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3a. Basic Properties of Soil

The document discusses the three phase soil diagram and soil's basic properties. It defines the three components of soil as solid, liquid, and gas. It discusses the differences between dry, partially saturated, and fully saturated soil. Several of soil's basic properties are defined such as unit weight, dry unit weight, unit mass, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, and water content. Relationships between these properties are presented. Examples of calculating various properties from given soil sample data are provided to demonstrate how to apply the concepts.

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156 views21 pages

3a. Basic Properties of Soil

The document discusses the three phase soil diagram and soil's basic properties. It defines the three components of soil as solid, liquid, and gas. It discusses the differences between dry, partially saturated, and fully saturated soil. Several of soil's basic properties are defined such as unit weight, dry unit weight, unit mass, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, and water content. Relationships between these properties are presented. Examples of calculating various properties from given soil sample data are provided to demonstrate how to apply the concepts.

Uploaded by

XLee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three phase soil diagram

and soil’s basic properties

By:

Dr. Amizatulhani Abdullah


Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology
amizatulhani@ump.edu.my
Course Synopsis
01 Three phase soil diagram and soil’s basic properties

02 Introduction to soil plasticity and indices

TOPIC
OUTLINE 03
Laboratory test to determine the Atterberg limit
value
Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Use science and mathematical knowledge to


determine soil’s basic properties and the
classification.
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this notes, students should be able to:

• Define the three phase soil system, identify the weight


volume relationship and apply the relationship in
problems solving.
Three phase soil diagram

Soil can be divided into


three component

 Soil solid
 Liquid
 Gas
Mass?
Weight?

•Mass : M, Ma, Mw, & Ms represents total mass, mass of air, water and solid matter.
•Weight : W, Wa, Ww, & Ws represents total weight, weight of air, water and solid
matter.
•Weight and mass of air are both virtually zero.
•Volume : V, Va, Vw, Vs & Vv represents total volume, volume of air, water, solid matter
and voids.
Dry vs partially vs fully saturated soil
Basic properties of soil
W
• Unit weight, 
V
Ws
• Dry unit weight, d 
V
M
• Unit mass, 
V

• Dry unit mass, Ms


d 
V
Vv
• Void ratio, e 
Vs
Vv
• Porosity, n  100%
V
Vw
• Degree of saturation, S  100%
Vv
Ww
• Water content, w 100%
Ws
Mw
 100%
Ms
• Specific gravity of solids,

W s/Vs Ws
Gs  
γw Vs γw

M s /Vs Ms
Gs  
w Vs  w
Several other relationships are listed as follows:
Several other relationships are listed as follows:

emax  eo
• Relative density, Dr  100%
emax  emin

emax = highest void ratio possible for a given soil


eo = void ratio of soil in-place
emin = lowest void ratio possible for the soil

• Compactness refers to the relative condition of a given soil between its densest and
loosest conditions.
• To evaluate relative condition, the in-situ void ratio can be determined and
compared to the void ratio when the soil is in its 2 extreme conditions.
emax  eo
Relative density, Dr  100%
emax  emin

• Values of max & emax for a given soil can be determined by performing standard
laboratory tests on a quantity of soil that has been dried, pulverized and poured
slowly from a small height through a funnel into a container.

• Values of min & emin can be found in the laboratory by prolonged vibration if the soil
is under a vertical load.

• Relative density varies from 0% to 100%.

• Can be used as an indicator of degree of compactness of in-situ soils or specification


requirement for compacted fills.
Example
• The weight of a chunk of moist soil sample is
20.7kg
• The volume of the soil chunk measured
before drying is 0.011m3
• After the sample is dried out in an oven, its
weight is 17.15kg
• The Gs of solids is 2.65
• Determine
– Water content, unit weight of moist soil,
void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation.
Solution
You are advise to sketch the three phase soil diagram
and extract all the info given in the question.

Ww 20.7kg  17.15kg
w x100%  x100%
Ws 17.15kg
w  20.6%
W 20.7 kg
   1882 kg/m 3
 18.82 kN/m 3
V 0.011 m3
Solution

Ww ( 20.7  17.15) kg
Vw    0.0036 m3
w 1000 kg/m 3
Ws 17.15 kg
Vs    0.0065 m 3
Gs w (2.65)(1000 kg/m 3 )
Va  V  Vw  Vs  0.0009 m3
Vv  V  Vs  0.0045 m3
Solution

Vv
e  0.69
Vs
Vv
n  100%  40.9%
V
Vw
s  100%  80.0%
Vv
Example

• A fine, dry sand with an in-place unit weight


of 18.28 kN/m3
• The Gs of solids is 2.67
• The void ratio at its densest condition is
0.361
• The void ratio at its loosest condition is
0.940
• Determine its relative density.
Solution
Ws 18.28 kN
Vs    0.6979 m
3
Gs w (2.67)(9.81 kN/m3 )
Vv  V  Vs  1 m3  0.6979 m3  0.3021 m3

Vv 0.3021
eo    0.433
Vs 0.6979
emax  eo
Dr  x100%
emax  emin
0.940  0.433
Dr  x100%  87.6%
0.940  0.361
Please try to do all the
calculation by yourself and try
to do more examples given in
the module !
THANK YOU

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