LESSON 1 – AIDS/HIV AWARENESS put tattoo, or pierce ear) puts you at risk

of having HIV or any other infections

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
found in the blood.
and it leads to immune deficiency by destroying
 Pregnancy, childbirth, and
cells of the immune system called the CD4 T cell.
breastfeeding.
AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune  If you are a pregnant woman with HIV,
Deficiency Syndrome. HIV causes AIDS. The the virus in your blood can pass into your
medical term “syndrome” means there are baby’s body.
multiple clinical signs and symptoms or multiple
TRANSMISSION MYTHS
conditions.
 HIV cannot survive outside the body:
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
it cannot survive in surfaces, water,
 A person infected with HIV may not and air. Thus, HIV cannot be
show any signs and symptoms during the acquired through:
early years after getting infected with o Someone who doesn’t have
HIV. Once signs and symptoms of HIV HIV.
related complication appear, it would o Touching or hugging a
mean that the immune system has been person with HIV and AIDS
severely compromised and that stage or o Using the same toilet seat,
condition is called AIDS. door handle, or towel with
 Depending on a person’s lifestyle and people with HIV and AIDS.
other factors, it may take 5-10 years o Sharing of plates, glass, and
from getting HIV to progress to AIDS. utensils with a person with
HIV and AIDS.
TRANSMISSION: o Sharing of food with a
 Unprotected (condomless) sex person with HIV and AIDS.
 During unprotected (vaginal, anal, or o Using swimming pools, and
oral) sex, the exchange of blood, semen, bathtubs used by people
or vaginal fluids puts you at risk of having with HIV and AIDS.
HIV or any other sexually transmitted o Having someone with HIV
diseases (STDs). and AIDS sweat, tears,
 There is a higher risk of acquiring the saliva, urine on you.
infection during anal sex because the o Being sneezed at or
lining of the anus is more delicate than coughed at by a person with
the lining of the vagina. HIV.
 On the one hand, there is a very low risk o Being bitten by insects such
of getting infection during oral sex, as mosquitoes.
however, several factors such as sores in o Taking vitamins or
the mouth, bleeding gums, and oral antibiotics before sex.
contact with menstrual blood can RISK FACTORS AND VULNERABILITY AMONG
increase the risk. THE YOUTH
 Sharing injecting equipment
 Sharing needles or syringes (to
transfuse/transplant blood, inject drugs,
  During 2001-2005, the most your health care provider about pre-
affected age group of HIV cases was exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP
35-49 years old Filipinos. involves taking a specific HIV medicine
 The trend started in the year 2006 every day to reduce the risk of HIV
when the age group with most cases infection.
shifted to 25-34 years.
HOW IS HIV SPREAD?
 The most alarming data is the
current data showing that the  Blood
proportion of HIV positive cases in  Semen
the 15-24 years age group increased  Pre-seminal fluids
from 25% in 2006-2010 to 29% in  Rectal fluids
2011-2017.  Vaginal fluids
 In March 2017, there was 33% of the  Breast milk
diagnoses in the 15-24-year age  HIV transmission is only possible if
group. It was decreasing since 1984. these fluids come in contact with a
 Almost of all these cases among the mucous membrane or damaged
youth were transmitted and tissue or are directly injected into
acquired through sexual contact. the bloodstream (from a needle or
The notable numbers were 200 syringe). Mucous membranes are
cases for male-male sex; 82 or sex found inside the rectum, the vagina,
with both male and females, and 30 the opening of the penis, and the
for male-female sex. mouth.
 In a wider view, 96% is the
percentage of HIV transmission HOW CAN I REDUCE MY RISK OF GETTING HIV?
through sexual contacts among the  Get tested and know your partner’s HIV
youth since 1984. status.
THE BASIC OF HIV PREVENTION  Have less risky sex.
 Use condoms.
 HIV is spread only in certain body fluids  Limit your number of sexual partner.
from a person who has HIV. These fluids  Get tested and treated for STDs.
are blood semen, pre-seminal fluids,  Talk to your health care provider about
rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
milk.
 Don’t inject drugs.
 In the United States, HIV is spread mainly
by having sex or sharing injection drug Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
equipment, such as needles with
 PEP is the use of HIV medicines to reduce
someone who has HIV.
the risk of HIV infection soon after a
 To reduce risk with HIV, use condoms
possible exposure to HIV. PEP may be
correctly, don’t inject drugs., if you do
used, for example, after a person has sex
use sterile equipment and water and
without a condom with a person who
never share your equipment with
has HIV or after a health care worker is
others.
accidentally exposed to HIV in the
 If you don’t have HIV but are at high risk
workplace.
of becoming infected with HIV, talk to
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission  It is classified as a beta-coronavirus
of HIV (BCoV) and is the seventh
coronavirus to infect humans.
 Women with HIV take HIV medicines
 SARS-CoV-2 is not the first
during pregnancy and childbirth to
coronavirus to cause outbreaks of
reduce the risk of passing HIV to their
respiratory infection in humans.
babies. Their newborn babies also
 The four coronaviruses that are now
receive HIV medicine for 4 to 6 weeks
endemic in humans cause 10-15% of
after birth.
common colds, mostly peaking
LESSON 2 – SARS COVID-19 between December and April in
temperate climates.
 On 31 December 2019, the World Health
Organization (WHO) was formally IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION
notified about a cluster of cases of STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITES WITH LOCAL
pneumonia in Wuhan City, home to 11 COVID-19 TRANSMISSION
million people.
 Emphasizing individual responsibility for
 By 5 January, 59 vases were known and
implementing recommended personal-
none had been fatal. Ten days later,
level actions
WHO was aware of 282 confirmed cases,
 Empowering businesses, schools, and
of which four were in Japan, South
other settings to implement appropriate
Korea, and Thailand. There had been six
actions
deaths in Wuhan, 51 people were
 Prioritizing settings that provide critical
severely ill and 12 were in a critical
infrastructure services
condition.
 Minimizing disruptions to daily life to the
 The virus responsible was isolated on 7
extent possible and ensuring access to
January and tis genome shared on 12
health care and other essentials
January.
services.
 The cause of the severe acute
respiratory syndrome that became LESSON 3 – DISASTER AND RISK REDUCTION
known as COVID-19 was a novel MANAGEMENT
coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.
PD 1566
 As of 12 May, 82, 591 new cases of
COVID-19 worldwide were being  Assumes that disasters cannot be
confirmed daily and the death rate was avoided
over 4200 per day.  Most plans were on the provision of
WHAT IS SARS-CoV-2? relief goods and infra like dike and flood
control systems (reactive)
SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped and spherical  Government response was focused on
particle approximately 120 nm in diameter disaster response
containing a positive-sense single-stranded
RNA genome. It belongs to the subfamily RA 10121
Coronavirinae, family Coronavirdiae, and  Transforms and reforms the way we deal
order Nidovirales. with disasters
 o That impact of disasters can be  1991: Local Government Autonomy
reduced by addressing the root  2007: Adoption of the Cluster Approach
cause of disaster risks  2009: Climate Change Act
o From disaster response to risk  2010: Disaster Risk Reduction and
reduction Management Act
o Emphasis on strengthening
peoples’ capacity to absorb THE NDRRM COUNCIL
stress  Department of Social Welfare and
o Proactive and development Development (V-chair for disaster
approach in managing disaster response)
RA 10121 or the Phil Disaster Risk Reduction and  Office of Civil Defense (Secretorial)
Management Act of 2010 (DRRM Act) is a new  Department of National Defense
law which transforms the Philippines’ Disaster (Chairperson)
management system from disaster relief and  National Economic and Development
response towards disaster risk reduction (DRR). Authority (V-chair for disaster
rehabilitation and recovery)
 Approved on May 27, 2010  Department of the Inferior and Local
 It repealed PD 1566 which was enacted Government (V-chair for disaster
in 1978 preparedness)
 Paved the way for the need to “adopt a  Department of Science and Technology
disaster risk reduction and management (V-chair for disaster prevention and
approach that is holistic, mitigation)
comprehensive, integrated, and
proactive in lessening the socio-change THE NEW DRM LAW
and environmental impacts of disasters
 NDCC became National Disaster Risk
including climate change, and promote
Reduction and Mgt. Council or NDRRMC
the involvement and participation of all
 Formulation of a National Disaster Risk
sectors and all stakeholders concerned,
Reduction and Management Framework
at all levels, especially the local
and the National Disaster Risk Reduction
community.”
Plan
AN ACT  Framework for Climate Change
Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction
 Strengthening the Philippine Disaster and Management
Management System
 RDCC, PDCC, C/MDCC into Local Disaster
 Providing for the National Disaster Risk Risk Reduction and Management
Reduction and Management Framework Councils
and;
 OCD directors as Chair of the Regional
 Institutionalizing the National Disaster Disaster Risk Reduction and
Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Management Council with Regional
Appropriating funds therefore and for DSWD, DILG, DOST, and NEDA as V-
Other Purposes. chairs except Mindanao where the
PHILIPPINE DRRM MILESTONES Regional Gov acts as Chair and OCD as
secretariat of the RDRRMC
 1978: Presidential Decree 1566
 BDCC integrated with the Barangay e. Development of information,
Development Council education, and communication
 Creation of the Local Disaster Risk (IEC) materials
Reduction and Management Office f. Development of information
 Accreditation, mobilization and and database generation
protection of Disaster Volunteers, and g. Inclusion of DRRM in school
National Service Reserve Corp, CSO’s curricula (especially in basic
and the Private Sector education)
 Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction h. Existence of procedures for
Education into school curricula and SK disaster communication
Programs as well as Mandatory Training III. Disaster Response
for Public Sector Employees a. Established institutional
mechanisms for disaster
response operations improved
I. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation skills in search, rescue, and
a. Conduct of risk assessments in retrieval operations.
various areas in the country IV. Disaster Rehabilitation and
b. Development and Recovery
establishment of several early a. Mainstreaming of DRR in social,
warning systems economic, and human
c. Development of tools for risk settlements development plans
assessment b. Conduct of post disaster
d. Increasing involvement of assessments
communities and local c. Integration of DRR into post-
government units (LGUs) in disaster recovery and
disaster risk management rehabilitation processes
e. Development of DRRM incorporating DRR elements in
mainstreaming tools in the planning and management of
national and sub-national humans’ settlements.
planning systems Sec 21 of RA 10121
f. National institution and legal
frameworks in DRRM  Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
g. Presence of functional multi- Management Fund (LDRRMF).
sectoral platforms o Not less than 5% of IRA and
h. Resource allocation estimated revenue from regular
II. Disaster Preparedness sources shall be set aside as the
a. Conduct of DRRM various LDRRMF
research work  70% will be used to support disaster risk
b. Conduct of multi-stakeholder’s management activities such as but not
dialogues limited, pre-disaster preparedness
c. Conduct of various capacity programs including training, purchasing
building activities life-saving rescue equipment, supplies
d. Development and regular and medicines, for post-disaster
review of contingency plans
 activities, and for the payment, of the damage assessment and needs
premiums on calamity insurance. analysis.
 30% shall be allocated as Quick
Prohibited Acts such as:
Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund
for relief and recovery programs  Preventing the entry/distribution of
relief goods and disaster
LOCAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
teams/experts in disaster-stricken
MANAGEMENT OFFICE
areas
 NDRRMC  Buying, for consumption or resale,
 PDRRMC from disaster relief agencies any
 MDRRMC relief goods, equipment or other aid
 BDRRMC commodities intended for
 The LDRRMCs shall take the lead in distribution to disaster affected
preparing for, responding to, and communities
recovering from the effects of any  Buying, for consumption or resale,
disaster based on the following from the recipient disaster affected
criteria: persons any relief goods, equipment
o The BDC, if a barangay is or other aid commodities received
affected. by them
o If two or more barangays  Selling of relief goods, equipment or
are affected other aid commodities intended for
o If two or more distribution to disaster victims
cities/municipalities are  Forcibly seizing of relief goods
affected  Diverting/misdelivery of relief goods
o If two or more provinces are  Repacking of relief goods,
affected equipment and other aid
o If two or more regions are  Substitution of relief goods
affected  Illegal solicitations by
persons/organizations
DECLARATION OF STATE OF CALAMITY
 Deliberate use of false or inflated
 The National Council shall recommend data
to the President of the Philippines the  Tampering with or stealing hazard
declaration of a cluster of barangays, monitoring and disaster
municipalities, cities, provinces, and preparedness equipment and
regions under state of calamity, and the paraphernalia.
lifting thereof, based on the criteria set
PENAL CLAUSE
by the National Council.
 The President’s declaration may warrant  Violators of those prohibited acts
international humanitarian assistance shall suffer a fine of not less than
as deemed necessary. PhP 50,000.00 or any amount not to
 The declaration and lifting of the state of exceed Php 500,000.00 or
calamity may also be issued by the local imprisonment of not less than 6
sanggunia, upon the recommendation years and 1 day or not more than 12
of the LDRRMC, based on the results of years of BOTH.