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Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles para I.M.E.

Profa. Martha Patricia Martínez Miranda
The Electric Motor II

The Electric Motor II

Text taken from: https://edisontechcenter.org/electricmotors.html

Electric motors can be powered by alternating (AC) current or direct current (DC). DC motors were developed
first and have certain advantages and disadvantages. Each type of motor works differently but they all use the
5 power of the electromagnetic field. We will talk about the very basic
principles of ___(1)___ fields in motors before you can move on to the
different types of motors
AC electric motors use a secondary and primary winding (magnet), the
primary is attached to AC grid power (or directly to a generator) and is
10 energized. The secondary receives energy from the primary without directly
touching it. This is done using the complex phenomena known as induction.
Right: an engineer works on custom modifications to an octocopter drone.
Eight tiny DC motors create enough power to lift pounds of payload. Newer
15 motor designs like this use rare earth metals in the stator to create stronger
magnetic fields in smaller, lighter packages.

Above: a universal motor typically found in most Above: the induction motor may have a "squirrel cage"
power tools. It has a heavy dense rotor. or hollow rotating coil or a heavy armature.

There are many kinds of electric motors but in general they have some similar parts. Each motor has a __(2)__,
20 which may be a permanent magnet or wound insulted wires. The rotor sits the middle (most of the time), and is
subject to the magnetic field created by the stator. The rotor rotates as its poles are attracted and repelled by the
poles in the stator.

Strength of a motor:
The strength of the motor (torque) is determined by voltage and the length of the wire in an electromagnet in the
25 stator, the longer the wire (which means more coils in the stator) the stronger the magnetic field. This means
more power to turn the rotor.

__(3) __ the rotating part of the motor - this used to be called a rotor, it supports the rotating copper coils. In the
photo below you do not see the coils because they are tightly tucked into the armature. A smooth housing
protects the coils from damage.
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Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles para I.M.E.
Profa. Martha Patricia Martínez Miranda
The Electric Motor II

30 Stator - The housing and coils that make up the exterior of the motor. The stator creates a stationary magnetic
field.

four distinct coils are clearly seen in this stator (the armature was removed)

Winding or "Coil"- copper wires wound around a core to used to create or receive electromagnetic energy.

Wire used in the windings MUST be insulated. In some photos you will see what looks like bare copper wire
35 windings, it is not, it is simply a enameled with a clear coating.

Copper is the most common material for windings. Aluminum is also used but must be thicker to carry the
same electrical load safely. Copper windings allow for a smaller sized motor.

Burning out a motor, troubleshooting:

40 If a motor is run for too long or at excessive load, it may "burn up". This means that that the high temperature
caused the winding insulation to break down or melt, the windings then short when they touch, and the motor is
damaged. You can also burn up a motor by putting more ___(4)___ into it than the winding wires are rated for.
In that case the wire will melt at the weakest point, severing the connection. You can test a motor to see if it has
burned out this way by testing for Ohms (resistance) on a multi-meter. In general, you want to look for black
45 marks in the windings when you check a motor.

Induction - the generation of electromotive force in a closed circuit by a

varying magnetic flux through the circuit. In AC power the power level is
going up and down, this charges the winding for a moment creating a
50 magnetic field. When the power drops in the cycle the magnetic field
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Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles para I.M.E.
Profa. Martha Patricia Martínez Miranda
The Electric Motor II

cannot be sustained, and it collapses. This action transfers power through magnetics into the other winding or
coil.

The Induction Motor is perhaps the most common type of electric motor in the world. It does not have a
commutator or brushes. In general, the less moving parts and more simple any device is, the better the
longevity. This type of motor is ___(5)___ and efficient. It is used in newer diesel trains, industrial applications,
55 pumps, compressors, fans, dishwashers, and countless other things.

The Universal Motor

This is a powerful motor which can be used with both AC and DC power.
60 Advantages:
-High starting torque, and small size (good for there common use in
consumer power tools)
-Can run at high speeds (great for washing machines and electric drills)

Disadvantages:
65 -Brushes will wear out over time
Uses: appliances, hand held power tools

Synchronous Motors (Selsyn Motor)

This motor is similar to in induction motor except that it moves with line
70 frequency.
Advantages: It provides a steady speed which is determined by the number
of poles and the supplied AC power frequency.
Disadvantages: Cannot handle varying torque, this motor will stop or "pull
out" at a given torque.
75 Uses: a clock uses synchronous motors to provide an accurate rotation speed
for the hands. This is an analogue motor and while speed is accurate, the
stepper motor would be better for working with computers since it functions
on rigid "steps" of a turn.

Shaded-Pole Motor
80 This motor is a single phase AC motor. It has only one coil with the
turning shaft in the center, a lag in the flux passing around the coil cause
the intensity of the magnet to move around the coil. This gets the center
shaft with secondary coil spinning.

The cylinder is made of steel and has copper bars embedded lengthwise in
85 the cylinder surface.

Advantages: reaches a strong torque level once the rotor has begun
spinning fast.
Used in fans, appliances

Disadvantages: slow to start, low torque to start. Used in fans,

90 notice the slow start of fans.
This motor is also used in washing machine drains, can openers,
and other household appliances.
Other kinds of motors work better for more powerful needs above
125 watts.

95 Direct current motors were the first kind of electric motor. They are typically 75-80% efficient. They work well
at variable speeds and have great torque.
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Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles para I.M.E.
Profa. Martha Patricia Martínez Miranda
The Electric Motor II

Brushed DC motors: The first DC motors used brushes to transfer current to the other side of the motor. The
brush is named so because it first resembled a broom-like shape. The little metal fibers rubbed against a rotating
part of the motor to keep constant contact. The problem with brushes is that they wear out over time due to the
mechanics. The brushes would create ___(6)___ due to friction. The parks often melted insulation and caused
100 shorts in the armature and even melted the commutator.

The first motors were used on street railways.

Uses a split ring commutator with brushes.

105 Advantages:
-Used in a myriad of applications, has easy speed control using level of voltage to control.
-Has a high starting torque (a powerful start)
Limitations: brushes create friction and sparks, this can overheat the device and melt/burn the brushes, therefore
the maximum rotation speed is limited. The sparks also cause radio freq. interference. (RFI)
110
There are five types of DC motors with brushes:
DC Shunt Wound Motor
DC Series Wound Motor
DC compound motor - Cumulative compound and Differentially Compounded
115 Permanent Magnet DC motor
Separately Excited
Pancake Motor

Brushless DC motors: The brush is replaced by an external electric switch which is synchronized to the
position of the motor (it will reverse polarity as needed to keep the motor shaft spinning in one direction)
120 -More efficient than brush motors
-Used when speed control must be precise (such as in disk drives, tape machines, electric cars etc.)
-Long life since runs at a cooler temperature and there are no brushes to wear out.

Types of brushless DC motors:

125 Stepper Motor
Coreless / Ironless DC Motors

DC Shunt-wound Motor The DC shunt motor is wired so that the field coil is connected in parallel with the
armature. Both windings get the same voltage. The shunt field coil is wound with many turns of fine wire to
create a high resistance. This ensures that the field coil will draw less current than the armature (rotor).
130
The armature (seen above, it is the long fat cylindrical rotating part) has thick copper wires, this is so that lots of
current can pass through it to get the motor started.

As the armature turns (see photo below) the current is limited by counterelectromotive force.
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Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles para I.M.E.
Profa. Martha Patricia Martínez Miranda
The Electric Motor II

The strength of the shunt field coil determines the speed and torque of the motor.

135 Advantages: The DC Shunt Motor regulates its own speed. This means that if load is added the armature slows,
CEMF decreases, which results in the armature current increasing. This results in an increase in torque which
helps move the heavy load. When the load is removed the armature speeds up, the CEMF increases which limits
the current and torque decreases.

The conveyor belt example: Imagine a conveyor belt moving at a given speed, then a heavy box enters the belt.
140 This type of motor will keep the belt moving at a constant speed no matter how many boxes are moving on the
belt. DC series-wound motor The Series wound motor is a self-excited type dc motor. The field winding is
connected internally in series to the rotor's winding. The field winding in the stator is thus exposed to the full
current generated by the rotor's winding.

This kind of motor looks similar to a DC shunt-wound motor except that the field windings are made of a
145 heavier wire so it can stand the higher currents.

Uses: This type of motor is used in industry as a starting motor due to great torque.

Pancake DC Motor (aka Printed Armature Motor)

The pancake motor is an ironless motor. Most motors have a copper winding around an iron core. Advantages:
Exact speed control, flat profile, does not have cogging which is caused by iron in an electromagnet
150
Disadvantages:
flat shape is not good for all applications

Has a winding shaped in a flat epoxy disc between two high-flux magnets. It is totally ironless, making great
efficiency. Used in servo applications, was first designed as a windshield wiper motors and the video industry
155 since it was very flat in profile and had good speed control. Computers and video/audio recording all used
magnetic tape, precise and fast speed control was needed so the pancake motor was developed for this. Today it
is used in a myriad of other applications including robotics and servo systems.
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Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles para I.M.E.
Profa. Martha Patricia Martínez Miranda
The Electric Motor II

DC compound motor (Cumulative and Differentially Compounded) This is another self excited motor with
160 both series and shunt field coils. It has an efficient speed regulation and decent starting torque.
Permanent magnet DC motor This kind of motor ___(7)__ well at high speed and can be very compact.
Uses: compressors, other industrial applications
Separately excited (sepex) The SepEx has a field winding which is separately powered from the armature with
165 a direct current signal. The field magnet also has its own DC supply. As a result you'll see this type of motor has
four wires - 2 for the field and 2 for the armature.

This motor is a brushed dc motor which has broader torque curves than a series wound DC motor.

Stepper Motor The stepper motor is a type of brushless motor that moves
the central shaft one part of a turn at a time. This is done using toothed
170 electromagnets around a centralized gear shaped piece of iron. There are
many kinds of stepper motors. They are used in systems that move objects
to a precise position, like a scanner, disc drive, and industrial laser
carving devices.

Coreless / Ironless DC Motors

175 The wound copper or aluminum core rotates around a magnet without the use of iron. This is done by making a
cylinder shape.
Advantage: light and fast to start spinning (used in computer hard drives)
Disadvantage: easily overheats since iron normally acts as a heat sink, it needs a fan to keep cool.