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2nd Assignment of Curriculum Practice

This document summarizes the Nicholls and Nicholls cyclical model of curriculum development. It describes the five main steps of the model: 1) situational analysis, 2) selection of objectives, 3) selection and organization of content, 4) selection and organization of learning experiences, and 5) evaluation. The document argues that the Nicholls and Nicholls model is the most appropriate for school-level curriculum because it is flexible, incorporates situational analysis to ensure relevance, and allows for changes based on student, social, and international needs.

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Binod Budha Kshetri
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222 views

2nd Assignment of Curriculum Practice

This document summarizes the Nicholls and Nicholls cyclical model of curriculum development. It describes the five main steps of the model: 1) situational analysis, 2) selection of objectives, 3) selection and organization of content, 4) selection and organization of learning experiences, and 5) evaluation. The document argues that the Nicholls and Nicholls model is the most appropriate for school-level curriculum because it is flexible, incorporates situational analysis to ensure relevance, and allows for changes based on student, social, and international needs.

Uploaded by

Binod Budha Kshetri
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 9

Internal Assignment of Curriculum Practice (521)

Tribhuwan University
Central Department of Education
Kritipur, Kathmandu

Submitted to : Prof. Dhurba Raj Khanal


Central Department of Education
Submitted by: Shiya Ram Chaudhary
Level : M. ED.
Semester : Second
Subject : Curriculum Practice(521)
Roll no. :21
Section : A
Email Id : shiyaramchaudhary10@gmail.com
Phone no. :9841087539, 9824517226
Question : Select one of the appropriate model of curriculum
development with different stages and relate with our school
curriculum.

To understood curriculum models we need to take a step back


and talk about curriculum itself. Curriculum can be defined as a
plan used in education that directs teacher instruction. Many
districts and schools use a tool designed to help teachers pace
their lessons, called a curriculum guide. But a curriculum and a
curriculum guide don’t just come out of thin air. Time and
energy goes into the creation of these documents. This process
is known as curriculum development. All of these things are
based on a curriculum model. A model is really the first step in
curriculum development. A curriculum model determines the
type of curriculum used; it encompasses educational
philosophy, approach to teaching and methodology. The good
news is unless you have been hired to design curriculum, you
won’t come across many curriculum models. However, it’s good
for educators to be familiar with the models used in their
schools.
There are mainly three models of curriculum development :
 Rational model
 Cyclical model
 Dynamic model
By analyzing all the models critically, I have found cyclical
model of Nichols and Nichols most appropriate for school level
because of the following reasons:
 It is more flexible than rational model.
 It analysis the situation at first ,so it is more relevance to
school level
 It incorporates sudden changes.
 It enables to submit changes of social, national and
internationals needs.
 It considers the students needs and interest.
 It is more applicable to school level teachers.

1. Cyclical Model
1.1 Nicholls and Nicholls – 1972 model
Two citizens of Britain Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls
developed this so it is known as Nicholls and Nicholls model.
Their book, “ Developing a Curriculum Practical Guide”(1978)
devised a straight forward cyclical approach that covered the
elements of curriculum briefly but succinctly.
 This model is like a map for particular teaching and
learning process.
 It is a cyclical model (rational model and dynamic model in
middle of it this model stands)
 It is logical sequential model
 Elements of curriculum are interdependent in this model
Steps :
1. Situational analysis
2. Selection of objectives
3. Selection and organization of content
4. Selection organization of learning experiences
5. Evaluation

1. Situational Analysis
This step include knowledge about the environment where the
curriculum is going to be implemented, the social structure of
that society, the traditions and needs of the community. It also
considers about what type of teachers are available in the
school and ability, interest, pace of learning of the students and
physical structure of the school.
2. Selection of objectives
Objectives should be realistic, broad, clear and useful. After
determining objectives, curriculum creator should select
appropriate knowledge, skills and aspiration otherwise
objectives would not attain. Objectives should develop both
kind of behavior i.e. expected and content. Objectives should
enable students to perform skills.
3. Selection and Organization of Content
When objectives are selected it is easy to go for the selection of
content.
 Content must be in sequence
 Content must be valid and reliable
 Content must fulfil the needs of society
 Content must be easy to difficult
 Content must be according to the mental level of students
 Content must be age equivalent.
Content should be selected on the basis of the following
criteria:
 Criterion of significance
 Criterion of validity
 Criterion of interest
 Criterion of learnability
When the content is selected it must be organized.
 Sequential order
 Simple to complex
 Easy to difficult
 Known to unknown
 Immediate to remote
4. Selection and Organization of Learning Experience
 It provides students opportunity for self – activity so that
transfer knowledge gained and skill acquired.
 It provides students opportunity of independent thinking
and decision making.
 It should be adapted according according to the needs of
students so that they obtain satisfaction.
 It should be arranged in manners that provide continuity
and correlation.
 It should be effective, interesting and useful for the
students.
When the learning experiences are selected it should be
organized.
 Introduction, opener, orientation
 Development, analysis, study
 Generalization
 Application Summary
 Rhythm of learning activities

5 .Evaluation
The main aim of evaluation is to collect result that how
much changes have brought in students behavior by
educational attempts. Such results are being useful for
amend mending weakness of curriculum. It also checks
the school’s objectives, appropriateness of content,
organization of content, and validity of educational
methods. In the absence of evaluation, students could not
know their progress therefore they would practice falsify
behavior. And teacher also might use wrong teaching
method and materials. To evaluate they present following
tools
1. Test
2. Quiz
3. Presentation
4. Viva
Advantages :
1. It is a flexible model
2. It provides clear guidelines to devise curricula
3. It tries to make curriculum more relevant
4. It incorporates sudden changes.
5. It is more applicable to school level teacher.
6. In this situation as it means that educators can continually
come back to their work and make changes rather then go
back to the beginning and start again every time there.
7. It is even the smallest of changes needed to the
curriculum.
8. Logical sequential organization
9. Situational analysis is in first step
Disadvantages:
1. Time consuming as situational analysis is long time process
2. Difficult to maintain logical sequential analysis.
3. Difficult to incorporate sudden changes within the
curriculum
4. Rigorous training is required to develop curriculum.

Thank you !

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