Causes of Pavement

Deterioration
Pavement Analysis and Design
Guided By :

Mustafa Kapasi Prof. Kunal powar Sir

PRN : 190101062087
Roll no. 43
B.E./ B
Dept. of Civil Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology
 Sr no. Content Slide no.

Content : 1.
2.
Title Slide
Content
1
2
3. Preface 3
4. Introduction 4
5. Basic Terms 5
6. Load Distribution on Flexible Pavement 6-7
7. Load Distribution on Rigid Pavement 8-10
8. Types of Flexible Pavement Failure 11-15
9. Types of Rigid Pavement Failure 16-18
10. Parameters Affecting Pavements 19-27
11. Maintenance 28-29
12. Conclusion
13. Reference 30
Preface
• Roads are the common aspect of a land based transportation
system. Goods are mostly transferred by roads in developing
countries by trucks and people use roads to move around as it is
a cheap mode of transportation. So, when a highway fails it
causes a great harm in economy and the life of the people who
are dependent on the highway. A simple failure in a highway
creates domino effects. In a cycle this simple failure does not
only affect the lives of people on that region but also the
economy of the country
Introduction
• Pavement failure is defined in terms of decreasing serviceability
caused by the development of cracks and ruts. Before going into
the maintenance strategies, we must look into the causes of
failure of bituminous pavements. Failures of bituminous
pavements are caused due to many reasons or combination of
reasons. Application of correction in the existing surface will
enhance the life of maintenance works as well as that of
strengthening layer
Basic Terms
• What is Pavement ?
anything is paved; a floor or covering of solid material, laid so as
to make a hard and convenient surface for travel; a paved road or
sidewalk; a decorative interior floor of tiles colored bricks
• Flexible Pavements ?
The pavement which have low Flexural Strenght generally made
up of bituminous material is known as flexible pavement
• Rigid Pavements ?
The Pavement Which Have High Flexural Strenght which is made
up of cement concrete is known as rigid pavement
Flexible Pavement
• Flexible pavements are constructed of several layers of natural
granular material covered with one or more waterproof bituminous
surface layers, and as the name imply, is considered to be flexible. A
flexible pavement will flex (bend) under the load of a tyre. The
objective with the design of a flexible pavement is to avoid the
excessive flexing of any layer, failure to achieve this will result in the
over stressing of a layer, which ultimately will cause the pavement to
fail. In flexible pavements, the load distribution pattern changes
from one layer to another, because the strength of each layer is
different. The strongest material (least flexible) is in the top layer
and the weakest material (most flexible) is in the lowest layer. The
reason for this is that at the surface the wheel load is applied to a
small area, the result is high stress levels, deeper down in the
pavement, the wheel load is applied to larger area, the result is lower
stress levels thus enabling the use of weaker materials
Load Distribution of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution of Rigid Pavement
• Rigid pavements are composed of a PCC surface course. Such
pavements are substantially "stiffer" than flexible pavements
due to the high modulus of elasticity of the PCC material.
Further these pavements can have reinforcing steel, which is
generally used to reduce or eliminate joints. The increased
rigidity of concrete allows the concrete surface layer to bridge
small weak areas in the supporting layer through what is known
as beam action. This allows the placement of rigid pavements on
relatively weak supporting layers, as long as the supporting
layer material particles will not be carried away by water forced
up by the pumping action of wheel loads.
Load Distribution of Rigid Pavement
• In rigid pavement, load is distributed by the slab action, and the
pavement behaves like an elastic plate resting on a viscous
medium . Rigid pavements are constructed by Portland cement
concrete (PCC) and should be analyzed by plate theory instead
of layer theory, assuming an elastic plate resting on viscous
foundation. Plate theory is a simplified version of layer theory
that assumes the concrete slab as a medium thick plate which is
plane before loading and to remain plane after loading. Bending
of the slab due to wheel load and temperature variation and the
resulting tensile and flexural stress.
Load Distribution in Rigid Pavement
 Surface Disintegration
Deformations
• Rutting • Potholes
• Corrugation • Patches
• Shoving
• Swell
• Depression

Cracking Surface Defects

• Fatigue Cracking • Ravelling
• Longitudinal Cracking • Delamination
• Transverse cracking • Polishing
•
•
Block Cracking
Slippage Cracking
Types of • Bleeding

• Reflective Cracking
• Edge Cracking
Flexible
Pavement
Failures
Cracking

Longitudinal Transverse Slippage

Fatigue Cracking
Cracking Cracking Cracking

Reflective
Edge Cracking Block Cracking
Cracking
Surface Deformations

Rutting Corrugation Shoving

Swell Depression
Disintegration

Potholes Patches
Surface Defects

Ravelling Delamination

Polishing Bleeding
Types of failures in Rigid Pavements
• Joint Spalling
• Faulting
• Polished Aggregate
• Shrinkage Cracking
• Pumping
• Punch out
• Linear Cracking
• Durability Cracking
• Corner Break
Types of failures in rigid pavements

Joint Spalling Faulting Shrinkage Cracking

Pumping Polished Aggregate

Types of failures in Flexible Pavement

Durability
Punch out Corner Break Linear Cracking
Cracking
Parameters Effecting Pavement
• Traffic Loads
• Soil Subgrade Conditions
• Material used in Construction
• Drainage and Environmental Factors
• Construction Quality
• Thermal Conditions
• Frost heaves
• Others
Traffic Loads
• Heavy traffic causes the most important failures in a pavement producing fatigue
cracking and rutting that require pavement rehabilitation.
• The performance of pavements is mostly influenced by the loading magnitude,
configuration and the number of load repetitions by heavy vehicles. Traffic on a
road pavement is characterized by a large number of different types of vehicles
with variations in load magnitude, the number of axles, and the axle grouping
• Repeated Traffic Loading can cause Fatigue Failure in Pavement due to the tensile
stress is maximum at the surface (base)
• The area with maximum tensile stress. A parallel of longitudinal cracks will
propagate with time and reaches the surface. Repeated loading and stress
concentration will help the individual cracks to get connected
• Pumping Effect :The expulsion of water from the under a layer of the pavement is
called as pumping. This distress is caused due to the active vehicle loads coming
over the pavement in a repetitive manner.
• Also Excessive and repeated traffic loads can cause corrugations, rutting,shoving
Soil Subgrade Conditions
• The subgrade is the underlying soil that supports the applied wheel
loads. If the subgrade is too weak to support the wheel loads, the
pavement will flex excessively which ultimately causes the pavement
to fail.
• Pavement failures may occur due to intrusion of subgrade soils into
the granular base, which results in inadequate drainage and reduced
stability.
• Volume change of subgrade soils due to wetting and drying, freezing
and thawing, or improper drainage may also cause pavement distress
• Depressions are typically caused by localized consolidation or
movement of the supporting layers beneath the surface course due to
instability
Materials Used in Construction
• Poor quality of materials can heavily impact in pavement
• Loss of Skid Resistance is one of the most serious of pavement failures. This
creates a significant detriment to the safety of the riding public. Loss of skid
resistance may be caused by poor quality aggregate or aggregate that does not
have adequate angularity, bleeding or flushing of an asphalt surface and the
deposition of contaminants onto the surface.
• When a pavement is overlaid with hot mix asphalt concrete and cracks reflect up
through the new surface Reflective Cracking Occurs
• Excessive compressive stress causes deterioration in the joints, called as the
spalling. This may be related to joint infiltration or the growth of pavement, that
are caused by the reactive aggregates. Poor quality concrete or construction
• Disintegration is the breaking up of a pavement into small, loose particles and
includes the dislodging of aggregate particles
• Cold Joints are formed in the asphalt pavement this failure occurs when a hot mix
asphalt is poured adjacent to an existing pavement. This kind of failure is mainly
common in parking lots, inverted crowns and areas with lower traffic.
• Can cause bleeding , ravelling , polishing etc
Drainage and Environmental Factors
• Poor drainage conditions especially during rainy seasons, force the water to enter the
pavement from the sides as well as from the top surface. In case of open graded
bituminous layer, this phenomenon becomes more dangerous and the top layer gets
detached from the lower layer
• Excess moisture in sub-grade results in lowering of stability, swell and fail under heavy
load
• Due to poor sub-surface drainage waves, cracks, potholes and corrugation develop in
flexible pavements.
• Sustained contact of water with bituminous pavement cause failure due to stripping of
bitumen from aggregate and formation of pot holes.
• Failure in rigid pavement causes high moisture content in subgrade result in pumping
(rise of slurry in cracks).
• Excess water on shoulder seeps and cause damage.
• Highway constructed on embankment slopes may damage due to slop failures the reason
for which is excess moisture content which causes increase in weight and thus increases
stresses and simultaneous reduction in strength of soil mass.
Construction Quality
• Failure to obtain proper compaction, improper moisture conditions
during construction, quality of materials, and accurate layer
thickness (after compaction) all directly affect the performance of a
pavement. These conditions stress the need for skilled staff, and the
importance of good inspection and quality control procedures during
construction.
• Map cracking or crazing refers to a network of shallow hairline cracks
that extend only through the upper surface of the concrete
• Crazing usually results from improper curing and/or finishing of the
concrete and may lead to scaling of the surface.
• Improper curing and finishing of the concrete, unsuitable
aggregates, and improper mixing of the concrete can cause this
distress.
Thermal Condition
• Temperature variation ranging from 50º C to below zero
conditions in the plain areas of North and Central India leads to
bleeding and cracking.
• If the temperature of bitumen/bituminous mixes is not
maintained properly, then it also leads to pavement failure.
Over heating of bitumen reduces the binding property of
bitumen. If the temperature of bituminous mix has been
lowered down then the compaction will not be proper leading to
longitudinal corrugations.
• The temperature changes and moisture changes that cause
curling of the slab edges, can cause faulting
Frost Heaves
• The frost heave and the stripping of asphalt due to snow and ice
will result in potholes and other distress.
• The main reason behind swelling in flexible pavement is the
frost action in the subgrade. Where frosting results in the
swelling of the soil.
• frost heaves that creates bumps due to expansion
• Distortion refers to a change in the pavement surface’s original
position, and it results from foundation settlement, expansive
soils, frost-susceptible soils, or loss of fines through improperly
designed subdrains or drainage systems.
Others
• Fuel Spillage :Continuous fuel spillage on a bituminous surface will soften the asphalt.
Areas subject to only minor fuel spillage will usually heal without repair, and only minor
damage will result.
• Contaminants: Accumulation of rubber on the pavement surface will reduce the skid
resistance of a pavement. Buildup of rubber deposits in pavement grooves will reduce the
effectiveness of the grooves and increase the likelihood of hydroplaning
• Poor Shoulders : Provision of poor shoulders leads to edge failures.
• Ultraviolet rays: The ultraviolet rays make the pavement to undergo oxidation and bring it
to a brittle state. On a hot sunny day, the pavement temperature can be up to 140 degree
Celsius. This is the softening point of liquid asphalt. This will make the pavement to
expand and move. The reduction of temperature will make the pavement to contract. This
expansion and contraction are the main reason for initial cracking
• Precipitation : Through the cracks, water can enter to the base and the subgrade, which
will result in the structural damage
Maintenance Required
• Each type of pavement failure can be solved. The solutions may range from doing little or nothing
and simply being aware that a potential problem exists to removal and replacement of an entire
system. Both ends of the spectrum can prove to be quite costly. The key to solving pavement
problems or failures is to follow a logical method for selecting an appropriate repair process.
• Selecting an appropriate repair process or method will normally involve at least the following steps:
1. Identify/ classify anomalies, then thoroughly investigate and identify each failure aspect
and analyze its cause
2. Identify system constraints such as traffic routing, funds, or other.
3. Perform literature/ information search.
4. Compare probable materials and techniques to system constraints.
5. Test the indicated materials.
6. Perform economic analysis.
7. Select and recommend appropriate materials and techniques to restore the pavement to
serviceability.
Materials Techniques and Application
• Repair and rehabilitation are currently being performed all over the country to
varying extents and with significantly variable success. Many techniques are being
used and the list of materials employed is quite extensive. The unfortunate aspect
of the existing technology is that there is little or no uniformity in materials,
processes and technique and even fewer published guidelines for the initiation of
such tasks. In short, procedural training and a concise application manual are
greatly needed.
• While many professional, technical or trade organizations provide specialized
evaluation manuals, materials guides, and recommended techniques for a variety
of pavement maladies, there has been a tendency of these groups to inadequately
address the bridging of engineering evaluation to practical maintenance or
rehabilitation strategy and application. The bridging process usually works well
after a failure has occurred and there is a need for a full scale investigative,
design, and specification effort; however, for the routine, daily interaction of the
pavement system and its need for continuing attention and preventive
maintenance, reliance is still placed on local individuals doing their best with
local solutions, correctly or incorrectly applie
Conclusion
• Majority of all Distress are caused by Traffic Loading,
Temperature variation and Material used
• Maintenance of Pavements plays huge role affecting pavements
• Excess moisture in sub-grade results in lowering of stability,
swell and fail under heavy load.
Reference
• https://www.benchmark-inc.com/2018/05/22/subgrade-impact-
pavement-performance/
• https://theconstructor.org/transportation/types-failures-in-rigid-
pavements-causes-repair/16105/
• https://theconstructor.org/transportation/types-failures-in-flexible-
pavements-repair/16124/
• http://www.ascjournal.ascweb.org/journal/2002/no1/Vol.%207,%20No.
%201.pdf#page=57
• https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/sicete(civil)-
volume6/60.pdf
• nterpro.wisc.edu/tic/wp-
content/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/Bltn_002_Vehicle_Load.pdf
• https://www.ijirmf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/201608064.pdf