active layer. ‘G (n)’ defines the mode amplifica-
for long haul communication so CMS is chosen among the tion rate due to stimulated emission & ‘τn ’ is carrier lifetime.
three. The basic chaotic communication model using CMS is Where as in eq (6), ‘S’ is photon density, ‘τph ’ represents
shown in Fig. 1. In this scheme, the message m(t) is simply photon lifetime, ‘βsp ’ defines coupling factor due to sponta-
added to the chaotic waveform c(t) generated by semicon- neous emission & ‘τr ’ is the radiative recombination lifetime
ductor laser & then transmitted over channel. The transmitted due to the spontaneous emission. Eq (5) can be written as:
chaotic waveform is similar to noise signal n(t) which hides
message in it. At the receiving side, the original message m(t) dn d(N /Va ) 1 dN
= = (7)
is recovered by subtracting chaos produced by the locally dt dt Va dt
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F. Qamar et al.: Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in Optical Communication Networks

FIGURE 2. Chaotic optical communication model using duobinary format.

FIGURE 3. Duobinary message with data rate 10GB/s.

Where n = N /Va and ‘N ’ is the number of carriers in active

layer. ‘Va ’ is the volume of active layer. By solving eq (7)
 
1 I N
= − g (n) 0a N ph − (8)
Va e τn
In eq (8), ‘I’ is the injection current that is flowing through
the active layer. ‘Nph ’ are the number of photons. ‘g (n)’ rep-
resents the amplification rate due to the stimulated emission
in the active layer.
I/Va Va Nph N/Va
= − g (n) − (9)
e Vm Va τn
Where, 0a = V a /Vm .
By solving eq (9)
J n
− g (n) s −
= (10)
ed τn FIGURE 4. (a). Time domain plot of generated chaos. (b). Time domain
Now, modifying eq (6) plot of generated chaos on larger scale.

ds d(Nph /Vm ) 1 dNph

= = (11) Eq (10) & Eq (14) are the required solved rate equations for
dt dt Vm dt
  producing chaos through semiconductor lasers. Parameters &
1 Nph N
= g (n) 0a N ph − + βsp (12) their values which are used in this setup to control chaos are
Vm τph τr given in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively:
Nph Nph /Vm N /Vm Duobinary modulation scheme is actually a combination
= g (n) 0a − + βsp
Vm τph τr of two shift keying techniques, amplitude shift keying (ASK)
(13) and phase shift keying (PSK) [2]. This scheme can transmit
s n R bits/sec signal data rates using less than R/2 Hz of
= g (n) s0a − + 0a β sp (14)
τph τr bandwidth. As the Nyquist theorem suggests that minimum
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 F. Qamar et al.: Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in Optical Communication Networks

FIGURE 5. (a). Duobinary message generated by transmitter. (b). Chaotic

waveform hiding duobinary message. FIGURE 6. (a). Optical spectrum of duobinary message. (b). Optical
spectrum of chaos embedding duobinary message.
TABLE 2. Physical parameters of chaotic laser.

In duobinary modulation scheme the modulator drive sig-

nal can be produced by adding one bit delayed data to the
present data bit which give rise to three levels i.e 0, 1, and 2.
A similar effect can be achieved by using a low-pass filter to
the signal having binary values. Optical duobinary modula-
tion is obtained by 100% over-driving a Mach-Zehnder mod-
ulator with the duobinary encoded electrical signal. In this
way, level 0 and 2 allow 100% transmission with opposite
TABLE 3. Operating parameters of chaotic laser.
optical phases while level 1 allows 0% transmission. This
three- level signal can be demodulated by using an optical
direct detection receiver into a binary signal again. The main
advantage of this correlative electrical signal encoding is
that the duobinary modulated optical signals have narrower
bandwidth compared to the binary NRZ modulated signals.
As a result, the effect of optical fiber dispersion is reduced and
thus will be feasible in long haul or ultra dense wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) systems applications.
bandwidth required to transmit R bits/sec is R/2 Hz with no Transmitted signal can be represented by the following
inter-symbol interference (ISI). This shows that duobinary equation [2].
pulses will have the ISI but in such a way that it will be X∞
x (t) = dk q (t − kt) , dk = 0, 1 (15)
induced in controlled manner to recover the original signal. k=−∞

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F. Qamar et al.: Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in Optical Communication Networks

FIGURE 8. Transmitted signal vs. received Signal.

TABLE 4. Operating parameters of duo-binary model.

FIGURE 7. (a). Transmitted vs. received chaos without synchronization.

(b). Transmitted vs. received chaos after synchronization & delay
matching.

Where, dk is data bits, q(t) is transmitted pulse, and (T = 1/R)

is bit period varied from 110 to 170 km to investigate the system perfor-
mance. An erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with con-
(
1 if K = 0, 1
q(kT) = trollable gain and DCF of appropriate length is used for loss
0 otherwise
management and dispersion compensation of the broadened
Transmitted pulse will be overlapping in time domain due pulses. Direct detection optical receiver is used at the end to
to ISI, narrowing the pulse spectrum. receive the signal. Table 4 shows the operating parameters of
Now, the duobinary pulse affected by ISI can be written as, our proposed scheme.
X∞
x(t) = Ck q(t − kt) (16) IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
k=−∞
Simulations and analysis are made by using
III. PROPOSED SCHEME Optisystem 14.0 & MATLAB respectively. First of all, prop-
The proposed scheme for chaos masking of duobinary signal agation of NRZ-duobinary format is analyzed due to its
is shown in Fig. 2. Duobinary generator is used to convert increased efficiency over RZ. The input NRZ-duobinary
data into duobinary pulses coming from data source. Precoder coded message at the rate of 10Gb/sec is shown in Fig. 3. This
ensures the data integrity by making it error free. Semicon- message is 3-level & fed to the modulator in order to convert
ductor chaotic laser is driven into chaotic mode to generate it to the 2-level optical signal. A continuous wave (CW) laser
chaos. A semiconductor laser at the receiver end seeded by is used for this purpose whose power is set to 20dBm and
the transmitted chaos is driven under the same parameters which operates at 1550nm.
to generate identical chaos for synchronization of transmitter At the next level this optical signal is mixed with chaotic
and receiver. The duobinary signal is recovered from chaos waveform generated by chaotic laser. The chaotic wave-
through subtraction rule. The link consisting of SMF-28 is form and their zoomed plots before mixing with duobinary

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 F. Qamar et al.: Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in Optical Communication Networks

FIGURE 9. Amplifier response on chaotic waveform at different SMF lengths & corresponding gains. a) 22dB. b) 30dB. c) 34dB.

FIGURE 10. Eye-diagram of duobinary signal at different SMF length. a) 110 Km. b) 150 km. c) 170Km.

message can be seen in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) respectively. The final message retrieved by the receiver after subtract-
The duobinary message shown in Fig. 5(a) is embedded in ing chaos can be seen in Fig. 8. Waveform shown in Fig. 8 can
chaos through CMS. The power of chaotic laser is also set to be compared with the waveform of original message also
20dBm & it also operates at 1550nm in order to hide the sig- shown in Fig. (5a).
nal completely. The resultant noise-like waveform produced Response of amplifier can be seen by taking the scatter-
after masking duobinary message with chaotic waveform can plots between the transmitted chaos through amplifier and its
be seen in Fig. 5(b). output. The response is plotted for the three different lengths
The effect of introducing security feature in duobinary of SMF-28 which are used in our setup i.e 110km, 150km
message using chaos can also be seen by analyzing the optical and 170km. The power of laser is set to 20dBm for all
spectrums of original duobinary message and chaos embed- the three lengths whereas the gain of amplifier is adjusted
ding duobinary message. Fig. 6(a) shows the optical spectrum according to the length of fiber by taking the standard value
of duobinary message at the transmitter side before mixing it of loss as 0.2dB/km. Fig. 9 shows that the increase in gain of
with chaotic waveform. Fig. 6(b) shows the total change in amplifier also increases the effect of nonlinearties in amplifier
spectrum due to applied chaos which is not discernible for which makes the signal distorted. The reason behind the dis-
the intruders. tortion is that as the amplifier amplifies the optical signal, the
The transmitted chaos after propagation through the chan- amplitude of signal increases which undergoes the Kerr effect
nel gets deteriorated as it is evident from the scatter plot resulting in the increase of nonlinearties of the amplifier.
between transmitted and received chaos shown in Fig. 7(a). The effect of amplifier nonlinearities has been studied in our
After adjusting the amplifier gain, insertion of appropriate previous work [41].
length of DCF and handling the delay corresponding to link The eye-diagrams for different lengths of fiber are depicted
parameters, the improved scatter plot between transmitted in Fig. 10. The eye-opening decreases due to link and ampli-
and received chaos is shown in Fig. 7(b). fier impairments incurred with the increase in fiber length.

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F. Qamar et al.: Secure Duobinary Signal Transmission in Optical Communication Networks

used to increase the optical fiber length & effect of amplifier’s

nonlinearities on chaotic waveform propagation to limit the
fiber length, is observed by increasing the gain of amplifier
w.r.t fiber length. The future work will include higher order
modulation schemes i.e QAM & OFDM with other chaos
message encoding schemes to ensure transmission of high
data rates in secure environment.

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[20] N. Jiang et al., ‘‘Chaos synchronization and communication in mutually FARHAN QAMAR received the B.Sc. degree
coupled semiconductor lasers driven by a third laser,’’ J. Lightw. Technol., in computer engineering and the M.Sc. degree
vol. 28, no. 13, pp. 1978–1986, Jul. 1, 2010. in telecommunication engineering from the
[21] I. Reidler, Y. Aviad, M. Rosenbluh, and I. Kanter, ‘‘Ultrahigh- University of Engineering and Technology,
speed random number generation based on a chaotic semiconduc- Taxila, Pakistan. He was with different sections of
tor laser,’’ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 024102-1–024102-4, Huawei and Mobilink for over seven years. He is
Jul. 2009. currently an Assistant Professor with the Telecom
[22] A. Uchida et al., ‘‘Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic
Engineering Department, UET, Taxila, where he
semiconductor lasers,’’ Nature Photon., vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 728–732,
is also acting as the Principal Investigator with the
2008.
[23] A. Argyris, D. Syvridis, L. Larger, and V. Annovazzi-Lodi, ‘‘Chaos-based Advance Optical Communication Group. His area
communications at high bit rates using commercial fibre-optic links,’’ of interest includes chaos communication, optical networks, 5g networks,
Nature, vol. 438, pp. 343–346, Sep. 2005. advance modulation formats, and radio over fiber.
[24] R. M. Nguimdo, G. Verschaffelt, J. Danckaert, and G. van der Sande, ‘‘Loss
of time-delay signature in chaotic semiconductor ring lasers,’’ Opt. Lett., MUHAMMAD KHAWAR ISLAM received the
vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2541–2543, Jul. 2012. B.Sc. degree (Hons.) in engineering from AJK
[25] S. Zafar, M. K. Islam, and M. Zafrullah, ‘‘Effect of parametric variation on University, the Ph.D. and B.Eng.Sci. degrees from
generation and enhancement of chaos in erbium-doped fiber-ring lasers,’’ the University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Opt. Eng., vol. 49, no. 10, p. 105002, 2010. Australia. He was a Research Fellow with the
[26] S. Zafar, M. K. Islam, and M. Zafrullah, ‘‘Generation of higher degree Optoelectronic Research Centre, City University
chaos by controlling harmonics of the modulating signal in EDFRL,’’ of Hong Kong. He is currently a Professor with the
Optik-Int. J. Light Electron Opt., vol. 122, no. 21, pp. 1903–1909, Faculty of Department of Electrical Engineering,
2011. Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah,
[27] S. Xiang et al., ‘‘Conceal time-delay signature of chaotic vertical-
Saudi Arabia. He was on trapping solitons in fiber
cavity surface-emitting lasers by variable-polarization optical
Bragg gratings and secure optical communication-based on chaotic fiber
feedback,’’ Opt. Commun., vol. 284, no. 24, pp. 5758–5765,
Dec. 2011. lasers. He has co-authored over 60 publications in reputed Journals and
[28] S. Priyadarshi, Y. Hong, I. Pierce, and K. A. Shore, ‘‘Experimental inves- peer-reviewed conferences. His research interests include solitons, chaos,
tigations of time-delay signature concealment in chaotic external cav- high-speed optical communication systems and networks, secure optical
ity VCSELs subject to variable optical polarization angle of feedback,’’ communication systems, optical amplifiers, fiber lasers and antenna.
IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, Jul./Aug. 2013,
Art. no. 1700707. SYED ZAFAR ALI SHAH received the Ph.D.
[29] W. Zhang et al., ‘‘Random distributed feedback fiber laser based degree from the University of Engineering and
on combination of er-doped fiber and single-mode fiber,’’ IEEE Technology, Taxila, Paksitan. He has also involved
J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 21, no. 1, Jan/Feb. 2015, on neural networks-based pattern recognition
Art. no. 0900406. besides. He is currently an Assistant Professor
[30] R. Lavrov, M. Peil, M. Jacquot, L. Larger, V. Udaltsov, and J. Dudley, with the Faculty of Department of Electrical Engi-
‘‘Electro-optic delay oscillator with nonlocal nonlinearity: Optical phase neering, Airs University, Pakistan. His area of
dynamics, chaos, and synchronization,’’ Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. research is Optical Chaos Generation and Control.
Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 80, no. 2, p. 026207, He has done publications on fiber laser chaos gen-
Aug. 2009.
eration, enhancement, propagation, and DWDM
[31] K. E. Callan, L. Illing, Z. Gao, D. J. Gauthier, and E. Schöll, ‘‘Broadband
chaos generated by an optoelectronic oscillator,’’ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 104,
chaos issues.
no. 11, p. 11390, Mar. 2010.
ROMANA FARHAN received the B.Sc Eng.
[32] Y. Li, Y. Wang, and A. Wang, ‘‘Message filtering characteristics of semi-
and M.Sc. Eng. degrees in computer engineering
conductor laser as receiver in optical chaos communication,’’ Opt. Com-
mun., vol. 281, no. 9, pp. 2656–2662, 2008. from the University of Engineering and Technol-
[33] K. M. Cuomo and V. Alan Oppenheim, ‘‘Circuit implementation of syn- ogy (UET), Taxila, Pakistan, in 2008 and 2011,
chronized chaos with applications to communications,’’ Phys. Rev. Lett., respectively. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
vol. 71, no. 1, p. 65, 1993. degree with the Department of Computer Engi-
[34] A. Uchida, Optical Communication With Chaotic Lasers: Applications neering, UET, Taxila, Pakistan. Her research inter-
of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synchronization. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, ests include network and system security with
2012. focus on wireless security.
[35] S. Li. (Oct. 2007). ‘‘Analog chaos-based secure communications
and cryptanalysis: A brief survey.’’ [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.
org/abs/0710.5455 MUDASSAR ALI received the B.S. degree in com-
[36] D. Kanakidis, A. Argyris, and D. Syvridis, ‘‘Performance characteriza- puter engineering and the M.S. degree in tele-
tion of high-bit-rate optical chaotic communication systems in a back- com engineering, in 2006 and 2010, respectively,
to-back configuration,’’ J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 750–758, and the Ph.D. degree from the School of Electri-
Mar. 2003. cal Engineering and Computer Science, National
[37] K. Kusumoto and J. Ohtsubo, ‘‘1.5-GHz message transmission based on University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan,
synchronization of chaos in semiconductor lasers,’’ Opt. Lett., vol. 27, in 2017. University of Engineering and Tech-
no. 12, pp. 989–991, 2002. nology, Taxila, Pakistan, with a major in wire-
[38] S. Donati and C. R. Mirasso, ‘‘Introduction to the feature section on optical
less communication. From 2006 to 2007, he was
chaos and applications to cryptography,’’ IEEE J. Quantum Electron.,
a Network Performance Engineer with Mobilink
vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1138–1140, Sep. 2002.
[39] S. Zafar, M. K. Islam, and M. Zafrullah, ‘‘Comparative analysis of chaotic (An Orascom Telecom Company). From 2008 to 2012, he was a Senior
properties of optical chaos generators,’’ Optik-Int. J. Light Electron Opt., Engineer Radio Access Network Optimization with Zong (A China Mobile
vol. 123, no. 11, pp. 950–955, 2012. Company). Since 2012, he is currently an Assistant Professor with the
[40] T. Numai, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers. Kusatsu, Japan: Telecom Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technol-
Springer, 2015, pp. 89–186. ogy, Taxila, Pakistan. His research interests include 5G wireless systems,
[41] A. S. Zafar, M. K. Islam, and M. Zafrullah, ‘‘Effect of transmission fiber heterogeneous networks, interference coordination, and energy efficiency
and amplifier noise on optical chaos synchronization,’’ Opt. Rev., vol. 19, in 5G green heterogeneous networks.
no. 5, pp. 320–327, 2012.

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