C ADVERBS oF FREQUENCY ? PRACTICE Select the one answer that is appropriate in the context. 1. Ms, Buta, who just arrived in this country with only a high school education, is an accountant with a major company. A. every C. yet Q@atreaay D. often 2. Our sales manager makes mistakes in her record keeping, so our accounts are perfectly balanced. A. usually (Ohnever B. yet D. often 3. I went through all of the old records this moming and have come to the realization that production levels have been this high before. A. still C. yet (Bpever D. every month 4, If they, have not agreed on a theme after three full days of deliberation, we'll have no choice but to postpone the conference. A. often C. already @sin D. occasionally 5, Research and development funds are being reduced because of budget cutbacks. (Avery year C. still B. never D. always 6 the right to limit quantities when you are selling seasonal items that are in high demand. A. Daily reserve (Opatways reserve B. Reserve often D. Reserve generally 7. While earning her degree via an online school, Ms. Duthuit worked summer as @ receptionist for a dental hygienist. @eey C.often B. always D.still8. [wish I could say we would hire her immediately, but she hasn't completed her training course. A. still C.never B, seldom (Dyet 9. Do not___without consulting either me or one of the managers from the head office. A. invest never Gever invest B. still invest D. already invest 10. he prefers to communicate by e-mail, but his server is down and nobody can get in to look at it until tomorrow, vsuatty C.Never B. Yet D. Ever /2/%0V0 | 2 | CONJUNCTIONS A conjunetjon is is used to link words, phrases, or clauses. Two types of conjunctions are Coon tendénee te conjunctions (and, or, nor, but, etc.) and subordinate conjunctions (although, coo " since, because, when, before, etc.). Ceompeer sentence) PATTERNS TO REMEMBER Coordinate conjunctions may link similar ideas (and, not only ... but also), opposite or contradictory ideas (bul), or choices (either .. or, neither ... nor). Pay attention to the meaning of the conjunction. INCORRECT _[[It is efficient or maintenance-free.] CORRECT Itis efficient and maintenance-free. INCORRECT —_[We can take either a morning flight but an early afternoon flight] CORRECT We can take either a morning flight or an early afternoon flight. Subordinate conjunctions show different kinds of relationships between two clauses. They may show cause and effect (Because, so, as, since), time (when, while, after, before, until, as soon as), condition (if, unless), or a contradiction (even though, although). Again, pay attention to the meaning of the subordinate conjunction, INCORRECT —_[The machine shut off even though the power went off] CORRECT ‘The machine shut off when the power went off. INCORRECT —_[I couldn't call them until I don't know their phone number.] CORRECT I couldn't call them because J don't know their phone number. Gmpcurd sentences for. Clausd+ conjuen ction + Las Chap gidy gh tery 3)d Conjunction ? PRACTICE Select the one answer that is appropriate in the context. 1 she possesses such business acumen, she was able to regain control ofthe company, A. Despite ahiay ber (CRBecause B. Even though D. For 2, For a more effective ad campaign, we need both a new product___@ creativg, imaginative director. A.or (©na B.either D. so 3, Our department did not reach its monthly quota we worked a lot of overtime and bird two temporary workers. A. because of C. despite V(Byeven though D. but 4, Tyrone's sister Marsha, who I had little faith in at the beginning, has proved to be not only ambitious hard working. Aor C. and also B. neither (yout also 5. Mr. Myers enters the boardroom, everyone should stand up and applaud him fr hs valiant efforts in the campaign. @When C.S0 B, While D. Since 6. With the help of a few eager student interns, today’s mail will be sorted it arrives at our division. before C.or B. until D. though 7. Mr. Fagan notified security by telephone. he heard something suspicious going on it the elevator. Aso: C. although D. because of8. As was mentioned in our earlier announcement, the plane cannot leave the gate__all passengers are seated and baggage is safely stowed. Af (Ountess B. when D. but 9.______she opened the meeting and addressed the current issues, the project director faxed the agenda to the vice president. A. But B.If 10. the research uncovered some problems, the committee members decided to table the proposal temporarily. @since C.In spite of B. Even though D. Whatever Prepositions link their objects to the other structures within the sentence. They are used to show placement, time, direction, cause, and location, They can be used alone or in two- or three-word combinations. Unfortunately, prepositions are often used idiomatically and often contradict rules. ‘Therefore, their use must be memorized, There are, however, a few rules that will help you. PATTERNS TO REMEMBER Atis used for a specific time. INCORRECT —_[We will convene fo 10:00 A.M.) CORRECT We will convene at 10:00 A.M. Onis used for a specific day. INCORRECT _[The deadline is at Friday.] CORRECT The deadline is on Friday. Inis used for a specific city. INCORRECT —_[She was born at San Francisco.] CORRECT She was born in San Francisco. Onis used for a specific date. INCORRECT —_[The contract was signed in September 5.] CORRECT The contract was signed on September 5. rect = haiben AG tbe cciy 4 ty Re street road 3 on the road 7l Pre r sition PRACTICE Select the one answer that is appropriate in the context. 1 all the applicants, the woman who came in dressed sloppily in blue jeans and ay shirt has the most experience. A. From ‘Gor B. By D.To 2. Please note that though we didn't anticipate local authorities searching our offices, » investigation will be held. Monday at 9:00 A.M. Avat C. to B. for on 3. Just like bellhops, front desk receptionists, and dining room servers, all housekeepers repor directly the hotel manager. A. for C.in Bat @yo 4. The plant will be closed___noon tomorrow for its annual safety inspection. A.with Og at B. in D. from 5. terms of product quality and customer service, our company surpasses th competition. qua mat @m C. From B. By D. With 6. Debtors are expected to remain. heavy economic pressure unless the interest rates ar lowered. A. below C. beneath B. from ¥(@)under 7. The sales meetings Mr. Suzuki proposed in last month's forum will officially be held Tokyo in the first week of May. A.to Cat Bin D.on8. Though everything depends on weather conditions at this time of year, the shipment is due to arrive by cargo aweek. XAwithin fin) C. until B. for D.on 9. Despite the fact that we have nothing left to work with, the construction supplies cannot be ordered next Thursday. A. from Cat B.to (unit 10, According to the report published in today’s Sun, the local government plans to reduce spending ‘one million dollars. A. at C. with @pry D.of | 4 | TRANSITION WORDS Transition words are used to join two (or more) independent clauses or sentences. When connecting two independent clauses, they may be preceded by a semicoton. Note: Only and else are usually preceded by a comma, not a semicolon. Common transition words include the following: accordingly furthermore nevertheless besides however ‘for example consequently moreover meanwhile then as a result on the whole hence 10 this end ‘for this purpose so therefore in addition It is very important to choose the correct transition word in order not to confuse the intended meaning. PATTERNS TO REMEMBER Therefore, thus, so, accordingly, hence, and consequently are used to show a cause-and-effect relationship between two clauses. INCORRECT _[She produces the most; nevertheless, she will be promoted,] CORRECT She produces the most; consequently, she will be promoted.INCORRECT —_ [He would have been a good representati language.) CORRECT He would have been a good representative; however, he does not spe their language. ‘Also, in addition, moreover, and furthermore are used to show that something is added to idea of a main clause. INCORRECT [There will be a memo on the subject; however, there will be a announcement.) CORRECT ‘There will be a memo on the subject; in addition, there will be a announcement. é Tansho void > pRacTICE Select the one answer that is appropriate in the context. 1, Cable TV revolutionized communications; ,the very existence of that service is now threatened by satellites. A. consequently C. for example B, moreover (D) neverthetess 2. Hospitals are competing for a shrinking market share;___, they are attempting to discover the most cost-effective and highest quality care. VA) inerefore C.also B. besides D. furthermore , because they are government sponsored, they cin 3. These ads can bring in revenue; keep our costs to a minimum. A. for example (Qhmoreover B. on the whole D. however 4. The firm intends to move its plant;__, it will keep sales, marketing, and distribution here A. to this end C. consequently Bneverthetess D. furthermore 105. The contract only runs for one year; , there are options to renew for two more years should we require their assistance further, ‘A. meanwhile (however B. besides D. moreover 6. Our shoe sales have increased recently; ____.we are optimistic about future growth in the footwear department. A. however C. nevertheless thus D. also 7. Since its inception, the bank has lent $28 billion , its membership has grown to include 16 regional countries. A. thus ©iin addition B. on the whole D. nevertheless 8, We are on the whole a local company; __, we can offer services beyond our area as long as it is within the state lines. QAnevertheless C. accordingly B. meanwhile D. hence 9. The woman who volunteered her services in Africa and Asia had the most hands-on experience;__, she was hired. A. nevertheless C. however B. furthermore OD) therefore 10. Our banking clients want flexibility; we provide ATMs (automated teller machines) for 24-hour use. ‘A. moreover Vv (Geonsequently B. however D. furthermore | 5 | VERBS: CAUSATIVE Causative verbs show that someone or something made a certain action happen. The most common causative verbs are get, make, and have. Verbs like order, cause, force, and want can also be causative verbs. PATTERNS TO REMEMBER If the direct object of the causative verbs make, have, and let performed, performs, or will HTperform the action, the simple (base) form of a verb is used. INCORRECT —_[He had the secretary signed for the package.) CORRECT He had the secretary sign for the package. If the direct object of other causative verbs (such as get, want, order, cause, et.) perfor performs, or will perform the action, fo plus the simple (base) form of a verb is used, INCORRECT —_[He ordered everyone /eave the room.] CORRECT He ordered everyone fo leave the room. If the direct object of the causative verb received, receives, or will receive the action, the pay participle form of a verb is used. INCORRECT [We will want the invoices will be returned at once.) CORRECT We will want the invoices returned at once. CCousatie > PRACTICE Select the one answer that is appropriate in the context. 1. In the future, the company will not let its part-time and temporary employees___ overtime. A. to work C. worked B, be working work 2. Despite 20 years of success, the financial stress and burden of the sudden recession made the partnership (@)nit C. failed B. to fail D. to be failed 3. The firm wants its product safely and in a timely manner; otherwise it will seek an alternative shipper. A. package \(Cpackaged B. be packaged D. packaging 4, All employees were able to get their paychecks the banks. before the power outage closed A. deposits C. depositing D. be deposited 12feat tot inferidine 5. The severe weather conditions in thehipine regions forced the airlines, all outgoing flights and divert incoming planes. A. canceling C. cancel (ro cancel D. canceled 6. I received a text message from Takeshi yesterday, and it mentioned that they had the equipment, yesterday. @shipped C. was shipped B. ship D. was being shipped 7. Before Annie ran out for a meeting yesterday, she had Ms. Brunelli the new clerk around the premises. Astow C. showing B. showed D. was showed 8. The increase in layoffs over the past two fiscal periods has caused everyone__less secure. A.feels that rgnigp ba ke fodin —C..was felt B. felt Doo feet 9. What company besides ours would make its employees overtime on a national holiday? A. will be working C. be working B. worked Qwor 10. A wise consumer gets his or her phone order in writing before submi A. confirming ©contirmea B. confirms D. confirm | 6 | VERBS: CONDITIONALS Conditional sentences contain two distinct parts: the if-clause (condition) and result. In both of these parts, the verb forms change according to the time df the action(s). This structure is used for real and unreal (contrary-to-fact) statements in the present and past tenses. PATTERNS TO REMEMBER For a real condition in the future, the verb in the if-clause is usually in the simple present tense, while the verb in the result clause is in the future or imperative form. 13