Electrical Circuits (EEE-141)

Chapter-8: Methods of Analysis & Selected Topics

Book: Robert L Boylestad, 12th Edition

Prof. K. M. A. Salam (KAS)

Source Conversions:
# For the right Fig: a. Determine the
current IL. b. Convert the voltage source to
a current source. c. Using the resulting
current source of part (b), calculate the
current through the load resistor, and
compare your answer to the result of
part (a).

a. Applying KVL & Ohm’s law:

b. Applying Ohm’s law:

c. Applying current divider rule:

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 Source Conversions:
● Current sources of different values cannot be placed in series due to a violation of Kirchhoff’s current law.
● Two or more current sources in parallel can be replaced by a single current source having a magnitude
determined by the difference of the sum of the currents in one direction and the sum in the opposite direction.
The new parallel internal resistance is the total resistance of the resulting parallel resistive elements.

Branch Current Analysis:

►A branch is any combination of series elements between two nodes, where a node is a junction of
two or more branches

(3 branches)

(6 branches)

Branch Current Analysis Procedure:

1. Identify the No. of branches and nodes
I1 I2
+ - - +
2. Define the branch currents according to the battery
polarity. Consider any direction for only resistive branch I3
3. Indicate the polarities for each resistor according to the + 2
current direction 1

4. Apply KVL for each loop -

5. Apply KCL at node (N-1) where N = No. of nodes
6. Solve the branch currents

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 Branch Current Analysis:
Applying KVL at loop1 (clockwise): I1 I2
E1 – I1R1 – I3R3 = 0 + - - +
4 – 4I1 – 8I3 = 0 -----(1)
I3
Applying KVL at loop2 (clockwise): +
1 2
I3R3 + I2R2 – E2 = 0
8I3 + 2I2 – 6 = 0 -----(2) -
Applying KCL at node a:
I1 + I2 = I3
I1 + I2 – I3 = 0 -----(3)

By solving the above three equations, we can solve the unknown parameters I1, I2 and I3
I1 = – 0.14 A
I2 = + 0.71 A
I3 = + 0.57 A

Determinants (Appendix page 1063):

Consider the following equations, where x and y are the unknown variables and a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 and c2 are constants:

# Example: 9,10
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 # For the network:
(a) source conversion of E1 & E2 voltages to current sources
(b) write the KVL equations using branch analysis
(c) write the KCL equations using branch analysis

Mesh/Loop Analysis:
● Any single closed path is called Mesh or Loop or Window.
Mesh analysis is the redundant process of Branch analysis. (3 loops)
Mesh Analysis Procedure: (2 loops)

1. Identify the No. of mesh/loop

2. Define the mesh currents, usually practice is clockwise
+ - + -
but not mandatory I1 I2
3. Indicate the polarities for each resistor of each loop + -
according to the mesh current direction (Not depends on I1 I2
battery polarity)
- +
4. Apply KVL for each loop
5. Solve the loop currents

Applying KVL at loop1 (clockwise): Applying KVL at loop2 (clockwise): By solving the two equations, we can solve
E1 – I1R1 – (I1 – I2)R3 = 0 (I2 – I1)R3 + I2R2 + E2 = 0 the unknown parameters I1 and I2
4 – 4I1 – 8I1 + 8I2 = 0 8I2 – 8I1 + 2I2 + 6 = 0 I1 = – 0.14 A
– 12I1 + 8I2 = – 4 – 8I1 + 10I2 = – 6 I2 = – 0.71 A
3I1 - 2I2 = 1 -----(1) – 4I1 + 5I2 = – 3 -----(2) I3 = IR3 = I1 – I2 = – 0.14 A + 0.71 A = + 0.57 A
# Example: 12,13
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 # For the network, write the mesh equations:

a. Redraw the circuit with clearly show the mesh currents and polarities across the components.
b. Using the mesh approach, write the mesh equations.
c. Solve the mesh equations to find the mesh currents.

Supermesh Current Analysis:

● If both the current and voltage sources are exist in a network and the current source (s) in a network without
a parallel resistance, Supermesh current analysis will be applicable.
Supermesh current Procedure:
1. Identify the No. of mesh/loop
2. Define the mesh currents, usually practice is clockwise
but not mandatory
3. Indicate the polarities for each resistor of each loop
according to the mesh current direction (Not depends on - + - + -
battery polarity)
4. Remove the current source (s), i.e. current source set to zero
+
5. Apply KVL for close loop
6. Apply KCL at node (N-1), if necessary
7. Solve the loop currents
Applying KCL at node a:
Applying KVL at loop (clockwise):
I1 = I + I2 -----(2)
E1 – I1R1 – I1R2 – I2R3 + E2 = 0 By solving (1) & (2),
20 – 6I1 – 4I1 – 2I2 + 12 = 0 I1 = 3.33 A
10I1 + 2I2 = 32 -----(1) I2 = – 0.67 A
# Example: 15 10
 Nodal Analysis:
● Nodal analysis is the more redundant process over Branch and Mesh analysis.

Nodal Analysis Procedure:

1. Identify the No. of nodes
I1 V I2
2. Define the node voltage (s) except ground node
3. Define the branch currents outgoing from the nodes - + I3 + -
except the current source (consider current source as it is)
4. Indicate the polarities for each resistor according to the +
assumed current direction (Not depends on battery polarity)
5. Apply KCL at node (N-1) -
6. Solve the nodal voltage and branch currents

Applying KCL at node a:

I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 -----(1) Va= I1R1 + E1
(Va – E1)/R1 + (Va – E2)/R2 + (Va – 0)/R3 = 0 (apply Ohm’s law) -----(2) I1R1 = Va – E1
(Va – 4)/4 + (Va – 6)/2 + Va/8 = 0 I1 = (Va – E1)/R1
By solving (1) & (2), I = + 0.14 A
Va = 4.57 V 1
I2 = – 0.71 A
# Example: 19,20,21,23,24 I3 = + 0.57 A
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Branch Analysis Mesh Analysis

I1 I2
+ - - + + - + -
I3 I1 I2
+ 2 + -
1 I2
I1
- - +

Nodal Analysis
I1 V I2 Branch Mesh Nodal
Analysis Analysis Analysis
- + I3 + -
I1 – 0.14 A – 0.14 A + 0.14 A
+
I2 + 0.71 A – 0.71 A – 0.71 A
-
I3 + 0.57 A + 0.57 A + 0.57 A

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 # For the network, write the nodal equations:

a. Redraw the circuit and clearly show the branch currents and nodal voltage with polarities across the components.
b. Using the nodal approach, write the nodal equations.
c. Solve the nodal voltage and branch currents.

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Supernode:
● If both the current and voltage sources are exist in a network and the voltage source (s) in a network
without a series resistance, Supernode will be applicable.
Supernode Procedure:
1. Identify the No. of nodes
2. Define the node voltage (s) except ground node
3. Define the branch currents outgoing from the nodes
except the current source (consider current source as it is)
4. Indicate the polarities for each resistor according to the
assumed current direction (Not depends on battery polarity)
5. Remove the voltage source (s), i.e. voltage source set to zero
6. Apply KCL at node (N-1)
7. Again, connect the voltage source and remove/set to zero current source
8. Solve the nodal voltage and branch currents
Applying KCL: Ii = I0 After reconnect E:
V1 – V2= 12 -----(2) I1 = + 2.67 A
6 A + I3 = I1 + I2 + I3 + 4 A
I1 + I2 = 2 A By solving (1) & (2), I2 = – 0.67 A
V1 = + 10.67 V I3 = + 1.2 A
V1/R1 + V2/R2 = 2 A
V1/4 + V2/2 = 2 A -----(1) V2 = – 1.33 V
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 Bridge Network:

Various formats for a bridge network

● For balancing condition:

OR IR5= 0 # For the bridge network in Fig.1:

a. write the mesh equations
b. determine the current through R5
c. Is the bridge balanced?

Fig.1

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Y-Δ (T-π) and Δ-Y (π -T) Conversions

Concept of Δ-Y or Y-Δ conversions

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 First, we want to convert the Δ (RA, RB, RC) to the Y (R1, R2, R3):

---(1) ---(5)

---(2) ---(6)

---(3)
---(7)

Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2), we have

Each resistor of the Y is equal to the

product of the resistors in the two
closest branches of the Δ divided by the
---(4)
sum of the resistors in the Δ.
Subtracting Eq. (4) from Eq. (3), we have

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Now, we want to convert the Y (R1, R2, R3) to the Δ (RA, RB, RC):
Divide Eq. (5) by Eq. (6):

Then divide Eq. (5) by Eq. (7):

The value of each resistor of the Δ is equal to the sum of the possible
product combinations of the resistances of the Y divided by the
resistance of the Y farthest from the resistor to be determined.

Substituting for RA and RB in Eq. (7):

If, all the values of a Δ or Y were the same: R1 = R2 = R3 or RA = RB = RC

or

# Example: 27,28,29,30 18
 Y-Δ or Δ-Y Conversions
# Find RT using Y-Δ or Δ-Y Conversions:

I=?

# Exercise: 10,12,14,17,26,30,31,40,42,44,50,57,59,64,65,66,68 19

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