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 Our Past II

1
Tracing Changes Through
a Thousand Years
Worksheet-1
New and Old Terminologies
I. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Minhaj-i Siraj used the term ‘Hindustan’ for the first time in the thirteenth century.
2. In the fourteenth-century poet Amir Khusrau used the word “Hind”.
3. Minhaj-i-Siraj is a chronicler.
4. Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who used the term ‘Hindustan’ in a political sense.
5. In Hindi the term pardesi might be used to describe such a person and in Persian, ajnabi.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In the medieval period a “foreigner” was any stranger who appeared say in a given village, someone
who was not a part of that society or culture.
2. Map 1 was cartographer in 1720. In comparison to this Map 2 was made nearly 600 later after Map
1.made in 1154 CE by al-Idrisi, an Arab geographer. This section is a detail of the Indian subcontinent
from his larger map of the world. Map 2 was made by a French

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. In the thirteenth century the term “Hindustan” meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands
between the Ganga and Yamuna. The term was used in the political sense for lands that were a
part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan. The areas included in this term shifted with the extent
of the Sultanate but the term never included south India. In the early sixteenth century Babur used
Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.
While the idea of a geographical and cultural entity like ‘India’ did exist, the term “Hindustan” did
not carry the political and national meanings which we associate with it today. Today we understand
the term “Hindustan” as “India”, the modern nation-state.

Worksheet-2
Historians and their Sources
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The sources used by historians for their study, during the period 700 to 1750 are coins, inscriptions,
architecture and textual records.
2. Scribes were people in ancient Egypt (usually men) who learned to read and write.
3. Shekasteh is a form of handwritten Persian, parts of which are based upon the Nastiliq form. Literally
meaning “broken”, it is difficult to read for the beginner so some time must be spent in learning to
read this script.

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4. An archive is an accumulation of historical records – in any media – or the physical facility in which
they are located.
5. A number of changes took place in society during 700 and 1750. This period traced the technological
appearance of Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat.
Potatoes, com, chillies, tea and coffee were some of the new foods and beverages.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The study of the thousand years between 700 and 1750 is a huge challenge to historians largely
because of the scale and variety of developments that occurred over the period.
2. As there was no printing press during the period between 700 and 1750, Scribes used to copy down
the manuscripts which were hand-written. Sometimes it was difficult to recognize the original script.
So the Scribes used their own way of interpreting the facts. It was the drawback of such copying.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. During this period, there was no printing press so the manuscripts were copied by the scribes by
hand. As a result, historians find it difficult to use the information from the manuscript and have to
read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what the author had originally written.
2. Historians study the past by interpreting evidence. The historian works by examining primary sources
-- texts, artifacts, and other materials from the time period. The interpretative writings of historians
-- books, journal articles, encyclopedia entries -- are considered secondary sources.

Worksheet-3
New Social and Political Groups
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Rajputs
2. In ecology Jati, society also spelled jat, caste, in Hindu.
3. A habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
4. A number of changes took place in society during 700 and 1750. This period traced the technological
appearance of Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat.
Potatoes, com, chillies, tea and coffee were some of the new foods and beverages.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Jati Panchayat was the assembly of elders which controlled the conduct of the members of their jati.
They had their own rules and regulations.
2. The new crops and beverages that arrived in India subcontinent in the medieval period Corn, tea,
coffee, chilies and potatoes.
3. The affairs of jatis were regulated by an assembly of elders known as the jati panchayat in some areas.
The jatis were required to follow the rules of their villages, which were governed by a chieftain.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and
the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. The

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 main castes were further divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their
specific occupation.

Worksheet-4
Region and Empire
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Karnataka
2. Ghiyasuddin Balban was the Delhi Sultan who was praised in a Sanskrit prashasti as a ruler of vast
Empire.
3. Uttar Pradesh
4. Masalik al- Absar fi Mamalik al- Amsar

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The term pan-regional empire means an empire spanning diverse regions.
2. The sanskrit prashasti is full of praiseworthy adjectives about Delhi sultan Ghiyassuddin Balban. It
carries a detailed note of large empire which stretched from Bengal in the East to Afghanistan in the
West. The entire South India was under his control.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The medieval period saw rise and fall of many great empires. By 700 AD, the Indian subcontinent
was divided into many separate regions with distinct language and culture. This is evident from the
writings of Amir Khusrau, a notable musician and poet in the court of Delhi Sultanate. He also noted
that Sanskrit was studied by the Brahmins alone.
Regions were also associated with specific ruling dynasties like the Rajputs in Rajasthan, Palas in
Bengal and Bihar, Pratiharas in Avanti and Gujarat, and Rashtrakutas over north Deccan. This was
the period when rulers of dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis, the Tughluqs and the Mughals extended
their empires.

Worksheet-5
Old and New Religions
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. A person who supports someone or something.
2. Merchants and migrants first brought the teachings of the holy Quran to India in the seventh century.
3. The two main sects of Islam are Shia and Sunni.
4. In Islam, the ulama are the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam,
including Islamic doctrine and law.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Sunnis believed that Muhammed’s successor should be Abu Bakr and Omar, and the Shias believed
that his successor should be Ali.

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2. Brahamans earned a lot of respect in the society as they were the only people who belonged to the
upper castes and also knew how to sing the hymns and praises in memory of God. They further
practiced the yagyas.
3. During this period important changes occurred in the Hindu religion. The Hindus started worshiping
new deities. The construction of temples by royalty, and the growing importance of Brahmanas, the
priests were other developments of this period. Like Hinduism, Islam was interpreted in a variety of
ways by its followers.
III. Long Answer Type Question
1. The period between 700 and 1750 witnessed major changes in religion. It was seen prominently
in Hinduism. The worship of new deities, the construction of temples by royalty and the growing
importance of Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant groups in society were some of the major
developments.

Worksheet-6
Thinking About Time and Historical Periods
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-
volume work, A History of British India. In this he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu,
Muslim and British.
2. In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of
Discovery
3. Modernity is the quality or condition of being modern.
II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. 8th century denotes the beginning of the medieval period in India. Medieval period or the middle age
began from 5th century and ended in 15th century in the west and for India it was from 8th to 18th
century. This happened because the Gupta empire collapsed. Thus, ending the “period of ancient
India” and the beginning of a period in which the rulers focused on themselves only.
2. Historians divide the past into large segments—periods—that possess shared characteristics. In the
middle of the nineteenth century British historians divided the history of India into three periods:
“Hindu”, “Muslim” and “British”.
3. European trading companies could buy goods at a cheap price, in India and carry them back to
Europe and sell them at higher prices. The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a
big market in Europe. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon grown in India were in great demand
in Europe.
III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Historians divide the past into large segments—periods—that possess shared characteristics. In the
middle of the nineteenth century British historians divided the history of India into three periods:
“Hindu”, “Muslim” and “British”. This division was based on the idea that the religion of rulers was
the only important historical change, and that there were no other significant developments—in the
economy, society or culture. Few historians follow this periodisation today.

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 Most look to economic and social factors to characterize the major elements of different moments of
the past. Historians face many problems while dividing the past into periods. The reason is that there
was a good amount of technological development in the medieval period which can be called modern
in the contemporary context.
Despite that the period is not called modem but medieval. On the other hand, the modern past is
followed by the medieval past.
2. Historians divide the past into periods on the basis of economic and social factors. In this, they faced
two problems. Firstly, for social and economic changes, boundaries cannot be drawn. Secondly, these
periods are compared to the modern periods. As we know that modernity deal with the progress, this
indicates that there was no progress before which is not true. 

Worksheet-7
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - c; 2. - d; 3. - a; 4. - d; 5. - d; 6. - a

II. Fill in the blanks

1. - Brahmanas; 2. - cartographer; 3. - manuscript; 4. - religion;
5. - Patron; 6. - Ziyauddin Barani

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Ziyauddin Baraniwas a fourteenth-century chronicler.
2. According to a Sanskrit Prashasti Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban’s empire was stretched from
Bengal (Gauda) in the east to Ghazni (Gajjana) in Afghanistan in the west.
3. Al-Idrisi was one of the most renowned Arab geographers of his day.
4. Lack of income in hunting and other activities forced forest dwellers to migrate to cities in search of
income.
5. Cartographers are concerned with all aspects of map-making (scientific, technological and artistic).

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Brahmanas became important during this period due to the following reasons: They had knowledge
of Sanskrit texts, which made them respectable in the society. They had support of their patrons, who
were new rulers and searching for prestige.
2. The main features of bhakti are: (i) A loving relationship between a devotee and his personal god.
(ii) Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess rather than performance
of elaborate sacrifices. (iii) Discarding of any discrimination based on gender, caste or creed.
3. The historians face several difficulties in using manuscripts. There was no printing press in those
days so scribes copied manuscripts by hand. Manuscript copying is not an easy job. As scribes copied
manuscripts, they also introduced small changes—a word here, a sentence there.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The number and variety of textual records increased dramatically during this period. They slowly
displaced other types of available information. Through this period paper gradually became cheaper

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 and more widely available. People used it to write holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings
of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes. Manuscripts were
collected by wealthy people, rulers, monasteries and temples. They were placed in libraries and
archives.
2. In the thirteenth century the term “Hindustan” meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands
between the Ganga and Yamuna. The term was used in the political sense for lands that were a
part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan. The areas included in this term shifted with the extent
of the Sultanate but the term never included south India. In the early sixteenth century Babur used
Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.
While the idea of a geographical and cultural entity like ‘India’ did exist, the term “Hindustan” did
not carry the political and national meanings which we associate with it today. Today we understand
the term “Hindustan” as “India”, the modern nation-state.

VI. Picture-based Question

1. Different kinds of handwriting could make the reading of Persian and Arabic difficult.
2. Nastaliq is amongst the most fluid calligraphy styles for the Arabic script. It has short verticals with
no serifs, and long horizontal strokes.
3. The nastaliq style (on the left) is cursive and easy to read, the shikaste (on the right) is denser and
more difficult.
4. Shikaste style of writing is there in the above picture.

2 New Kings and Kingdoms

Worksheet-1
The Emergence of New Dynasties
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Ellora Caves were built during 757-783 AD by Krishna I who was the uncle of Dantidurga.
2. The inscription was founded by King Bhoja in the 7th century. He was the most famous king of the
Gurjara Pratiharas dynasty.
3. Karnataka
4. The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian
subcontinent, that ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century. They ruled first
at Ujjain and later at Kannauj.
5. Dantidurga (735–756 CE), also known as Dantivarman or Dantidurga II was the founder of the
Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Samantas were powerful men (military chiefs) who maintained themselves through the local resources
like land. They provided support to the kings and rulers. The institution of Samanta finds mention for
the first time in epigraphs of northern India dating to the 6th century.

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2. Samantas weakened the authority of a king because the king lost central control over his kingdom.
Instead, these samantas became the face of the kingdom to common people. The king became
dependent on these samantas for revenue and even soldiers.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. By the seventh century there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the
subcontinent. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or samantas. They
were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present at their courts and provide them
with military support. As samantas gained power and wealth, they declared themselves to be maha-
samanta, maha-mandaleshvara (the great lord of a “circle” or region) and so on. Sometimes they
asserted their independence from their overlords.
2. Usually kings and warriors belonged to the Kshatriya caste. As a result people accepted a ruler
more easily if he was a Kshatriya. Those who were non-kshtriya by birth can become Kshatriya by
performing certain rituals. Such rituals were performed when rulers conquered distant lands where
they were not well known. Hiranyagarbha was such a ritual. For example:- When the Rashtrakutas
ruler Dantidurga conquered Malwa n parts of Gujarat, he performed a ritual Hiranyagarbha (golden
womb) Mahanadana to proclaim himself a Kshatriya ruler.

Worksheet-2
Administration in the Kingdoms
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Vetti means forced labour under which peasants were forced to work for the king or their village
landlords for free.
2. Kadamai is tax that existed during the time of Chola dynasty.
3. The high-sounding titles adopted by the new kings were maharaja-adhiraja (great king, overlord of
kings), tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds) and so on.
4. Producers are those who use productive resources to make goods or to supply services.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Typically, resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are
transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits
of resource utilization may include increased wealth, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced
well-being.
2. In each of states, resources were obtained from the producers, that is, peasants, cattle-keepers, artisans,
who were often persuaded or compelled to surrender part of what they produced. Sometimes these
were claimed as “rent” due to a lord who asserted that he owned the land.
3. New kingdoms often shared their power, in spite of such high-sounding titles. They shared their
power with samantas and with associations of peasants, Brahmanas and traders.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The functionaries for collecting revenue were generally recruited from influential families, and
positions were often hereditary. This was true about the army as well. In many cases, close relatives
of the king held these positions.

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2. The inscriptions of the Cholas who ruled in Tamil Nadu refer to more than 400 terms for different
kinds of taxes.The most frequently mentioned tax is vetti, taken not in cash but in the form of forced
labour, and kadamai, or land revenue. There were also taxes on thatching the house, the use of a
ladder to climb palm trees, a cess on succession to family property, etc.

Worksheet-3
Prashastis and Land Grants
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Kalhanawas the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir.
2. Harisena is the writer of prashastis.
3. Kalhana a Kashmiri, was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of
Kashmir. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Kings often rewarded the Brahmanas by giving them grants of land. These grants were recorded on
copper plates which were given to those who received the land.
2. The sources Kalhana used for the Sanskrit poem were inscriptions, documents, eye witness accounts
and earlier histories.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Nagabhata was a Pratihara king : his achievements were: He defeated the kings of Andhra, Sind,
Vidarbha, Kalinga, Kanauj, vanga, etc.His achievements were
• He defended the arab's of western india.
• He was able to leave his successors a powerful principality comprising Malwa and parts of
Rajputana and Gujarat.
2. Prashastis are a special kind of inscription, meaning “in praise of”. They were composed by learned
Brahmans in praise of the rulers, which may not be literally true; but, they tell us how rulers of that
time wanted to illustrate themselves.

Worksheet-4
Warfare for Wealth
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
2. The Somnath temple located in Prabhas Patan near Junagadh in Saurashtra on the western coast of
Gujarat.
3. Chahamanas, or Chauhans dynasty ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer in 12th century.
4. The two main reasons that led to the conquest of India by Mahmud Ghazni was firstly, to accumulate
the vast amount of wealth that existed in India, and secondly, to spread Islam.
5. The best-known Chahamana ruler was Prithviraja III (1168-1192), who defeated an Afghan ruler
named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191, but lost to him the very next year, in 1192.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India took place in the ninth century. The struggle was
between the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire and the Rashtrakuta Empire
2. The parties involved in the tripartite struggle were Gurjar-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties.
They fought for centuries for control over Kanauj.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The Chahamanas (later known as Chauhans) were the major rulers during seventh to twelfth centuries
in North-Western India who ruled over the regions of Delhi and Ajmer. Remember: One of the most
important Chauhan ruler was Prithviraj III (1168-1192) who defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan
Muhammad of Ghori in 1191.
The best-known Chahamana ruler was Prithviraja III (1168-1192), who defeated an Afghan ruler
named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191, but lost to him the very next year, in 1192.

Worksheet-5
A Closer Look – The Cholas
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The settlements of peasants were called as ‘ur’.
2. Settlements of peasants, known as ‘ur’, became prosperous with the spread of irrigation agriculture.
Groups of such villages formed larger units called nadu.
3. Brahmadeya (given to Brahmana) was tax free land gift either in form of single plot or whole villages
donated to Brahmanas in the early medieval India.
4. Araiyar means chief.
5. Agarams were the commercial towns under the rule of the Chola’s.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The Periyapuranam is considered as a fifth Veda in Tamil and immediately took its place as the
twelfth and the last book in the Saiva canon. It is considered as one of the masterpieces of the Tamil
literature and worthily commemorates the Golden age of the Cholas.
2. Rajindra I conquered upto the banks of Ganges and assumed the title of “Gangaikonda” (the victor of
the Ganges). He established a new capital and named it Gangaikonda cholapuram. The conquest of
the Andaman and Nicober islands was his greatest achievement. The functioning of the administration
was very systematic and smooth.
3. The Chola kings called the rich landowners muvendavelan or araiyar. The Chola kings called the rich
landowners muvendavelan or araiyar.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Cholas were one of the biggest dynasties in Tamil Nadu originated in the 3rd century. Thanjavur
is regarded as one of the important cities during the chola rule and many heritage sites are present
currently.The chola kings were generous and gave importance to art and literature. Developments
in agriculture were one of the many achievements of the cholas.They made the best use of the river
cauvery, creating tributaries and building dams. They made the soil fertile and practiced extensive

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 agriculture.Karikala chola built the first dam in India called the kallanai. The dam is still in use.Rice
was grown primarily which became the source of food for the whole south India.
2. Land grants to religious institutions were called Brahmadeya, (i.e. donated to Brahmins) Devadana
(donated to Gods) and Agrahara (Settlement – of priests) These lands donated to the temples and
monasteries apart from being used as normal tenancy also carried a right vested with the temple
authorities to call for unpaid labour (called Vishti) as a religious service to the temple from the tillers
on the donated land.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - b; 2. - a; 3. - ??; 4. - a; 5. - b;

II. Fill in the blanks

1. - Brahmanas; 2. - Prashastis; 3. - copper;
4. - Kalhana; 5. seventh to the tenth centuries; 6. - Rajaraja I

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Raja Raja Chola I
2. The Tang capital at Chang’an (present-day Xi’an) was the most populous city in the world in its day.
3. Dantidurga (735–756 AD): He is considered as the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta.
4. Mahmud of Ghazn
5. Delhi and Ajmer were the two major cities that were under the control of the Chahamanas.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The kind of irrigation developed in the Tamil region were wells and tanks, helped to collect rainwater
and river channels. The ‘irrigation works’ were developed in the ‘Tamil region wells’, ‘Tanks’,
‘Ponds’etc.
2. The rashtrakutas in the deccan, Initially they were subordinated to the chalukyas of karnataka. In
the mid-eighth century, Dandidurga, a rashtrakutas cheif, overtherw his chalukyas overload and
performed the ritual of hiranya-garbha. ... This was the way through which rastrakutas became
powerful.
3. Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land. vellanvagai land of non Brahmana peasant
proprietors brahmadeya land gifted to Brahmanas shalabhoga land for the maintenance of a school
devadana, tirunamattukkani land gifted to temples pallichchhandam land donated to Jaina institutions

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. To become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola Empire, the following qualifications
were necessary:
a. The members should be owners of land from which land revenue is collected.
b. They should have their own homes.

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 c. They should be between 35 and 70 years of age.
d. They should have knowledge of the Vedas.
2. Chola temples often became the nuclei of settlements which grew around them. These were centres
of craft production. They were not only places of worship, they were the hub of economic, social and
cultural life as well.

VI. Picture-based Question

1. The big temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda cholapuram, built by Rajaraja and Rajendra, are
architectural and sculptural marvels.
2. Chola temples often became the nuclei of settlements which grew around them. These were centres
of craft production. They were not only places of worship, they were the hub of economic, social and
cultural life as well. Amount the crafts associated with temples, the making of bronze images was the
most distinctive.
3. Tamil Nadu

3 The Delhi Sultans

Worksheet-1
Finding Out About the Delhi Sultans
I. Very Short Answer Type Question
1. Gender distinctions is social and biological difference between women and men.
2. Raziya al-Din (r. 1236–1240), popularly known as Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate
in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
3. Tawarikh was written by Delhi sultans in the Persian language, which tells us more information about
the ‘Delhi sultans’. 
4. Razia sultan’s father, Iltutmish recognised that Razia was far more able than her brothers.
5. Ananga Pala from the Tomara dynasty of Rajputs first established his capital at Delhi.
6. Coins minted in Delhi called dehliwal.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The exhibition examines the four stages involved in the making of a medieval book are parchment
making, writing, illumination, and binding.
2. The main sources of Delhi Sultanate are inscriptions. They are found on old coins, historical
monuments, milestones, and tombstones. Monuments are also an important source of information
about the Delhi Sultanate.
3. The authors of tawarikh lived in cities mainly in Delhi and therefore they were cut off from the village.
They used to write histories in praise of the Sultans and in return got rich rewards. These authors
advised rulers that they should follow an ideal social order based on birthright and gender distinctions.

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III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Minhaj-i-Siraj said that the Queen’s rule went against the ideal social order created by god, in which
women were supposed to be subordinate to men. He said these words when Razia Sultana, daughter of
Iltutmish was, made the Queen of Delhi Sultanate. Though he thought that the queen was most eligible of
all those at the time, he was not comfortable with the idea of queen being made the ruler of Delhi.
2. The term “Circle of Justice” describes the relationship between the king and his subjects. According
to the “Circle of Justice”, it was important for the military commanders to keep the interests of
the peasants in mind because the salaries of the soldiers came from the revenue collected from the
peasants, and peasants could pay the revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Hence,
the military commanders promoted justice and honest governance. The peasants therefore lived a
peaceful and safe life under the military commanders.

Worksheet-2
From Garrison Town to Empire:
The Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Hinterland mean the lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.
2. Garrison town is a town that has troops permanently stationed in it.
3. Mosque stems from the Arabic word masjid, meaning “temple” or “place of worship.”
4. Qibla is the point toward which Muslims turn to pray, especially the Kaʿba, or House of God, at
Mecca.
5. The Sultanate reached its farthest extent during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (Might of Islam) (also known as the Qutub Mosque or the Great Mosque of
Delhi) was commissioned by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty and built
using the ruins of 27 Hindu and Jain temples.
2. It was quite difficult for the Delhi sultans to control over the garrisons in Bengal and Sind regions.
One of the primary reasons was the bad weather and climate because of which communication was
not possible. The sultans where also facing frequent revolts from Governors and attacks from other
states as well which made it more difficult to controlling garrisons.
3. The khutbah originates from the practice of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, who used to deliver words
of exhortation, instruction, or command at gatherings for worship in the mosque, which consisted of
the courtyard of his house in Medina.

III. Long Answer Type Questions.

1. In their campaigns, Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious
metals. By the end of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign, 150 years after somewhat humble beginnings, the
armies of the Delhi Sultanate had marched across a large part of the subcontinent.
2. The Delhi Sultans built several mosques in cities all over the subcontinent. These demonstrated their
claims to be protectors of Islam and Muslims. Mosques also helped to create the sense of a community

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 of believers who shared a belief system and a code of conduct. It was necessary to reinforce this idea
of a community because Muslims came from a variety of backgrounds.

Worksheet-3
A Closer Look: Administration and Consolidation
Under the Khaljis and Tughluqs
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The duty of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.
2. In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (in present-day Maharashtra)
in the Deccan region of India.
3. Iltutmish abolished the Iqta System.
4. Ibn Batuta belonged to Morocco, Africa and traveled to India in the fourteenth century.
5. Kharaj muqasamah is defined as an impost levied in a certain proportion of the produce, such as one-
fifth, one-fourth, one-third etc. It was leviable only when the land was cultivated. Kharaj muzaffar
was fixed on land according to producing capability of land and was due whether the land was
cultivated or not.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The Khaljis and the Tughlaqs appointed local commanders called ‘iqtadar’ or’ muqti’, and the lands
given to them to manage were called ‘iqtas’. The ‘iqtadars’ led military campaigns, maintained law
and order, collected taxes, and paid their soldiers. And their positions were not inheritable.
2. The Mongols under Genghis Khan attacked the Delhi Sultanate repeatedly after 1219. This forced the
two rulers to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi because the attacks increased during the reign
of Allaudin Khilji and in the early years of Muhammed Tughluq’s rule.
3. Three types of taxes were collected: tax on cultivation, called ‘kharaj’, about 50% of the peasants’
produce; tax on cattle; and tax on houses.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The early Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favoured their special slaves purchased for military
service, called bandagan in Persian. They were carefully trained to man some of the most important
political offices in the kingdom. Since they were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan
could trust and rely upon them.
2. Doab was a fertile alluvial tract lying between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. Muhammad
Tughlaq increased the taxes of the Doab region as he was in need of money for raising a large army.
Unfortunately, the increase in taxes coincided with a severe famine in the region. ... Thus, his taxation
of Doab failed.
3. Large numbers of tribes that took shelter in the Delhi Sultanate as a result of the Mongol
invasions changed the balance of power in North India. The Khalji tribe usurped power from the
older Delhi Sultans and began to rapidly project their power into other parts of India.

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 Worksheet-4
The Sultanate in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545), born Farīd Khān, was the founder of the Suri Empire in the
northern part of the Indian subcontinent, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. 
2. The Sur Empire was an empire established by a Muslim dynasty of Afghan origin who ruled a large
territory in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent for nearly 16 years
3. The idea of the “Three Orders” was first formulated in France in the early eleventh century. 

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The three orders are three social categories: Christian priests, landowning nobles and peasants. The
term ‘feudalism’ has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social
relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era.
2. Sher Shah Suri was benevolent ruler and was one of the greatest administrators of medieval India.
He introduced many reforms and on that basis Akbar built a superstructure of Mughal administration.
His administration has been centralised administration just like sultanate period.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and the entire south India had independent rulers
who established flourishing states and prosperous capitals. This was also the period which saw the
emergence of new ruling groups like the Afghans and the Rajputs.
2. During the eighteenth century the French Society was divided into three groups. These groups were
called estates. The three types of groups were - First estate, Second estate and Third estate.
First estate:- Clergy belonged to 1st estate of then French Society. They were holders of land. They
received a tax named’ tithe’( A tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural
produce.) from the peasants. The clergy enjoyed several privileges and political and economic
concessions. For example, they were exempted from paying taxes. They intervened into politics of
the state. They had become pleasure loving.
Second estate:- Nobility belonged to 2nd estate of then French Society. They were in possession of
large part of land. They too enjoyed political and economic privileges. They too were free from taxes.
They were benefited by political, military and judicial posts on hereditary basis. They were governed
by a set of laws separate from those meant for the members of the third estate. Luxury and pleasure
were the main features of their life. 
Third estate:- The 3rd estate of then French society was further divided into three categories. Big
businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, etc. belonged to the first category of 3rd estate.
This class was well-educated. Their financial condition was good. In spite of this and the quality
of this class was deprived of higher posts in the administration. Thy raised their voice against the
monarchy to get prestige and rights.  Peasants and artisans belonged to the second category. Their
condition was miserable. They were cruelly crushed.  And lower middle class of peasants, landless
labours belonged to third category, and were considered as the lowest class in the society. Members
of the third state had to pay all types of taxes including taille, crown tax to the king, waijam tax
(income tax), salt tax, etc. 

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 Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - b; 2. - d; 3. - b; 4. - b; 5. - b;
II. Fill in the blanks
1. rajputs; 2. – Andhra Pradesh; 3. - 1240 CE; 4. twelfth century; 5. - Humayun
III. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Client is someone who is under the protection of another; a dependent or hanger-on.
2. The Slave dynasty was founded by Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak.
3. The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.
4. The division of society into “Three Orders” was supported by the Church to consolidate its dominant
role in society.
5. Genghis Khan made the plan to capture Mongol territory.
6. The maximum number of Mongol attacks were faced by Alauddin Khilji. He built Siri his capital
mainly to deter the Mongols.
7. Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire, which
became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
IV. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveller from Morocco, Africa, explained that chieftains sometimes
fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves.
In India the bamboo is not hollow; it is big.
2. Internal frontier of the empire refers to the areas included in the Sultanate as well as the hinterland
of the garrison towns. Exterior frontier refers to the territories which were not conquered by
the Sultans of Delhi.
3. Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khaiji and in the early
years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule. Hence, a vast standing army was established under these two
rulers to confront Mongol invasions. Alauddin constructed a new garrison town named Siri for his
soldiers.
V. Long Answer Type Questions
1. The authors of tawarikh wrote their chronicles with the hope of getting rich rewards from the rulers
by recounting great events.
2. The khiljis and Tughluqs raised people of humble birth who were often their clients, to high political
positions. They were appointed as generals and governors. However, this also introduced an element of
political instability. Slaves and clients, the people of humble birth, were loyal to their masters and patrons
but not to their heirs. Now Sultans had their own servants. As a result, the accession of a new monarch
often saw conflict between the old and the new nobility.
VI. Map-based Question
Do it yourself.

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 4 The Mughal Empire
Worksheet-1
Who were the Mughals?
I. Very Short Answer Type Question
1. Red Fort is the Mughal era building from where the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on
the Independence Day.
2. Mughals were the successors to Timur.
3. Genghis Khan was the founder and Emperor of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest
contiguous empire in history after his death.
4. Timur died in 1404.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Mughals celebrate their genealogy pictorially, each ruler getting a picture made of Timur and himself.
2. Timur ruled over Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.
3. At its greatest extent it included all of modern-day Mongolia, China, parts of Burma, Romania,
Pakistan, Siberia, Ukraine, Belarus, Cilicia, Anatolia, Georgia, Armenia, Persia, Iraq, Central Asia,
and much or all of Russia. Many additional countries became tributary states of the Mongol Empire.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers. From their mother’s side, they were
descendants of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol tribes. From their father’s side, they were the
successors of Timur, the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.
However, the Mughals did not like to be called Mongol because Mongol’s especially Genghis Khan’s
memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. It was also linked with the Uzbeks,
their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry,
because it had achieved a good name in history.
2. Ruling as large a territory as the Indian subcontinent with such a diversity of people and cultures
was an extremely difficult task for any ruler to accomplish in the Middle Ages. Quite in contrast
to their predecessors, the Mughals created an empire and accomplished what had hitherto seemed
possible for only short periods of time. From the latter half of the sixteenth century they expanded
their kingdom from Agra and Delhi, until in the seventeenth century they controlled nearly all of the
subcontinent. They imposed structures of administration and ideas of governance that outlasted their
rule, leaving a political legacy that succeeding rulers of the subcontinent could not ignore.

Worksheet-2
Mughal Military Campaigns
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In sixteenth-century Babur invaded India.

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2. Ibrahim Lodi lost the First Battle of Panipat.
3. Babur used canons in the first battle of Panipat.
4. Gunpowder arrived in the Middle East, possibly through India, from China.
5. Babur seized Kabul in 1504.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Firstly, the victory of Babur was due to the Scientific Combination of cavalry and artillery. The effective
use of mobile cavalry and the skill with which Ustad Ali and Mustafa, two great Turkish gunners,
fought in the field of Panipat were also important factors which contributed towards Babur’s victory.
2. The Afghans were an immediate threat to Mughal authority.
3. Fire arms were used for the first time in regions such as Gujarat, Malwa and Deccan, and was used
by Babur in early 16th century.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Zahir-ud-Din Mohammad, surnamed Babur was born in 1483. He was connected with both the
families of Timur and Genghis Khan. Thus, he had in him the blood of the two greatest conquerors
of Central Asia.
Babur is one of the most remarkable personalities in the history of Medieval India. He laid his
foundation of the Mughal rule in India defeating Sultan Ibrahim Lodi in the battle field of Panipat in
1526 A.D. He was son of Umar Shaikh Mirza.
The ruler of Ferghana. Babur succeeded to die throne of Ferghana in 1494 A.D. After the death of his
father, soon after his accession, Babur found himself surrounded by formidable enemies on all sides.
Within a few years after his accession Babur lost both Ferghana and Samarkand.
In 1504 Babur occupied Kabul. In 1519 Babur undertook his first expedition against Indian territories
and occupied the fort of Bajaur. He diverted his attention towards the Punjab. He was invited by
Daulat Khan Lodi the Governor of Punjab to invade Hindustan.
2. Shah Jahan (Prince Khurram) was the fifth Mughal Emperor of India who ruled from 1628 until
1658. He was the son of Emperor Jahangir and his Hindu Rajput wife Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani (13
May 1573-18 April 1619).
At a young age, after the death of his father in 1627, he proclaimed himself emperor at Agra (February
1628).
Shah Jahan’s reign was notable for successes against the Deccan states. The Afghan noble Khan
Jahan Lodi rebelled and was defeated. Campaigns were launched against Ahmednagar; the Bundelas
were defeated and Orchha seized. In the north-west, the campaign to seize Balkh from the Uzbegs
was unsuccessful and Qandahar was lost to the Safavids. In 1632, Ahmednagar was finally annexed
and the Bijapur forces sued for peace. In 1657-1658, there was conflict over succession among Shah
Jahan’s sons.
Aurangzeb was victorious, and his three brothers, including Dara Shukoh, were killed. Shah Jahan
was imprisoned for the rest of his life in Agra.
Thus, he is considered one of the greatest Mughals and his rule has been called the Golden Age and
one of the most prosperous ages of Indian civilization.

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 Worksheet-3
Mughal Traditions of Succession
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In the rule of primogeniture, the eldest son inherited his father’s estate.
2. The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance because it is based on the principle of equality.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The other communities followed the tradition of Primogeniture under which eldest son inherited all
his parent’s property and the right to rule, but Mughal’s followed the principle of Timurid custom of
coparcenary whereby there was a joint heir to an undivided property.
2. The succession tradition of Mughals was not that of primogeniture. Instead, they followed
the Mughal and Timurid custom of, coparcenary inheritance. In primogeniture the eldest son inherits
his father’s estate. In coparcenary, the inheritance is divided amongst all the sons.

Worksheet-4
Mughal Relations with Other Rulers
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority.
2. Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents enabled the Mughals to
extend their influence over many kings and chieftains.
2. The Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Aurangzeb insults Shivaji in his court by offering a small mejwani, which was smaller than smallest
of generals. The insult was very well planned one.
Shivaji being a seasoned player and proud Maratha doesn’t take things lightly and insults Aurangzeb
and his court very badly. Aurangzeb put Shivaji in house arrest and latter jailed him to be executed in
near future as a rebel.
2. When the Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. Once
defeated, however, they were honourably treated by the Mughals, given their lands (watan) back as
assignments (watan jagir). The careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents
enabled the Mughals to extend their influence over many kings and chieftains.

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 Worksheet-5
Mansabdars and Jagirdars
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. A mansabdar is a term which means rank- holder. Instead mansabdars were known by two ranking
numbers known as the Zat.
2. The  mansabdars were military commanders, high civil and military officers, and provincial governors.
3. The rank and salary of a mansabdar were fixed according to a numerical value called zat. So, the
higher the zat of a mansabdar is, the higher is his position in the court.
4. Those Mughal officers who received their salary by way of land grants (Jagir) were known
as Jagirdars.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The mansabdar was required to maintain a specified number of cavalrymen. The mansabdar had to
bring his cavalrymen for review, get them registered and get their horses branded.
2. Mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They served in some other part of the
country. Whereas muqtis used to reside in their iqtas. The term ‘muqti’ was used during the Sultanate
period, while the term ‘jagir’ was used during the Mughal period.
3. Mansabdars received salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. And unlike muqtis, all mansabdars
did not reside in their own jagirs but used servants to collect revenues there while they themselves
served in another part of the empire.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The term mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a mansab, which means a position or rank.
It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix the rank, salary and military responsibilities.
Each mansabdar had to maintain a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. A jagir was a revenue
assignment for the mansabdars.
2. It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just
Turanis and Iranis because the empire had expanded to encompass different regions and provinces.
By recruiting mansabdars from diverse backgrounds, the Mughals won the trust of the common
people and created a balanced administration.

Worksheet-6
Zabt and Zamindars
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In ancient India, zamindars were considered as a part of the Government body. They had control over
the land of a particular area, where they used to do farm works or they lend their land to the farmers
and to the peasants.
2. Todar Mal was Akbar’s revenue minister.
3. Abul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The role of the zamindar in Mughal administration was to collect the revenues and taxes from the
peasants. Thus, they acted as an intermediate between the Mughals and the peasants.
2. The main source of income available to Mughal rulers was tax on the produce of the peasantry. In
most places, peasants paid taxes through the rural elites, that is, the headman or the local chieftain.
3. In some areas the zamindars exercised a great deal of power. The exploitation by Mughal administrators
could drive them to rebellion. Sometimes zamindars and peasants of the same caste allied in rebelling
against Mughal authority. These peasant revolts challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire from
the end of the seventeenth century.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mal, carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices and areas
cultivated for a 10-year period, 1570- 1580. On the basis of this data, tax was fixed on each crop
in cash. Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for
individual crops. This revenue system was known as zabt.
2. The ‘Ain-i-Akbari’ was written by Abul Fazal, the minister and one of the nine jewels of Akbar’s
court. It is one of the most important source materials on the administration and culture during the
reign of Akbar. It is divided into five volumes. The first volume deals with the family of the emperor.
The second gives details about the imperial servants, the military and the civil apparatus. The third
volume elaborates on the administrative structure of the Mughal empire. It lists out and explains all
the regulations prescribed for the judicial and executive departments and divisions of the empire. The
fourth volume deals with Hindu philosophy, social customs, literature and science. Lastly, the fifth
book contains the wise saying uttered by Emperor Akbar. It also gives details about the ancestry and
biography of the author of ‘Ain-i-Akbari’.

Worksheet-7
A Closer Look: Akbar’s Policies
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Subadar was who carried out both political and military functions.
2. A Suba was the term for a province in the Mughal Empire.
3. Dewan designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A dewan was the head of a state
institution of the same name.
4. Abul Fazal wrote Akbar Nama.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Dogma is a set of principles laid down by an authority and acts as the basis of an ideology or belief
system. A Bigot is a person who is prejudiced or dislikes a group of people mainly because of
differences in ideology be it political or religious.
2. What is his major contribution? Abul Fazal was the author of the Akbar Nama, an adviser and a
spokesperson for Akbar Policies. In his role as court historian, Abul Fazal both shaped and articulated
the ideas associated with the reign of Akbar.

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3. The idea of Sulh-i Kul was introduced by Akbar, the Great. Sulh-i Kul meant universal peace. Its main
features are given below:
The idea of Sulh-i Kul was based on the idea of tolerance which did not discriminate between the
people of different religions in Akbar’s realm.
It focused on a system of ethics-honesty, justice, peace. These values were universally applicable.
4. While Akbar was at Fatehpur Sikri during the 1570s he started discussions on religion with the
ulama, Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics, and Zoroastrians. These discussions
took place in the ibadat khana.
5. Akbar commissioned the translation of many Sanskrit works into Persian. A Maktab Khana
or translation bureau was also established at Fatehpur Sikri for this purpose. The Mahabharata,
Ramayana, Lilavati and Yoga Vashisht were some of the notable Sanskrit works that were taken up
for translation. The Razmnama, Persian translation of the Mahabharata contains lavish illustrations
of the events of Mahabharata.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Akbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people. However, this made him
realise that religious scholars who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings
created divisions and disharmony among his subjects. Thus, he came out with the idea of Sulh-i kul.
2. The empire was divided into provinces called subas, governed by a subadar who carried out
both political and military functions. Each province also had a financial officer or diwan. For the
maintaining the peace and order in his province, the subadar was supported by other officers such as
the military paymaster (bakhshi), the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr),
military commanders (faujdars) and the town police commander (kotwal).

Worksheet-8
The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century and After
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. International travellers described Mughal Empire as the fabled land of wealth.
2. Documents from the twentieth year of Shah Jahan’s reign inform us that the highest-ranking
mansabdars were only 445 in number out of a total of 8,000.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic and commercial
prosperity.
2. The Mughal emperors and their mansabdars spent a great deal of their income on salaries and goods.
This expenditure benefited the artisans and peasantry who supplied them with goods and produce.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The scale of revenue collection left very little for investment in the hands of the primary producers
– the peasant and the artisan. The poorest amongst them lived from hand to mouth and they could
hardly consider investing in additional resources – tools and supplies – to increase productivity. The
wealthier peasantry and artisanal groups, the merchants and bankers profited in this economic world.

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2. The enormous wealth and resources commanded by the Mughal elite made them an extremely
powerful group of people in the late seventeenth century. As the authority of the Mughal emperor
slowly declined, his servants emerged as powerful centres of power in the regions. They constituted
new dynasties and held command of provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh. Although they continued
to recognise the Mughal emperor in Delhi as their master, by the eighteenth century the provinces of
the empire had consolidated their independent political identities.

Worksheet-9
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - d; 2. - d; 3. - b; 4. - d; 5. - d; 6. - d

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Panipat; 2. Akbar; 3. Safavid Shah; 4. produce; 5. zamindars

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Sadr was the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage.
2. Kotwal was the town police commander.
3. Meaning of “al-Qanuni” is lawgiver.
4. Sultan Suleyman was the ruler of Ottoman Turkey.
5. Mehrunnisa was the real name of Nur Jahan.
6. Sawar is the military responsibility of a mansabdar or the number of horses a mansabdar possesses.
7. In Iran Humayun received help from the Safavid Shah.
8. Bairam Khan’s services as the guardian and tutor of Akbar are praiseworthy. 

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Humayun received help from the Safavid Shah to recapture Delhi in 1555. While Akbar, during his
expansion campaign, seized Qandahar from Safavids in 1585-1605.
2. Debates with religious scholars helped Akbar in framing the idea of sulh-i kul that means universal
peace. Akbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people.
3. There was great economic and commercial prosperity in the Mughal Empire due to the administrative
and military efficiency.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Raja Todar mal, Akbar’s revenue minister started this land revenue system. It was largely based on
Sher Shah’s land revenue system.
The peasant’s land was measured and ascended. He calculated the state’s share of each crop. This
method of calculation was called the zabt system. He conducted a careful survey of crops, fields,
yields, prices and areas cultivated for a ten-year period. Based on this information, tax was fixed on
each crop in cash.
Each province was divided into revenue circle with its own schedule of revenue rates for each crop.
This was applied in some areas where survey of land was possible.

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2. Yes, the social and cultural diversity of India does pose a challenge to national integration. Divisive
elements in the country may try to exploit this diversity to serve their narrow political goals. They
may foment communal trouble to win votes.
Therefore, it is extremely necessary for citizens to be respectful for the many social and cultural
units that make up India. We need to recognise that all social and cultural in India are equal parts of
our country and have equal rights. If we are able to achieve that, then we can successfully meet this
challenge to national integration.

VI. Map-based Question

Do it yourself

5 Rulers and Buildings

Worksheet-1
Engineering Skills and Construction
I. Very Short Answer Type Question
1. Mandapa in Indian architecture is a pillared outdoor hall or pavilion for public rituals.
2. The first floor of Qutub Minar was constructed by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
3. The king Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty constructed the Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
4. The inscriptions written on the Qutub Minar in Arabic language.
5. Baolis are stepwells in which water is reached by going down a set of steps.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Limestone cement was increasingly used in construction. This was very high-quality cement, which,
when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. This made construction of large structures
easier and faster.
2. Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries the trabeate style was used in the construction of temples,
mosques, tombs.
3. Between the seventh and tenth centuries architects started adding more rooms, doors and windows
to buildings. Roofs, doors and windows were still made by placing a horizontal beam across two
vertical columns, a style of architecture called “trabeate” or “corbelled”.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Trabeate was a style of architecture in which roofs, doors and windows were made by placing
a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries
the trabeate style was used in the construction of temples/mosques, tombs and in buildings
attached to large stepped-wells. Example—Quwwat ul-Islam mosque at Delhi. Arcuate was
an architectural form in which the weight of the super structure above the doors and windows
was sometimes carried by arches. Example—Alai Darwaza at Delhi.  

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2. Between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries kings and their officers built two kinds of structures:
the first were forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs – safe, protected and grandiose places of
rest in this world and the next; the second were structures meant for public activity including temples,
mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars. Kings were expected to care for their subjects, and
by making structures for their use and comfort, rulers hoped to win their praise.

Worksheet-2
Building Temples, Mosques and Tanks
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Persian court chronicles described the Sultan as the “Shadow of God”.
2. The Jami Masjid was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
3. Rajarajeshwara temple was built by King Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshwaram.
4. Sultan Iltutmish won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir just outside Delhi-i-Kuhna.
5. Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) with the holy sarovar (tank) is in Amritsar.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Rulers often constructed tanks and reservoirs – big and small – for use by ordinary people. Sometimes
these tanks and reservoirs were part of a temple or a mosque.
2. The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god. Through
the rituals of worship in the temple one god (Rajarajadeva) honoured another (Rajarajeshwara).
3. An inscription in the Quwwat al-Islam mosque explained that God chose Alauddin as a king because
he had the qualities of Moses and Solomon, the great lawgivers of the past.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. It was widely believed that the rule of a just king would be an age of plenty when the heavens
would not withhold rain. At the same time, making precious water available by constructing tanks
and reservoirs was highly praised. Sultan Iltutmish won universal respect for constructing a large
reservoir just outside Delhi-i-Kuhna. It was called the Hauz-i-Sultani or the “King’s Reservoir”.
Raniji ki baori or the ‘Queen’s Stepwell’, located in Bundi in Rajasthan is the largest among the fifty
step wells that were built to meet the need for water. Known for its architectural beauty, the baori was
constructed in 1699 C.E. by Rani Nathawat Ji, the queen of Raja Anirudh Singh of Bundi.
2. Temples and mosques were beautifully constructed because they were places of worship. They
were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the patron. Take the example of
the Rajarajeshwara temple. An inscription mentions that it was built by King Rajarajadeva for the
worship of his god, Rajarajeshwara. Notice how the names of the ruler and the god are very similar.
The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god.
The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies. As they worshipped
their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on
earth.

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 Worksheet-3
Why were Temples Destroyed?
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. King Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king, Sena I.
2. Dhammakitti was the Buddhist monk and chronicler.
3. Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his capital.
4. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of Rajendra I.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Sultan Mahmud was not a very important ruler at that time. But by destroying temples – especially
the one at Somnath – he tried to win credit as a great hero of Islam.
2. Temples were destroyed by invading rulers as they were a symbol of the power, prestige and wealth
of a king. The king was viewed as a representative of god. They were also a large store of treasure
and riches.
3. The temples built during in the ancient times were beautifully constructed. Many large temples were
constructed by the kings. Many a times, temple communicate the importance of a king. By building
a temple, the ruler tried to assert his position as the most powerful and divine. People considered the
temples as miniature models of the world ruled by the kings and its allies. By worshipping in the
temples, it was supposed that the kings who built them had brought the just rule of the gods on the
earth.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Temples were destroyed by invading rulers as they were a symbol of the power, prestige and wealth
of a king. The king was viewed as a representative of God. They were also a large store of treasure
and riches. Thus, temples were viewed as targets that were to be attacked in the course of battles.
In the early ninth century, when the Pandyan king Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and
defeated the king, he removed all the valuables like The statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold
in the Jewel Palace and the golden images in the various monasteries.
Sultan Mahmud was not a very important ruler at that time. But by destroying temples he tried to gain
credit as a great hero.
Most rulers displayed their political, might and military success by attacking and looting the places
of worship of the defeated rulers.
2. Kings built temples to demonstrate their devotion to God and their power and wealth, it is not
surprising that when they attacked one another’s kingdoms they often targeted these buildings. In the
early ninth century when the Pandyan king Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated
the king, Sena I (831-851), the Buddhist monk and chronicler Dhammakitti noted: “he removed all
the valuables ... The statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the Jewel Palace ... and the golden
images in the various monasteries – all these he seized.”
Similarly, in the early eleventh century, when the Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his
capital he filled it with prized statues seized from defeated rulers. An incomplete list included: a Sun-
pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga; a Nandi statue from the

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 eastern Chalukyas; an image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and Bhairavi from the Kalingas of Orissa;
and a Kali statue from the Palas of Bengal.

Worksheet-4
Gardens, Tombs and Forts
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Tomb of Humayun, constructed between 1562 and 1571.
2.  In Islamic architecture, a rectangular frame around an arched opening is known as Pishtaq. 
3. These gardens were called chahar bagh, four gardens, because of their symmetrical division into
quarters.
4. Pietra dura is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. What are the elements of a Mughal chahar bagh garden?
Mughal chahar bagh consists of four gardens. These gardens are placed within rectangular
walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. It became most famous during
the rule of Mughal dynasty. One of the most famous examples of this type is the Taj Mahal.
2. Humayun’s tomb was, built between 1562 and 1571. Its main features are:
The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as pishtaq  became important aspects of
Mughal architecture. This tomb architecture was first visible in Humayun’s tomb.
The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge formal Chahar bagh and built in the tradition known as
‘eight paradises’ or hasht bihisht - a central hall surrounded by eight rooms.
The building was constructed with red sandstone, edge with white marble.
3. Under the Mughals, architecture became more complex. Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, and
especially Shah Jahan were personally interested in literature, art and architecture. In his autobiography,
Babur described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular
walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The river Yamuna had a very significant role in the layout of the new Mughal city of Shahjahanabad.
Shah Jahan preferred the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal. He developed the same
architectural form as a means to control the access that the nobles had to the river. In the new city of
Shahjahanabad the imperial palace also commanded the river-front. Only the most favoured nobles were
given access to the river. Other than those had to construct their homes in the city away from the river
Yamuna. It expanded the layout of the city.
2. Shah Jahan’s diwan-i khas was designed in such a way that it fused together in a grand harmonious
synthesis. It was carefully planned. It was placed within a large courtyard. Behind the emperor’s throne
there were a series of pietra-dura inlays. It depicted the legendry god Orpheus playing the lute. The diwan-e
khas was aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals, creating
a world where all could live together in harmony. The diwan-i khas reflected the image of a paradise in
itself

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 Worksheet-5
Region and Empire
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Govind Dev temple in Vrindavan was built in Red stone by Raja Man Singh in 1590 AD with stone
donated by Akbar.
2. In Vrindavan, near Mathura, temples were constructed in architectural styles that were very similar
to the Mughal palaces in Fatehpur Sikri.
3. Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda whose architectural style influenced the Vijayanagar rulers’
elephant stables.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In Bengal, the local rulers had developed a roof that was designed to resemble a thatched hut. The Mughals
liked this Bangla dome and used it in their architecture.
2. Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle
Ages.
3. Notre Dame in Paris was constructed through several decades in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
It was one of the best-known examples of Gothic architecture.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra, Uttar Pradesh, in India. The city itself was founding by the
Mughal emperor Akbar in 1571. Its entrance gate is called Buland Darwaza. Its height is 54 m.
2. As construction activity increased between the eighth and eighteenth centuries there was also a
considerable sharing of ideas across regions: the traditions of one region were adopted by another. In
Vijayanagara, for example, the elephant stables of the rulers were strongly influenced by the style of
architecture found in the adjoining Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda. In Vrindavan, near Mathura,
temples were constructed in architectural styles that were very similar to the Mughal palaces in
Fatehpur Sikri.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - a; 2. - d; 3. - c; 4. - d; 5. - c; 6. - c

II. Fill in the blanks

1. screen; 2. stepped-wells; 3. curved, angular; 4. main hall; 5. Fatehpur Sikri

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. It means that he had the qualities of Moses (A prophet who led the Israel people out of Egyptian
slavery) and Solomon (A son of David and 10th century B.C king of Israel proverbial for his wisdom).

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2. In the early eleventh century the Chola king Rajendra I built the Shiva temple in his capital.
3. The direction towards which Muslims turn while offering prayer or namaz.
4. Between the 8th and the 18th century, the structures built by the kings and their officers
were: Safe, protected and grandiose places of rest in this world and the next world; like forts, palaces,
garden residences and tombs.
5. Sinhalese ruler, Sena II, ordered his general to invade Madurai, the capital of the Pandyas.
6. Beginning with Akbar, some of the most beautiful chahar baghs were constructed by Jahangir and
Shah Jahan in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi.
7. A haveli is a traditional townhouse or mansion in the Indian subcontinent, usually one with historical
and architectural significance. 

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Chihil Sutun (literally: “Forty Columns”) is a Persian pavilion in the middle of a park at the far end of
a long pool, in Isfahan, Iran, built by Shah Abbas II to be used for his entertainment and receptions.
2. Shikara is a superstructure above the main shrine in which main deity is placed in the temples. The
construction of Shikara was the most tedious and long-lasting task in temple construction.
3. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of Rajendra I. King Rajendra I constructed temples
while Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed it. In this way, their actions were very much different.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The Mughal court suggested that everyone – the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak –
received justice equally from the emperor: (i) The architectural features highlighted the idea of the
king as a representative of God on earth. So, people could identify with the king as a just God.  (ii)
The connection between royal justice and the imperial court was emphasised on by Shah Jahan in his
newly constructed court in the Red Fort at Delhi.  (iii) There were a series of pietra dura inlays behind
the emperor’s throne which depicted that legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute. It was
believed that Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they resided together peaceably. (iv)
The construction of the audience halls aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the
high and the low as equals creating a world where all could live together in harmony.
2. The Rajarajeshwara temple was built in the early 11th century. It had the tallest shikhara amongst temples
of its time. Its construction was a very difficult task. There were no cranes in those days. The 90-tonne
stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually. Hence, the architects built an inclined path
to the top of the temple, placed the boulder on rollers and rolled it all the way to the top. The path started
more than 4 km away so that it would not be too steep. This was dismantled after the temple was built.

VI. Picture-based Questions

1. The first floor of Qutub Minar was constructed by Qutb al-Din Aibak and the rest by Iltutmish around
1229.
2. There are five storeys in Qutub Minar.
3. The two bands of inscriptions under the first balcony are in Arabic language.

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 6
Towns, Traders and
Craftspersons
Worksheet-1
Administrative Centres
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Thanjavur was the capital of the Cholas.
2. The temple of Rajarajeshwara located in Thanjavur.
3. The architect Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perumthachan who has proudly carved his name on the temple
wall.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Besides the temple, there are palaces with mandapas or pavilions. Kings hold court in these mandapas,
issuing orders to their subordinates.

III. Long Answer Type Question

Thanjavur, the capital of the Cholas, as it was a thousand years ago. The perennial river Kaveri flows
near this beautiful town. The town’s people are all praise for its architect Kunjaramallan Rajaraja
Perunthachchan who has proudly carved his name on the temple wall. Inside is a massive Shiva Linga.
Thanjavur was also an example of a temple town. Temple towns represent a very important pattern
of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop. Temples were often central to the economy and
society. Pilgrims, who flocked to the temples also made donations. Temple authorities used their
wealth to finance trade and banking. So, people regarded Thanjavur as a great town.

Worksheet-2
Temple Towns and Pilgrimage Centres
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Chola bronze statues (see Chapter 2) were made using the “lost wax” technique.
2. Bell metal is a hard alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop.
Temples were often central to the economy and society.
2. Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking. Gradually a large number of
priests, workers, artisans, traders, etc. settled near the temple to cater to its needs and those of the
pilgrims.

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. Pilgrimage centres also slowly developed into townships. Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) and
Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu) are examples of two such towns. Ajmer (Rajasthan) was the capital of
the Chauhan kings in the twelfth century and later became the suba headquarters under the Mughals.
It provides an excellent example of religious coexistence. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, the celebrated
Sufi saint who settled there in the twelfth century, attracted devotees from all creeds. Near Ajmer is
a lake, Pushkar, which has attracted pilgrims from ancient times.

Worksheet-3
A Network of Small Towns
I. One Word Answer Type Questions
1. Mandapika (mandi)
2. Hatta (Haat)

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Small towns probably emerged from large villages. They usually had a mandapika (or mandi of later
times) to which nearby villagers brought their produce to sell. They also had market streets called
hatta (haat of later times) lined with shops.
2. The following is a summary from a tenth-century inscription from Rajasthan, which lists the dues
that were to be collected by temple authorities:
There were taxes in kind on: Sugar and jaggery, dyes, thread, and cotton,
On coconuts, salt, areca nuts, butter, sesame oil,
On cloth.
Besides, there were taxes on traders, on those who sold metal goods, on distillers, on oil, on cattle
fodder, and on loads of grain.
Some of these taxes were collected in kind, while others were collected in cash.
3. From the eighth century onwards, the subcontinent was dotted with several small towns. Small
towns probably emerged from large villages. They also had market streets called hatta (haat of later
times) lined with shops. Besides, there were streets for different kinds of artisans such as potters,
oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stonemasons, etc. While some traders lived in the
town, others travelled from town to town. Many came from far and near to these towns to buy local
articles and sell products of distant places like horses, salt, camphor, saffron, betel nut and spices like
pepper.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Samanta or a zamindar built a fortified palace in or near towns. They levied taxes on traders, artisans
and articles of trade and sometimes “donated” the “right” to collect these taxes to local temples, which
had been built by themselves or by rich merchants. These “rights” were recorded in inscriptions that
have survived to this day.
2. The following are the taxes collected by temple authorities:
There were taxes in kind on: Sugar and jaggery, dyes, thread, and cotton, On coconuts, salt, areca
nuts, butter, sesame oil, On cloth. Besides, there were taxes on traders, on those who sold metal

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 goods, on distillers, on oil, on cattle fodder, and on loads of grain. Some of these taxes were collected
in kind, while others were collected in cash.

Worksheet-4
Traders Big and Small and Crafts in Towns
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be
called Bidri.
2. Gujarati traders bring gold and ivory from Africa.
3. Murshidabad is located in West Bengal on the banks of the Bhagirathi.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. With its rugged, mountainous landscape, Kabul (in present-day Afghanistan) became politically and
commercially important from the sixteenth century onwards. Kabul and Qandahar were linked to the
celebrated Silk Route. Besides, trade in horses was primarily carried on through this route.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. There were many kinds of traders. These included the Banjaras. Several traders, especially horse
traders, formed associations, with headmen who negotiated on their behalf with warriors who bought
horses.
Since traders had to pass through many kingdoms and forests, they usually travelled in caravans and
formed guilds to protect their interests. These guilds traded extensively both within the peninsula and
with Southeast Asia and China. Gujarati traders, including the communities of Hindu Baniyas and
Muslim Bohras, traded extensively with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast
Asia and China. They sold textiles and spices in these ports and, in exchange, brought gold and ivory
from Africa; and spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia and China. Indian
spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports were purchased by Italian traders and eventually reached
European markets, fetching very high profits. Spices grown in tropical climates (pepper, cinnamon,
nutmeg, dried ginger, etc.) became an important part of European cooking, and cotton cloth was
very attractive. This eventually drew European traders to India. We will shortly read about how this
changed the face of trading and towns.
2. The Panchalas or Vishwakarma community, consisting of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths,
masons and carpenters, were essential to the building of temples. They also played an important role in
the construction of palaces, big buildings, tanks and reservoirs. Similarly, weavers such as the Saliyar
or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples. Some aspects of
cloth making like cotton cleaning, spinning and dyeing became specialised and independent crafts.

Worksheet-5
A Closer Look: Hampi, Masulipatnam and Surat
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Hampi is located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin.

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2. Devadasis were temple dancers who performed before the deity, royalty and masses in the many-
pillared halls in the Virupaksha (a form of Shiva) temple.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. The magnificent ruins at Hampi reveal a well-fortified city. No mortar or cementing agent was
used in the construction of these walls and the technique followed was to wedge them together by
interlocking.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The architecture of Hampi was distinctive. The buildings in the royal complex had splendid arches,
domes and pillared halls with niches for holding sculptures. No mortar or cementing agent was
used in the construction of the walls and the technique followed was to wedge them together by
interlocking. They also had well-planned orchards and pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such
as the lotus and corbels.
2. Hampi is located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin, which formed the nucleus of the Vijayanagara
Empire, founded in 1336. The magnificent ruins at Hampi reveal a well-fortified city. The architecture
of Hampi was distinctive. The buildings in the royal complex had splendid arches, domes and
pillared halls with niches for holding sculptures. In its heyday in the fifteenthsixteenth centuries,
Hampi bustled with commercial and cultural activities. Muslim merchants, Chettis and agents of
European traders such as the Portuguese, thronged the markets of Hampi. The Mahanavami festival,
known today as Navaratri in the south, was one of the most important festivals celebrated at Hampi.
Archaeologists have found the Mahanavami platform where the king received guests and accepted
tribute from subordinate chiefs. From here he also watched dance and music performances as well
as wrestling bouts. Hampi fell into ruin following the defeat of Vijayanagara in 1565 by the Deccani
Sultans – the rulers of Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Berar and Bidar.

Worksheet-6
A Gateway to the West: Surat
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. An emporium is a large retail store selling a wide variety of goods.
2. Surat has been called the gate to Mecca because many pilgrim ships set sail from here.
3. Zari (or Jari) is a thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in traditional Indian, Bangladeshi
and Pakistani garments, especially as brocade in saris etc.

III. Short Answer Type Questions 

1. The textiles of Surat were famous for their gold lace borders (zari) and had a market in West Asia,
Africa and Europe.
2. The Surat hundis were honoured in the far-off markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq and Antwerp
in Belgium.
3. Surat began to decline towards the end of the seventeenth century. This was because of many factors:
the loss of markets and productivity because of the decline of the Mughal Empire, control of the sea
routes by the Portuguese and competition from Bombay (present-day Mumbai) where the English
East India Company shifted its headquarters in 1668. Today, Surat is a bustling commercial centre.

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IV. Long Answer Type Question
1. People from distant lands visited Surat because of the following reasons:
(i) Surat was the gateway for trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Hormuz.
(ii) Surat has also been called the gate to Mecca because many pilgrim ships set sail from here.
(iii) There was a big market for cotton textiles. One could find several retail and wholesale
shops selling cotton textiles.
(iv) The textiles of Surat were famous for their gold lace borders, i.e., zari and had a market in West
Asia, Africa, and Europe.
(v) There were ample rest-houses for the visitors. Magnificent buildings and innumerable pleasure
parks attracted people from far-off places.

Worksheet-7
Fishing in Troubled Waters: Masulipatnam
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The town of Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam literally known as fish port town.
2. Spices grown in tropical climates (pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, dried ginger, etc.) became an important
part of European cooking.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. As the Mughals began to extend their power to Golconda their representative, the governor Mir
Jumla who was also a merchant, began to play off the Dutch and the English against each other.
2. Spices grown in tropical climates (pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, dried ginger, etc.) became an important
part of European cooking, and cotton cloth was very attractive. This eventually drew European traders
to India.

Worksheet-8
New Towns and Traders
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Europeans to facilitate trade with India were putting efforts to discover Sea-route to India. Some
businessmen used to carry Indian goods to European markets through Arabian Sea, Red Sea,
Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. 
2. Merchants, artisans (such as weavers), native traders and craftspersons lived in the ‘Black Towns’.
3. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, reached Calicut in 1498.
4. Christopher Columbus is an Italian who decided to sail westwards across the Atlantic Ocean to find
a route to India.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Europeans to facilitate trade with India were putting efforts to discover Sea-route to India. Some
businessmen used to carry Indian goods to European markets through Arabian Sea, Red Sea,
Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. 

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, European countries were searching for spices and textiles,
which had become popular both in Europe and West Asia. The English, Dutch and French formed
East India Companies in order to expand their commercial activities in the east. Initially great Indian
traders like Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Virji Vora who owned a large number of ships competed with
them. However, the European Companies used their naval power to gain control of the sea trade and
forced Indian traders to work as their agents. Ultimately, the English emerged as the most successful
commercial and political power in the subcontinent.

Worksheet-9
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - d; 2. - b; 3. - a; 4. - b; 5. - a; 6. - a

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti; 2. Mahanavmi; 3. devotion; 4. Vijaynagara; 5. Donations

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Surat was famous for fine quality of fabrics.
2. In the medieval period, the Cambay of Gujarat, along with Surat was famous for: Textiles with gold
lace borders (zari) which had a market in West Asia, Africa and Europe.
3. Because they can come India through Bengal by sea route.
4. The best quality indigo was produced in Sarkhej in Gujarat and at Bayana near Agra. 
5. Thanjavur is the capital of the Cholas.
6. Muslin, a cotton fabric of plain weave, was hand woven in the region around Dhaka, East Bengal
(now Bangladesh).
7. Ibn Battuta reached India in 1333 A.D. during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq.
8.  Under Firoz Tughlaq (1351-88) there were thirty-six Karkhanas directly under the Sultan.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. A number of industries of considerable importance developed during the medieval period. The most
important ones were textiles, metal work, stone work, sugar, indigo and paper. Indian textiles were well
known.
2. Rulers built temples to demonstrate their devotion to various deities. They also endowed
temples with grants of land and money to carry out elaborate rituals/ feed pilgrims and priests
and celebrate festivals. Pilgrims also flocked to the temples also made donations. Temple
authorities used their wealth to finance trade and company. Gradually a large number of
priests, workers, artisans, traders, etc., settled near the temple to cater to its needs and those
of the pilgrims. Thus, towns emerged around temples.

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V. Long Answer Type Questions
1. The town Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam is located on the delta of the Krishna river. The literal
meaning of Masulipatnam is “fish port town”. It was a centre of intense activity in the 17th century.
Since, it soon became the most important port of Andhra Pradesh. Both the Dutch and English East
India Company attempted to control it. The fort at Masulipatnam was built by the Dutch.
2. Hampi which is located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin formed the nucleus of the Vijayanagara
Empire founded in 1336. A well-fortified city is revealed by the magnificent ruins at Hampi. The
construction of walls was done using a technique in which stone slabs were wedged together by
interlocking. No mortar or cementing agent was used in this construction. Hampi had a distinctive
architecture.

VI. Map-based Question

Do it yourself

7
Tribes, Nomads and Settled
Communities
Worksheet-1
Beyond Big Cities: Tribal Societies
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Many societies in the subcontinent did not follow the social rules and rituals prescribed by the
Brahmanas. Nor were they divided into numerous unequal classes. Such societies are often called
tribes.
2. Many large tribes thrived in different parts of the subcontinent. They usually lived in forests, hills,
deserts and places difficult to reach.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers or herders. Most
often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they
lived.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Some special features of tribal societies are:
• These tribal societies did not follow any of the social rules and rituals which the Brahmanas had
prescribed. However, they had very rich oral traditions.
• They were not divided into many unequal classes.
• Members of the society were united by kinship bonds.

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 Worksheet-2
Who Were Tribal People?
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Chief, Kamal Khan Gakkhar, was made a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar.
2. The Western Himalayan tribe of Gaddis were shepherds.
3. A clan is a group of families or households claiming descent from a common ancestor.
4. The Gonds were found in great numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
5. Kamal Khan Gakkhar was the chief of the Gakkhar tribe.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The Balochis were large and powerful tribe in the north-west. They were divided into many smaller
clans under different chiefs.
2. Further south there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Contemporary historians and travellers give very scanty information about tribes. A few exceptions
apart, tribal people did not keep written records. But they preserved rich customs and oral traditions.
Present day historians have started using such oral traditions to write tribal histories.
2. (i)  Gonds Tribes: Known for their valor, the Gond tribes are mostly found in Central India in
the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. They are also spotted in the Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh, parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa. 
(ii) Bhils Tribes:  This tribal community in India is mostly spotted in the Aravali Ranges of Sirohi
in Udaipur and some places of Dungarpur and Banswara districts of Rajasthan. 
(iii) Santhal Tribes: The Santhal tribes are the major tribes of West Bengal and are
mostly seen in the districts of Bankura and Purulia. They are also widely seen in parts
of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and Assam. 
(iv) Khasi Tribes: Khasi tribes, who are filled with lots of music, playing musical instruments like
drums, guitars, flutes, wooden pipes and metal cymbals, surely going to make your tour to
Meghalaya bright and striking. 
(v) Garo Tribes: One of the few remaining matrilineal societies in the world that are mostly spotted
in the hills of Meghalaya, the Garo Tribes are ideally known for their vivid lifestyle. They are
also spotted in the neighbouring areas of Bangladesh and parts of West Bengal, Assam and
Nagaland. It is easy to distinguish the Garo tribes from other tribes of Meghalaya. Women are
often found in varieties of traditional ornaments, whereas men are seen wearing turbans with
feathers stuck behind them.
(vi) Munda Tribes:  Their settlement is largely based in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region and is
mostly spotted in the dense of Jharkhand. Further, parts of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar,
Odisha are also inhabited by the Munda Tribes. 
(vii) Bhutia Tribes: Dominating the landlocked territory of Sikkim that is bordered by the Indian
Himalaya, the Bhutias are widely known for their traditional grandeur, art and cuisine. One
cannot forget the unique preparation of momo, steamed meat dumplings and thukpa, slurpy,
burpy and yummy! 

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 (viii) Kodava Tribes: The Kodava tribes, known for their bravery since ages. Coorg, flourishing as
one of the eco – tourist destinations in India, attracts lot of weekenders from nearby cities of
Karnataka and travellers from different parts of the country and world, BUT the harmony and
ethnicity of the Kodava tribes is one of the major attractions for the explorers.
(ix) Toto Tribes: One of the isolated tribal groups inhabiting the village of Totopara in Jalpaiguri
district of West Bengal is the Toto tribes. They have a simple lifestyle and are largely dependent
on trading vegetables and fruits. 
(x) Bodo Tribes: Believed to be the early settlers of Assam, the Bodo tribes today are found
in Udalguri and Kokrajhar of Assam and parts of West Bengal and Nagaland.

Worksheet-3
How Nomads and Mobile People Lived
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Kutiya Kond tribe lived in Orissa.
2. The Banjaras were the most important tradernomads.
3. Their caravan was called tanda.
4. Castes of entertainers performed in different towns and villages for their livelihood.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Nomads are wandering people. Many of them are pastoralists who roam from one pasture to another
with their flocks and herds.
2. Itinerant groups, such as craftspersons, pedlars and entertainers travel from place to place practising
their different occupations. Both nomads and itinerant groups often visit the same places every year.
3. Nomadic pastoralists exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils
and other products.

IV. Long Answer Type Question

1. Nomadic pastoralists moved over long distances with their animals. They lived on milk and other
pastoral products. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils
and other products. They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to another,
transporting them on their animals.

Worksheet-4
Changing Society: New Castes and Hierarchies
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. New castes appeared amongst the Brahmanas.
2. Specialised artisans – smiths, carpenters and masons – were also recognised as separate jatis by the
Brahmanas.
3. Jatis, rather than varna, became the basis for organising society.
4. Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful by the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
They belonged to different lineages, such as Hunas, Chandelas, Chalukyas and others.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. There were many different tribes and they took up diverse livelihoods. Over a period of time, many
of them merged with caste-based society.
2. The emergence of large states changed the nature of the tribal societies. We can understand this with
the help of two examples.
(i) The Gond Society: The basically equal society of the Gonds gradually got divided into unequal
social classes. Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond rajas and became more influential.
The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognized as Rajputs.
So, Aman Das, the Gond Raja of Garha Katanga, assumed the title of ‘Sangram Shah’.
(ii) The Ahom Society: The Ahoms built a large state which brought many changes in the Ahom
society. The influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas were granted land by
the king. In the reign of Sib Singh, Hinduism became the predominant religions. But the Ahom
Kings did not completely give up their traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism.

IV. Long Answer Type Question

1. Varna-based society and tribal people constantly interacted with each other. This interaction caused
both kinds of societies to adapt and change. There were many different tribes and they took up
diverse livelihoods. Over a period of time, many of them merged with castebased society. Others,
however, rejected both the caste system and orthodox Hinduism. Some tribes established extensive
states with well-organised systems of administration. They thus became politically powerful.

Worksheet-5
A Closer Look and the Ahoms
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan.
2. Bhuiyans means landlords.
3. Chandra Shah was an uncle of Bir Narain.
4. The Gonds lived in a vast forested region called Gondwana – or “country inhabited by Gonds”.
5. The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state were called paiks.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Rani Durgavati was the ruling Queen of Gondwana from 1550 until 1564. She was born in the family
of Chandel king Keerat Rai. She was born at the fort of Kalinjar. Rani Durgavati’s achievements
further enhanced the glory of her ancestral tradition of courage and patronage. 
2. The Mughals attack the Ahom kingdom to direct control over the region. In 1662, the Mughals under
Mir Jumla attacked the Ahom kingdom. Despite their brave defence, the Ahoms were defeated. But
direct Mughal control over the region could not last long.
3. Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond rajas and became more influential.
4. When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they captured a huge booty of precious coins and elephants.
5. Garha Katanga was a rich state. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to
other kingdoms.

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III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. The administrative system of Gond kingdoms was becoming centralised. The kingdom was divided
into garhs. Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan. This was further divided into units
of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12
villages each.
2. Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. There were very few castes of artisans, so artisans
in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms. A khel often controlled several villages. The
peasant was given land by his village community. Even the king could not take it away without the
community’s consent.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - d; 2. - a; 3. - c; 4. - b; 5. - c; 6. - a

II. Fill in the blanks

1. jatis; 2. Gonds; 3. Buranjis; 4. clans or khels; 5. Gondwana

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. The Langahs and Arghuns were the two tribes dominated the Multan and Sindh region.
2. The Ahoms used firearms as early as the 1530s.
3. The Khokhar and the Gakkhars are the two influential tribes of Punjab.
4. The Chero is a caste found in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh in India.
5. In large parts of the subcontinent, society was divided according to the rules of varna.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which a person uses a piece of land, only to abandon
or alter the initial use a short time later.
2. In one-word Ahom tribe’s occupation was mainly based upon agriculture. 
3. Nomadic Pastoralists are the people who migrate from one place to another with their livestock in
search of pasture. Their movement is based on the climate of the region. They can migrate within a
state or they can also migrate from state to state, it basically depends on factors like climate, type of
pastures.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The emergence of large states changed the nature of Gond society. Their basically equal society
gradually got divided into unequal social classes. Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond
rajas and became more influential. The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognised as Rajputs.
2. Originally, the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. During the first half of the seventeenth
century, however, the influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas were granted land
by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744), Hinduism became the predominant religion. But
the Ahom kings did not completely give up their traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism.

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VI. Map-based Questions
Do it yourself

8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

Worksheet-1
The Idea of a Supreme God
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Sangam literature is the example of Tamil literature, composed during the early centuries of the
Common Era.
2. The teachings of the Buddha or the Jainas according to which it was possible to overcome social
differences and break the cycle of rebirth through personal effort.
3. The idea of bhakti first advocated in the Bhagavadgita, grew in popularity in the early centuries of
the Common Era.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The idea that all living things pass through countless cycles of birth and rebirth performing good
deeds and bad came to be widely accepted.
2. Shiva, Vishnu and Durga as supreme deities came to be worshipped through elaborate rituals. At
the same time, gods and goddesses worshipped in different areas came to be identified with Shiva,
Vishnu or Durga.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The idea of a Supreme God who could deliver humans from such bondage if approached with devotion
(or bhakti). This idea, advocated in the Bhagavadgita, grew in popularity in the early centuries of the
Common Era.

Worksheet-2
A New Kind of Bhakti in South India – Nayanars and Alvars
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. There were 12 Alvars.
2. There were 63 Nayanars.
3. The hagiography is the writing of the lives of saints.
4. There are two sets of compilations of their songs – Tevaram and Tiruvacakam.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The Nayanars and Alvars were the Tamil poet-saints who played a key role in propagating the Bhakti
Movement in Southern India during the 5th-10th Centuries. 

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2. Nayanar movement was started in order to check the development of Buddhism and Jainism in the
southern peninsula. They wanted to protect their religion from the incursion of these new religions.
3. The seventh to ninth centuries saw the emergence of new religious movements, led by
the Nayanars (saints devoted to Shiva) and Alvars (saints devoted to Vishnu) who came from all
castes including those considered “untouchable” like the Pulaiyar and the Panars.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Between the tenth and twelfth centuries the Chola and Pandya kings built elaborate temples around
many of the shrines visited by the saint-poets, strengthening the links between the bhakti tradition
and temple worship. This was also the time when their poems were compiled. Besides, hagiographies
or religious biographies of the Alvars and Nayanars were also composed.

Worksheet-3
Philosophy and Bhakti
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Shankara was one of the most influential philosophers of India.
2. Ramanuja, born in Tamil Nadu in the eleventh century, was deeply influenced by the Alvars.
3. According to Shankara the world around us is an illusion or maya.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. According to Ramanuja the best means of attaining salvation was through intense devotion to Vishnu.
Vishnu in His grace helps the devotee to attain the bliss of union with Him. He propounded the
doctrine of Vishishtadvaita or qualified oneness in that the soul even when united with the Supreme
God remained distinct.
2. Shankara was an advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the
Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality. He taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality,
was formless and without any attributes. He considered the world around us to be an illusion or maya,
and preached renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true
nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Worksheet-4
Basavanna’s Virashaivism
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Virashaiva movement initiated by Basavanna and his companions like Allama Prabhu and
Akkamahadevi.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Virashaiva movement began in Karnataka in the mid-twelfth century.

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. The Virashaivas argued strongly for the equality of all human beings and against Brahmanical ideas
about caste and the treatment of women. They were also against all forms of ritual and idol worship.

Worksheet-5
The Saints of Maharashtra
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Narsi Mehta was famous Gujarati saint.
2. The Vitthala temple is located in Pandharpur.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and social
differences based on birth. In fact, they even rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live
with their families, earning their livelihood like any other person, while humbly serving fellow human
beings in need.
2. The Vaishnava poet-saints of Maharashtra such as Jnaneshwar, Namadeva, Eknath and Tukaram
were devotees of lord Vitthala.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. From the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries Maharashtra saw a great number of saint-poets,
whose songs in simple Marathi continue to inspire people. The most important among them were
Dnyaneshwar (Gyaneshwar), Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram as well as women like Sakhubai and the
family of Chokhamela, who belonged to the “untouchable” Mahar caste. This regional tradition of
bhakti focused on the Vitthala (a form of Vishnu) temple in Pandharpur, as well as on the notion of a
personal god residing in the hearts of all people.

Worksheet-6
Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis
I. Very Short Answer Type Question
1. Among “low” castes Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and Yogis become popular.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Nathpanthis and Siddhacharas advocated renunciation of the world.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis criticised the ritual and other aspects of conventional
religion and the social order. They advocated renunciation of the world. To them the path to
salvation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realization of oneness
with it. To achieve this, they advocated intense training of the mind and body through practices
like Yogasanas, breathing exercises and meditation.  

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 Worksheet-7
Islam and Sufism
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Sufis were Muslim mystics.
2. Ghazzali and Rumi were the two great Sufis of Central Asia.
3. Shariat the holy law developed by the Muslim scholars.
4. Khanqah were rest houses for travellers.
5. Jalaluddin Rumi was a great thirteenth-century Sufi poet from Iran who wrote in Persian.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Khanqahs were hospices where Sufi Masters held their assemblies. They served the purpose of being
a common ground for all royality and ordinary people to meet and discuss on matters of spirituality.
2. Dargah is usually a grave (qabr) or tomb of a person considered to be saint by the people.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The sants had much in common with the Sufis, so much so that it is believed that they adopted many
ideas of each other. Sufis were Muslim mystics. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasised
love and devotion to God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.

Worksheet-8
New Religious Developments in North India
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Tulsidas composed the Ramcharitmanas.
2. Namghars are houses of recitation and prayer.
3. Ramcharitmanas is written in Awadhi language.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Surdas’s compositions compiled in the Sursagara, Surasaravali and Sahitya Lahari express his
devotion.
2. Shankaradeva of Assam (late fifteenth century) who emphasised devotion to Vishnu, and composed
poems and plays in Assamese. He began the practice of setting up namghars or houses of recitation
and prayer, a practice that continues to date.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the royal family of Mewar. But she never liked the life
of a palace. Hence, she left it and became a disciple of Ravidas, a saint from a caste considered
“untouchable”. She, devoted her life to Lord Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing
her intense devotion. Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the ‘upper’ castes and became
popular with the ordinary people. Once, Mirabai drunk the poison sent by her husband. Still she did
not die. The incident became very popular. People thought that she was saved by Lord Krishna. Thus,
she was proved to a true devotee.

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 Worksheet-9
A Closer Look: Kabir
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Kabir Das was a 15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint.
2. Saint Kabir was brought up in a family of Muslim julahas or weavers settled in or near the city of
Benares (Varanasi).

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Kabir Das (was a 15th-century Indian mystic  poet and saint, whose writings influenced
Hinduism’s Bhakti movement and his verses are found in Sikhism’s scripture Guru Granth Sahib.
His early life was in a Muslim family, but he was strongly influenced by his teacher, the Hindu bhakti
leader Ramananda. Kabir was born in the Indian city of Varanasi.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The major ideas expressed by Kabir include:
Rejection of major religious traditions.
Criticism of all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam.
Criticism of priestly classes and the caste system.
Belief in a formless Supreme God.
Emphasis on Bhakti or devotion to achieve salvation.
Kabir expressed his ideas in a vast collection of verses known as sakhis and pads. These are said to
have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers.

Worksheet-10
A Closer Look: Baba Guru Nanak
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German.
2. Langar is the term used in the Sikh religion or in Punjab for common kitchen where food is served in
a Gurdwara to all the visitors for free.
3. Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of the Sikhs.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Guru Angad compiled the compositions of Baba Guru Nanak, to which he added his own in a new
script known as Gurmukhi.
2. The Mughal emperor Jahangir looked upon the Sikh community as a potential threat and therefore he
ordered the execution of Guru Arjan in 1606.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. On Baisakhi in 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa Panth.

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 It was established in order to teach the followers that no ritual or superstition is above Almighty and
one should not fall for any superstition. Khalsa Panth also states that believe in one God who is the
Master and the Protector of all, the only Creator and Destroyer.
2. Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian monk, and a
seminal figure in the Reformation. He was one of the most important leaders of the changes that
took place within Christianity was Martin Luther. Luther felt that several practices in the Roman
Catholic Church went against the teachings of the Bible. He encouraged the use of the language
of ordinary people and translated the Bible into German. His writings were widely disseminated
with the growing use of the printing press. Many Protestant Christian sects trace their origins to the
teachings of Luther.

Worksheet-11
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - b; 2. - a; 3. - c; 4. - a; 5. - b; 6. - d

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Alvars; 2. Divya Prabandham; 3. Advaita; 4. Vitthala temple; 5. Vishnu

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. The warrior clan that became popular between 8th and 14th centuries were Rajputs.
2. Kabir expressed his ideas in a vast collection of verses known as sakhis and pads.
3. Some prominent followers of Baba Guru Nanak were Mardana Ji and Bhai Lehna ji.
4. Sant Dnyaneshwar, Namdeo, Eknath, Tukaram and Ramdas are some important Saint poets of
Maharashtra.
5. Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak are some holy books in which the verses composed by
Kabir were collected and preserved.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of teaching, which actually meant right worship,
welfare of others and purity of conduct.
2. Amritsar had developed around the central Gurudwara known as Harmandar Sahib, the Golden
Temple. It was virtually self-governing body of Sikh community as ‘a state within a state’. This made
the Mughal emperor Jahangir hostile to the Sikh community. He looked upon them as a potential
threat.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the royal family of Mewar in the sixteenth century. Mirabai
became a disciple of Ravidas, a saint from a caste considered “untouchable”. She was devoted to
Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion. Her songs also openly
challenged the norms of the “upper” castes and became popular with the masses in Rajasthan and
Gujarat.

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2. The Nayanars and Alvars led religious movements in South India during the seventh to ninth centuries.
The Nayanars were devotees of Shiva while the Alvars were the devotees of Vishnu. They came from
all castes including those considered ‘untouchable like the Pulaiyar and the Panars. They preached
the love of Shiva or Vishnu as the path to salvation. They went from place to place composing
beautiful poems in praise of the deities enshrined in the villages they visited and set them to music.
There were 63 Nayanars who belonged to different caste backgrounds. There were 12 Alvars who
came from equally divergent backgrounds.

VI. Picture-based Questions

1. Baba Guru Nanak was born in Nankana Sahib, Pakistan.
2. Guru Angad was appointed by Guru Nanak as his successor.
3. Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539 in Kartarpur, at the age of 70. 

9
The Making of Regional
Cultures
Worksheet-1
The Cheras and the Development of Malayalam
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Chera kingdom was established in the ninth century.
2. In present-day Kerala State was Chera Kingdom established.
3. Lilatilakam was written in fourteenth-century.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Manipravalam refers to the two languages—Sanskrit and the regional language. Lilatilakam was
composed in Manipravalam.
2. The temple theatre of Kerala borrowed stories from the Sanskrit epics. The first literary works
in Malayalam, dated about the 12th century, are directly indebted to Sanskrit. The Lilatilakam, a
fourteenth century text, dealt with grammar and poetics was composed in Manipravalam - literally,
diamonds and corals referring to the two languages namely Sanskrit and the regional language.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. In the 9th century, south western part of great Indian peninsula witnessed the strong empire of Chera
of Mahodayapuram which is now known as Kerala. From the sources it is witnessed that now a days
Malayalam language was acknowledged by Chera rulers according to their inscriptions and due to
this fact, it is also spoken now a days. Moreover, the most ancient sources have been recovered of the
Malayalam language from official records of south western part of India.

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 Worksheet-2
Rulers and Religious Traditions: The Jagannatha Cult
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Anantavarman was one of the most important rulers of the Ganga dynasty.
2. Anantavarman built the temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri.
3. Jagannatha temple is located in Orissa.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. King Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to the deity and proclaimed himself as the “deputy” of
the god.
2. The conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri because they felt that this would make
their rule acceptable to the local people.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Jagannatha cult was the best example of regional cultures growing around religious traditions.
Jagannatha, which literally translates to ‘the lord of the world’ is a name for Vishnu. This cult is
found in Puri, Orissa. Till date, the local tribals make the wooden image of the deity, which suggests
that the deity was originally a local god which was later identified with Vishnu.

Worksheet-3
The Rajputs and Traditions of Heroism
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Present-day Rajasthan, was called Rajputana by the British.
2. Women used to perform Jauhar.
3. Prithviraj was Rajput ruler of Rahasthan.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. We know more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people because of
the following reasons:
Only rulers could afford minstrels and historians for records and documentation. Ordinary people
did not have resources or wealth to preserve their memories and cultural practices.
2. Minstrels proclaimed the achievements of heroes to preserve their memories and inspire others to
follow their footprints.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Sometimes these stories depict women as the cause for conflict, as men fought with one another to either
win or protect them (women). Women are also depicted as following their heroic husbands in both life and
death. We are familiar with the stories about the practice of sati or the immolation of widows on the funeral
pyre of their husbands. so. those who followed the heroic ideal often had to pay for it with their lives.

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 Worksheet-4
Beyond Regional Frontiers: The Story of Kathak
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The term kathak is derived from katha, a word used in Sanskrit and other languages for story.
2. Kathak developed into two traditions or ‘gharanas’ in the courts of Jaipur and Lucknow; it grew into a
major art form with the support of Nawab Wajid Ali Khan.
3. The major patrons of Kathak were the Mughal emperors, their nobles, the courts of Rajasthan and
Lucknow and the last Nawab of Awadh - Wajid Ali Shah.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa lila, which combined folk
dance with the basic gestures of the kathak story-tellers.
2. Kathak is found in three distinct forms, called “gharanas”, named after the cities where the Kathak
dance tradition evolved – Jaipur, Banaras and Lucknow. While the Jaipur gharana focuses more
on the foot movements, the Banaras and Lucknow gharanas focus more on facial expressions and
graceful hand movements.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. With the advent of the Mughals, this dance form underwent a radical transformation. Kathak, as we
know it today, is the result of the fusion between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. The Persian and
Muslim influences altered the dance from a temple ritual to a means of royal entertainment. The
emphasis shifted from the religious to the aesthetic. Kathak developed into two traditions called as
gharanas for example Rajasthan gharanas, Lucknow gharanas and Benaras gharanas.

Worksheet-5
Painting for Patrons: The Tradition of Miniatures
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Miniatures are small-sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or paper.
2. Soft colours including cool blues and greens, and a lyrical treatment of themes distinguished Kangra
paintings from other paintings.
3. Sanskrit poet Bhanudatta was the author of Rasamanjari.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. By the late seventeenth century Himachal Pradesh region had developed a bold and intense style of
miniature painting called Basohli.
2. The most popular text to be illustrated in the miniature paintings of Himachal Pradesh was Bhanudatta’s
Rasamanjari.

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of Kangra, named after Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, a former
princely state, which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of Basohli school of
painting in mid-18th century, and soon produced such a magnitude in paintings both in content as
well as volume, that the Pahari painting school, came to be known as Kangra paintings.

Worksheet-6
A Closer Look: Bengal
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Naths were ascetics who engaged in a variety of yogic practices.
2. People in Bengal always spoke Bengali.
3. The meaning of the word ‘Mangalkavya’ in Bengali literature is auspicious poem.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The secondb category include includes Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamati and
Gopichandra, stories concerning the worship of Dharma Thakur, and fairy tales, Folk tales and
ballads.
2. The second category circulated orally and cannot be precisely dated. They were particularly popular
in eastern Bengal, where the influence of Brahmanas was relatively weak.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, Bengal was ruled by Sultans who were independent
of the rulers in Delhi. In 1586, when Akbar conquered Bengal, it formed the nucleus of the Bengal
suba. While Persian was the language of administration, Bengali developed as a regional language.

Worksheet-7
Pirs and Temples
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Dhaka is the Mughal capital of Bengal.
2. Pirs were spiritual leaders having supernatural powers.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Animism is attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena.
2. The temples of Bengal started copying the dochala (double- roofed) and chauchala (four- roofed)
structures of the thatched huts.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Pirs also functioned as teachers and adjudicators. When early settlers in Bengal sought some order
and assurance in the unstable conditions of the new settlements pirs favoured them and gave them

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 full moral support. People viewed them as respectful figures. The cult of pirs became very popular
and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.

Worksheet-8
Fish as Food
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Terracotta plaques on the walls of temples and viharas depict scenes of fish being dressed and taken
to the market in baskets.
2. The Brihaddharma Purana is a Hindu religious text, which classified itself as the last of the 18
Upapuranas.

II. Short Answer Type Question

The Brihaddharma Purana, a thirteenth-century Sanskrit text from Bengal, permitted the local
Brahmanas to eat certain varieties of fish.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Till the eighteenth century, people in Europe saw themselves as subjects of an empire, such as the
Austro-Hungarian empire, or members of a church, such as the Greek Orthodox church. But, from
the late eighteenth century, people also began to identify themselves as members of a community that
spoke a common language, such as French or German. By the early nineteenth century, in Rumania
school textbooks began to be written in Rumanian rather than in Greek, and in Hungary Hungarian
was adopted as the official language instead of Latin. These and other similar developments created
the consciousness among the people that each linguistic community was a separate nation. This
feeling was strengthened by the movements for Italian and German unification in the late nineteenth
century.

Worksheet-9
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - a; 2. - d; 3. - d; 4. - d; 5. - c

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Manipravalam; 2. The Chera; 3. auspicious; 4. rice and fish; 5. Pir

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. The regions that attracted miniature paintings are:
• Western India- Some of the most beautiful miniatures are found in western India. These illustrated
Jaina texts.
• Himalayan foothills around the modern-day Himachal Pradesh.

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2. King Anangabhima III dedicated the kingdom to the deity of Jagannatha at Puri in Odisha.
3. Kathak grew into a major art form under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh.
4. The emperors Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan patronized highly skilled painters.
5. The themes of Miniature paintings are Krishan Lila (sports of Krishna), Raga Raginis (Musical
melodies), Nayika Bheda (different classes of heroines on which Sanskrit and Hindu writers on love,
classified women), Ritu Chitra (seasons), Panchatantra.
6. Nadir Shah’s invasion and the conquest of Delhi in 1739 led to the migration of Mughal artists to
the hills to escape the uncertainties of the plains.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In several regions, regional cultures developed around religious traditions. The local people made a
wooden image of the deity which, originally a local God, came to be identified with Vishnu. Temple
became the centre of pilgrimage.
2. By the late seventeenth century in Himachal Pradesh had developed a bold and intense style of
miniature painting called Basohli. The most popular text to be painted here was Bhanudatta’s
Rasamanjari.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Important architectural features of the temples of Bengal are:
• Temples of Bengal began to copy the double-roofed structure of the thatched huts.
• In a comparatively more complex four-roofed structure, four triangular roofs were placed on the
four walls to move up to converge on a curved line or a point.
• Temples were usually built on a square platform
• The interior was relatively plain but the outer walls of many temples were decorated with
paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.
2. Nadir Shah’s invasion and the conquest of Delhi in 1739 resulted in the migration of Mughal artists
to the hills to escape the uncertainties of the plains. Here they found ready patrons which led to
the founding of the Kangra school of painting. By the mid-eighteenth century the Kangra artists
developed a style which breathed a new spirit into miniature painting. The source of inspiration was
the Vaishnavite traditions. Soft colours including cool blues and greens, and a lyrical treatment of
themes distinguished Kangra painting.

VI. Picture-based Questions

1. Jagannatha literally meaning lord of the world, a name for Vishnu.
2. Ganga dynasty ruler Anantavarman, decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri.
3. All those who conquered Orissa, such as the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India
Company, attempted to gain control over the temple. They felt that this would make their rule
acceptable to the local people.

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 10
Eighteenth Century Political
Formations
Worksheet-1
The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In the Mughal Empire the subadar was the governor of a province. 
2. Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long
war in the Deccan.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In the midst of this economic and political crisis, the ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered
the city of Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth.
2. The peasants and zamindars revolt in many parts of northern and western India because of the
pressures of mounting taxes.

II. Long Answer Type Question

1. There were a number of factors that led to the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Emperor Aurangzeb fought a long war in the Deccan. As a result, the military and financial resources
of his empire got depleted.
The successors of Aurangzeb were not at all efficient. The efficiency of the imperial administration
broke down. It became increasingly difficult for later Mughal emperors to keep a check on their
powerful Nobles appointed as governors often controlled the offices of revenue and military
administration as well.
Under the later Mughals, peasant and zamindar rebellions increased in many parts of northern and
western India. These revolts were sometimes caused by the pressures of mounting taxes. The local
chieftains were also becoming powerful by seizing the economic resources of the region.
In the midst of economic and political crisis, the ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered
the city of Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth. Again, Ahmad Shah Abdali
invaded north India five times between 1748 and 1761. These invasions further weakened the Mughal
Empire.
The competitions amongst different groups of nobles also proved unfortunate for the Mughal Empire.
The later Mughals were puppets in the hands of either Iranis or Turanis, the two major groups of
nobles.

Worksheet-2
Emergence of New States
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The states of the eighteenth century can be divided into three overlapping groups.

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2. Through the eighteenth century, the Mughal Empire gradually fragmented into a number of
independent, regional states.
3. The three states that carved out of the old Mughal provinces in the 18th century were Awadh, Bengal
and Hyderabad.

II. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The efficiency of the imperial administration broke down under the later Mughal emperors. It became
increasingly difficult for them to keep a check on their powerful Nobles appointed as governors often
controlled the offices of revenue and military administration as well. This gave them extraordinary
political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal empire. As the governors
consolidated their control over the provinces, the periodic remission of revenue to the capital declined.
2. The states of the eighteenth century can be divided into three overlapping groups:
(i) States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. Although extremely
powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the
Mughal emperor.
(ii) States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These
included several Rajput principalities.
(iii) The last group included states under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats.
These were of differing sizes and had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-
drawn armed struggle.

Worksheet-3
The Old Mughal Provinces
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Ijaradars were revenue farmers during the Mughal period.
2. The new social groups that developed in Awadh to influence the management of the state’s revenue
system were moneylenders and bankers.
3. Saadat Khan also held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Awadh was a prosperous region, controlling the rich alluvial Ganga plain and the main trade route
between north India and Bengal. The state depended on local bankers and mahajans for loans. It sold
the right to collect tax to the highest bidders.
2. The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the jagirdari system because they wanted to
prevent cheating as well as decrease the Mughal influence in their kingdoms.
3. The state of Hyderabad was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah who was a powerful noble under the
Mughals. He gained control over its financial and political administration. He appointed mansabdars
and granted them jagirs without taking permission of the Mughal king. He gave incentives to farmers
and craftsmen to promote agriculture and industry.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. In an effort to reduce Mughal influence in Bengal Murshid Quli Khan transferred all Mughal jagirdars
to Orissa and ordered a major reassessment of the revenues of Bengal. Revenue was collected in cash

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 with great strictness from all zamindars. As a result, many zamindars had to borrow money from
bankers and moneylenders. Those unable to pay were forced to sell their lands to larger zamindars.

Worksheet-4
The Watan Jagirs of the Rajputs
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In the Mughal Empire the subadar was the governor of a province. 
2. Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Many Rajput kings, particularly those belonging to Amber and Jodhpur, had served under the Mughals
with distinction. In exchange, they were permitted to enjoy considerable autonomy in their watan
jagirs.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh was the Hindu Rajput ruler. He became ruler of Amber at the age of 11
after his father Maharaja Bishan Singh died on 31 December 1699. He was governor of Malwa. These
offices were renewed by Emperor Jahandar Shah in 1713. They also tried to extend their territories
by seizing portions of imperial territories neighbouring their watans. Nagaur was conquered and
annexed to the house of Jodhpur, while Amber seized large portions of Bundi. Sawai Raja Jai Singh
founded his new capital at Jaipur and was given the subadari of Agra in 1722.

Worksheet-5
Seizing Independence
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Bharatpur fort was built in a fairly traditional style, at Dig.
2. Jawahir Shah was Nadir Shah’s son.
3. Khalsa was established in 1699.
4. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. After Shivaji’s death, effective power in the Maratha state was wielded by a family of Chitpavan
Brahmanas who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (or principal minister).
2. Chauth was 25 per cent of the land revenue claimed by zamindars. In the Deccan this was collected
by the Marathas.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The Jats were prosperous agriculturists, and towns like Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important
trading centres in the areas dominated by them. Like the other states the Jats consolidated their power
during the late seventeenth and eighteenth-centuries. Under their leader, Churaman, they acquired

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 control over territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi, and by the 1680s they had begun
dominating the region between the two imperial cities of Delhi and Agra.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - b; 2. - c; 3. - d; 4. - c; 5. – d; 6. - b

II. Fill in the blanks

1. administration; 2. 1719; 3. Jaipur; 4. Deccan; 5. Saadat Khan

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Kunbis were groups of highly mobile, peasant pastoralists.
2. The two taxes-- chauth and sardeshmukhi were imposed by Shivaji in the Deccan region.
3. Under King Suraj Mal the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state.
4. Guru Gobind Singh had inspired the Khalsa with the belief that their destiny was to rule (raj karega
khalsa).

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The system called rakhi was introduced, offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of
20 per cent of the produce.
2. Under the Peshwas, the Marathas developed a very successful military organisation. Between 1720
and 1761, the Maratha empire expanded. It gradually chipped away at the authority of the Mughal
Empire. Malwa and Gujarat were seized from the Mughals by the 1720s. By the 1730s, the Maratha
king was recognised as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula. He possessed the right to levy
chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The Maratha kingdom was another powerful regional kingdom to arise out of a sustained opposition
to Mughal rule. Shivaji (1627-1680) carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior
families (deshmukhs). Groups of highly mobile, peasant-pastoralists (kunbis) provided the backbone
of the Maratha army. Shivaji used these forces to challenge the Mughals in the peninsula.

VI. Picture-based Questions

1. Guru Gobind Singh was the last of the ten Gurus, the one who transformed the Sikh faith. In 1699 he
created the Khalsa (Pure), a community of the faithful who wore visible symbols of their faith and
trained as warriors.
2. Guru Gobind Singh fought most of the battles with Rajput and Mughal rulers.
3. As Guru Gobind Singh was the last Sikh Guru in human form, he passed on the Guruship of Sikhs
to Guru Granth Sahib, the holy text of Sikhs.

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 Our Environment

1 Environment
Worksheet-1
Natural Environment
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth.
2. The atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth.
3. The atmosphere is made of gases that are essential for photosynthesis and other life activities.
The atmosphere is a crucial part of the water cycle. It is an important reservoir for water, and the
source of precipitation. The atmosphere moderates Earth’s temperature.
4. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of
Earth’s structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the
upper mantle) below.
5. A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the
surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The air in Earth’s atmosphere is made up of approximately 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen.
Air also has small amounts of lots of other gases, too, such as carbon dioxide, neon, and hydrogen.
2. Ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the
physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live, all linked by transfer of energy
and material.
3. The lithosphere provides the solid surface necessary for terrestrial organisms, but it is much more
than just an area on which life can roam. It is also a reservoir of nutrients that are essential for life,
accessible to living things in the form of soil. It holds deposits of fresh water and energy resources.
The hydrosphere is always in motion. The major importance of hydrosphere is that water sustains
various life forms and plays an important role in ecosystems and regulating atmosphere. Hydrosphere
covers all water present on the Earth surface.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The earth would be barren without the atmosphere because without atmosphere life on earth is
difficult to survive. There would be no oxygen and breathing would become impossible. Moreover,
the ultraviolet rays of the sun would enter directly because there would be no protective shield that is
the atmosphere.

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 Worksheet-2
Human Environment
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Human environment refers to the artificial environment that is created by humans. It includes
buildings, roads, cities as well as the society that humans live in.
2. Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or
services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.
3. Human beings interact with the environment and modify it according to their need.
4. Four examples of human-made environments are—buildings, parks, bridges and roads.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Some examples of modification of the environment are growing of crops, domestication of animals
and leading a settled life. Activities like large scale production, agriculture, invention of the wheel,
barter system, trade and commerce have been a part of the evolution of human beings with respect to
their needs.
2. Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil
fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air
quality, and undrinkable water.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Human beings interact with the environment and modify it according to their need. Early humans
adapted themselves to the natural surroundings. They led a simple life and fulfilled their requirements
from the nature around them. With time needs grew and became more varied. Humans learn new ways
to use and change environment. They learn to grow crops, domesticate animals and lead a settled
life. The wheel was invented, surplus food was produced, barter system emerged, trade started and
commerce developed. Industrial revolution enabled large scale production. Transportation became
faster. Information revolution made communication easier and speedy across the world.
2. There are a number of different things that make humans different from other creatures. Human beings
adapt themselves to the natural environment by making modifications in their food, cloth, and shelter.
They also modify their natural environment to suit their social, biological, cultural and economic needs.
The early human beings slept on trees and caves, they used to roam around in search of food as that
of other creatures but with the passage of time, with the help of their mind, thinking skills, ability,
knowledge, hard work, etc. they have changed themselves drastically. Now, the modern man is far
more organized, skilled, well-mannered and cultured. They live in houses, eat cooked food, travel
from one place to another by various means of transportation, etc.

Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (a); 2. - (b); 3. - (a); 4. - (b); 5. - (c); 6. - (a)

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II. Fill in the blanks
1. natural; 2. Hydrosphere; 3. immediate; 4. natural; 5. communication

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Plants use carbon dioxide gas to make their food.
2. Argon, carbon dioxide (CO2), and many other gases are also present in much lower amounts; each
makes up less than 1% of the atmosphere’s mixture of gases. 
3. Earth’s gravity is strong enough to hold onto its atmosphere and keep it from drifting into space.
4. Two major components of biotic environment are Plants and Animals.
5. The biosphere is made of three components, called the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Plants and animals depend upon each other as mutual interdependence is must for their
survival. Plants provide shelter for animals and they make oxygen for the animals to live.
When animals die, they decompose and become natural fertilizer plants. Plants depend on animals for
nutrients, pollination and seed dispersal.
2. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem. Abiotic resources
are usually obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Examples of abiotic factors
are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals.
Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem. These are obtained from the
biosphere and are capable of reproduction. Examples of biotic factors are animals, birds, plants,
fungi, and other similar organisms.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The lithosphere is Earth’s outermost layer, composed of rocks in the crust and upper mantle that
behave as brittle solids. 
The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers
of Earth’s structure. Ductility measures a solid material’s ability to deform or stretch under stress.
The lithosphere is far less ductile than the asthenosphere.
2. We rarely think about the role of the planet that keeps us alive and takes the hydrosphere for granted.
The major importance of the hydrosphere is that water sustains various life forms and plays an
important role in ecosystems and regulating the atmosphere. Hydrosphere covers all water present
on the Earth’s surface.
In fact, most of the chemical reactions that occur in life, involve substances that are dissolved in
water. Without water, cells would not be able to carry out their normal functions and life could not
exist.

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 2 Inside our Earth
Worksheet-1
Interior of the Earth
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The innermost part of the earth is called the inner core.
2. The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust.
3. The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
rocks.
4. Although the core and mantle are about equal in thickness, the core actually forms only 15 percent of
the Earth’s volume, whereas the mantle occupies 84 percent. The crust makes up the remaining 1
percent.
5. The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. We can we not go to the centre of the earth because to reach to the centre of the earth we will have to
dig a hole 6000 km. deep on the ocean floor.
2. Sial is composed of silicon and aluminium. It is the upper layer which forms a discontinuous cover
over the Earth’s crust and is entirely absent the ocean floor.
Sima is composed of silicon and magnesium. This is the second layer below sial which forms the
ocean base.
3. The deepest mine in the world, is in South Africa. It is about 4 km deep. In search for oil, engineers
have dug a hole about 6 km deep.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Earth’s interior is generally divided into three major layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The
solid crust or the hard-top layer of the earth is called Lithosphere. It is made up of rocks and minerals
and covered by a thin layer of soil. It is an irregular surface with various landforms such as mountains,
plateaus, plains, valleys, etc. Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends up to a depth of 2900
km. below the crust. The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km. It is mainly
made up of nickel and iron and is called nife (Ni – nickel and Fe – ferrous i.e., iron). The central core
has very high temperature and pressure.

Worksheet-2
Rocks and Minerals
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock.

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2. When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into
metamorphic rocks.
3. The Red Fort is made of red sandstone.
4. The process of transformation of the rock from one to another is known as the rock cycle.
5. The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are called fossils.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Rocks are used for many purposes but some of them that we can see in our daily life are cited below:
• Making Cement (Limestone) (Sedimentary Origin)
• Writing (Chalk) (Sedimentary Origin)
• Building Material (Sandstone) (Sedimentary Origin)
• Bath Scrub (Pumice) (Igneous Origin)
• Kerb Stone (Granite) (Igneous Origin)
2. When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into
metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks which are still under great heat and pressure melt down
to form molten magma.
3. When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks thus formed are called igneous rocks. They
are also called primary rocks. There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive rocks and extrusive
rocks

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Lava is actually fiery red molten magma coming out from the interior of the earth on its surface.
When this molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks
formed in such a way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. They have a very fine-grained
structure. For example, basalt. The Deccan plateau is made up of basalt rocks. Sometimes the molten
magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous
rocks.
2. Rocks roll down, crack, and hit each other and are broken down into small fragments. These smaller
particles are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc.
These loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. So, these types of rocks
are called sedimentary rocks.

Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (c); 2. - (d); 3. - (b); 4. - (b); 5. - (c); 6. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. crust; 2. 6371 km; 3. basalt rocks; 4. settle down; 5. igneous rocks

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Sedimentum is the Latin word for sedimentary.

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2. Because of extreme heat and pressure, limestone undergoes a change in its form and turns into marble.
3. The Taj Mahal is made of white marble.
4. Metamorphose is the Greek word for metamorphic.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Coal, natural gas and petroleum are used in industries.
2. Igneous and sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure.
For example, clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.
3. The major visible difference between the two are crystal size, intrusive rocks have a larger crystal/
grain texture due to the slow cooling of magma below the earth surface which encourages the growth
of larger crystals, while extrusive rocks, because of the rapid cooling at/above the earth’s surface
does the opposite.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. If coal and petroleum and other minerals get exhausted life on Earth will come to an end. Wars will
take place. The extinction of minerals will lead to havoc. If the mineral resources get exhausted in
nature -- the industries would have no resources for production of products. Plants need a number
of minerals for healthy growth, if the minerals are exhausted in the soil the plants will eventually die.
2. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as decomposition of buried dead plants and animals.
Amongst the three major types of rock, fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. Unlike
most igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks form at temperatures and pressures that do
not destroy fossil remnants. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of sediments layer by
layer making it easy to contain fossils and fossil fuels. Sedimentary rocks are soft rocks. Thus, it does
not destroy the fossils and in a longer run we get the fossil fuels like coal and petroleum products,
which are very important for human life.

3 Our Changing Earth

Worksheet-1
Major Landforms
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Sand dune is a hill of sand near an ocean or in a desert that is formed by the wind.
2. As the river enters the plain it twists and turns forming large bends known as meanders.
3. The grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind can carry it over very long distances. When such
sand is deposited in large areas, it is called loess.
4. As the river approaches towards the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and river begins to
break up into a number of streams called distributaries.
5. The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores forming beaches.
6. A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The material carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt get deposited. These
deposits form glacial moraines.
2. When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side it forms a
waterfall.
3. Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander
loop come closer and closer. In due course of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms
a cut-off lake, also called an ox-bow lake.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Stacks are formed as a result of the erosional activity of the sea waves. When sea waves continuously
strike rocks, cracks develop in them. As these cracks become larger and wider, hollow caves get
formed on the rocks. These are called sea caves. As the waves keep striking the rocks, the cavities
become bigger and bigger, with only the roof remaining at the end. Such structures are known as sea
arches. Further erosion breaks the roof, and only walls remain. These wall-like features are known as
stacks. Thus, sea caves are ultimately converted into stacks. 
2. Landforms are created by sea waves and include stacks, stumps, caves, arches, bays, coves, beaches
and cliffs. It starts with waves hitting vertical faults, or lines of weakness in rock. The water erodes
these faults, making the cracks larger and larger. Eventually, the water causes caves to form in these
areas.

Worksheet-2
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (b); 2. - (b); 3. - (a); 4. - (a); 5. - (c); 6. - (d)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Lithospheric plates; 2. distributaries; 3.  crater; 4. centre; 5. Volcano;
6. Valleys; 7. deserts; 8. Angel Falls; 9. Earthquakes; 10. seismograph

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.
2. Examples of coastal landforms include beaches, bays, cliffs, and headlands (a thin stretch of land
extending out from a coast).
3. Name of few rivers that form Delta are: Ganga, Yamuna, Amazon, Indus, Nile, Brahmaputra and
Mississippi river.
4. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Tectonic plate movement
under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Erosion by water and wind
can wear down land and create landforms like valleys and canyons.
5. The three types of rocks are: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
6. Water, wind and ice are the major agents of erosion.

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IV. Short Answer Type Questions
1. During floods, layers of fine soil and other material called sediments are deposited on the river bank.
This leads to the formation of a flat fertile flood plains.
2. Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom because the winds erode the lower section of the rock more
than the upper part.
3. Although earthquakes cannot be predicted, some common earthquake prediction methods adopted
locally by people include studying animal behaviour; fish in the ponds get agitated, snakes come to
the surface.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The work of sea water is performed by several marine agents like sea waves, oceanic currents,
tidal waves and tsunamis but the sea waves are most powerful and effective erosive agent of coastal
areas. Sea waves are defined as undulations of sea water characterised by well-developed crests and
troughs.
2. Human activities like mining, oil drilling, explosions and nuclear explosions can cause earthquakes,
depending on their intensity.
A Nuclear bomb or a High thermonuclear explosion can create earthquake of sensible or at most
scary effect.

4 Air
Worksheet-1
Composition of the Atmosphere
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Nitrogen and oxygen are the two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere.
2. Carbon dioxide gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.
3. Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past
century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.
4. Nitrogen and oxygen are two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide,
helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used
by the plants which make a perfect balance.
2. When air is heated, it expands, becomes lighter and goes up.
3. Bacteria, that live in the soil and roots of some plants, take nitrogen from the air and change its form
so that plants can use it.

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III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. The atmosphere is composed of a mix of several different gases in differing amounts.  The permanent
gases whose percentages do not change from day to day are nitrogen, oxygen and argon.  Nitrogen
accounts for 78% of the atmosphere, oxygen 21% and argon 0.9%.  Gases like carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone are trace gases that account for about a tenth of one percent of the
atmosphere.
2. Carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect by trapping the heat radiated
from the earth. It is therefore called a greenhouse gas and without it the earth would have been too
cold to live in. However, when its level in the atmosphere increases due to factory smoke or car
fumes, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth.

Worksheet-2
Structure of the Atmosphere
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Atmosphere is divided into five layers starting from the earth’s surface. These are Troposphere,
Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.
2. Troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere.
3. One important feature of stratosphere is that it contains a layer of ozone gas.
4. The ionosphere makes radio communications possible. 
5. Stratosphere is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere are the layers into which our
atmosphere is divided.
2. In thermosphere temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height.
3. Exosphere is very thin air. Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Stratosphere extends up to a height of 50 km. This layer is almost free from clouds and associated
weather phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes. One important feature of
stratosphere is that it contains a layer of ozone gas. It protects us from the harmful effect of the sun
rays.
2. Air above us presses us with a great force on our bodies. However, we don’t even feel it. This is
because the air presses us from all directions and our body exerts a counter pressure. Air pressure is
defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface. As we go up the layers of
atmosphere, the pressure falls rapidly.

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 Worksheet-3
Weather and Climate
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Isolation refers to separating sick people with a contagious disease from those who are not sick.
2. Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and
then become heavy enough to fall under gravity.
3. That pressure is called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted on a surface by
the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth.
4. The degree of hotness and coldness of the air is known as temperature.
5. The hot and dry wind is called loo.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Humidity level is very high on a humid day, i.e., plenty of water vapour is present in air. In this
condition, air is unable to take up more water vapour. Due to this, clothes take longer to dry on a
humid day.
2. Rainfall is very important for the survival of plants and animals. It brings fresh water to the
earth’s surface. The roots of plants grow deep into the soil, and this helps break and loosen soil
particles to ensure that water seeps even deeper into the soil.
3. Temperature in cities much higher than that of villages because the concrete and metals in buildings
and the asphalt of roads get heated up during the day.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Winds can be broadly divided into three types.
(i) Permanent winds – The trade winds, westerlies and easterlies are the permanent winds. These
blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction.
(ii) Seasonal winds – These winds change their direction in different seasons. For example, monsoons
in India.
(iii) Local winds – These blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area. For
example, land and sea breeze. The hot and dry local wind of northern planes of India is called
loo.
2. Temperature change in the course of a year because the earth’s axis is tilted. Throughout the year,
different parts of Earth receive the Sun’s most direct rays. So, when the North Pole tilts toward
the Sun, it’s summer in the Northern Hemisphere. And when the South Pole tilts toward the Sun,
it’s winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (b); 2. - (a); 3. - (c); 4. - (c); 5. - (b)

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II. Fill in the blanks
1. Troposphere; 2. denser, heavy; 3. pressure; 4. Highest, decreases; 5. exosphere

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Ozone gas protects us from the harmful effect of the sun rays.
2. The movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure areas is called wind.
3. On a humid day our body does not evaporate easily so it makes us feel very uncomfortable.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The average weather condition of a place for a longer period of time represents the climate of a place.
2. The sun rays fall directly on the equator but they are slanting as they move towards the poles. This is
the reason why the amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.
3. The amount of force exerted over an area of surface is called atmospheric pressure or air pressure.
As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, fewer air molecules are above us. So, there will be less
weight of air above us. Hence, atmospheric pressure always decreases as we move upward in
the atmosphere.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. When air is heated, it expands, becomes lighter and goes up. Cold air is denser and heavy. That is why
it tends to sink down. When hot air rises, cold air from surrounding area rushes there to fill in the gap.
That is how air circulation takes place.
2. Tropical cyclones are among the most destructive natural phenomena. The impact from cyclones
extends over a wide area, with strong winds and heavy rains. However, the greatest damage to life and
property is not from the wind, but from secondary events such as storm surges, flooding, landslides
and tornadoes.

5 Water
Worksheet-1
Distribution of Water Bodies
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Salinity is the amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of water.
2. The major sources of fresh water are the rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers.
3. Dead sea in Israel has salinity of 340 grams per litre of water.
4. The average salinity of the oceans is 35 parts per thousand.
5. Three-fourth of the earth surface is covered by water.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Water carries nutrients to all cells in our body and oxygen to our brain. Water allows the body to
absorb and assimilate minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and other substances. Water flushes
out toxins and waste. Water helps to regulate body temperature.
2. Dead sea has salinity of 340 grams per litre of water. Swimmers can float in it because the increased
salt content makes it dense.
3. March 22nd is celebrated as World Water Day when the need to conserve water is reinforced in
different ways.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The following table gives the distribution of water in percentage.
Oceans 97.3 Saline Water
Ice-caps 02.0
Ground water 0.68
Fresh water lakes 0.009
Fresh Water
Inland seas and salt lakes 0.009
Atmosphere 0.0019
Rivers 0.0001
100.00

Worksheet-2
Ocean Circulation
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The movements that occur in oceans can be broadly categorised as waves.
2. During a storm, the winds blowing at very high-speed form huge waves.
3. Tsunami is a Japanese word that means “Harbour waves” as the harbours get destroyed whenever
there is tsunami.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In India, the worst affected were the coastal areas of.
2. The worst affected coastal areas of India in the tsunami of 26 December 2004 are Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
3. The first indication that tsunami is approaching is the rapid withdrawal of water from the coastal
region.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The movements that occur in oceans can be broadly categorised as: waves, tides and currents.

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 Waves are defined as the energy that moves across the surface of the water. Tides are defined as the
rise and fall of the sea level. Currents are defined as the direction of flow of a body of water. The
intensity of waves is influenced by wind factors.

Worksheet-3
Ocean Currents
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions.
2. The Labrador Ocean current is cold current while the Gulf Stream is a warm current.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The ocean currents may be warm or cold (Fig. 5.6). Generally, the warm ocean currents originate
near the equator and move towards the poles. The cold currents carry water from polar or higher
latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes.
2. The  Labrador Current is a cold current in the North Atlantic Ocean which flows from the
Arctic Ocean south along the coast of Labrador and passes around Newfoundland, continuing south
along the east coast of Canada near Nova Scotia.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. By moving heat from the equator toward the poles, ocean currents play an important role in controlling
the climate. Ocean currents are also critically important to sea life. They carry nutrients and food to
organisms that live permanently attached in one place, and carry reproductive cells and ocean life to
new places.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (c); 2. - (b); 3. - (a); 4. - (a); 5. - (c); 6. - (a)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. saline; 2. equator; 3. sodium chloride; 4. Waves; 5. March 22

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. It is low tide when water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.
2. Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world.
3. 0.68 per cent of groundwater available on the earth.

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IV. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Terrarium is actually an artificially made greenhouse glass container where sunlight easily passes
through and we give other necessary objects for the plant growth inside the glass container. And
our earth is very similar to the terrarium, our mother nature gives all the necessary objects for plant
growth. That’s why we can call our planet as a natural terrarium.
2. The factors affecting the height of waves are: The high speed of the wind. Pushing action of winds
blowing over the ocean. Duration of wind.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The cycle of water is considered most important criteria to “maintain the water content” on the earth.
The rain water is formed by three important steps like evaporation from the water body, the
condensation in the form of cloud and precipitation in the form of rain.
2. If we prevent water from pollution then we conserve it in the form of fresh water for survival.
Water pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment today. There are several sources of
water pollution ranging from sewage and fertilisers to soil erosion. The impact of water pollution on
wildlife and their natural habitat can be immense. So, prevention of water pollution is a part of water
conservation.

VI. Map-based Question

Do it yourself.

6
Natural Vegetation and
Wildlife
Worksheet-1
Forests
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Tropical forests are closed canopy forests growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.
They are very wet places, receiving more than 200 cm rainfall per year.
2. In the higher latitudes (50° – 70°) of Northern hemisphere the spectacular Coniferous forests are
found. These are also called as Taiga.
3. Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony and mahogany are common in evergreen forests.
4. Silver fox, mink, polar bear are the common animals found in coniferous forests.
5. The temperate evergreen forests are located in the mid-latitudinal coastal region.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The woods of coniferous forest are useful for making pulp, which is used for manufacturing paper
and newsprint. Match boxes and packing boxes are also made from softwood. Chir, pine and cedar
are the important variety of trees in these forests.

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2. These forests are also called tropical rainforests. These thick forests occur in the regions near the
equator and close to the tropics. These regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year.
As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether.
3. Tropical deciduous are the monsoon forests found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in
central America These regions experience seasonal changes. Trees shed their leaves in the dry season
to conserve water. The hardwood trees found in these forests are sal, teak, neem and sheesham.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. An evergreen forest is a type of temperate forest. It is characterised by clusters of evergreen trees
in temperate areas with warm summers and mild winters. Often, the soil in these forests is poor in
nutrients. Therefore, these forests show how an arborescent plant community can adapt to conditions
of hydric stress and low availability of nutrients. Temperate evergreen forests can be exclusively
composed of conifers or mixed, with a combination of conifers, evergreen species and deciduous
species.

Worksheet-2
Grasslands
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Campos grassland is found in Brazil.
2. Elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards are commonly found in tropical grasslands.
3. Veld Temperate Grassland located in South Africa.
4. Savannah grasslands found in South Africa.
5. Llanos grasslands are found in Venezuela.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Grassland is an area of land that mostly contains grasses. There are wild grasses, and there may be
some trees. Several parts of the world have grasslands.
2. Temperate grasslands are found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents.
Usually, grass here is short and nutritious. Wild-buffaloes, bisons, antilopes are common in the
temperate region.
3. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height in Savannah grasslands of Africa.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Tropical grasslands occur on either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation
grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to
4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer,
leopards are common in tropical grasslands.

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 Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (c); 2. - (b); 3. - (c); 4. - (a); 5. - (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Asia; 2. short and nutritious; 3. Brazil; 4. desertic; 5. N. American

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Tropical grasslands can be found in Australia, India, Africa, and South America.
2. Tropical deciduous forest dominates most part of India.
3. Mediterranean regions are known as ‘Orchards of the world’ for their fruit cultivation.
4. The Mediterranean region does not have adequate wildlife because most of the forests have been
cleared for expanding cultivation. 
5. Taiga is the other name of coniferous forest.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Tropical Evergreen Forests are also called tropical rainforests. These thick forests occur in the regions
near the equator and close to the tropics. These regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout
the year. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. This is the
reason they are called evergreen.
2. The polar region is extremely cold. The growth of natural vegetation is very limited here. Only
mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here. It grows during the very short summer. This is
called Tundra type of vegetation.
3. One of the chief adaptions of plant life to desert climates has been to reduce leaf and stem size. This
allows the plant to concentrate its water instead of spreading it out over a wider surface area. Desert
trees and shrubs tend to be short, with fewer leaves and branches.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Mediterranean forests are generally composed of broad leaf trees. Forests are often found
in riparian areas, where they receive more summer water. But although there is a wide variety of
habitat, the various Mediterranean forests have common characteristics. Trees, even fully grown, are
often stunted and bush-fires catch easily because of the amount of undergrowth. The forest ecosystem
is also specific, defined by the Mediterranean climate (a hot, dry, season, a cold and wet season,
sometimes brutal rainfall) and by a wide variety of soils, often eroded and poor in humus.
2. Deforestation is the clearing, destroying, or otherwise removal of trees through deliberate, natural, or
accidental means. 
Effects of deforestation:
One of the most dangerous and unsettling effects of deforestation is the loss of animal and plant
species due to their loss of habitat. In addition to the loss of habitat, the lack of trees also allows a
greater amount of greenhouse gases to be released into the atmosphere. The trees also help control

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 the level of water in the atmosphere by helping to regulate the water cycle. In deforested areas, there
is less water in the air to be returned to the soil. This then causes dryer soil and the inability to grow
crops. Further effects of deforestation include soil erosion and coastal flooding. Trees help the land
to retain water and topsoil, which provides the rich nutrients to sustain additional forest life.
As large amounts of forests are cleared away, allowing exposed earth to whither and die and the
habitats of innumerable species to be destroyed, the indigenous communities who live there and
depend on the forest to sustain their way of life are also under threat.

7
Human Environment – Settlement,
Transport and Communication
Worksheet-1
Transport
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Four means of transportation are: Airways, Waterways, Railways, Roadways.
2. In the early days people had to walk and used animals to carry their goods.
3. The most commonly used means of transport especially for short distances are roads.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Transport is the means by which people and goods move. In the early days it took a great deal of time,
to travel long distances. People had to walk and used animals to carry their goods.
2. Invention of the wheel made transport easier. With the passage of time different means of transport
developed but even today people use animals for transport.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Today’s world is shrinking because today we are going through the process of fast development
of Technology, communication, transport and globalisation. The communication network and high
technology have made the world small. The transport and railways network get people to other part
of the world in no time. The new inventions technology and discoveries are making the world smaller
with every passing day. 

Worksheet-2
Roadways, Railways, Waterways and Airways
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Roads built underground are called subways/under paths.
2. Manali-Leh highway in the Himalayan Mountains is one of the highest roadways in the world.
3. Indian railway network is well developed. It is the largest in Asia.
4. Two types of waterways used for transportation are—inland waterways and sea routes.

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5. Some of the important ports of the world are Singapore and Mumbai in Asia, New York, Los Angeles
in North America, Rio de Janeiro in South America, Durban and Cape Town in Africa.
6. Four international airports in India—
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata.
• Chennai International Airport, Chennai.
• Thiruvananthapuram International Airport.
• Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad.
7. Airways is the fastest mode of transportation.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines. Roads can be constructed easily in hilly
terrains and undulating topography. Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they
provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
2. Geographical, economic and political factors are influence the development of railways in a particular
area.
3. There are three types of inland waterways, namely, rivers, rivers which have been modified or
canalised, and specially constructed canals.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Road transport required much less capital Investment as compared to other modes of transport such
as railways and air transport. The outstanding advantage of road transport is that it provides door to
door or warehouse to warehouse service. This reduces cartage, loading and unloading expenses. Road
transport is most suited for carrying goods and people to and from rural areas which are not served
by rail, water or air transport. Road transport has a great advantage over other modes of transport for
its flexible service, its routes and timings can be adjusted and changed to individual requirements
without much inconvenience.
2. Railways are an important source of employment in India. Lakhs of skilled and unskilled people
are employed in operating the railway. The connectivity of Railways to various tourist spots gives
encouragement to tourism. Railways sell circular tickets to the tourists to -remote tourism. During
natural calamities railways help the stranded persons to reach their destinations and these are helpful
during famines by carrying food grains from surplus to affected areas. Railways here tied the people
in on string. They have shortened the distance and developed the outlook of people. By connecting
various areas of the country railways have made internal trade convenient. They carry goods and
passengers to various places easily. Railways have increased the mobility of labour and capital which
has contributed to the rapid industrialisation of the country.

Worksheet-3
Communication
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Communication is the process of conveying messages to others.
2. Mass media is the means used to communicate to the general public.

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3. Through newspapers, radio and television we can communicate with a large number of people. They
are therefore called mass media. The satellites have made communication even faster. Satellites have
helped in oil exploration, survey of forest, underground water, mineral wealth, weather forecast and
disaster warning.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. There’s no question that technology has improved, but also it has had a positive impact
on communication as a whole in many ways. It has increased the reliability of sending messages
to others, made it easier to meet new people and keep in touch with friends and also saved lives.
2. Introduction of the internet and e-mail opened new doors for communication to our society.
We can now talk, chat, video chat and socialize via Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, educational
forums etc. Things that once were thought to be of magic or folklore are now achieved
through advancement in communication technology.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy
because they are the pre-requisites for the development of a country. They help to develop active
links between different regions. This facilitates transportation of goods and services from production
units to the demand locales. Fast-developing communication channels between different countries
of the world has given rise to the Globalisation. Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world
which has been possible only due to transport and communication. Railways, airways, waterways,
television, radio, newspapers, internet, etc., have contributed vastly to the socio-economic progress
of our country. They have also added substantially to growing amenities and facilities improving our
lifestyles.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (d); 2. - (a); 3. - (a); 4. - (a), (b); 5. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. hot; 2. temporary; 3. Transport; 4. plains; 5. site

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. A compact settlement is a closely built area of dwellings, wherever flat land is available.
2. The place where a building or a settlement develops is called its site.
3. Thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs are very common in areas of hot climate.
4. Air travel is the most expensive due to high cost of fuels.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Transhumance is a seasonal movement of people. People who rear animals move in search of new
pastures according to changes in seasons.

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2. We find dwellings made of ice in Arctic zone (Polar region).
These are made by Eskimos and Inuits (people living in Polar region are known by these names). The
dwellings of ice are known as Igloos.
3. In scattered settlement dwellings are spaced over an extensive area. This type of settlement is mostly
found in hilly tracts, thick forests, and regions of extreme climate.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. There are many factors that can influence where settlements locate within a region. Physical factors that
influence the location of a settlement include: Water supply —settlements need water,
Defence—Building on high ground allowed people the chance to look out for enemies.
The economic factors include:
Communications — settlements often located next to rivers that allowed bridging points. These
locations allowed maximum communication between different settlements and increased trade and
Resources - early settlers relied upon wood for fuel and building.
2. Increasing population in urban areas has led to the following problems:
Unemployment: Many educated youths are jobless and struggling for getting better opportunities.
They have become a liability to the nation. Many works as casual workers with less pay and no job
security.
Housing problem: There is a severe problem of housing due to excess population. This have given
rise to slums and chawls where excess people reside in small houses.
Water crisis and hygiene problem: There is an acute shortage of water. Most of the drinking water
gets polluted and there is a severe problem of hygiene and sanitation. Garbage gets dumped blocking
the drainage and polluting the environment.
Poverty: Most of the people live below poverty line and are food insecure. They cannot meet the
bare minimum necessities.
Traffic congestion is a growing problem in metropolitan areas. Certain measures need to be taken:
New highway lines and flyovers need to be constructed so that traffic could be controlled to some
extent.
Cars and vehicles should be banned in busy areas such as market places or busy public areas.
Taxes must be imposed on private cars for entering into certain specific areas.
Parking charges for private vehicles must be increased.

VI. Map-based Questions

Do it yourself

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 8
Human Environment Interactions: The
Tropical and the Subtropical Region
Worksheet-1
Life in the Amazon Basin
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Spanish explorers discovered the Amazon river.
2. The place where a river flows into another body of water is called the river’s mouth.
3. The Amazon Basin is the largest river basin in the world.
4. The countries of the Amazon basin through which the Equator passes are Ecuador, Colombia and
Brazil.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The main river along with all its tributaries that drain an area forms a river basin or the catchment
area.
2. The continent in which the Amazon Basin is located is South America. Crops grown by the people of
the Amazon Basin are – Tapioca, Pineapple, Sweet potatoes, Cassava (manioc), Maize, Coffee and
Cocoa etc.
3. Tropical rain forests, such as Brazil’s Amazon Basin rain forest, are found near the Equator. They
contain more than half of the world’s biodiversity, or variety of plant and animal species. Coniferous
forests have trees with cones and needles instead of leaves.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. People of Amazon basin cut a few trees and cultivate the land according to their needs and requirements.
Men have occupations like fishing and hunting, while it’s the women who take care of the crops and
fields. The land being near the Amazon river is very fertile which makes it a good for farming.

Worksheet-2
Climate
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.
2. Hot and wet type of climate is found in Amazon basin throughout the year.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. As the  Ganga-Brahmaputra  lies in the sub-tropical region of the Northern hemisphere of the
planet, the climate here is hot in summers and cool in winters. Being a monsoon-dominated area,
the basin faces heavy rainfalls between the months of June and September.
2. The Amazon Basin stretches directly on the equator and is characterized by hot and wet climate
throughout the year.

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.
The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 7,500,000 km2 (2,900,000 sq mi), or roughly 40
percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,
Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.
Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia. With a
5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) area of dense tropical forest, this is the largest rainforest in the
world.

Worksheet-3
Rainforests
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon rainforest, also known as Amazonia.
2. Animals like monkeys, sloth and ant-eating tapirs are found in Amazon rainforests.
3. Birds such as toucans, humming birds likely to find in the rainforests of the Amazon.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The immediate causes of rainforest destruction are clear. The main causes of total clearance are
agriculture and in drier areas, fuelwood collection. The main cause of forest degradation is logging.
Mining, industrial development and large dams also have a serious impact.
2. Bromeliads are a large family of tropical flowering plants that belong to the pineapple family and
come in hundreds of varieties.
3. The forests are in fact so thick that the dense “roof” created by leaves and branches does not allow
the sunlight to reach the ground.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The tropical rainforest biome has four main characteristics: very high annual rainfall, high average
temperatures, nutrient-poor soil, and high levels of biodiversity (species richness).
A tropical rainforest has four distinct layers: the emergent layer, the canopy, the understorey and
the forest floor. The rivers and streams in a rainforest can also be considered one of the structural
features. The climate of a rainforest is one of its main features.
2. Bromeliads are special plants that store water in their leaves. Animals like frogs use these pockets of
water for laying their eggs. The animals that live in bromeliads bring nutrients to the plant in their
droppings and when they die. The spiky leaves of bromeliads trap forest litter, too. Bromeliads can
absorb nutrients through special leaf pores, which other plants don’t have.

Worksheet-4
People of the Rainforests
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The cash crops grown by the people of Amazon basin are coffee, maize and cocoa.

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2. The people of Amazon Basin mainly grow tapioca, pine apple and sweet potato.
The large apartment-like houses called “Maloca” with a steeply slanting roof. 

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people where flat land is available to grow crops. Men hunt
and fish along the rivers, women take care of the crops. They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and
sweet potato. As hunting and fishing are uncertain it is the women who keep their families alive by
feeding them the vegetables they grow.
2. The manioc is a staple food, also known as cassava that grows under the ground like the potato.
3. Slash and burn farming is a form of shifting agriculture where the natural vegetation is cut down and
burned as a method of clearing the land for cultivation, and then, when the plot becomes infertile, the
farmer moves to a new fresh plat and does the same again. This process is repeated over and over.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The rainforest is rich in fauna. Birds such as toucans, humming birds, bird of paradise with their
brilliantly coloured plumage, oversized bills for eating make them different from birds we commonly
see in India. These birds also make loud sounds in the forests. Animals like monkeys, sloth and
ant-eating tapirs are found here. Various species of reptiles and snakes also thrive in these jungles.
Crocodiles, snakes, pythons abound. Anaconda and boa constrictor are some of the species. Besides,
the basin is home to thousands of species of insects. Several species of fishes including the flesh-
eating Piranha fish is also found in the river. This basin is thus extraordinarily rich in the variety of
life found there.
2. The developmental activities are leading to the gradual destruction of the biologically diverse
rainforests. It is estimated that a large area of the rainforest has been disappearing annually in the
Amazon basin. This destruction of forests has a much wider implication. The topsoil is washed away
as the rains fall and the lush forest turns into a barren landscape.

Worksheet-5
Life in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The tributaries of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra together form the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin in the
Indian subcontinent.
2. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin lies in the sub-tropical region that is situated between 10°N to 30°N
latitudes.
3. The main crop is paddy. Wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets are the other crops that are grown
in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin.
4. Throughout different places, the Brahmaputra is known by different names: the Yarlung Tsangpo in
Tibet, the Dihang or Siang in Arunachal Pradesh, and the Jamuna in Bangladesh.
5. The population density of Uttarakhand is 189 while the density of West Bengal is 1029 and that of
Bihar is 1102.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The main features of this basin are:
A fertile belt that includes most of north and east India.
1. Rich source of alluvial soil.
2. Number of ox-bow lakes over the plains.
3. Bounded on the north by the mountains and foothills of the Himalayas.
4. On east, lies the famed Sundarbans delta.
2. Tourism is another important activity of the basin. Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra,
Allahabad on the confluence of the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna, Buddhists stupas in Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar, Lucknow with its Imambara, Assam with Kaziranga and Manas with wild life sanctuaries and
Arunachal Pradesh with a distinct tribal culture are some of the places worth a visit.
3. The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore, lesser number of people
live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. The plain area provides the most suitable
land for human habitation. The soil is fertile. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people, where,
flat land is available to grow crops. The density of population of the plains is very high.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The vegetation cover of the area varies according to the type of landforms. In the Ganga and
Brahmaputra plain tropical deciduous trees grow, along with teak, sal and peepal. Thick bamboo
groves are common in the Brahmaputra plain. The delta area is covered with the mangrove forests.
In parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, coniferous trees like pine, deodar and fir can
be seen because the climate is cool and the slopes are steep.
2. Agriculture is taken up as the main occupation where flat land is available to grow crops. The main
crop is paddy. The staple diet of the people is fish and rice. Since it requires sufficient water, it is
grown in areas where rainfall is high. The other crops that are grown include wheat, maize, millet
and gram. Cash crops such as sugarcane and jute are also grown. Tea plantations are found in West
Bengal and Assam. Banana plantations are seen in the plains. In Bihar and Assam, silk is produced
by rearing silkworms. Crops are grown on the terraces of the hills that have gentle slopes.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (b); 2. - (c); 3. - (c); 4. - (b); 5. - (c); 6. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. river’s mouth; 2. manioc; 3. birds; 4. coniferous trees; 5. delta area

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Ganga basin is the largest fertile river basin of the world.
2. Population density means the number of persons that live in one sq. km. of area.
3. Tributaries are small rivers that join the main river.

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IV. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Terrace farming is carried out on the slopes of the mountains. Terraces are built on the slopes of the
mountains to create flat lands to grow crops.
2. The soil of Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is very fertile and suitable for cultivation of crops. Agriculture
is the major reason for the dense population of Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin which is a source of
livelihood.
Amazon basin has thick and wild forests which make them unsuitable for living.
3. In the fresh waters of River Ganga and River Brahmaputra, a variety of dolphin locally called Susu
(also called blind dolphin) is found. The presence of Susu is an indication of the health of the river.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain has several big towns and cities. The cities of Allahabad, Kanpur,
Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata all with the population of more than ten lakhs are located
along the River Ganga. The wastewater from these towns and industries is discharged into the rivers.
This leads to the pollution of the rivers.
2. The three important characteristics of Sundarbans delta are:
It is the largest delta in India formed by Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna river.
The region is densely covered by mangrove forests and is the home for Royal Bengal Tiger.
The Sundarbans is UNESCO’s world heritage site.

VI. Map-based Questions

Do it yourself

9 Life in the Deserts

Worksheet-1
The Hot Desert – Sahara
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Sahara Desert is located in Africa continent.
2. Two nomadic tribes living in the Sahara Desert are Bedouins and Tuaregs.
3. People of the Sahara Desert wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.
4. Tafilalet Oasis in Morocco is a large oasis with an area of about 13,000 sq.km.
5. Nomadic tribes of Sahara Desert rearing livestock such as goats, sheep, camels and horses.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The climate of the Sahara Desert is scorching hot and parch dry. It has a short rainy season. The sky is
cloudless and clear. Days are unbelievably hot. The temperatures during the day may soar as high as
50°C, heating up the sand and the bare rocks, which in turn radiates heat making everything around
hot. The nights may be freezing cold with temperatures nearing zero degrees.

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2. The oasis in the Sahara and the Nile Valley in Egypt supports settled population. Since water is
available, the people grow date palms. Crops such as rice, wheat, barley and beans are also grown.
3. Nomadic tribes of Sahara Desert rear livestock such as goats, sheep, camels and horses. These animals
provide them with milk, hides from which they make leather for belts, slippers, water bottles; hair is
used for mats, carpets, clothes and blankets.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Sahara once used to be a lush green plain. Cave paintings in Sahara Desert show that there used to
be rivers with crocodiles. Elephants, lions, giraffes, ostriches, sheep, cattle and goats were common
animals. But the change in climate has changed it to a very hot and dry region.

Worksheet-2
The Cold Desert – Ladakh
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Leh is the capital of Ladakh.
2. Ladakh is also known as Khapa-chan which means snow land.
3. Indus is the most important river that flows through Ladakh.
4. Some famous monasteries of Ladakh are Hemis, Thiksey, Shey and Lamayuru.
5. Drass is one of the coldest inhabited places on earth.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The rainfall in Ladakh desert is as low as 10 cm annually. This is because it lies in the rain shadow of
the Himalayas. The area experiences freezing winds and burning sunlight.
2. In Ladakh, tourism is a major activity with several tourists streaming in from within India and abroad.
They visit to the gompas, treks to see the meadows and glaciers, witnessing ceremonies and festivities
are important activities.
3. Chiru is hunted for its wool known as shahtoosh, which is light in weight and extremely warm.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. In the summer season the people of the Ladakh desert are busy in cultivation work. They grow crops
such as barley, potatoes, peas, beans and turnip. The climate during winters is very harsh and people
keep themselves engaged in festivities and ceremonies. The women manage the house and fields with
great efficiency. They also manage small business and shops.

Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (d); 2. - (d); 3. - (b); 4. - (c); 5. - (a); 6. - (c)

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II. Fill in the blanks
1. mats, carpets, clothes and blankets; 2. North; 3. cotton; 4. monastery;
5. Buddhists and Muslims

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. The National Highway 1A connects Leh to Kashmir Valley through the Zoji la Pass.
2. In the depressions where underground water reaches the surface, an oasis is formed.
3. Desert is an arid region characterised by extremely high or low temperatures and has scarce vegetation.
4. Manali - Leh highway crosses four passes, Rohtang la, Baralacha la, Lungalacha la and Tanglang la.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. One thing all deserts have in common is that they are arid, or dry. Most experts agree that a desert
is an area of land that receives no more than 25 centimetres (10 inches) of precipitation a year. The
amount of evaporation in a desert often greatly exceeds the annual rainfall.
2. Due to the high altitude, it is freezing cold and dry in Ladakh. The air is so thin that the sun’s heat can
be felt intensely. In summers the temperature during the day is just above zero degree and the night
temperature is much below -30 degree.
3. Most people in the desert are nomads or people who move place to place, but they raise sheep, goats,
and camels. They move in their tents when the grass is eaten in a place. They mostly eat rice which
they carry and camel and sheep which move with them.

V. Long Answer Type Question

1. In Ladakh desert, due to high aridity, the vegetation is sparse. There are scanty patches of grasses
and shrubs for animals to graze. Groves of willows and poplars are seen in the valleys. During the
summers, fruit trees such as apples, apricots and walnuts bloom. Several species of birds are sighted
in Ladakh. Robins, redstarts, Tibetan snowcock, raven and hoopoe are common. Some of these are
migratory birds. The animals of Ladakh are wild goats, wild sheep, yak and special kinds of dogs.
The animals are reared to provide for the milk, meat and hides. Yak’s milk is used to make cheese and
butter. The hair of the sheep and goat is used to make woollens.

VI. Map-based Question

Do it yourself

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 Social and Political Life-II

1 On Equality
Worksheet-1
Equal Right to Vote
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Universal adult franchise means that every person who has attained the age of 18 years is entitled to vote
if he is not otherwise disqualified. 
2. Equal right to vote means every person should have a vote and everyone should have a value.
3.  Kanta is a poor domestic worker. She lives in a slum which is very filthy. Her daughter is sick but
she cannot skip work because she needs to borrow money from her employers to take her daughter
to the doctor. Kanta’s job as a domestic help is not permanent. She can be removed by her employers
any time.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Kanta is a poor domestic worker. She lives in a slum which is very filthy. Her daughter is sick but she
cannot skip work because she needs advance money from her employers to take her daughter to the
doctor.
2. Yes, Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal. Here are three reasons that might
make her feel like this:
(i) Her daughter is in bed but she cannot take a leave.
(ii) She lives in a basti which is never cleaned.
(iii) She has to stand in a queue at a government hospital and wait for her turn to show her daughter
to the doctor.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The article 326 defines a universal adult franchise as the basis for elections to all levels of the elected
government. The Universal Adult Franchise refers that all citizens who are 18 years and above
irrespective of their caste or education, religion, colour, race and economic conditions are free to
vote.
• In a democracy, a universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the idea of equality.
It states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he
belongs to, has one vote.
• The Indian Constitution has adopted universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok
Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
• Representation of States in Lok Sabha:
Members are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies in the states
Election Principle used – Universal Adult Franchise
Eligibility to Vote: Any Indian Citizen of/above 18 years of age.

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 Worksheet-2
Other Kinds of Equality
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The caste system is the most common form of inequality that exist in India.
2. Joothan is the autobiography of Om Prakash Valmiki, a Dalit.
3. The property dealer suggested Mr Ansari to change their names and call themselves Mr and Mrs Kumar.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In spite of equality in law, people refuse to consider Dalits as equal. The age-old customs and traditions
restrict people to do so. People have followed the system of caste and gender discrimination from the
past and it has deep- rooted into the society. As a result, discrimination and inequality could not be
completely eradicated from the society.
2. Omprakash Valmiki was treated unequally by his teacher and his classmate because he belonged to
low caste and he was from Dalit family. So, the headmaster gave him a job to clean the playground
and school.
3. Inequality is being practiced in India on the basis of caste, religion, disability, sex (male or female)
and economic status.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Omprakash Valmiki and the Ansaris were being treated unequally on the basis of caste and religion. 
The self-respect and dignity of Omprakash Valmiki and the Ansaris were attacked. 
Om Prakash was from the Dalit community who was not allowed to sit together with his other
classmates in the classroom. He was also asked to sweep the school floors and playground, unlike his
other classmates.
On the other hand, the Ansaris were not given a place on rent because of their religion. 
Both of them were victims of unequal treatment. 

Worksheet-3
Recognising Dignity
I. Very Short Answer Type Question
1. Dignity is the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated
ethically.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. If I was Ansaris, and if they would have asked me to change my name, I would have firmly rejected
for the suggestion, because they do not have rights to interfere in our personal life, it is our own life
and we have every right to take decisions about our life.
2. Do it yourself.

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. In the flim, Deewar, a boy who works as a shoeshine refuses to pick up a coin thrown at him. He feels
that there is dignity in the work that he insists that his fee be given respectfully.

Worksheet-4
Equality in Indian Democracy
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Mid-day meal refers to the programme introduced in all government elementary schools to provide
children with cooked lunch.
2. Tamil Nadu was the first state in India to introduce a mid-day meal programme in primary schools
followed by Gujarat, Kerala and other states.
3. The two ways in which the government has tried to implement the equality that is guaranteed in the
Constitution is first through laws and second through government programmes or schemes to help
disadvantaged communities.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Within democratic countries, it is important to empower and promote inclusive social and economic
growth. We can ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of income if we eliminate
discriminatory laws, policies and practices.
2. Mid-day Meal Scheme is centrally sponsored scheme which main object is to provide hot cooked
nutritious meals to the students of standard 1st to the 8th. Along with that it can help to increase
enrolment in the schools in backward area. people start sending their children to the schools that also
maintains retention in enrolments. third important aim is to spread the equality and harmony in the
mind of children with equal seating arrangement. Mid-day Meal Scheme is very helpful in fighting
the malnutrition in children in backward and poor areas of the country.
3. The two ways in which the government has tried to implement the equality that is guaranteed in the
Constitution is first through laws and second through government programmes or schemes to help
disadvantaged communities.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Dr B.R. Ambedkar viewed self-respect as the most vital factor in life. Without it, man is a
cipher. To live worthily with self-respect, one has to overcome difficulties. It is out of hard and
ceaseless struggle alone that one derives strength, confidence and recognition.

Worksheet-5
Issues of Equality in Other Democracies
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. On December 1, 1955, the modern civil rights movement began when Rosa Parks, an African-
American woman, was arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

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2. The Civil Rights Movement is an umbrella term for the many varieties of activism that sought to
secure full political, social, and economic rights for African Americans in the period from 1946 to
1968.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Civil Rights Act 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of
schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. This document was
the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
2. In the United States of America, the African–Americans whose ancestors were the slaves who were
brought over from Africa, continue to describe their lives today as largely unequal. This, despite the
fact that there was a movement in the late 1950s to push for equal rights for African– Americans.
Prior to this, African–Americans were treated extremely unequally in the United States and denied
equality through law. For example, when travelling by bus, they either had to sit at the back of the
bus or get up from their seat whenever a white person wished to sit.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The  Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment
discrimination on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the
crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (d); 2. - (d); 3. - (b); 4. - (d); 5. - (b); 6. - (a)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. democratic; 2. Equality; 3.  equality; 4. equal; 5. Dignity

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Equality before the law means equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law.
2. National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) directed the expansion
of mid-day meal scheme.
3. Islam is a monotheistic religion centred on the belief in one God and following the example of
Muhammad; it is the largest minority religion in India.
4. The change in the mindset and attitude of the people where nobody considers the other person as
inferior; is the basic requirement for reducing/eliminating equality.
5. Ansaris were treated unequally because of their religion and food habits. They were not allowed a
rented apartment as their name was Ansari.
6. The main features of a Democracy are as follows:
Majority  Rule– It is the system of  government  which is based on parliamentary majorities.
Representative Elections- Here public is allowed to elect representatives to speak for their views and
interests.

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IV. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The power of a dominant group lies in its ability to control constructions of reality that reinforce its
own status so that subordinate groups accept the social order and their own place in it. A group is
dominant if it possesses a disproportionate share of societal resources, privileges, and power.
2. The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the Government of India designed to
improve the nutritional status of school-age children nationwide.
The objective of the scheme is to provide hot cooked meal to children of primary and upper primary
classes. Along with that it can help to increase enrolment in the schools in backward area. people start
sending their children to the schools that also maintains retention in enrolments. third important aim
is to spread the equality and harmony in the mind of children with equal seating arrangement. Mid-
day Meal Scheme is very helpful in fighting the malnutrition in children in backward and poor areas
of the country
3. India is a democratic country where all adults (i.e. people who are 18 and above) are allowed to vote
irrespective of religion, caste, education level and financial status. This is, as you know, called the
‘universal adult franchise’ and is an essential component of all democracies.
4. Constitution is the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, corporation,
or the like, is governed.
5. It means that every person, from the President of the country to a normal person has to obey the same
laws. No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, etc. Every person
has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops, and markets. All persons can use
publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats. 
Equality is the soul of democracy. We know that democracy is a form of government which gives
equal importance and recognition to all. If inequalities on the basis of race, religion, caste, etc.
continue to exist, democracy would never flourish. Instead, it would perish very soon.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The constitution prevent discrimination against religious minorities in following way:
Article 25 reads – Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
Article 26 reads – Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any
section thereof shall have the right
Article 27 reads – No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are
specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular
religion or religious denomination.
Article 29 reads – Protection of interests of minorities
Article 350B reads – There shall be a Special Officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the
President.
– It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards
provided for linguistic minorities under the Constitution and report to the President upon these
issues at such intervals as the President may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports
to be laid before each House of Parliament, and sent to the Governments of the States concerned.
2. in a democracy universal adult franchise is very important as it provides the right to vote to each and
every citizen of a country due to which people can choose their representative and a free and fair
election can be held also women can get equal right under this and there will be no discrimination.

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 2
Role of the Government
in Health
Worksheet-1
What is Health?
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Public health is the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities. 
2. In a democracy people expect the government to work for their welfare.
3. Basic definition of health: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
4. All of us would like to be active and in good spirits in whatever we may be doing.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Factors affecting our health:
Diet: what and how we eat; Environment: how we select and modify our surroundings; Activity:
how we exercise, rest and sleep; and Psychology: how we view ourselves and interact with others.
2. Ways to Prevent Disease:
– Make healthy food choices. “For good health and disease prevention, avoid ultra-processed
foods and eat homemade meals prepared with basic ingredients,” says doctor.
– Get your cholesterol checked.
– Watch your blood pressure.
– Get up and get moving.
– Watch your body mass.
– Manage blood sugar levels.
– Quit smoking.
– Get restful sleep.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The three main units of measurement are the “ALYs”: The DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) is
frequently used as a measure of disease burden. The World Health Organisation (WHO) use DALY
measurements to compare the overall health and life expectancy of various countries.
2. Some welfare activities done by the government are as follows:
• Women and Child Development: This section covers various policies, organisations and other
legal aspects related to women and child development.
• Scheduled Tribes Welfare: Government is pursuing an integrated approach to ameliorate the
situation of unemployment among ST population across the country.
• Scheduled Caste Welfare: The Scheduled Castes Development (SCD) Bureau aims to promote
the welfare of Scheduled Castes through their educational, economic and social empowerment.

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 • Financial Inclusion: Financial inclusion is the availability and equality of opportunities to
access financial services.
• Minority Welfare: A Minority Cell was constituted under General Administration Department
Kerala Government Secretariat, during April 2008.
• Differently-abled Welfare: It describes disability as per the existing legal provisions in India.

Worksheet-2
Healthcare in India
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Government runs public healthcare system.
2. Patients usually have to wait in long queues in government hospitals.
3. Some water-borne pathogenic microorganisms spread by water can cause severe, life-threatening
diseases. Examples are typhoid fever, cholera and Hepatitis A or E.
4. According to the World Health Organization, waterborne diseases account for an estimated 3.6% of
the total DALY (disability- adjusted life year) global burden of disease, and cause about 1.5 million
human deaths annually.
5. A communicable disease is a disease that spreads from one person or animal to another.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Hakim Sheikh was a member of Paschim Banga Mazdoor Samity who accidentally fall from a running
train and had severe injuries in his head. Government hospital did not admit him due to unavailability
of bed while other hospitals denied due to lack of facilities.
2. Anganwadi centres provide supplementary nutrition, non-formal pre-school education, nutrition,
and health education, immunization, health check-up and referral services of which the last three
are provided in convergence with public health systems.
3. Public health system across nations is a conglomeration of all organized activities that prevent
disease, prolong life and promote health and efficiency of its people. Indian healthcare system has
been historically dominated by provisioning of medical care and neglected public health.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The Kerala government made some major changes in the state in 1996. It gave 40% of the entire state
budget to panchayats so that they could plan and provide for their requirements. This made it possible
for a village to make sure that proper planning was done for water, food, women’s development, and
education. In this way water supply schemes were checked, the working of schools and Anganwadi was
ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up. Health centres were also improved.
In spite of all these efforts, some problems such as shortage of medicines, insufficient hospital beds, not
enough doctors still exist and these are needed to be solved.
2. Some positive aspects of healthcare in India are:
(a) India has a good number of doctors, clinics and hospitals. It is among the largest producers of
doctors.
(b) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years. The number of hospitals grew
from 11,174 in 1991 to 18,218 in 2000.

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 (c) India gets a large number of medical tourists from several countries. They come for treatment in
some of the world-famous hospitals in India.
(d) India is the fourth largest producers of medicines in the world and also a large exporter of
medicines.

Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (d); 2. - (b); 3. - (b); 4. - (b); 5. - (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. medical; 2. urban; 3.  private; 4. Health; 5. Right to Life

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. A private health facility is a certified local facility owned by a person or a group of people with the
aim of providing health services for the local people or for the people within that locality.
2. Mobile clinics are customized vehicles that travel to the heart of communities, both urban and rural,
and provide prevention and healthcare services where people work, live, and play. 
3. PHC stands for primary health care—the most basic package of essential health services and
products needed to prevent disease, promote health, and manage illness.
4. Private insurance company: Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Co. 
Public insurance company: Life Insurance Company of India
5. People in a democratic country expect the government to work for their welfare.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Universal healthcare means that all people have access to the health services they need (prevention,
promotion, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care) without the risk of financial hardship when
paying for them.
2. Right to  health  involves four  key elements: non-discrimination, physical accessibility, economic
accessibility, and information accessibility. Health facilities and services should be accessible to
everyone, especially the most vulnerable, without discrimination on any prohibited ground.
3. Governments play a major role in health care financing by mobilizing the necessary resources
through public budgets and other contributive mechanisms, pooling resources allocated
to health development, guiding the process of resource allocation and purchasing health services
from various providers.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all:
(i) Establishing public healthcare at zonal level.
(ii) Setting up low cost government hospitals.
(iii) Health insurance for basic treatment.

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 (iv) Provision of clean drinking water and steps to check pollution.
(v) Generic medicines at low prices should be provided.
(vi) Healthcare programme and creating awareness.
(vii) Mobile clinic should be encouraged more in rural areas.
2. Improvement in water and sanitation can control numerous diseases especially water borne diseases.
There are several diseases that spread through contaminated water, for example, cholera, malaria,
jaundice, typhoid, diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.  By ensuring that clean safe water is available to all, such
diseases can be prevented. 
Examples:
• Regular checks of water coolers, roof tops and wherever the water is stagnant should be
conducted in every house. These checks could prevent mosquito breeding and could save many
lives. 
• The government should check the quality of water provided at regular intervals. 
• Proper checks on waste disposal and sewerage treatment should be ensured. 
• People should be educated on the consequences of the consumption and use of contaminated
water. That way, the diseases can be controlled.

3
How the State
Government Works
Worksheet-1
Who is an MLA?
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
2. There are 68 assembly constituencies in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
3. A majority, also called a simple majority to distinguish it from similar terms, is the greater part, or
more than half, of the total.
4. Each state has a  legislative assembly. A state  legislature  that has one house - State  Legislative
Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) - is a unicameral legislature.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The opposition is formed by the largest party or coalition of parties that does not have the support
of the majority of members in the House of Representatives. The opposition is sometimes called the
alternative government because it could form government if it was to win the support of the majority
of members.
2. The following are the required qualifications for becoming an MLA:
• The candidate must be a citizen of India.
• The age must be 25 years.
• As per the representation of the people act 1951 the candidate must be an elector for any
constituency in the state he is representing from.

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 • The candidate must not hold an office of interest under the government of India.
• The candidate must be of sound mind.
• Representation of the people act 1951 states that any MLA found guilty and convicted by court
can't remain in the post.
3. The elections are held by dividing the whole country or a State into a number of representative areas
called constituencies. Thus, a constituency is a fixed area with a body of voters or residents with
strong voting rights. There are separate constituencies each for Assembly elections and Parliamentary
elections. 

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The party which is elected in majority for the Legislative Assembly forms the government. As per
constitutional provisions the ruling party elects its leader who is called the Chief Minister as the head
of the government. The Chief Minister, in consultation with the Governor, constitutes a cabinet which
includes members of his/her party as ministers. The MLAs who become ministers are allotted with a
portfolio. Here the MLAs turned ministers become accountable for the entire state for that particular
portfolio.
2. A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state can be
said to be in a majority. The political party that has the majority is called the ruling party and all other
members are called the opposition. For example, the Legislative Assembly of the state of Himachal
Pradesh has 68 MLA constituencies.
Results of the Assembly Elections in Himachal Pradesh in 2017
Political party elected Number of MLAs
Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) ................................................................44
Indian National Congress (INC) .........................................................21
Communist Party of India (Marxist)......................................................1
Independents (who don’t belong to any party) .....................................2
Total ....................................................................................................68
Candidates from various political parties won the 2017 assembly elections and became MLAs. Since
the total number of MLAs in the Legislative Assembly is 68, a political party would have needed to
have more than 34 MLAs in order to gain a majority. The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) with 44 MLAs
had the majority and it became the ruling party.

Worksheet-2
A Debate in the Legislative Assembly
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Assembly was going to have a debate on a current problem.
2. There were 15 deaths took place in the constituency of Akhandagaon during the last three weeks.
3. MLA 3’s constituency has a serious shortage of water.
4. MLA 5 has poor facilities in the hospitals of his area.

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II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The chief minister and other ministers have to take decisions and run the government. However,
whatever decisions are being taken have to be approved by the members of the legislative assembly.
In a democracy, these members can ask questions,  debate  an important issue, decide where
money should be spent, etc.
2.  The difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government
departments  is that every  department  is headed by a minister who is also an MIA. The minister
approves any work done or proposed by the department.
3. A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state,
but also other entities. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists
of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are
enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. Each government has a kind of constitution,
a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. Typically the philosophy chosen is some
balance between the principle of individual freedom and the idea of absolute state authority (tyranny).

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The legislature is that organ of the government which formulates laws. Legislature enjoys a very
special and important in every democratic state. It is the assembly of the elected representatives of
the people and represents national public opinion and power of the people.
The main function of any type of legislature is to make and pass laws. Depending on the
country, legislatures may also be given additional powers, such as the power to collect taxes, declare
war, and approve of federal appointments.
2. The  Opposition  is the largest non-government party or coalition of parties in the Legislative
Assembly. The Opposition’s main role is to question the government of the day and hold them
accountable to the public. This also helps to fix the mistakes of the Ruling Party. The Opposition is
equally responsible in upholding the best interests of the people of the country.

Worksheet-3
Working of the Government
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. In a democracy, it is the people who elect their representatives as Members of the Legislative
Assembly (MLAs).
2. People do so to voice their opinions and protest against the government if any of its actions is not in their
favour.
3. A wallpaper is an interesting activity through which research can be done on particular topics of
interest.
4. Ministries/Departments of the governments:
• Ministry of Agriculture.
• Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
• Ministry of Civil Aviation.
• Ministry of Coal.

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 • Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.
• Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
5. A press conference is a meeting or an event in which a person invites reporters and other people
related to media so that they can ask him or her questions on a specific topic related to the person.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. A government is headed by the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, in order to manage the functioning
of the government, appoints ministers at various levels like cabinet ministers, state ministers and deputy
ministers. Every government departments is headed by a cabinet minister who is directly accountable
for the functioning of the particular department. The heads of the government departments who are
bureaucrats, are responsible for the handling of the government decisions. The bureaucrats project and
get the works completed. The ministers give approval to the work.
2. The press conference helps us to get information on what government is doing easily as in the press
conference government and the media have a talk in which the media ask the questions related to the
happenings and the government have to answer the question and explain it clearly.
3. The people in power like the chief minister and the minister have to take action. They do so through
various departments like the Public Works Department, the Agriculture Department, the Health
Department, the Education Department and so on. They also have to answer questions that are asked
in the Legislative Assembly and convince people asking the questions that proper steps are being
taken.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. State governments have separate departments for proper functioning of the state. States have
jurisdiction over education, agriculture, public health, sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries and
many other departments.
• Internal security: The state governments have to maintain the internal security, law and order
in the state. Internal security is managed through state police.
• Public order: States have jurisdiction over police and public order
• Education: Providing a public education system, maintaining school buildings and colleges,
employment of teachers, providing help to under privileged students all come under the education
department of the state.
• Agriculture: The state governments have to provide support for farmers, funds for best farming
practices, disease prevention and aid during disasters such as floods or droughts.
• Finances: State legislature handles the financial powers of the state, which include authorisation
of all expenditure, taxation and borrowing by the state government. It has the power to originate
money bills. It has control over taxes on entertainment and wealth, and sales tax.
• Reservation of bills: The state governor may reserve any bill for the consideration of the
President.
• Transport: State government runs the rains, trams, bus and ferry services and other public
transportation in the cities and towns of the States.
• Water supply: Water supply to cities and towns for drinking, including irrigation for farmers,
is the responsibility of the State governments.

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 • Budget: State governments make budget for state.
• Allocation of funds: It has the power to give funds to all its organizations like Zila Parishad,
corporation, and other departments.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (c); 2. - (c); 3. - (d); 4. - (a); 5. - (c); 6. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Legislative; 2. ruling; 3.  Governor; 4. Legislature; 5. constituencies

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh, have bicameral
Legislatures, rest all has Unicameral Legislatures. 
2. A government is a group of people that have the power to rule in a territory, according to the
administrative law.
3. A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government.
4. Laws for the entire country are made in the Parliament.
5. The Governor is appointed by the Central Government.
6. Chief Minister is the executive head of state in India.
7. There are three levels of government and they are-- local, state and national.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate, reducing the
dominance of any one party within that “coalition”. The usual reason for this arrangement is that no
party on its own can achieve a majority in the election.
2. Majority in political parties means the party which has highest seats and ruling party means the party
which runs the government or wins elections.
3. India is a democratic country and all the people of India have rights to raise their problems and
demands...they can march, strike and lots of stuff.
Due to the Fundamental rights given by the Constitution to people they can easily demand their
profits in the front of the Govt.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. A general election is conducted to elect representatives from various constituencies. The party which
earns more than half of the total seats is said to be in a majority. That party is usually called for forming
the government. Sometimes, no party gains clear majority. In that case the party with maximum elected
members tries to get support from the like-minded parties or independent candidates. The party that
proves to have maximum supporters in that way is allowed to form government. Otherwise there would
be re-election.

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2. Media plays a crucial role in shaping a healthy democracy and ensuring good governs. As an
important source of information media has been functioning the role of the heart of democratic
society and Good governance. According to Norris, the media has three key roles in contributing to
democratization and good governance. The very vital function of media is to act as a watchdog over
the powerful, promoting accountability, transparency and public scrutiny. The second important role
of media is to function as a civic forum for political debate, facilitating informed electoral choices
and actions; and the third function is to act as an agenda-setter for policy makers, strengthening
government responsiveness for instance to social problems and to exclusion.

4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

Worksheet-1
Growing Up in Samoa in the 1920s
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Samoan Islands are part of a large group of small islands in the southern part of the Pacific
Ocean.
2. Fishing was the most important activity on the Samoan Islands in the 1920s.
3. Boys at the ager of nine joined the older boys in learning outdoor jobs like fishing and planting
coconuts.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Fishing was the main activity of the Samoan islands.
2. Societies make clear distinctions between boys and girls. This begins from a very young age. For
example, given different toys to play with. Boys are usually given cars to play with and girls dolls.
3. In the Samoan Islands, as soon as babies could walk, their mothers or other adults no longer looked
after them. Older children, often as young as five years old, took over this responsibility. Both boys
and girls looked after their younger siblings.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. A research took place on Samoan society in 1920s. According to the reports of the research, Samoan
children did not go to school. They engaged themselves in many different activities. They learnt
from their elders how to take care of children or do housework. Fishing was an important activity
on the Samoan islands. Young people learnt to undertake long fishing expeditions. Both boys and
girls used to look after their younger siblings. But, by the time a boy was about nine years old, he
joined the older boys in to learn outdoor jobs like fishing and planting coconuts. Girls had to continue
looking after small children or do errands for adults till they were teenagers. They enjoyed much
freedom during teenage. After the age of fourteen or so, girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the
plantations, learnt how to weave baskets. Boys had to do most of the work associated with cooking.
After they prepared the meal, girls helped them.

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 Worksheet-2
Growing Up Male in Madhya Pradesh in the 1960s
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. It means that for the girls, the street was simply a place to get straight home.
2. We teach boys that they need to be tough and masculine. On the contrary we, teach girls that they need to
be soft and mild.
3. Girls like to go to school together in groups because in group they feel safe.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Girls’ school had a central courtyard where girls played in total seclusion and safety from the outside
world. The boys school had no such courtyard.

Worksheet-3
Valuing Housework, Lives of Domestic Workers
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. No, they were not correct. Harmeet’s mother did a lot of work inside the home.
2. The woman performs the role of wife, partner, organizer, administrator, director, re-creator, disburser,
economist, mother, disciplinarian, teacher, health officer, artist and queen in the family at the same
time. Apart from it, woman plays a key role in the socio-economic development of the society.
3. It is because the work that domestic workers do, does not have much value.
4. A domestic worker’s day usually begins at five in the morning and ends at twelve in the night.
5. Domestic workers are often not treated well by their employers. Despite the hard work they do, their
employers often do not show them much respect.
6. A domestic worker is a person who works within an employer’s household.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Household workers may clean homes, plan and cook meals, do laundry, administer the household
account books, care for children, and perform numerous other duties, such as gardening and household
maintenance.
2. Caregiver duties and responsibilities can include: Assisting with personal care: bathing and grooming,
dressing, toileting, and exercise. Basic food preparation: preparing meals, shopping, housekeeping,
laundry, and other errands.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Our society devalue the work women do at home because they don’t aware about girl’s intensity.
They think that they can only able to do household work. But nowadays, situation has been changed,
in every district and every city girl or woman are ahead from the boys in every field.
2. Domestic worker’s wages are low, as domestic work does not have much value. A domestic worker’s
day begin as early as five in the morning and end as late as twelve at night! Despite the hard work
they do, their employers often do not show them much respect.

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 Worksheet-4
Women’s Work and Equality
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Equality is an important principle of our Constitution.
2. Three gender inequalities found in the social field:
Women works longer than men; Inequality in employment and earnings;
Survival inequality; Gender inequality in freedom expre­ssion.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. The government is, therefore, committed to understanding the reasons for this inequality and taking
positive steps to remedy the situation.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. The government is taking positive steps to remedy the situation. For example, it recognises that burden
of child-care and housework falls on women and girls. This naturally has an impact on whether girls
can attend school. It determines whether women can work outside the house and what kind of jobs
and careers they can have. The government has set up anganwadis or child-care centres in several
villages in the country. The government has passed laws that make it mandatory for organisations
that have more than 30 women employees to provide crèche facilities. The provision of crèches helps
many women to take up employment outside the home.

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (a); 2. - (d); 3. - (c); 4. - (a)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. different; 2. Madhya Pradesh; 3.  women; 4. gender; 5. or child-care centres

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Anganwadi is a type of rural child care centre in India which helps poor children to eat food stomach
full.
2. Double-burden literally means a double load.
3. Sati is a practice among Hindu communities where a recently widowed woman, either voluntarily or
by force, immolates herself on her deceased husband’s pyre.
4. Devalue means to give someone less importance.
5. Gender inequality is the idea that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an individual’s
living experience.

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IV. Short Answer Type Questions
1. The term ‘invisible’ means the work that women generally do inside the home is not given
due recognition. Example - looking after the family members and cooking food for them. The
term ‘physically demanding’ means the various works women do for their families require
great physical labour. Example - cooking by standing in front of gas-stoves. The term ‘time
consuming’ in housework means that women spend long hours in doing different household
chores. Example - taking care of the children and the old are time consuming.
2. Three major areas of discrimination of women in India are:
Poverty—Women’s poverty in India is due to the absence of economic opportunities, lack of access
to economic resources, lack of access to education and their minimal participation in decision making
process.
Illiteracy—Educational backwardness of the girls in India has been the resultant cause of gender
discrimination.
Lack of Employment Facilities—Women spend a large proportion of time on unpaid domestic work,
in both rural and urban India.
3. Boys are given more importance than girls in many societies because traditionally, males have been
income earners. Hence, parents feel that during their old age, boys will look after them. Also, the
family name is carried on through males as girls are married off into other families

V. Long Answer Type Question

1. Major areas of discrimination against girls and women in India are:
• Lineage line: In India, it is largely believed that the lineage of the family is carried only through
the male heir. Hence, the girl child is ignored.
• Education: In rural areas, education of boys is preferred and that of the girls is neglected. Since
men are considered to the bread earners, high priority is given to their education. Girls are
considered to be home maker and thus they are expected to excel in house hold work.
• Nutrition: In many rural and urban families, boys are given good and nutritious food as they
are the bread earners and the family life is traced to them. However, no significant attention is
provided to the food intake of the girls and women.
• Discrimination on the place of work: Many cases in the urban areas have come into limelight
which shows that women are discriminated at work places. Since men suffer from the superiority
complex, it is believed that women cannot be good administrators and managers unlike men. 

5 Women Change the World

Worksheet-1
Fewer Opportunities and Rigid Expectations
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Laxmi Lakra is the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.
2. She became the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.

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3. When we believe that people belonging to particular groups based on religion, wealth, language
are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work, we create a
stereotype.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Professions that are stereotyped as best suited for women only: kindergarten teachers; nurse
practitioners; Speech language pathologists; Childcare  workers; receptionists; Dietitians and
nutritionists, etc.
2. Laxmi Lakra hailed from Jharkhand and is an inspiration to many, because she broke the stereotype
by choosing a male dominated profession.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Women are considered inferior to men. There is a belief that women do not have technical mind and
therefore they cannot be scientists. It is thought that women are good at only certain jobs such as
teaching and nursing. These stereotypes about women’s capability or incapability of doing certain
jobs badly affect women’s right to equality. It is due to this reason that women are not paid less wages
than their male-counterparts.
2. Because so many people believe in these stereotypes, many girls do not get the same support that
boys do to study and train to become doctors and engineers. In most families, once girls finish
school, they are encouraged by their families to see marriage as their main aim in life. Funding is an
important issue when looking at reasons why girls aren’t got support. Education for girls is often the
lowest budget priority in many regions.

Worksheet-2
Learning for Change
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Rashsundari Devi wrote Amar Jiban.
2. Rashsundari Devi’s book titled Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography written by an Indian
woman.
3. Learning to read and write led some women to question the situation of women in society.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Rokeya learnt to read and write Bangla and English with the support of her elder brother and an elder
sister.
2. Ramabai given the title ‘Pandita’ because she could read and write Sanskrit, a remarkable achievement
as women then were not allowed such knowledge.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Ramabai went on to set up a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898, where widows and poor women
were encouraged not only to become literate but to be independent. They were taught a variety of
skills from carpentry to running a printing press, skills that are not usually taught to girls even today.
The printing press can be seen in the picture on the top left corner. Ramabai’s Mission is still active
today.

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 Worksheet-3
Women’s Movement
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. On 8 March, International Women’s Day is celebrated.
2. Satyarani’s daughter had been allegedly murdered for dowry. 
3. Campaigning is to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something.
4. Domestic violence is violence committed by someone in the victim’s domestic circle.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. On 8 March, International Women’s Day, women all over the world come together to celebrate and
renew their struggles.
2. The women’s movement refers to groups of people and organizations that believe that women should
have the same rights and opportunities in society as men.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Women individually, and collectively have struggled to bring about these changes. This struggle is
known as the Women’s Movement. Individual women and women’s organisations from different
parts of the country are part of the movement. Many men support the women’s movement as well.
Different strategies have been used to spread awareness, fight discrimination and seek justice.
Campaigns to fight discrimination and violence against women are an important part of the women’s
movement. Campaigns have also led to new laws being passed. A law was made in 2006 to give
women who face physical and mental violence within their homes, also called domestic violence,
some legal protection. Similarly, efforts made by the women’s movement led the Supreme Court
to formulate guidelines in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment at the workplace and
within educational institutions.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (b); 2. - (c); 3. - (d); 4. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. school; 2. supportive; 3.  Discrimination; 4. Pandita; 5. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. If a school is not close to people’s homes, and there is no transport like buses or vans, parents may
not be willing to send their girls to school. Many families are too poor and unable to bear the cost of
educating all their children. Boys may get preference in this situation.
2. Two women’s organisations from India are— All India Women’s Conference, founded 1927 and All
Bengal Women’s Union, founded 1932.

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3. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted
to protect women from domestic violence.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In 1910, Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain started a school for girls in Kolkata, and to this day, the school is
still functioning.
2. Stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do affect women’s right to equality by making them
confined to certain roles and professions in society. It is believed that women do not have the technical
mind to be engineers and scientists and that they are only fit for professions like teaching and nursing.
3. Ramabai set up a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898, where widows and poor women were
encouraged not only to become literate but to be independent. They were taught a variety of skills
from carpentry to running a printing press, skills that are not usually taught to girls even today.

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. There are several reasons why children from Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim communities leave school.
In many parts of the country, especially in rural and poor areas, there may not even be proper schools
nor teachers who teach on a regular basis. If a school is not close to people’s homes, and there is no
transport like buses or vans, parents may not be willing to send their girls to school. Many families
are too poor and unable to bear the cost of educating all their children. Boys may get preference in
this situation. Many children also leave school because they are discriminated against by their teacher
and classmates.
2. Rashsundari Devi (1800–1890), who was born in West Bengal, some 200 years ago. At the age of 60,
she wrote her autobiography in Bangla. Her book titled Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography
written by an Indian woman. Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family. At
that time, it was believed that if a woman learnt to read and write, she would bring bad luck to her
husband and become a widow! Despite this, she taught herself how to read and write in secret, well
after her marriage. Through her own writing she also gave the world an opportunity to read about
women’s lives in those days. Rashsundari Devi wrote about her everyday life experiences in details.
There were days when she did not have a moment’s rest, no time even to sit down and eat!

6 Understanding Media
Worksheet-1
Media and Technology
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Newspapers is known as Print media because they come to the general public in printed form, hard
copy.
2. Broadcast is used to refer to a TV or radio programme that is widely transmitted.
3. Internet is the recent phenomenon of use other than the cable television.

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II. Short Answer Type Question
1. Technology speeds up the communication between people. Technology provides convenience to use
more than one method of communication. Now people can use email, social media, chat messengers,
video conferencing, video calls, images, videos, symbols, diagrams, charts and emoticons, etc., for
the communication.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Television images travel huge distances through satellites and cables. This allows us to view news
and entertainment channels from other parts of the world. Most of the cartoons that you see on
television are mostly from Japan or the United States. We can now be sitting in Chennai or Jammu
and can see images of a storm that has hit the coast of Florida in the United States. So, we can say
television has brought the world closer to us.

Worksheet-2
Media and Money
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Mass media is constantly thinking of ways to make money.
2. One way in which the mass media earns money is by advertising different things like cars, chocolates,
clothes, mobile phones, etc.
3. Advertisements are repeated in the hope that you will go out and buy what is advertised.
4. The technologies that mass media use keep changing and so a lot of money is spent on getting the
latest technology.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The technologies that mass media use keep changing and so a lot of money is spent on getting the
latest technology.
2. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people
who help put the broadcast together. This includes those who look after the cameras and lights. Due
to these costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. The technologies used by mass media are expensive and they keep on changing their technologies.
These advanced technologies require lot of money. There are number of employees associated with
these works that are paid, like in a news studio, it is not only news reader who needs to be paid, but lot
of people are also paid who helps to put in the broadcast together. Thus, most television channels and
newspapers are part of big business houses. So, we can say that media and money are inter-related.
2. Advertisements are shown repeatedly as they are considered as the marketing strategy in order to
influence more and more people to buy the product.
Advertisements are responsible for creating customer or consumer base by showing the benefits and
salient features of the product. People are influenced by the way the product is presented and buys
the product.

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 In this way, the company makes money. Nowadays, the repetitive trend is followed along with
endorsing by the celebrities so that people remember the name of the product or celebrity endorsing
it and demands the same while making a choice among different options available.

Worksheet-3
Media and Democracy
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. When the government prevents either a news item, or scenes from a movie, or the lyrics of a song
from being shared with the larger public, this is referred to as censorship.
2. It is important to know about the both sides because without knowing the both sides views we cannot
go to the justice.
3. Television is like a ‘window on the world’ because a lot of our impressions about the world around
us are formed by what we see on TV.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage of news. No one
should tell the media what can be included and what should not be included in a news story.
2. In a democracy, the media plays a very important role in providing news and discussing events taking
place in the country and the world.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. We need to realise that TV gives us a partial view of the world. While, we enjoy our favourite
programmes, we should always be aware of the large exciting world beyond our TV screens. There
is so much happening out there that TV ignores. A world beyond film stars, celebrities and rich
lifestyles, a world that all of us need to reach out to and respond to in various ways. We need to be
active viewers, who question whatever we see and hear, while we may enjoy it too!
2. The media also tends to focus on a particular aspect of a story because they believe this makes the
story interesting. Also, if they want to increase public support for an issue, they often do this by
focusing on one side of a story.

Worksheet-4
Setting Agendas
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. By focusing on particular issues, the media influences our thoughts, feelings and actions, and brings
those issues to our attention.
2. Planning what will be discussed in a meeting that we are having is an example of agenda setting.
3. Very recently, the media drew our attention to alarming levels of pesticides in cola drinks.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Written in the local language, Bundeli, the eight-page newspaper reports on Dalit issues and cases of
violence against women and political corruption.

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2. Local Media is a term used to refer to a radio station or local paper present in our area that works
mainly to assist the communications needs of the communities or cities. 

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Local media is important because it can generate quick and on the spot information about the facts
which are going on and make the people aware of it. It is a very good medium for getting news
instantly.
The importance of local media. Local media plays two important roles in people’s lives. It is both
functional, telling them what is going on, where and when, and also emotional, helping them to feel
like they belong to their local community. Local media are ways to make people aware, to inform
them and to engage.
2. It is necessary to analyse the news because sometimes the news might be false or wrong therefore we
should not trust every news blindly.
Such news can increase tension among socity and can give harmful effects.
Hence, it is necessary to analyse the news.

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (a); 2. - (d); 3. - (c); 4. - (d)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Television; 2. mass; 3. reliable; 4. Uttar Pradesh; 5. Japan, United States

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. In Germany, around 1440, goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.
2. A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a particular story and then leaves it to the
readers to make up their minds.
3. A public protest is a means for people to complain in a public way about something they think is
wrong and build support to correct it.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Despite the absence of censorship by the government, most newspapers nowadays still fail to provide
a balanced story. The reasons for this are complicated. Persons who research the media have said
that this happens because business houses control the media. At times, it is in the interest of these
businesses to focus on only one side of the story.
2. The television brought the world very close to us. This is because through the television we can
be concerned about the different issues going on in the country. The televisions create a global
connection between us and the world. As we can know all about the word sitting in our home. Thus,
the television made the world very close to us.
3. Community radio help the farmers as several people use community radio to tell farmers about the
prices of different crops and advise them on the use of seeds and fertilisers.

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V. Long Answer Type Questions
1. The technologies that mass media use keep changing and so a lot of money is spent on getting the latest
technology. The TV studio in which the newsreader sits has lights, cameras, sound recorders, transmission
satellites, etc. All of these, cost a lot of money. One thing more, it is not only the newsreader who needs
to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. Due to these costs,
mass media needs a great deal of money to do its various works. As a result, most television channels and
newspapers are part of big business houses.
2. Media plays an important role in a democracy. It provides news and discusses events taking place
in the country and the world. It is on the oasis of this information that we learn how the government
works. It also criticizes the unpopular policies and programmes that the government takes. It forms
public opinion. It acknowledges us with several current issues. It provides awareness among masses.

7 Markets Around Us
Worksheet-1
Weekly Market
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. A weekly market is so called because it is held on a specific day of the week.
2. Weekly markets also have a large number of shops selling the same goods which means there is
competition among them.
3. The sellers in the weekly market are middle-lower class people who sell their products at such
temporary fixtures. 
II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. We do not find big business persons in these markets because things available in weekly markets are
at cheaper rates. They felt that their dignity is being hurt.
2. Sameer is a small trader in the weekly market. He buys clothes from a large trader in the town and
sells them in six different markets in a week.
III. Long Answer Type Question
1. Things are available at a cheaper rate in the weekly markets because such markets are not held in
permanent shops. Traders set-up temporary shops for the day and try to sell as much of the stock
that they have. That ways they do not incur expenses on rent, electricity, furniture or pay taxes to the
government, etc. Since they incur lesser expenditure on such overheads, they are able to extend their
products at cheaper rate than the conventional shops.

Worksheet-2
Shops in the Neighbourhood
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Credit means pay for the purchases later.

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2. A street vendor is a person who offers goods or services for sale to the public without having a
permanently built structure but with a temporary static structure or mobile stall (or head-load).

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. Shops in the neighbourhood are useful to us as they are very close to our house. We can buy products
on any day of the week. We don’t have to travel long for buying dairy products and other items. We
can even get goods on credit from the shopkeeper.

III. Long Answer Type Question  

1. Shops that sell goods and services in our neighbourhoods are departmental stores, other shops such
as stationery, eatables or medicines and roadside stalls such as the vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor,
the mechanic, etc.

Worksheet-3
Shopping Complexes and Malls
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Branded goods are expensive because they are promoted by advertising and claims of better quality.
2. Markets in the urban area that have many shops, popularly called shopping complexes.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. The guard wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop because he was not sure that
they would buy goods from this shop. I would say that I want to buy goods even if they are costlier.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Goods sold in the permanent shops are comparatively costlier than those sold in weekly markets or
by roadside hawkers because of rent of shops, electricity charges, wages for workers and packaging
for goods while the goods sold in weekly markets do not include these charges. 

Worksheet-4
Chain of Markets, Markets and Equality
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Chain of markets is a series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products pass
from one market to another. 
2. Wholesale markets is a market where goods first reach and are then supplied to other traders.
3. Buyers are differently placed because there are many who are not able to afford the cheapest of goods
while others are busy shopping in malls.
4. Branded goods are costly. The person who has enough wealth can buy the branded goods. So, fewer
wealthy people afford to buy branded goods.
5. This is mainly because the producers sell the goods at low price and the amount of price continuously
increases as the goods reach the wholesalers, retailers and the consumer. The producers are the least
at profit and the retailers get the maximum profit.

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II. Short Answer Type Question
1. We do not see equality in the market. Big and powerful business persons earn huge profits while small
traders earn very little. For example, the shop owners in a weekly market and those in a shopping
complex are two different people. Thus, we see no equality in the market place.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. This is the age of the internet. It has changed the mode of everything. We can now make online purchases
with the help of credit cards. We can place orders through the internet and the goods are delivered at our place.
In clinics and nursing homes, we usually notice medical representatives waiting for doctors. They are
also engaged in selling goods. Thus, buying and selling take place in different ways, without going to the
market.

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (a); 2. - (c); 3. - (d); 4. - (a); 5. - (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. market; 2. links of traders; 3. showrooms; 4. credit; 5. Internet

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Purchasing power is the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with a unit of currency. 
2. There are several factors that determine the price of the commodity in market; the key factors include
the supply and demand of a commodity, currency movements, geopolitical situations, government
policies and economic growth.
3. A market is a place where buyers and sellers can meet to facilitate the exchange or transaction of
goods and services.
4. The key players in the chain of market are—producer, wholesaler, retailer and consumer.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Retail price is higher than wholesale price because wholesalers buy very large quantities and retail sales
are for fewer units, due to which this difference in price is the profit for the wholesaler.
2. A chain of market serves the purpose of producer and consumers. Because neither a producer can sell
a small quantity of goods to an individual consumer nor an individual consumer can buy large quantity
of goods from producers. So, wholesale traders, retailers, etc. are required to link the producers and
consumers.
3. The word wholesale simply means selling in bulk quantities and retail stands for selling
merchandise in small quantities. While a wholesaler sells goods to the businesses, as they purchase
goods to sell it further. On the other hand, a retailer targets final consumer and sells goods to them.

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V. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Goods are produced in factories, on farms and in homes. However, we don’t buy directly from the
factory or from the farm. Nor would the producers be interested in selling us small quantities such as
one kilo of vegetables or one plastic mug. The people in between the producer and the final consumer
are the traders. The wholesale trader first buys goods in large quantities. These will then be sold to
other traders. In these markets, buying and selling takes place between traders. It is through these
links of traders that goods reach faraway places. The trader, who finally sells this to the consumer, is
the shop-owner.
2. A chain of markets is formed starting from wholesale markets to retail shop owners who sell
directly to the consumers. In between wholesale markets and retailers there are medium and
big traders. For example, a hawker or retailer purchases plastic items from a wholesale-trader
in the town. The town wholesaler, in turn, buys from a bigger wholesale trader in the city.
The city wholesale trader buys a large quantity of plastic items directly from the factory and
stores them in godowns. Thus, a chain of market is formed.  A chain of market serves the
purpose of producer and consumers. Because neither a producer can sell a small quantity of
goods to an individual consumer nor an individual consumer can buy large quantity of goods
from producers. So, wholesale traders, retailers, etc., are required to link the producers and
consumers. 

8 A Shirt in the Market

Worksheet-1
A Cotton Farmer in Kurnool
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Swapna was a small farmer in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh.
2. No, Swapna did not get a fair price on the cotton.
3. Swapna had borrowed ` 2,500 from the trader at a very high interest rate to buy seeds, fertilisers,
pesticides for cultivation.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. The trader paid Swapna low prices because in Swapna’s case the trader was more powerful than
Swapna so to make more profit he paid less price. And Swapna couldn’t argue because in case of
emergency Swapna will have to go to the trader for money or any other help.
2. The trader agreed to give loan to Swapna on condition that Swapna sell all her cotton to him.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. Large farmers would sell their cotton  in  the  market.  Their situation  was  different from Swapna.
Unlike Swapna, they grew cotton on their own and they didn’t get loan from the local trader therefore
they were free to sell them anywhere they wished.

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 Worksheet-2
The Cloth Market of Erode
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Erode is the largest bi-weekly cloth markets in the world.
2. Exporter is a person who sells goods abroad.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu is one of the largest cloth markets in the world. A large
variety of cloth is sold in this market. Cloth that is made by weavers in the villages around is also
brought here for sale.
2. Weavers are dependent on cloth merchant because: Weavers bringing cloth that has been made on
order from the merchant. Merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters
around the country. They purchase the yarn and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of
cloth that is to be made.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. On market days, weavers bring cloth that has been made on order from the merchant. These merchants
supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country. They purchase the
yarn and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made. In the following
example, we can see how this is done.

Worksheet-3
Putting-Out System–Weavers Producing Cloth at Home
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Weaver’s bring cloth from the merchant in order to make new and variety of colourful garments. In
this way they depend on cloth merchants.
2. Weavers invest all their savings or borrow money at high interest rates to buy looms.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country.
They purchase the yarn and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.
2. The arrangement between the merchant and the weavers is an example of putting-out system, whereby
the merchant supplies the raw material and receives the finished product.

III. Long Answer Type Question

A weaver’s cooperative is a way in which weavers can reduce their dependence on the merchant
and earn a higher income for themselves. Here, people with common interests come together and
work for their mutual benefit. Weavers form a group and take up certain activities collectively.
These activities include—Procurement of yarn from the yarn dealer; Distribution of yarn among the
weavers; Marketing.

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 Worksheet-4
The Garment Exporting Factory Near Delhi
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The Impex garment factory women are employed as helpers for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and
packaging.
2. Garment exporting factories get the maximum work out of the workers at the lowest possible wages.
This way they can maximise their profits.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. More women are employed in the Impex garment factory because they are employed on a temporary
basis. This means that whenever the employer feels that a worker is not needed, the worker can be
asked to leave.
2. To meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers the garment exporters try to cut costs and get the
maximum work out of the workers at the lowest possible wages.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. They demand the lowest prices from the garment exporters. They set high standards for quality of
production and timely delivery. Any defects or delay in delivery in dealt with strictly. The garment
exporters agree to these demands because they are able to gain maximum profits even after that.

Worksheet-5
Who are the Gainers in the Market? Market and Equality
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Profit is a benefit or gain, usually monetary.
2. When calculating profit for one item, the profit formula is simple enough:
profit = price – cost.
3. The foreign businessperson made huge profits in the market.
4. Democracy is getting a fair wage in the market.

II. Short Answer Type Question

1. It is usually the rich and the powerful who earn the maximum profits in the market. The poor have
to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things. They have to depend for loans, for raw
materials and marketing of their goods and most often for employment. This dependence makes the
poor miserable. They are easily exploited in the market. They get low wages in spite of their hard
labour and the rich earn huge profits at the cost of the workers.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. A chain of markets is formed when a number of traders supply goods from the producers to the
consumers. We have wholesale markets where other dealers buy the goods in bulk. These dealers
then sell the goods in weekly markets to consumers and thus a chain of markets is formed. The chain

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 serves the purpose of bringing the goods from the producers, who live far off areas, to consumers in
towns and cities.
2. Market implies a place where goods and services are traded or exchanged for money. Thus, by nature,
market always cater to those demands which are backed-up with the purchasing power.  In this way,
the market functions as per the price signals. That means, if demand is high, then price is high and
market will provide these goods. However, in this way, the market overlooks the equality of society.
It caters to the demand for only those who have the purchasing power. Many of the poor people will
be totally deprived of the various goods, sometimes even the basic goods, as they cannot pay for
them. Thus, based on this explanation, we can say that market favours people having purchasing
power, while ignoring the welfare aspects of the poor people. In this way, market exaggerates the
equality.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (c); 2. - (a); 3. - (c); 4. - (b); 5. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Women; 2. foreign; 3. producer; 4. huge; 5. exporters

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Ginning mill cleans the cotton and makes it into bales.
2. The function of a cooperative enterprises to intervene in a specific marketplace in the sustainable
interest of its members. 
3. Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange
for money.
4. Wholesale market is the market for the sale of goods to a retailer.
5. A  wholesaler is somebody or a company that purchases goods in bulk from the producer and sells
them in smaller units to retailers and other businesses. 

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Temporary basis means that whenever the employer feels that a worker is not needed, the worker can
be asked to leave.
2. Small farmers can’t do without the help of the local traders. They depend on them for various reasons:
(a) During cropping season they take loan from the local traders. (b) Whenever, there is an illness in
the family they go to the local trader for help. (c) Farmers also face seasonal unemployment. During
this time their survival depends on borrowing money from him. Due to these reasons small farmers
easily come in the grip of the powerful local traders.
3. The reason that a business person is able to make a huge profit in market is that on the one hand the
poor depend on the rich for various things because they possess all means of production, capital and
on the other hand the business person carries his business on his own terms.

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V. Long Answer Type Questions
1. With high levels of illiteracy and limited land holdings, many cotton farmers live below the poverty
line and are dependent on the middle men or ginners who buy their cotton, often at prices below
the cost of production. Cultivation of cotton requires high levels of inputs such as fertilisers and
pesticides and the farmers have to incur heavy expenses on account of these. Most often, the small
farmers need to borrow money to meet these expenses. The trader is a powerful man in the village
and the farmers have to depend on him for loans not only for cultivation, but also to meet other
exigencies such as illnesses, children’s school fees. Also, there are times in the year when there is no
work and no income for the farmers, so borrowing money is the only means of survival.
A cotton farmer’s earning from cotton cultivation is barely more than what she might have earned as
a wage labourer.
2. It makes  laws  to protect the interests of workers. The  Minimum Wages Act specifies that  wages
should not be below a specified minimum. The government enforces this law so that employers may
not exploit their workers by paying them low wages.

9 Struggles for Equality

Worksheet-1
Tawa Matsya Sangh
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Tawa Matsya Sangh was started in Madhya Pradesh.
2. The demand of the Tawa Matsya Sangh was to continue fishing for their livelihood.
3. The old Tehri town and many villages, some totally and some partially, were submerged because of
construction of Tawa dam across the river.
4. The TMS gave loans to fish-workers for repair and the buying of new nets.
5. In 1994, the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Tawa Matsya Sangh a federation of fish-worker’s cooperatives displaced forest dwellers of the
Satpura forest in MP. This set up an organisation and do something to protect their rights. The newly
formed Tawa Matsya Sangh organised rallies and chakka jam demanding their right to continue
fishing for their livelihood. 
2. The Tawa Matsya Sangh was founded to fight for the rights of the fishermen. They were denied their
livelihood when fishing rights in the Tawa reservoir were given by government to private contractors
in 1994.
3. It resulted in the submerging of large areas of forest and agricultural land. The life of the forest
dwellers was reduced to nothing. Some of the displaced people settled around the reservoir. They
found a new source of livelihood.

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III. Long Answer Type Question
1. The newly formed Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) organised rallies and a chakka jam (road blocked),
demanding their right to continue fishing for their livelihood. In response to their protested, the
government created a committed to assess the issue. The committee recommended that fishing rights
be granted to the villagers for their livelihood. In 1996, the Madhya Pradesh government decided to
give to the people displaced by the Tawa dam the fishing rights for the reservoir.

Worksheet-2
The Indian Constitution as a Living Document
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The foundation of all movements for justice and the inspiration for all the poetry and songs on
equality is the recognition that all people are equal.
2. Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make
their point about equality and justice for all.
3. Issues of equality are central to a democracy.
4. Their poems, songs and stories can also inspire us and make us believe strongly in an issue and
influence our efforts to correct the situation.
5. A living document, also known as an evergreen document or dynamic document, is a document that
is continually edited and updated.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. In a democracy, there are always communities and individuals trying to expand the idea of democracy
and push for a greater recognition of equality on existing as well as new issues.
2. Over 1,500 persons attended a public hearing in Lucknow in 2001 to protest violence against women.
This people’s jury helped highlight the lack of support in the legal system for women who seek
justice in such cases.
3. In our society, the weaker sections do not get the basic privileges that they deserve among the rich
and educated classes. So, the above-mentioned special privileges are given to the weaker sections in
order to improve their basic condition of living and to support them economically.

III. Long Answer Type Question

1. There is a strong interrelationship between the bases of discrimination and inequality. For example:
The issues of poverty, lack of dignity and respect for some communities are not independent issues.
They exist together in such a manner that it is very difficult to identify where one aspect of inequality
ends and the other starts. For example: The dropping out of school of the Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim
girls is a combined outcome of poverty, social discrimination and lack of good schooling facilities.
This is an ‘all-in-one’ example of inequality, i.e., it shows the inequality on the basis of financial
status, caste, religion and gender.

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 Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. - (b); 2. - (c); 3. - (a); 4. - (b); 5. - (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. equal; 2. elections; 3. nets; 4. 1958; 5. cooperative

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Writer can write some articles, short story etc: to be active in the fight against democracy while
singers can recite songs to be active in the fight against democracy.
2. The rights of fishing in the Tawa reservoir were given to private contractors by the government in the
year 1994. At this point the villagers united and decided to set up an organisation for protecting their
rights.
3. Revival of forms of satyagraha like Jalsamadhi, i.e., protesting in rising waters.
4. Unemployment and poverty are the reasons for inequality in India. 
5. The word displacement implies that someone has moved, or has been displaced. Displacement is
defined to be the change in position of someone.

IV. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Cooperatives create social relations that enable individuals to achieve goals that they may not
otherwise be able to achieve by themselves.
2. Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim girls drop out of schools in large numbers due to caste and gender-based
discrimination.
3. The  Indian Constitution  is called a  living document  because it can be amended or changed.
Our Constitution accepts the necessity of modifications according to changing needs of the society. 

V. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Financial inequality is how unevenly income is distributed throughout a population. The less
equal the distribution, the higher financial inequality is. Financial inequality is often accompanied
by wealth inequality, which is the uneven distribution of wealth. Populations can be divided up in
different ways to show different levels and forms of income inequality such as income inequality by
sex or race.
2. The phrase, ‘power over the ballot box’ means the way people get the same equal rights to vote.
Voting has rules in which all people whether rich or poor get the same right, to vote for the candidates.
They all stand together in the line to vote for the candidates. This system of voting in a democracy
spreads the feeling of equality amongst all. So, the phrase, ‘power over the ballot box’ means that
every person gets the same kind of power over voting.

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