Index

Accidentals, 4–5 of diatonic modes, 196

in diatonic modes, 196 half (semi), 39, 64, 252
in intervals, 9 imperfect authentic, 63, 73, 252
Accompanimental patterns, 23, 25 medial, 252
Additive harmony, 199 and melody, 270
Aeolian mode, 196 perfect authentic, 63, 252
Agogic accents, 23, 24, 271 phrygian, 76, 252
Altered chords, 139 plagal, 56, 64, 124, 252
Alto clef (C clef), 3 terminal, 64
Ametrical music, 187 tonic six-four chord, 68–72
Analysis Cadential extension, 255
checklist for, 291–95 Calligraphy, 229–30, 238
Hanson system, 184 Cantus firmus, 283
Hindemith system, 185 Cell, 213
jazz chord symbols, 183 Centric music, 181
Persichetti system, 185 Choral voice ranges, 35
pitch- and interval-class theory, 186 Choral voicing, 33, 36
twentieth-century music, 181–86, 295 Chord, deceptive resolution, 75
Anticipation tones, 77, 232 Chord functions (progressions), 241
Appoggiatura chords, 97 altered chords, 139
Appoggiatura tones, 90, 233 augmented sixth chords, 164
Apreggiation of triads, 270 chart and classification system, 240
Artificial accents, 25 diatonic sevenths, 134–36
Artificial scales, 202 dominant triads, 39
Atonality, 213–17 leading tone sevenths, 128
Augmented intervals, 6, 7, 8 leading tone triads, 106
Augmented sixth chords, 164–70 mediant triads, 100
Augmented triads, 17 Neapolitan triads, 159
Authentic cadence, 39, 252 ninth chords, 175
Auxiliary or neighbor tones, 41, 232 sequential, 118
seventh chords, 46, 134, 243, 263
subdominant triads, 56, 59
Bar form, 285 submediant triads, 100
Bar lines, 5, 20 supertonic triad, 82
Baroque music, 76, 224, 242 in tonal music, 239
Bass clef (F clef), 3 tonic triads, 36
Basso continuo, 242 Chordal textures, 266–67
Basso ostinato, 283 Chords
Beams, 22 added note, 192
Binary form, 283–85 altered, 139, 192
Block chords, 266 appoggiatura, 97, 167
Broken chord patterns, 268 augmented sixths, 164–70, 172
block, 266
diatonic, 139
Cadence, 252 diatonic sevenths, 134–36, 263
authentic, 39, 252 diminished sevenths, 153, 174, 191
deceptive, 75, 100, 252 dominant ninths, 48, 175, 176, 191
defined, 63, 252 dominant sevenths, 46–55, 88–95, 153

303
 elevenths, 191 invertible counterpoint, 277–78
fifths, 192, 262 melodic materials, 278–82
intervals of, 181 motivic materials, 278–79
leading tone sevenths, 128–33 relative directions, 275–76
linear diminished sevenths, 167 rhythmic relationship, 275
linear six-fours, 96–99 stretto imitation, 281–82
modally borrowed, 128 vertical (harmonic) intervals, 276
neighboring, 96, 124, 153, 167
Neopolitan triads, 159–60
ninths, 175–78, 191 Dance style patterns, 268
nondominant ninths, 176, 191 Deceptive cadence, 75, 100, 252
nondominant sevenths, 191 Diatonic chords, 139
passing, 96, 124, 154 Diatonic (church) modes, 196–98
polychords, 209 Diatonic intervals, 9
relationships of, 193–94 Diatonic scales, 196
and scales, 197 Diatonic seventh chords, 134–36
secondary dominant, 139–40 Diatonic (tonal) planing, 181, 182
sevenths, 84, 128, 136, 153, 171, 191, 192, 262 Diminished intervals, 6, 7, 8
six-fours, 68 Diminished triads, 17
sixths, 73, 159, 164 Diminished seventh chords, 128
superposed, 192 Direct (chromatic) modulation, 147
supertonic sevenths, 84, 123–27 Direct or hidden fifths or octaves, 235
supertonic triads, 82 Disjunct motion, 234
suspension, 97, 192, 199 Dissonances, 181, 185
tall, 191–95, 199 Dissonant (unstable) intervals, 9
tertian, 191, 191–95, 209 Dominant ninth chords, 175
thirds, 192, 193 Dominant seventh chord inversions,
thirteenths, 191 88–95
triads, 17–18 Dominant seventh chords, 46–55
Chromatic (exact, real) planing, 181, 182 Dominant triads in first inversion, 73
Chromatic materials, 137 Dominant triads in root position
Chromatic scale, 181 connection with subdominant
Church modes. See Diatonic (church) modes triads, 59
Circle of fifths, 16, 39, 56, 82, 193 connection with tonic triads, 39–45
Clefs, 3 Dorian mode, 196
Close spacing, 34 Dots in note values, 19
Clusters, 206 Double flats, 4
Combinatorality, 221 Double periods, 253
Common-tone connection, 39 Double sharps, 4
Common-tone modulation, 146, 172–73 Doubling, 73–74, 77
Common tones, 39, 56, 84 in altered chords, 139
Composition checklist, 296–97 in augmented sixth chords, 164, 165
Compound intervals, 7 in dominant seventh chord inversions,
Compound ternary form, 287–89 89, 90
Computers for notation, 230 dominant seventh chords, 46
Conjunct motion, 234 in dominant triads, 39
Consonances, 181, 185 doubled root, 266
Consonant (stable) intervals, 9 guidelines for writing, 237
Contractions, 213 leading tone triads, 106
Contrary motion, 37, 234 in mediant triads, 100
Contrasting phrases, 252 multiple, 267
Counterpoint, 238, 275–82 in the Neapolitan triads, 159
defined, 275 in part-writing, 238
harmony, 282 in sixth chords, 73–74
imitation, 280–82 in submediant triads, 100

304 INDEX
 in supertonic triads, 82 Half diminished seventh chords, 123
in tonic six-four chords, 68 Half (semi) cadence, 39, 64, 252
in tonic triads, 33, 37 Hanson system, 184
Downbeats, 20 Harmonic and textural consistency, 181
Duple meters, 20 Harmonic framework in melody, 270
Harmonic intervals, 8
Harmonic minor scales, 13
Elaboration models, 250–51 Harmonic series, 231
Electronic music, 225 Harmony, 282
Elision of a phrase, 241, 255 additive tertian, 199
Enharmonic German chord, 164, 172 nontertian, 206
Enharmonic intervals, 7 quartal, 206–8
Enharmonic keys, 16 secondal, 206–8
Enharmonic pitches, 5 Hidden or direct fifths or octaves, 235
Escape tones, 77, 232 Hindemith system, 183, 185
Exotic scales, 202–5 Homophonic music, 272
Expansion and elaboration models, 250–51
Expansion of the cadential figure, 255
Expansions, 213 Imitation, 280–82
Expositions, 289 Imitative passages, 260
Imperfect authentic cadence, 63, 73, 252
Incomplete neighbor tones, 77
Figural variations, 289 Indeterminate triads, 191
Figured-bass symbols, 242–43 Instrumental ranges, 298–99
procedure for harmonizing, 244–45 Integral serialism, 221
Flats, 4 Interpolation of an “extra” measure
Folk music, 202 or two, 254
Form, 283–90 Interval music, 213
bar form, 285 Intervals, 6–12
basso ostinato, 283 of chords, 181
binary form, 283–85 compound, 7
cantus firmus, 283 consonant (stable), 9
compound ternary form, 287–89 definition of, 6
defined, 283 dissonant (unstable), 9
fugue, 283 enharmonic, 7
rondo form, 290 harmonic, 8
rounded binary form, 284–85, 287 inversion of, 7–8
sonata form, 289 melodic, 9
sonata-rondo form, 290 parallelism of, 181
ternary form, 286–87 systems of, 183–86
variation form, 289 tritone, 7
Frame notation, 224 Invariants, 221
Free neighbor tones, 77, 232 Inversions, 213
Free resolution, 47 of chords, 68, 75, 83
of the leading tone, 40 of the dominant seventh chord,
French chords, 164, 166 88–95
Fugue, 283 first, 73–81, 100–105
Fully diminished seventh chords, 128 of intervals, 7–8
Functional root relationships, 193 of the ninth, 175
Functional tonality, 36, 239 second, 68
Functions of chords. See Chord functions Inverted periods, 252
Invertible counterpoint, 277–78
Ionian mode, 196
German chords, 164, 165, 166, 172 Isorhythmic effects, 189
Great staff, 3 Italian chords, 164, 165, 166

INDEX 305
Jazz, 224 defined, 20
chord symbols, 183, 242 equivalent, 22
syncopation, 188 establishment of, 23–24
irregular, 187
polymeters, 189
Key signatures, 15–16, 147, 181, 197 related, 22
Keyboard, piano, 3 simple, 21
Keyboard textures, 267 syncopation, 24–25, 188
Keyboard voicing, 33, 36, 57, 73, 76 see also Rhythm
Meter signatures (time signatures), 20–21
Metric accents, 271
Leading tone, 39 Metric stress, 24
dominant seventh chords, 47 MIDI system, 230
seventh chords, 128–33 Minimalism, 225
triads, 106–9 Minor intervals, 6, 7
Linear chords, 101 Minor scales, 13–14, 110
diminished seventh chords, 153–58 Minor seventh chords, 123
six-four chords, 96 Minor triads, 17
Linear independence, 181 Mirroring, 213
Linear motion, 40, 234 Mixolydian mode, 196
Locrian mode, 196 Modal music, 181
Lydian mode, 196 Modality, 181
Modulating periods, 253
Modulation, 146–52, 168, 171–74
Major intervals, 6, 7 and closely related keys, 147
Major scales, 15 common-tone, 146, 172–73
Major triads, 17 defined, 146
Masculine character, 272 direct (chromatic), 147
Mathematical set theory, 186 between phrases, 147
Matrix, 219 sequential, 147
Measures, 20 within the phrase, 146
Medial cadence, 252 Monophonic textures, 266
Mediant triads, 100–105 Motion, 40, 234
Melodic curve or waveline, 270 Motive, 213, 256–61, 262
Melodic intervals, 9 in accompanying voices, 257
Melodic materials, 278–82 addition of notes, 260
Melodic minor scales, 13, 110 change of interval, 257, 257–58
Melodic pitch patterns, 23, 25 change of rhythm, 259
Melodic tritones, 236 defined, 256
Melody, 270–74 expansion of, 258
apreggiation of triads, 270 imitative passages, 260
cadences, 270 inversion, 259
harmonic framework, 270 repetition or recurrence, 256
homophonic music, 272 submotives, 259
melodic curve or waveline, 270 Motivic materials, 278–79
pitch repetition, 270
procedure for harmonizing, 246–49
rhythmic motion, 271 Natural (pure) minor scales, 13
stepwise (scalar) motion, 270 Naturals, 4
structural-pitch reduction, 275–76 Neapolitan triads, 159–63
unity of style, 272 Neighboring chords, 96
Meter, 19–30, 187–90 Neighboring tones, 41, 232
background unit, 21 Ninth chords, 175–78
changing, 187–88 Noncommon-tone connection, 39–40
composite, 21, 187 Nondominant ninth chords, 176
compound, 21 Nonfunctional root relationships, 193

306 INDEX
Nonharmonic (nonchord) tones, 40, 77, 102, 232–33 Primary triads, 59
Nontertian harmony, 206 Proportional notation, 224
Nontraditional notation, 224
Normal progression, 241
Note values, 19 Quadruple meters, 21
Quartal harmony, 206–8
Quintuple meters, 21
Oblique motion, 234
Octatonic scales, 204
Octave doublings and spacings, 183 Ranges
Open spacing, 34 instrumental, 298–99
Ostinato effects, 199 vocal (choral), 35
Overtone series, 9 Recapitulation, 289
Overtones, 231 Reference materials, 227
Relative minor, 15
Relative motion, 40, 234
Pandiatonicism, 199–201 Repetition of a figure, 254
Parallel fifths, 76, 165, 166, 235 Repetition or recurrence, 256
Parallel imperfect consonances, 275 Rests, 19
Parallel intervals, 267–68 Retrogression, 241
Parallel keys, 15 Rhythm, 22, 187–90
Parallel motion, 234 isorhythmic effects, 189
Parallel perfect consonances, 275 in melody, 271
Parallel phrases, 252, 256 polyrhythms, 189
Parallelism, 181 see also Meter
Part-writing checklist, 238 Rondo form, 290
Passing chords, 96, 124, 154 Root position
Passing tones, 40, 102, 232 connection of tonic and subdominant triads in,
Pedal effects, 199 56–58
Pedal tones, 233 dominant seventh chords in, 46–55
Pentatonic music, 181 tonic triads in, 36–38
Pentatonic scales, 303 triads in, 33–35
Perfect authentic cadence, 63, 252
Perfect intervals, 6, 7, 8
Period, 252–53 Scale degree names, 14, 110, 141
Persichetti system, 185 Scales
Phrase-group (phrase chain), 253 and chords, 197
Phrase structure, 252–53 diatonic, 196
Phrase variants, 255–56 exotic, 202–5
Phrygian cadence, 76, 252 octatonic, 204
Phrygian mode, 196 pentatonic, 303
Piano keyboard, 3 whole-tone, 203
Pitch, 4 Second inversions, 68
Pitch- and interval-class theory, 186 Secondal harmony, 206–8
Pitch-classes, 214, 218 Secondary (applied or borrowed) dominants, 139–45
Pitch repetition, 270 Segmentation, 220
Plagal cadence, 46, 56, 64, Sequences, 118–22, 262–65
124, 252 defined, 262
Planing, 181 progressions, 262–65
Polychords, 200 Sequential expansion of a figure, 254
Polyharmony, 209–12 Sequential modulation, 147
Polymeters, 189 Sequential periods, 252
Polymodality, 197 Serialism, 181, 213
Polyphonic textures, 269 integral, 221
Polyrhythms, 189 twelve-tone, 218–23
Polytonality, 197, 209–12 Set, 213

INDEX 307