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Chapter-4 Source Models

Source models describe releases of materials from industrial incidents. They are constructed from fundamental equations that represent the physical processes during a release. Source models include equations for flow of liquids and gases through holes, pipes, and tanks. Key factors considered include material state, pressure, temperature, flow regime (laminar or turbulent), and equipment parameters. Source models are used to determine release characteristics like rate, quantity, and duration.

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Rudransh Sharma
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229 views60 pages

Chapter-4 Source Models

Source models describe releases of materials from industrial incidents. They are constructed from fundamental equations that represent the physical processes during a release. Source models include equations for flow of liquids and gases through holes, pipes, and tanks. Key factors considered include material state, pressure, temperature, flow regime (laminar or turbulent), and equipment parameters. Source models are used to determine release characteristics like rate, quantity, and duration.

Uploaded by

Rudransh Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER-4

SOURCE MODELS

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• Rupture or Break in Pipeline
• Hole in a Tank or Pipeline
• Runaway Reaction
• Fire External to Vessel
• Other
Selection of Source Model to Describe Release Incident Results may Include:
• Total Quantity Released (or Release Duration)
• Release Rate
• Material Phase

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Introduction to Source Models

Source models are constructed from fundamental or empirical


equations representing the physicochemical processes occurring during
the release of materials.

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physical state of the material affects
the release mechanism

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• flow of liquid through a hole,
• flow of liquid through a hole in a tank,
• flow of liquids through pipes,
• flow of vapor through holes,
• flow of gases through pipes,
• flashing liquids, and
• liquid pool evaporation or boiling.

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The frictional losses in the leak are approximated by a constant
discharge coefficient

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Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank

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The time te, for the vessel to empty to the level of the leak

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Flow of Liquids through Pipes

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Colebrook equation for turbulent flow

for fully turbulent flow

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For smooth pipes

For smooth pipe with a Reynolds number less than 100,000 the following Blasius
approximation to

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f over the entire range of Reynolds numbers

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Flow of Vapor through Holes
For flowing liquids the kinetic energy changes are frequently negligible and
the physical properties (particularly the density) are constant.

For flowing gases and vapours these assumptions are valid only for small
pressure changes (P1/P2 < 2) and low velocities (<0.3 times the speed of
sound in gas)
Throttling releases: the gas issues through a small crack with large frictional
losses
Free expansion releases: most of the pressure energy is converted to kinetic
energy; the assumption of isentropic behaviour is usually valid.

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For downstream pressures less than Pchoked the following statements are
valid:
(1) The velocity of the fluid at the throat of the leak is the velocity of sound
at the prevailing conditions, and

(2) the velocity and mass flow rate cannot be increased further by reducing
the downstream pressure; they are independent of the downstream
conditions.

(3) This type of flow is called choked, critical, or sonic flow

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Flow of Gases through Pipes

adiabatic and isothermal behaviour

• The adiabatic case corresponds to rapid vapor flow through an insulated


pipe.

• The isothermal case corresponds to flow through an insulated pipe


maintained at a constant temperature.

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Adiabatic Flows

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lsothermal Flows

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Flashing Liquids

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If the fluid path length through the release is greater than 10 cm
(through a pipe or thick walled container), equilibrium flashing
conditions are achieved and the flow is choked.

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For liquids stored at their saturation vapor pressure

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Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling

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PROBLEMS
1 A 0.20-in hole develops in a pipeline containing toluene. The pressure in the pipeline at the point
of the leak is 100 psig. Determine the leakage rate. The specific gravity of toluene is 0.866.

2 A 100-ft-long horizontal pipeline transporting benzene develops a leak 43 ft from the high-
pressure end. The diameter of the leak is estimated to be 0.1 in. At the time, the upstream
pressure in the pipeline is 50 psig and the downstream pressure is 40 psig. Estimate the mass flow
rate of benzene through the leak. The specific gravity of benzene is 0.8794.

3 The morning inspection of the tank farm finds a leak in the turpentine tank. The leak is repaired.
An investigation finds that the leak was 0.1 in in diameter and 7 ft above the tank bottom.
Records show that the turpentine level in the tank was 17.3 ft before the leak occurred and 13.0
ft after the leak was repaired. The tank diameter is 15 ft. Determine (a) the total amount of
turpentine spilled, (b) the maximum spill rate, and (c) the total time the leak was active. The
density of turpentine at these conditions is 55 lb/ft3.

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4 The TLV-TWA for hydrogen sulphide gas is 10 ppm. Hydrogen sulphide gas is stored in a tank at
100 psig and 80°F. Estimate the diameter of a hole in the tank leading to a local hydrogen
sulphide concentration equal to the TLV. The local ventilation rate is 2000 ft3/min and is deemed
average. The ambient pressure is 1 atm.

5 Water is pumped through a 1-in schedule 40 pipe (internal diameter = 1.049 in) at 400 gal/hr. If
the pressure at one point in the pipe is 103 psig and a small leak develops 22 ft downstream,
compute the fluid pressure at the leak. The pipe section is horizontal and without fittings or
valves. For water at these conditions the viscosity is 1.0 centipoise and the density is 62.4 lb/ft3.

6 A laboratory apparatus uses nitrogen at 250 psig. The nitrogen is supplied from a cylinder,
through a regulator, to the apparatus through 15 ft of 0.25-in (internal diameter) drawn copper
tubing. If the tubing separates from the apparatus, estimate the flow of nitrogen from the
tubing. The nitrogen in the tank is at 75°F.

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