Sivanath mamilla

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Flora and Fauna

Andhra Pradesh
Know Andhra pradesh
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 State tree
• Neem is declared as the State tree. Known
for nourishing those around it with clean air,
Neem tree symbolises the State’s genuine &
transparent relations with its people.

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 State animal
• Blackbuck is declared as the State animal of
AP, as it is known for its quickness and ability
to take charge in uncertain situations and rise
victorious, which is symbolic of AP and its
people.

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 State flower
• Jasmine is declared as the State flower of
Andhra Pradesh, as the purity of its fragrance
symbolises the State’s vision to spread
positivity and knowledge among its people
and in the nation.

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 State bird
• Rose-ringed parrot is declared as the State
bird for its beauty and cheerfulness. The govt
has envisioned AP as a State which is green
and eco-friendly with beautiful landscaping,
to make people happy and cheerful.

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National butterfly from state ???

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• Seven butterfly species — Common Jezebel,
Orange Oakleaf, Common Nawab (all from
AP), Krishna Peacock, Fivebar Sword Tail,
Northern Jungle Queen and Yellow Gorgon —
have found a spot in the final list of
contenders.
• The three species from AP which are in the
race for the privileged ‘national butterfly’ tag
are unique to AP’s Papikondalu National Park.

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• Interestingly, three southern states — Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Kerala — have already declared their
state butterflies. Maharashtra was the first to set the
trend by declaring its state butterfly in 2015, followed
by Uttarakhand and the three states from the south.
• While Maharashtra picked Blue Mormon as its state
butterfly, Uttarakhand picked Common Peacock,
Karnataka went for Southern Birdwings, Kerala chose
Malabar Banded Peacock, while Tamil Nadu declared
Tamil Yeoman as its state butterfly.

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• “It is important that we take steps to protect
butterflies and as a first step towards
recognising their unique role, the government
should select a species and declared it as state
butterfly.
• The government can consider any species
unique to the state, like Crimson Tip, Blackvein
Seargent, Yellow Jack Sailer, Red Helen, Red
Breasted Jezebal or Blue Tiger.

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• About 129 species of butterflies were
recorded in Papikondalu National Park
recently. A similar exploration exercise is likely
to be carried out in other bio-diverse zones
across the state to discover newer species of
butterflies.

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• There are
• 1 Tiger Reserve (nagarjuna sagar)
• 1 Elephant Reserve (Koundinya Sanctuary and
Rayala Elephant Reserve),
• 1 Biosphere Reserve (Seshachalam),
• 3 National Parks and
• 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries in the State.

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 Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
• Seshachalam comprises of Sri Venkateswara National
Park and Idupulapaya.
• The region is popular with birders.
• The globally threatened yellow-throated bulbul can be
seen here.
• About 178 species of birds are found here out of which
pompadour green pigeon and oriental white-backed
vulture are some of the most sought after ones. Large
Hawk-Cuckoo, Blue-faced Malkoha, Yellow-browed
Bulbul, Indian Scimitar-Babbler and Loten's Sunbird, to
name some more.
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National parks

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Wildlife sanctuaries

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Basics
 Introduction to Flora and Fauna

• The ecosystem is a complex, interconnected

network comprising of biotic and abiotic
elements.
• Biotic elements include all living organisms
such as plants, animals and microorganisms.
• Abiotic components, on the other hand,
include non-living entities that are vital for the
survival of life and these include soil, water,
climate etc.

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• Among all biotic elements, Flora and Fauna
are the most fascinating ones.
• Let us have a detailed look at the flora and
fauna meaning and importance.

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 Flora Meaning

• The term flora in Latin means “Goddess of the Flower.”

• Flora is a collective term for a group of plant life found
in a particular region.
• The whole plant kingdom is represented by this name.
• Flora is classified and differentiated based on many
factors.
• The best one among them is the area in which they
grow or are found.
• Some grow in desert regions or in water, some are
found in hilly areas while some are endemic to a
specific geographic location.

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• According to the place at which they grow, they have
adaptations also.
• For example, Cactus plants are naturally seen in
deserts.
• They have adaptations like modified leaves or prickles
to preserve water and protect themselves from
predators.
• The agricultural flora consists of plants cultivated by
men for their use.
• Horticulture is the practice of growing ornamental and
decorative flowers which are also known as garden
flora.
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 Fauna Meaning

• Fauna represents the animal life indigenous to a

region. There are many explanations regarding
the origin of the word. As per Roman mythology,
Fauna or “Faunus” is the name of the goddess of
fertility. Another source is “Fauns” which means
“Forest spirits.“
• Animal kingdom comprises of a variety of animal
life forms. Hence the classification of fauna is
much more complex than the floral division.
Therefore, for ease of classification;
• Birds are categorized in the name Avifauna while
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• Fishes under Pisci Fauna.
• Microorganisms including bacteria and virus are generally
considered under animal kingdom, they are known as Microfauna.
• All unknown and undiscovered animals are named as cryptofauna.
• Since time immemorial, there have been accounts of animals that
have been thought to exist but have eluded the scientific
community, thereby classifying them as cryptofauna or cryptids.
• Most of these reports are just tall tales but until recently, a few
have documented through actual physical evidence and
scientific scrutiny.
• One such example is the colossal squid.
• This cryptid has been allegedly been sighted since the 17th and
18th century, often being cited in the diaries and logbooks of
sailors.

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• It wasn’t until the 21st century and the conclusive proof was found
in the form of a live specimen being entangled in a fishing net.
• It was taken in and studied by scientists who concluded that it was
a new species of squid. Since then, there has been undisputed
confirmation about the existence of giant squids.
• The earth is beautiful because of all these life forms. Other life
forms depend on them for various resources and exploit them.
• Conservation of flora and fauna is thus necessary for future survival.
Biosphere reserves, national parks, zoos, and sanctuaries are few
instances of the measures taken by the government for
conservation of flora and fauna.
• Another example is the Tiger project launched by the government
of India with the goal of saving the tigers in the country from
extinction.

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 Key terminologies

• Protected areas: These are areas of land

and/or sea especially dedicated to the
protection and maintenance of biological
diversity, and of natural and associated
cultural resources.
• These are managed through legal or other
effective means.
• Examples of protected areas are National
Parks, and Wildlife Sanctuaries.

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• Biosphere reserves: Biosphere reserves are
internationally recognized, nominated by
national governments and remains under
sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they
are located

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• National parks: A national park is a reserve of natural or semi-
natural land, declared or owned by a government, which is
restricted from most development and is set aside for human
recreation and environmental protection.
• Visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for
inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.
• Wildlife sanctuaries: An area, usually in natural condition, which is
reserved (set aside) by a governmental or private agency for the
protection of particular species of animals during part or all of the
year.
• An area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing is either prohibited or strictly controlled. It is
maintained by the state government.

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• The State of Andhra Pradesh is located in East
Central Peninsular India. It represents the
extensive Deccan Bio-Geographic Zone. It has
three important geographical zones i.e., the
Coastal Plains, the Eastern Ghats and the Deccan
Plateau.
• It has three important rivers Godavari, Krishna
and Pennar which drain into the Bay of Bengal.

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 Importance of Flora and Fauna

• Maintains Ecological Balance

Flora and fauna are very important for human existence.
The flora liberates oxygen that is consumed by the fauna
for respiratory activities. Fauna, in turn, liberates carbon
dioxide consumed by the flora for photosynthesis.
• Flora and fauna hugely benefit mankind through its
medicinal and food offerings.
• Animals maintain the equilibrium by predating on different
plants and animals to balance their population on earth.
Animal droppings are a source of fertilizer. The dead
animals decay and act as supplement minerals for other
animals.

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• Aesthetic Value
• The flora and fauna spread across the earth
contribute to the aesthetic value of the earth.
People visit several biosphere reserves,
national parks and zoos, forests, botanical
gardens etc. to enjoy the beauty of landmarks.
This explains the significance of flora and
fauna in our day to day lives.

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• Expansion of Local Economies
• Flora and Fauna contribute to the local
economies through tourism. The flora and
fauna of Amazon forests attract tourists and
scientists which contributes to about 50
million dollars to the Brazilian economy.
• Caribbean, Indonesia, Panama are other
tourist locations that attract millions of people
due to its widespread flora and fauna.

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https://www.civilsdaily.com/prelims-spotlight-national-parks-
biosphere-reserves-wildlife-sanctuaries-in-india-part-2/

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