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Experiment-1: Study of Step Response of R-C Network

This experiment aims to study the step response of an RC circuit and determine its time constant. Readings of capacitor voltage over time are taken both during charging and discharging for various RC circuits. The time constant is calculated as RC based on the theoretical analysis and also measured graphically from the charging/discharging curves. The results show that the time constant increases with increasing R or C values in the circuit.

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harsh bathlq
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503 views11 pages

Experiment-1: Study of Step Response of R-C Network

This experiment aims to study the step response of an RC circuit and determine its time constant. Readings of capacitor voltage over time are taken both during charging and discharging for various RC circuits. The time constant is calculated as RC based on the theoretical analysis and also measured graphically from the charging/discharging curves. The results show that the time constant increases with increasing R or C values in the circuit.

Uploaded by

harsh bathlq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Harsh bathla || Enrollment Number: latg10090 || Batch: f5

Experiment-1
Study of Step Response of R-C Network
Aim:- To study step response of RC series circuit and to determine time
constant of the circuit.

Apparatus:-
=> R-C Network (Any values)
=> D-C Supply (0-30V, 5A).
=> Stop Watch.
=> C.R.O & Probes
=> Links.

Theory:-
Consider a series RC circuit shown in Fig. (1). Capacitor (C) is
uncharged initially and at t= 0, it starts getting charged through resistor
(R) when switch (K) is thrown on position 'a'.
Let us analyze the charging of capacitor using node analysis method-
=>At node 1 assuming instantaneous voltage across capacitor to be 'Vc'
volts.-
This is of the form

Where P =

and Q =
Solution of which is

K is constant of integration

At t=0, Vc(t) =0 (Since capacitor is uncharged initially)


K= -
Hence,

At t=RC (when the power of exponent becomes unity)

Vc(t) = * (1-0.368) = 0.632 *


At t= RC capacitor gets charged to 63.2%of final voltage. Therefore, RC is
called time constant and nominated by Г. It is defined as time at which
response reaches 63.2% of its final value. The graphical representation of
charging of capacitor with time is shown in Fig. (2) at steady state
charging current for capacitor through resistance reaches zero and
capacitor gets charged fully at supply voltage volts. Now switch is
thrown on side 'b'. Capacitor starts discharging resistor (R). Node equation
for node 1 can be written as

Solution of which is,

To find integration constant k, we can use the initial condition.


At t=0, Vc(t) =
Since capacitor is in fully charged condition I. e. at t = 0 (-)
The voltage for which capacitor will get charged, can now be expressed
as a function of time as -

If time t =RC=Г it is discharge time constant with no change in


resistance. It may appear to be same as charging constant. However, if
resistance is varied for discharging path the time constant of discharging
path is decided by resistance value in discharging path along with value of
capacitor (C).
At t= Г,

Vc(t) = 0.368
For discharging of capacitor time constant of the system is defined as the
time at which the capacitor voltage is 36.8% of its initial value.The
graphical representation of discharging of capacitor is shown in fig (3).

Circuit Diagram:-

Pre Test:-

PROCEDURE:-
=>Confirm that capacitor is uncharged and connect the circuit as shown in Fig (1).

=>Reset the stop watch to set the time t=0, throw switch K on side 'a' to start charging
of capacitor.

=>Apply DC voltage of 12 V.

=>At definite intervals of time, take readings of voltages across capacitor Vc(t) using
multimeter till the value of Vc(t) becomes steady.

=>Observe the voltage waveforms across the resistance R on DSO. Find time
required to reach the voltage to (0.6321 *12) = 7.584 V.

=>Open switch K and keep it in off position.

=>Reset stop watch to set t=0 at the same time close switch on side 'b' to close
discharge path through same resistor (R).

=>At definite intervals of time, take readings of voltages across capacitor Vc(t) using
multimeter till Vc(t) tends to zero.
=>Observe the waveforms.

=>Find time required to reach the voltage to (0.368 *12)= 4.416 V

=>After disconnecting the circuit, measure R and C using LCR meter.

=>Calculate time constant as RC

=>Compare the results (Verify the time constant obtain by calculation and graphically).]

Observation Table

=>R=0.2ohm, C=0.1F, V=12V


Charging Discharging

Time Vc(t) Time Vc(t)

0.01 4.721 0.32 11.999

0.03 9.3224 0.34 4.414


0.05 11.0149 0.36 1.624

0.07 11.6376 0.38 0.59744

0.09 11.8666 0.40 0.219

Time Constant=R*C=0.02 seconds

=>R=0.4ohm, C=0.8F, V=12V


Charging Discharging

Time Vc(t) Time Vc(t)

0.03 1.0738 4.12 11.999

0.12 3.7525 4.34 6.0339

0.22 5.9660 4.63 2.4379

0.37 8.2240 4.77 1.5740

0.92 11.3200 6.00 0.0337


Time Constant=R*C=0.325 seconds

=>R=0.6ohm, C=0.7F, V=12V


Charging Discharging

Time Vc(t) Time Vc(t)

0.10 2.5424 5.29 11.999

0.30 6.1255 5.50 7.2783

0.60 9.1241 5.93 2.6145

1.23 11.3583 6.25 1.2204

2.07 11.9131 8.04 0.0172

Time Constant=R*C=0.42 seconds


=>R=4 ohm, C=0.5F, V=12V
Charging Discharging

Time Vc(t) Time Vc(t)

0.25 1.4100 22.01 11.999

0.79 3.5198 23.04 7.5376

1.40 6.0409 24.07 4.2840

4.56 10.5590 25.92 1.6987

12.56 11.9977 30.99 0.01346

Time Constant=R*C=2.00 seconds


=>R=5 ohm, C=0.6F, V=12V
Charging Discharging

Time Vc(t) Time Vc(t)

0.51 1.8760 29.95 11.999

1.45 4.5993 31.20 8.0438

2.43 6.6617 34.11 3.0492

4.03 8.8683 37.46 0.9982

10.67 11.6575 47.4 0.0363

Time Constant=R*C=3 seconds


Post Test:-

References:-

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